greenmedinfo--2020-05-19--Extracellular vesicles and ebola virus: A new mechanism of immune evasion.

Ebola virus ( EBOV ) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic @ @ @ @ @ Additionally , spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible , during which transmission @ @ @ @ @ .
In acute infection , substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place , @ @ @ @ @ inflammation in affected individuals .
Recently , studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins @ @ @ @ @ ) , and nucleoprotein ( NP ) packaged into extracellular vesicles ( EVs ) during @ @ @ @ @ proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells , as well as @ @ @ @ @ this manuscript , we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the @ @ @ @ @ their cargo and their effects in recipient cells .
Furthermore , we discuss some of @ @ @ @ @ induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions @ @ @ @

Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-19--Extracellular vesicles from CLEC2-activated platelets enhance dengue virus-induced lethality via CLE

Extracellular vesicles from CLEC2-activated platelets enhance dengue virus-induced lethality via CLEC5A/TLR2

Platelet-leukocyte interactions amplify inflammatory reactions , but the underlying mechanism is still unclear .
CLEC5A and CLEC2 are spleen tyrosine @ @ @ @ @ C-type lectin receptors , abundantly expressed by leukocytes and platelets , respectively .
Whereas CLEC5A @ @ @ @ @ ( PRR ) to flaviviruses and bacteria , CLEC2 is the receptor for platelet-activating snake @ @ @ @ @ show that dengue virus ( DV ) activates platelets via CLEC2 to release extracellular vesicles @ @ @ @ @ exosomes ( EXOs ) and microvesicles ( MVs ) .
DV-induced EXOs ( DV-EXOs ) @ @ @ @ @ further activate CLEC5A and TLR2 on neutrophils and macrophages , thereby induce neutrophil extracellular trap @ @ @ @ @ proinflammatory cytokine release .
Compared to stat1mice , simultaneous blockade of CLEC5A and TLR2 effectively @ @ @ @ @ increases survival rate from 30 to 90 % .
The identification of critical roles of @ @ @ @ @ interactions will support the development of novel strategies to treat acute viral infection in the @ @

Platelet-leukocyte interactions amplify inflammatory reactions, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. CLEC5A and CLEC2 are spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-coupled C-type lectin receptors, abundantly expressed by leukocytes and platelets, respectively. Whereas CLEC5A is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to flaviviruses and bacteria, CLEC2 is the receptor for platelet-activating snake venom aggretin. Here we show that dengue virus (DV) activates platelets via CLEC2 to release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles (MVs). DV-induced EXOs (DV-EXOs) and MVs (DV-MVs) further activate CLEC5A and TLR2 on neutrophils and macrophages, thereby induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and proinflammatory cytokine release. Compared to stat1mice, simultaneous blockade of CLEC5A and TLR2 effectively attenuates DV-induced inflammatory response and increases survival rate from 30 to 90%. The identification of critical roles of CLEC2 and CLEC5A/TLR2 in platelet-leukocyte interactions will support the development of novel strategies to treat acute viral infection in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-19--Exosomes carry microRNAs into neighbouring cells to promote diffusive infection of Newcastle disease

Exosomes carry microRNAs into neighbouring cells to promote diffusive infection of Newcastle disease virus.

Newcastle disease virus ( NDV ) , an avian paramyxovirus , was shown to prefer to replicate in tumor cells instead of normal cells ; however , this mechanism has not been fully elucidated .
Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication due to the bioactive substances they carry .
Several studies have shown that exosomes are involved in virus infections .
However , the effect that exosomes have on NDV-infected tumor cells is not known .
In this study , we focus on the role of exosomes secreted by NDV-infected HeLa cells in promoting NDV replication .
Three @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and miR-198 ) embraced by exosomes were associated with enhancing NDV-induced cytopathic effects on HeLa cells .
Furthermore , luciferase assays , RT-qPCR , and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) all demonstrated that these miRNAs could suppress interferon ( IFN ) -β gene expression .
Enhanced NDV replication in HeLa cells was identified by Western blot and plaque assays .
Based on these results , we speculate that NDV employed exosomes entry into neighboring cells , which carry miRNAs , resulting in inhibition of the IFN pathway and promotion of viral infection.To @ @ @ @ @ @ @ report on the involvement of NDV-employed exosomes in tumor cells , and as such , it provides new insights into the development of anti-tumor therapies .

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, was shown to prefer to replicate in tumor cells instead of normal cells; however, this mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication due to the bioactive substances they carry. Several studies have shown that exosomes are involved in virus infections. However, the effect that exosomes have on NDV-infected tumor cells is not known. In this study, we focus on the role of exosomes secreted by NDV-infected HeLa cells in promoting NDV replication. Three miRNA candidates (miR-1273f, miR-1184, and miR-198) embraced by exosomes were associated with enhancing NDV-induced cytopathic effects on HeLa cells. Furthermore, luciferase assays, RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) all demonstrated that these miRNAs could suppress interferon (IFN)-β gene expression. Enhanced NDV replication in HeLa cells was identified by Western blot and plaque assays. Based on these results, we speculate that NDV employed exosomes entry into neighboring cells, which carry miRNAs, resulting in inhibition of the IFN pathway and promotion of viral infection.To our knowledge, this is the first report on the involvement of NDV-employed exosomes in tumor cells, and as such, it provides new insights into the development of anti-tumor therapies.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-19--Complexity and ultrastructure of infectious extracellular vesicles from cells infected by non-envelo

Complexity and ultrastructure of infectious extracellular vesicles from cells infected by non-enveloped virus.

Enteroviruses support cell-to-cell viral transmission prior to their canonical lytic spread of virus .
Poliovirus ( PV ) , a prototype for human pathogenic positive-sense RNA enteroviruses , and picornaviruses in general , transport multiple virions en bloc via infectious extracellular vesicles , 100~1000 nm in diameter , secreted from host cells .
Using biochemical and biophysical methods we identify multiple components in secreted microvesicles , including mature PV virions ; positive-sense genomic and negative-sense replicative , template viral RNA ; essential viral replication proteins ; and cellular proteins .
Using cryo-electron tomography , we visualize the near-native three-dimensional architecture @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and a unique morphological component that we describe as a mat-like structure .
While the composition of these mat-like structures is not yet known , based on our biochemical data they are expected to be comprised of unencapsidated RNA and proteins .
In addition to infectious microvesicles , CD9-positive exosomes released from PV-infected cells are also infectious and transport virions .
Thus , our data show that , prior to cell lysis , non-enveloped viruses are secreted within infectious vesicles that also transport viral unencapsidated RNAs , viral and host proteins .
Understanding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ particles helps elucidate the mechanism by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the spread of non-enveloped virus infection .

Enteroviruses support cell-to-cell viral transmission prior to their canonical lytic spread of virus. Poliovirus (PV), a prototype for human pathogenic positive-sense RNA enteroviruses, and picornaviruses in general, transport multiple virions en bloc via infectious extracellular vesicles, 100~1000 nm in diameter, secreted from host cells. Using biochemical and biophysical methods we identify multiple components in secreted microvesicles, including mature PV virions; positive-sense genomic and negative-sense replicative, template viral RNA; essential viral replication proteins; and cellular proteins. Using cryo-electron tomography, we visualize the near-native three-dimensional architecture of secreted infectious microvesicles containing both virions and a unique morphological component that we describe as a mat-like structure. While the composition of these mat-like structures is not yet known, based on our biochemical data they are expected to be comprised of unencapsidated RNA and proteins. In addition to infectious microvesicles, CD9-positive exosomes released from PV-infected cells are also infectious and transport virions. Thus, our data show that, prior to cell lysis, non-enveloped viruses are secreted within infectious vesicles that also transport viral unencapsidated RNAs, viral and host proteins. Understanding the structure and function of these infectious particles helps elucidate the mechanism by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the spread of non-enveloped virus infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Lactobacillus reuteri attenuates cardiac injury without lowering cholesterol in low-density lipoprot

Lactobacillus reuteri attenuates cardiac injury without lowering cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice fed standard chow.

Disruption of the normal gut microbiome ( dysbiosis ) is implicated in the progression and severity of myriad disorders , including hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease .
Probiotics attenuate and reverse gut dysbiosis to improve cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia .
Lactobacillus reuteri is a well-studied lactic acid-producing probiotic with known cholesterol-lowering properties and anti-inflammatory effects .
In the present study , we hypothesized that L. reuteri delivered to hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out ( LDLr KO ) mice will reduce cholesterol levels and minimize cardiac injury from an ischemic insult .
L. reuteri ( 1x10or 50x10CFU/day ) was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mice and LDLr KO for up to 6 weeks followed by an ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R ) protocol .
After 4 weeks of gavage , total serum cholesterol in wild type mice receiving saline was 113.5±5.6 mg/dl compared to 113.3±6.8 mg/dl and 101.9±7.5 mg/dl in mice receiving 1x10or 50x10CFU/day , respectively .
Over the same timeframe , administration of L. reuteri at 1x10or 50x10CFU/day did not lower total serum cholesterol ( 283.0±11.1 , 263.3±5.0 and 253.1±7.0 mg/dl ; Saline , 1x10or 50x10CFU/day , respectively ) in LDLr KO mice .
Despite no impact on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly attenuated cardiac injury following I/R , as evidenced by smaller infarct sizes when compared to controls in both wild type and LDLr KO groups .
In conclusion , daily L. reuteri significantly protected against cardiac injury without lowering cholesterol levels suggesting anti-inflammatory properties of L. reuteri uncoupled from improvements in serum cholesterol .

Disruption of the normal gut microbiome (dysbiosis) is implicated in the progression and severity of myriad disorders, including hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease. Probiotics attenuate and reverse gut dysbiosis to improve cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Lactobacillus reuteri is a well-studied lactic acid-producing probiotic with known cholesterol-lowering properties and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we hypothesized that L. reuteri delivered to hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (LDLr KO) mice will reduce cholesterol levels and minimize cardiac injury from an ischemic insult. L. reuteri (1x10or 50x10CFU/day) was administered by oral gavage to wild type mice and LDLr KO for up to 6 weeks followed by an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) protocol. After 4 weeks of gavage, total serum cholesterol in wild type mice receiving saline was 113.5±5.6 mg/dl compared to 113.3±6.8 mg/dl and 101.9±7.5 mg/dl in mice receiving 1x10or 50x10CFU/day, respectively. Over the same timeframe, administration of L. reuteri at 1x10or 50x10CFU/day did not lower total serum cholesterol (283.0±11.1, 263.3±5.0 and 253.1±7.0 mg/dl; Saline, 1x10or 50x10CFU/day, respectively) in LDLr KO mice. Despite no impact on total serum cholesterol, L. reuteri administration significantly attenuated cardiac injury following I/R, as evidenced by smaller infarct sizes when compared to controls in both wild type and LDLr KO groups. In conclusion, daily L. reuteri significantly protected against cardiac injury without lowering cholesterol levels suggesting anti-inflammatory properties of L. reuteri uncoupled from improvements in serum cholesterol.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--A synbiotic formula of L. plantarum PBS067, L. acidophilus PBS066 and L. reuteri PBS072 with active

A synbiotic formula of L. plantarum PBS067, L. acidophilus PBS066 and L. reuteri PBS072 with active prebiotics decreased MetS syndrome prevalence.

PURPOSE : The connection between gut microbiota imbalance , inflammation and its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) clustering factors has been increasingly recognized .
However , data on the efficacy of probiotics supplementation on MetS components are few and almost lacking in the elderly .
To address this issue , we conducted a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel-group , clinical study on a large sample of MetS elderly patients .
METHODS : After 14 days of diet and physical activity standardization , 60 elderly patients were randomized to treatment with a synbiotic formula @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PBS066 and Lactobacillus reuteri PBS072 with active prebiotics or placebo .
Patients were evaluated anamnestically and by the execution of a physical examination and laboratory and haemodynamic analyses at the baseline and after 60 days of treatment .
At enrollment and at the end of the trial , all enrolled patients complete the EuroQol-5 Dimension ( EQ-5D ) questionnaire .
RESULTS : Through the 2-month period of treatment , patients who received active treatment experienced a statistically significant improvement in waist circumference and in fasting plasma insulin , total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels , compared both to the baseline and the control group .
Visceral adiposity index improvement in the synbiotic treatment group was significantly greater than in placebo group .
Compared to baseline , treatment with synbiotics also significantly reduced mean arterial pressure and fasting plasma glucose .
All treatment groups demonstrated a significant decrease in TG .
TG reduction in the synbiotic group was significantly greater than in the control group .
The EQ-5D VAS questionnaire significantly improved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Treatment with a synbiotic formula of L. plantarum PBS067 , L. acidophilus PBS066 and L. reuteri PBS072 with active prebiotics decreased MetS syndrome prevalence , several cardiovascular risk factors and markers of insulin resistance in elderly patients .

PURPOSE: The connection between gut microbiota imbalance, inflammation and its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) clustering factors has been increasingly recognized. However, data on the efficacy of probiotics supplementation on MetS components are few and almost lacking in the elderly. To address this issue, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical study on a large sample of MetS elderly patients.
METHODS: After 14 days of diet and physical activity standardization, 60 elderly patients were randomized to treatment with a synbiotic formula of Lactobacillus plantarum PBS067, Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066 and Lactobacillus reuteri PBS072 with active prebiotics or placebo. Patients were evaluated anamnestically and by the execution of a physical examination and laboratory and haemodynamic analyses at the baseline and after 60 days of treatment. At enrollment and at the end of the trial, all enrolled patients complete the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire.
RESULTS: Through the 2-month period of treatment, patients who received active treatment experienced a statistically significant improvement in waist circumference and in fasting plasma insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-HDL-C, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels, compared both to the baseline and the control group. Visceral adiposity index improvement in the synbiotic treatment group was significantly greater than in placebo group. Compared to baseline, treatment with synbiotics also significantly reduced mean arterial pressure and fasting plasma glucose. All treatment groups demonstrated a significant decrease in TG. TG reduction in the synbiotic group was significantly greater than in the control group. The EQ-5D VAS questionnaire significantly improved only in probiotics-treated subjects.
CONCLUSION: Treatment with a synbiotic formula of L. plantarum PBS067, L. acidophilus PBS066 and L. reuteri PBS072 with active prebiotics decreased MetS syndrome prevalence, several cardiovascular risk factors and markers of insulin resistance in elderly patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Eating Chocolate Could Slash High Blood Pressure Risk

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greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--L. paracasei CT12 appears to possess a potential probiotic value.

The water kefir grains are a multi-species starter culture used to produce fermented beverages of sucrose solution with or without fruit extracts .
The water kefir grains are known in Mexico as Tibicos , which are mainly used to produce Tepache , a traditional Mexican drink made by fermenting pineapple peel .
The microbiota of Tibicos mainly include lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) and since most probiotics belong to this group , Tibicos may represent a potential source of probiotic bacteria .
Moreover , several bacteria isolated from kefir samples have been recognized as probiotics .
Hence , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the probiotic properties of a Lactobacillus strain isolated from Tibicos .
The isolated , designed as CT12 , was identified as Lactobacillus paracasei by sequencing 16S RNA gene .
L. paracasei CT12 showed a survival rate of ca .
57 % and 40 % following simulated gastric and intestinal digestion , respectively .
Besides , the strain was sensitive to ampicillin and erythromycin , and exhibited hydrophobicity ( 97-99 % ) , autoaggregation ( ca .
70 % ) and mucin adhesion properties ( up to 90 % ) , while no possessed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ supernatant displayed relevant antimicrobial , antifungal and antioxidant capacity .
Hence , L. paracasei CT12 appears to possess a potential probiotic value .

The water kefir grains are a multi-species starter culture used to produce fermented beverages of sucrose solution with or without fruit extracts. The water kefir grains are known in Mexico as Tibicos, which are mainly used to produce Tepache, a traditional Mexican drink made by fermenting pineapple peel. The microbiota of Tibicos mainly include lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and since most probiotics belong to this group, Tibicos may represent a potential source of probiotic bacteria. Moreover, several bacteria isolated from kefir samples have been recognized as probiotics. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the probiotic properties of a Lactobacillus strain isolated from Tibicos. The isolated, designed as CT12, was identified as Lactobacillus paracasei by sequencing 16S RNA gene. L. paracasei CT12 showed a survival rate of ca. 57% and 40% following simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, respectively. Besides, the strain was sensitive to ampicillin and erythromycin, and exhibited hydrophobicity (97-99%), autoaggregation (ca. 70%) and mucin adhesion properties (up to 90%), while no possessed haemolytic capacity. Furthermore, its cell-free supernatant displayed relevant antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant capacity. Hence, L. paracasei CT12 appears to possess a potential probiotic value.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Kefir improves cognitive deficits.

Kefir improves cognitive deficits.

Background : Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly patients .
Recently , several studies have shown that inflammation and oxidative stress precede the cardinal neuropathological manifestations of AD .
In view of the proven antioxidant effects of probiotics , we proposed that continuous dietary supplementation with milk fermented with kefir grains might improve cognitive and metabolic and/or cellular disorders in the AD patients .
Methods : This study was designed as an uncontrolled clinical investigation to test the effects of probiotic-fermented milk supplementation ( 2 mL/kg/daily ) for 90 days in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assessment , cytokine expression , systemic oxidative stress levels , and blood cell damage biomarkers were evaluated before ( T0 ) and after ( T90 ) kefir synbiotic supplementation .
Results : When the patients were challenged to solve 8 classical tests , the majority exhibit a marked improvement in memory , visual-spatial/abstraction abilities , and executive/language functions .
At the end of the treatment , the cytometric analysis showed an absolute/relative decrease in several cytokine markers of inflammation and oxidative stress markers ( O , HO , and ONOO , ~30 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bioavailability ( 100 % ) .
In agreement with the above findings by using the same technique , we observed in a similar magnitude an improvement of serum protein oxidation , mitochondrial dysfunction , DNA damage/repair , and apoptosis .
Conclusion : In conclusion , we demonstrated that kefir improves cognitive deficits , which seems to be linked with three important factors of the AD-systemic inflammation , oxidative stress , and blood cell damage-and may be a promising adjuvant therapy against the AD progression .

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly patients. Recently, several studies have shown that inflammation and oxidative stress precede the cardinal neuropathological manifestations of AD. In view of the proven antioxidant effects of probiotics, we proposed that continuous dietary supplementation with milk fermented with kefir grains might improve cognitive and metabolic and/or cellular disorders in the AD patients.
Methods: This study was designed as an uncontrolled clinical investigation to test the effects of probiotic-fermented milk supplementation (2 mL/kg/daily) for 90 days in AD patients exhibiting cognitive deficit. Cognitive assessment, cytokine expression, systemic oxidative stress levels, and blood cell damage biomarkers were evaluated before (T0) and after (T90) kefir synbiotic supplementation.
Results: When the patients were challenged to solve 8 classical tests, the majority exhibit a marked improvement in memory, visual-spatial/abstraction abilities, and executive/language functions. At the end of the treatment, the cytometric analysis showed an absolute/relative decrease in several cytokine markers of inflammation and oxidative stress markers (O, HO, and ONOO, ~30%) accompanied by an increase in NO bioavailability (100%). In agreement with the above findings by using the same technique, we observed in a similar magnitude an improvement of serum protein oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage/repair, and apoptosis.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that kefir improves cognitive deficits, which seems to be linked with three important factors of the AD-systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood cell damage-and may be a promising adjuvant therapy against the AD progression.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour.

BACKGROUND : Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain physiology and behaviour , through bi-directional communication , along the gut-brain axis .
As such , the gut microbiota represents a potential therapeutic target for influencing centrally mediated events and host behaviour .
It is thus notable that the fermented milk beverage kefir has recently been shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in mice .
It is unclear whether kefirs have differential effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis and whether they can modulate host behaviour per se .
METHODS : To address this , two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , or unfermented milk control , were administered to mice that underwent a battery of tests to characterise their behavioural phenotype .
In addition , shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ileal , caecal and faecal matter was performed , as was faecal metabolome analysis .
Finally , systemic immunity measures and gut serotonin levels were assessed .
Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett 's post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test .
RESULTS : Fr1 ameliorated the stress-induced decrease in serotonergic signalling in the colon and reward-seeking @ @ @ @ @ @ @ On the other hand , UK4 decreased repetitive behaviour and ameliorated stress-induced deficits in reward-seeking behaviour .
Furthermore , UK4 increased fear-dependent contextual memory , yet decreased milk gavage-induced improvements in long-term spatial learning .
In the peripheral immune system , UK4 increased the prevalence of Treg cells and interleukin 10 levels , whereas Fr1 ameliorated the milk gavage stress-induced elevation in neutrophil levels and CXCL1 levels .
Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that both kefirs significantly changed the composition and functional capacity of the host microbiota , where specific bacterial species @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Furthermore , both kefirs increased the capacity of the gut microbiota to produce GABA , which was linked to an increased prevalence in Lactobacillus reuteri .
CONCLUSIONS : Altogether , these data show that kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour .
In addition , different kefirs may direct the microbiota toward distinct immunological and behavioural modulatory effects .
These results indicate that kefir can positively modulate specific aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and support the broadening of the definition of psychobiotic to include kefir fermented foods .
Video @ @

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain physiology and behaviour, through bi-directional communication, along the gut-brain axis. As such, the gut microbiota represents a potential therapeutic target for influencing centrally mediated events and host behaviour. It is thus notable that the fermented milk beverage kefir has recently been shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. It is unclear whether kefirs have differential effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis and whether they can modulate host behaviour per se.
METHODS: To address this, two distinct kefirs (Fr1 and UK4), or unfermented milk control, were administered to mice that underwent a battery of tests to characterise their behavioural phenotype. In addition, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ileal, caecal and faecal matter was performed, as was faecal metabolome analysis. Finally, systemic immunity measures and gut serotonin levels were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS: Fr1 ameliorated the stress-induced decrease in serotonergic signalling in the colon and reward-seeking behaviour in the saccharin preference test. On the other hand, UK4 decreased repetitive behaviour and ameliorated stress-induced deficits in reward-seeking behaviour. Furthermore, UK4 increased fear-dependent contextual memory, yet decreased milk gavage-induced improvements in long-term spatial learning. In the peripheral immune system, UK4 increased the prevalence of Treg cells and interleukin 10 levels, whereas Fr1 ameliorated the milk gavage stress-induced elevation in neutrophil levels and CXCL1 levels. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that both kefirs significantly changed the composition and functional capacity of the host microbiota, where specific bacterial species were changed in a kefir-dependent manner. Furthermore, both kefirs increased the capacity of the gut microbiota to produce GABA, which was linked to an increased prevalence in Lactobacillus reuteri.
CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these data show that kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour. In addition, different kefirs may direct the microbiota toward distinct immunological and behavioural modulatory effects. These results indicate that kefir can positively modulate specific aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and support the broadening of the definition of psychobiotic to include kefir fermented foods. Video abstract.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--The prophylactic effects of different lactobacilli on collagen-induced arthritis.

Recent studies have shed light on the prophylactic effects of Lactobacilli on rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) .
However , @ @ @ @ @ remain unclear .
The current study evaluated different Lactobacillus species ' ability to alleviate arthritis @ @ @ @ @ were intragastrically administered different lactobacilli cocktails two weeks before arthritis induction .
The results revealed @ @ @ @ @ in relieving arthritis was different for some species .
L. reuteri , L. casei , @ @ @ @ @ attenuated RA through species-independent pathways that inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-CII-antibodies ; and through species-dependent @ @ @ @ @ on rebalancing the intestinal microbiota , and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids .
In @ @ @ @ @ L. casei weaken the Th1 immune response , while L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum impaired @ @ @ @ @ L. plantarum did not alleviate arthritis although it did suppress Th1 and Th17 immune responses @ @ @ @ @ delayed the onset of arthritis without influencing the immune response .
In conclusion , Lactobacilli @ @ @ @ @ common and individual pathways .

Recent studies have shed light on the prophylactic effects of Lactobacilli on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the modulatory mechanisms of Lactobacilli remain unclear. The current study evaluated different Lactobacillus species' ability to alleviate arthritis induced by collagen. Rats were intragastrically administered different lactobacilli cocktails two weeks before arthritis induction. The results revealed that the performance of Lactobacillus in relieving arthritis was different for some species. L. reuteri, L. casei, L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum attenuated RA through species-independent pathways that inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-CII-antibodies; and through species-dependent immune regulation that was based on rebalancing the intestinal microbiota, and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. In particular, L. reuteri and L. casei weaken the Th1 immune response, while L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum impaired Th17 responses. Interestingly, L. plantarum did not alleviate arthritis although it did suppress Th1 and Th17 immune responses, while L. salivarius only delayed the onset of arthritis without influencing the immune response. In conclusion, Lactobacilli protect against collagen-induced-arthritis through both common and individual pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Lactobacillus reuteri attenuated allergic inflammation induced by HDM in the mouse and modulated gut

Lactobacillus reuteri attenuated allergic inflammation induced by HDM in the mouse and modulated gut microbes

Gut microbiome plays an essential role in asthma development , and probiotic-based manipulation of the gut microbiome has been proposed to prevent asthma .
Although the preventive effect of Lactobacillus supplementation against allergies has been reported , the precise Lactobacillus species beneficial for effective prevention of asthma remain unidentified and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear .
Therefore , we aimed to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of six Lactobacillus species and the mechanism underlying asthma prevention via gut microbiome modulation .
We investigated the effects of oral administration of L. rhamnosus , L. fermentum , L. casei , L. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reuteri ( five strains of each species ) on asthma and gut microbiome of house dust mite ( HDM ) -treated murine models of asthma .
Of these , L. reuteri administration was the most effective : it alleviated airway inflammation , decreased total IgE and HDM-IgG1 , and reduced Th2-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines .
Moreover , modulation of specific microbial genera by L. reuteri was more effective in asthma prevention than the modulation of the overall microbiota composition .
Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were enriched after L. reuteri supplementation and were closely associated with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , L. reuteri specifically altered the gut microbial function toward butyrate generation .
Thus , L. reuteri may reduce the risk of asthma development by modulating specific gut microbiota to improve the lung immune environment .
Our study suggests a novel option for gut microbiome manipulation via L. reuteri supplementation for suppression of asthma and other allergic diseases .

Gut microbiome plays an essential role in asthma development, and probiotic-based manipulation of the gut microbiome has been proposed to prevent asthma. Although the preventive effect of Lactobacillus supplementation against allergies has been reported, the precise Lactobacillus species beneficial for effective prevention of asthma remain unidentified and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of six Lactobacillus species and the mechanism underlying asthma prevention via gut microbiome modulation. We investigated the effects of oral administration of L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, L. casei, L. gasseri, L. salivarius, and L. reuteri (five strains of each species) on asthma and gut microbiome of house dust mite (HDM)-treated murine models of asthma. Of these, L. reuteri administration was the most effective: it alleviated airway inflammation, decreased total IgE and HDM-IgG1, and reduced Th2-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, modulation of specific microbial genera by L. reuteri was more effective in asthma prevention than the modulation of the overall microbiota composition. Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were enriched after L. reuteri supplementation and were closely associated with total IgE and IL-13 production. Furthermore, L. reuteri specifically altered the gut microbial function toward butyrate generation. Thus, L. reuteri may reduce the risk of asthma development by modulating specific gut microbiota to improve the lung immune environment. Our study suggests a novel option for gut microbiome manipulation via L. reuteri supplementation for suppression of asthma and other allergic diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Vaccines Cause Chronic Immune System Dysregulation


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Lactobacillus fermentum V3 ameliorates colitis-associated tumorigenesis by modulating the gut microb

Lactobacillus fermentum V3 ameliorates colitis-associated tumorigenesis by modulating the gut microbiome.

spp.
, a common probiotic used as a dietary supplement , is good for the digestive system .
However , @ @ @ @ @ unclear .
In this study , we aim to examine the effect of , andon @ @ @ @ @ ) -induced colitis-associated cancer .
Male ICR mice were injected with 10 mg/kg AOM and @ @ @ @ @ water , and then fed with different ( 1× 10CFU/day ) for 14 weeks .
@ @ @ @ @ for biomedical analysis , and gut microbiota profiling was detected by next generation high-throughput sequencing @ @ @ @ @ gene .
We found that pretreatment with ( Lac.ferm ) significantly inhibits colonic tumor formation @ @ @ @ @ markedly decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines in AOM/DSS-induced mice .
Furthermore , 16S rRNA sequencing data showed @ @ @ @ @ of gut microbiota by reducing the percentage of .
Moreover , linear discriminant analysis scores @ @ @ @ @ species existing in the Lac.ferm-treated group .
Overall , the above findings suggest that dietary @ @ @ @ @ microbial community , which might be beneficial to alleviating colon cancer progression .

spp., a common probiotic used as a dietary supplement, is good for the digestive system. However, its anti-cancer activity still remains unclear. In this study, we aim to examine the effect of,andon azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer. Male ICR mice were injected with 10 mg/kg AOM and 2.5% DSS via drinking water, and then fed with different(1× 10CFU/day) for 14 weeks. The colonic tissues were collected for biomedical analysis, and gut microbiota profiling was detected by next generation high-throughput sequencing comparing to the 16S rRNA gene. We found that pretreatment with(Lac.ferm) significantly inhibits colonic tumor formation (<0.05) and markedly decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines in AOM/DSS-induced mice. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that Lac.ferm altered the composition of gut microbiota by reducing the percentage of. Moreover, linear discriminant analysis scores revealed thatwithin phylumwas the prominent species existing in the Lac.ferm-treated group. Overall, the above findings suggest that dietary Lac.ferm could modulate the gut microbial community, which might be beneficial to alleviating colon cancer progression.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 improves biomarkers of metabolic syndrome.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic Lactobacillus ( L. ) fermentum CRL1446 , with feruloyl esterase ( FE ) activity , on metabolic biomarkers and intestinal microbiota of mice with high fat diet-induced Metabolic Syndrome ( MS ) and supplemented with wheat bran as a source of esterified ferulic acid .
Six-week-old male Swiss albino mice developed the components of MS when fed with high fat diet supplemented with wheat bran ( HFD + WB ) for 14 weeks .
Positive impact of L. fermentum CRL1446 administration on these animals was reflected in a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ index compared to the animals that did not receive the probiotic strain .
In addition , a decrease in plasma leptin levels , improvement of inflammatory profile , reduction of fatty infiltration in hepatocytes and modification of lipid profile ( increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels ) were observed .
On the other hand , L. fermentum CRL1446 reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels , improving the HOMA index in mice with MS. Postprandial glucose levels were also reduced in the oral glucose tolerance test .
Consumption of L. fermentum CRL1446 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ WB-Lf mice group ) had a great impact on host metabolism , modulating intestinal microbiota , with an increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes abundance being observed .
Increased intestinal FE activity , improved oxidative status and increased abundance of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and butyric acid concentration in colonic content , were also demonstrated in HFD + WB-Lf mice .
Results obtained suggest that supplementation with L. fermentum CRL1446 enhances beneficial effects of a bran diet , attenuating the risk factors associated with MS .

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of probiotic Lactobacillus (L.) fermentum CRL1446, with feruloyl esterase (FE) activity, on metabolic biomarkers and intestinal microbiota of mice with high fat diet-induced Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and supplemented with wheat bran as a source of esterified ferulic acid. Six-week-old male Swiss albino mice developed the components of MS when fed with high fat diet supplemented with wheat bran (HFD + WB) for 14 weeks. Positive impact of L. fermentum CRL1446 administration on these animals was reflected in a decrease in body weight gain and adiposity index compared to the animals that did not receive the probiotic strain. In addition, a decrease in plasma leptin levels, improvement of inflammatory profile, reduction of fatty infiltration in hepatocytes and modification of lipid profile (increased HDL-cholesterol and decreased LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels) were observed. On the other hand, L. fermentum CRL1446 reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels, improving the HOMA index in mice with MS. Postprandial glucose levels were also reduced in the oral glucose tolerance test. Consumption of L. fermentum CRL1446 with HFD + WB (HFD + WB-Lf mice group) had a great impact on host metabolism, modulating intestinal microbiota, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes abundance being observed. Increased intestinal FE activity, improved oxidative status and increased abundance of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and butyric acid concentration in colonic content, were also demonstrated in HFD + WB-Lf mice. Results obtained suggest that supplementation with L. fermentum CRL1446 enhances beneficial effects of a bran diet, attenuating the risk factors associated with MS.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Mongolian yogurt against Gardnerella v

Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Mongolian yogurt against Gardnerella vaginalis.

Worldwide interest in the use of functional foods containing probiotic bacteria such asandfor health promotion and disease prevention has increased significantly .
Probiotics have demonstrated beneficial properties including strengthening the body 's natural defense system , inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria , and regulating mental activity , but their effects on the human vagina have not been fully elucidated .
The primary purpose of our study was to isolatestrains from old yogurt , a traditional dairy product , and investigate their probiotic potential with respect to the human vaginal system .
Four ( ) strains , named ZX1 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were isolated from the yogurt samples .
Simultaneously , we used a commercialstrain ( DM8909 ) as a control strain .
We tested the antimicrobial activity ofisolates againstandby agar spot and well diffusion tests .
Then , we tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the 5 strains by using the minimal inhibitory concentration method .
We attempted to detect possible bacteriocin genes by PCR sequencing technique .
Using a chemically defined medium simulating genital tract secretions , we found that the selectedstrains could alter the expression of known virulence genes inBacteriocins derived from these @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , with the most effective activity observed in the case of ZX27 .
In addition , all strains including the.DM8909 were positive for the presence of the plantaricin cluster of genes described in.C11 .
The tested stains possessed thegene indicating that one of the antibacterial agents was plantaricin .
We assume that the production of antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins induceto upregulate antimicrobial resistance genes .
The new isolated strains have bacteriocin-related genes and can change the antimicrobial resistance gene transcription of..

Worldwide interest in the use of functional foods containing probiotic bacteria such asandfor health promotion and disease prevention has increased significantly. Probiotics have demonstrated beneficial properties including strengthening the body's natural defense system, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and regulating mental activity, but their effects on the human vagina have not been fully elucidated. The primary purpose of our study was to isolatestrains from old yogurt, a traditional dairy product, and investigate their probiotic potential with respect to the human vaginal system. Four() strains, named ZX1, ZX2, ZX27, and ZX69, were isolated from the yogurt samples. Simultaneously, we used a commercialstrain (DM8909) as a control strain. We tested the antimicrobial activity ofisolates againstandby agar spot and well diffusion tests. Then, we tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the 5 strains by using the minimal inhibitory concentration method. We attempted to detect possible bacteriocin genes by PCR sequencing technique. Using a chemically defined medium simulating genital tract secretions, we found that the selectedstrains could alter the expression of known virulence genes inBacteriocins derived from these isolated strains had potent antibacterial activity against.and., with the most effective activity observed in the case of ZX27. In addition, all strains including the.DM8909 were positive for the presence of the plantaricin cluster of genes described in.C11. The tested stains possessed thegene indicating that one of the antibacterial agents was plantaricin. We assume that the production of antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins induceto upregulate antimicrobial resistance genes. The new isolated strains have bacteriocin-related genes and can change the antimicrobial resistance gene transcription of..


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--These results indicate that L. fermentum TSI reduces abdominal fat and improves blood lipid metaboli

These results indicate that L. fermentum TSI reduces abdominal fat and improves blood lipid metabolism in HD-induced obese rats.

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effect of yogurt fermented byTSI and S2 isolated from a Mongolian traditional dairy product on rats with high-fat-diet-induced obesity .
Quality characteristics of yogurt fermented by commercial starter ( CON ) , TSI2 ( TSI2 group ) , S2 ( S2 group ) , and mixed TSI2 and S2 strains at 1:1 ( MIX group ) , were verified .
Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and administered the following diets : group NOR , normal diet with oral saline administration ; group HF , high-fat diet ( HD ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , HD andTSI-fermented yogurt ; group S2 , HD and L. fermentum S2-fermented yogurt ; and group MIX , HD and MIX-fermented yogurt .
After eight weeks , the HD groups displayed significantly increased body weight and fat , serum cholesterol , and abdominal adipose tissue levels .
However , serum HDL cholesterol levels were higher , triglyceride levels were lower , and abdominal adipocytes were smaller in the TSI and S2 groups than in the HF group .
These results indicate thatTSI reduces abdominal fat and improves blood lipid metabolism in HD-induced @ @ @

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effect of yogurt fermented byTSI and S2 isolated from a Mongolian traditional dairy product on rats with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Quality characteristics of yogurt fermented by commercial starter (CON),TSI2 (TSI2 group),S2 (S2 group), and mixed TSI2 and S2 strains at 1:1 (MIX group), were verified. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and administered the following diets: group NOR, normal diet with oral saline administration; group HF, high-fat diet (HD) with oral saline administration; group TSI, HD andTSI-fermented yogurt; group S2, HD and L. fermentum S2-fermented yogurt; and group MIX, HD and MIX-fermented yogurt. After eight weeks, the HD groups displayed significantly increased body weight and fat, serum cholesterol, and abdominal adipose tissue levels. However, serum HDL cholesterol levels were higher, triglyceride levels were lower, and abdominal adipocytes were smaller in the TSI and S2 groups than in the HF group. These results indicate thatTSI reduces abdominal fat and improves blood lipid metabolism in HD-induced obese rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum strain OLL2712 culture conditions on the anti-inflammatory activi

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum strain OLL2712 culture conditions on the anti-inflammatory activities for murine immune cells and obese and type 2 diabetic mice.

Studies on the health-promoting effects of lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) are numerous , but few provide examples of the relationship between LAB function and culture conditions .
We verified the effect of differences in culture conditions onOLL2712 functionality ; this strain exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and preventive effects against metabolic disorders .
We measured interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) and IL-12 production in murine immune cells treated with OLL2712 cells prepared under various culture conditions .
The results showed that the IL-10-inducing activities of OLL2712 cells on murine immune cells differed dramatically between OLL2712 groups at different culture phases and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and neutralizing pHs .
In particular , exponential-phase cells had much more IL-10-inducing activity than stationary-phase cells .
We confirmed that the Toll-like receptor 2 ( TLR2 ) stimulation activity of OLL2712 cells depended on culture conditions in conjunction with IL-10-inducing activity .
We also demonstrated functional differences by culture phases ; OLL2712 cells at exponential phase had more anti-inflammatory activity and anti-metabolic-disorder effects on obese and diabetic mice than those by their stationary-phase counterparts .
These results suggest that culture conditions affect the functionality of anti-inflammatory LAB.While previous studies demonstrated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) , few have comprehensively investigated the relationship between culture conditions and LAB functionality .
In this study , we demonstrated several culture conditions ofOLL2712 for higher anti-inflammatory activity .
We also showed that culture conditions concretely influenced the health-promoting functions of OLL2712 , particularly against metabolic disorders .
Further , we characterized a novel mechanism by which changing LAB culture conditions affected immunomodulatory properties .
Our results suggest that culture condition optimization is important for the production of LAB with anti-inflammatory activity .

Studies on the health-promoting effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are numerous, but few provide examples of the relationship between LAB function and culture conditions. We verified the effect of differences in culture conditions onOLL2712 functionality; this strain exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and preventive effects against metabolic disorders. We measured interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 production in murine immune cells treated with OLL2712 cells prepared under various culture conditions. The results showed that the IL-10-inducing activities of OLL2712 cells on murine immune cells differed dramatically between OLL2712 groups at different culture phases and using different culture medium components, temperatures, and neutralizing pHs. In particular, exponential-phase cells had much more IL-10-inducing activity than stationary-phase cells. We confirmed that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation activity of OLL2712 cells depended on culture conditions in conjunction with IL-10-inducing activity. We also demonstrated functional differences by culture phases; OLL2712 cells at exponential phase had more anti-inflammatory activity and anti-metabolic-disorder effects on obese and diabetic mice than those by their stationary-phase counterparts. These results suggest that culture conditions affect the functionality of anti-inflammatory LAB.While previous studies demonstrated that culture conditions affected the immunomodulatory properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), few have comprehensively investigated the relationship between culture conditions and LAB functionality. In this study, we demonstrated several culture conditions ofOLL2712 for higher anti-inflammatory activity. We also showed that culture conditions concretely influenced the health-promoting functions of OLL2712, particularly against metabolic disorders. Further, we characterized a novel mechanism by which changing LAB culture conditions affected immunomodulatory properties. Our results suggest that culture condition optimization is important for the production of LAB with anti-inflammatory activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Will COVID-19 Public Policies Split Up Families?


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Identification of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain that ameliorates chronic inflammation and metabol

Identification of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain that ameliorates chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders in obese and type 2 diabetic mice.

In this study , we identified a strain of lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) that induces high levels of IL-10 production by immune cells , and evaluated the ability of the strain to suppress chronic inflammation and ameliorate metabolic disorders in in vitro and in vivo models .
Among a collection of LAB strains , Lactobacillus plantarum strain OLL2712 ( OLL2712 ) induced the highest levels of IL-10 production in mouse-derived dendritic cells and peritoneal macrophages .
The anti-inflammatory effects of this strain were evaluated using a co-culture system comprising RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells .
We also administered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diabetic KKAy mice for 3 wk to evaluate the in vivo effects of the strain .
The OLL2712 significantly decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro .
Likewise , the administration of OLL2712 significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokine levels in both the visceral adipose tissue and the serum of KKAy mice , and reduced serum triglyceride concentrations .
The strain also alleviated oxidative stress and adrenaline levels in the serum of KKAy mice .
On the other hand , Lactobacillus gasseri strain MEP222804 ( a moderate IL-10 inducer ) did not ameliorate the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Our results suggest that treatment with strong IL-10-inducing LAB has the potential to ameliorate metabolic disorders by suppressing chronic inflammation in the host animal .

In this study, we identified a strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that induces high levels of IL-10 production by immune cells, and evaluated the ability of the strain to suppress chronic inflammation and ameliorate metabolic disorders in in vitro and in vivo models. Among a collection of LAB strains, Lactobacillus plantarum strain OLL2712 (OLL2712) induced the highest levels of IL-10 production in mouse-derived dendritic cells and peritoneal macrophages. The anti-inflammatory effects of this strain were evaluated using a co-culture system comprising RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells. We also administered heat-killed OLL2712 to obese and type 2 diabetic KKAy mice for 3 wk to evaluate the in vivo effects of the strain. The OLL2712 significantly decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Likewise, the administration of OLL2712 significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokine levels in both the visceral adipose tissue and the serum of KKAy mice, and reduced serum triglyceride concentrations. The strain also alleviated oxidative stress and adrenaline levels in the serum of KKAy mice. On the other hand, Lactobacillus gasseri strain MEP222804 (a moderate IL-10 inducer) did not ameliorate the systemic inflammation and hyperlipidemia in KKAy mice. Our results suggest that treatment with strong IL-10-inducing LAB has the potential to ameliorate metabolic disorders by suppressing chronic inflammation in the host animal.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Lactobacillus plantarum OLL2712 induces IL-10 production by intestinal dendritic cells.

Recently many researchers have revealed that certain lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) have beneficial effects on the immune system .
Understanding the mechanisms of how certain LAB induce immunomodulatory functions is important for the development of food ingredients that improve our health.OLL2712 has been shown to induce production of interleukin ( IL ) -10 , an anti-inflammatory cytokine , by murine-induced dendritic cells ( DCs ) and peritoneal macrophages .
However , it is probable that-induced DCs have different properties compared with intestinal DCs , and the effects of the LAB on intestinal DCs are not fully understood .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ had efficacy for inducing intestinal DCs to produce IL-10and whether oral administration of the bacteria induced the same effect .
Co-culture ofOLL2712 with purified DCs from the mesenteric lymph node ( MLN ) or Peyer 's patch ( PP ) elevated IL-10 mRNA expression and protein production by both kinds of DCs .
Addition of the LAB enhanced IL-10 production by T cells during antigen-specific responses in co-culture of MLN or PP DCs and T cells .
Oral administration ofOLL2712 for 6 days increased IL-10 gene expression in MLN DCs , and upregulated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ observed 12 hr after oral administration of the LAB .
Our results suggested thatOLL2712 could modulate immune responses by enhancing IL-10 production from intestinal DCs .

Recently many researchers have revealed that certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have beneficial effects on the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms of how certain LAB induce immunomodulatory functions is important for the development of food ingredients that improve our health.OLL2712 has been shown to induce production of interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, by murine-induced dendritic cells (DCs) and peritoneal macrophages. However, it is probable that-induced DCs have different properties compared with intestinal DCs, and the effects of the LAB on intestinal DCs are not fully understood. In this report, we investigated whetherOLL2712 had efficacy for inducing intestinal DCs to produce IL-10and whether oral administration of the bacteria induced the same effect. Co-culture ofOLL2712 with purified DCs from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) or Peyer's patch (PP) elevated IL-10 mRNA expression and protein production by both kinds of DCs. Addition of the LAB enhanced IL-10 production by T cells during antigen-specific responses in co-culture of MLN or PP DCs and T cells. Oral administration ofOLL2712 for 6 days increased IL-10 gene expression in MLN DCs, and upregulated IL-10 gene expression in PP DCs was observed 12 hr after oral administration of the LAB. Our results suggested thatOLL2712 could modulate immune responses by enhancing IL-10 production from intestinal DCs.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducing COVID-19

Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Currently , drug repurposing is an alternative to novel drug development for the treatment of COVID-19 patients .
The antimalarial @ @ @ @ @ and its metabolite hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) are currently being tested in several clinical studies @ @ @ @ @ SARS-CoV-2-mediated morbidity and mortality .
CQ and HCQ ( CQ/HCQ ) inhibit pH-dependent steps of @ @ @ @ @ in intracellular vesicles and interfere with virus particle delivery into host cells .
Besides direct @ @ @ @ @ target extracellular zinc to intracellular lysosomes where it interferes with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and @ @ @ @ @ deficiency frequently occurs in elderly patients and in those with cardiovascular disease , chronic pulmonary @ @ @ @ @ we hypothesize that CQ/HCQ plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducing COVID-19 morbidity @ @ @ @ @ HCQ in monotherapy .
Therefore , CQ/HCQ in combination with zinc should be considered as @ @ @ @ @ clinical trials .

Currently, drug repurposing is an alternative to novel drug development for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) and its metabolite hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are currently being tested in several clinical studies as potential candidates to limit SARS-CoV-2-mediated morbidity and mortality. CQ and HCQ (CQ/HCQ) inhibit pH-dependent steps of SARS-CoV-2 replication by increasing pH in intracellular vesicles and interfere with virus particle delivery into host cells. Besides direct antiviral effects, CQ/HCQ specifically target extracellular zinc to intracellular lysosomes where it interferes with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and coronavirus replication. As zinc deficiency frequently occurs in elderly patients and in those with cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or diabetes, we hypothesize that CQ/HCQ plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality than CQ or HCQ in monotherapy. Therefore, CQ/HCQ in combination with zinc should be considered as additional study arm for COVID-19 clinical trials.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Zinc and the modulation of Nrf2 in human neuroblastoma cells.

Zinc plays a key role in the modulation of neuronal redox homeostasis .
A decreased zinc availability is associated with neuronal NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase activation , deregulation of redox signaling , and impaired glutathione synthesis .
The present work tested the hypothesis that zinc is necessary in the neuronal defense response against dopamine ( DA ) -induced oxidative stress , in particular through heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) upregulation .
DA showed higher cytotoxicity when zinc availability was low .
Human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells responded to high DA concentrations ( 100 μM ) by upregulating HO-1 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ nucleus , degradation of the Bach-1 repressor , and Nrf2-DNA binding , but it was independent of ERK1/2 activation .
DA-mediated induction of HO-1 expression was dependent on the concentration of zinc in the medium .
IMR-32 cells incubated in zinc deficient medium showed an impaired response to DA , with lower HO-1 mRNA and protein levels than control DA-challenged cells .
This altered HO-1 upregulation was reversed by zinc supplementation .
In the presence of DA , Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Bach-1 degradation werelower in zinc deficient cells .
The mechanisms involved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and ii ) alterations in the proteasome-mediated degradation of Bach-1 secondary to a decreased ubiquitylation .
Results suggest that zinc is crucial in the neuronal response to DA-induced oxidative stress in part through its role in the modulation of the Nrf2-and Bach-1-driven upregulation of HO-1 expression .

Zinc plays a key role in the modulation of neuronal redox homeostasis. A decreased zinc availability is associated with neuronal NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase activation, deregulation of redox signaling, and impaired glutathione synthesis. The present work tested the hypothesis that zinc is necessary in the neuronal defense response against dopamine (DA)-induced oxidative stress, in particular through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation. DA showed higher cytotoxicity when zinc availability was low. Human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells responded to high DA concentrations (100 μM) by upregulating HO-1. This upregulation involved Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, degradation of the Bach-1 repressor, and Nrf2-DNA binding, but it was independent of ERK1/2 activation. DA-mediated induction of HO-1 expression was dependent on the concentration of zinc in the medium. IMR-32 cells incubated in zinc deficient medium showed an impaired response to DA, with lower HO-1 mRNA and protein levels than control DA-challenged cells. This altered HO-1 upregulation was reversed by zinc supplementation. In the presence of DA, Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Bach-1 degradation werelower in zinc deficient cells. The mechanisms involved include: i) impaired Nrf2-tubulin interactions and ii) alterations in the proteasome-mediated degradation of Bach-1 secondary to a decreased ubiquitylation. Results suggest that zinc is crucial in the neuronal response to DA-induced oxidative stress in part through its role in the modulation of the Nrf2-and Bach-1-driven upregulation of HO-1 expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Dietary zinc source impacts intestinal morphology and oxidative stress in young broilers

Zinc is an essential nutritional trace element for all forms of life as it plays an important role in numerous biological processes .
In poultry , zinc is provided by in-feed supplementation , mainly as zinc oxide or zinc sulfate .
Alternatively zinc can be supplemented as organic sources , which are characterized by using an organic ligand that may be an amino acid , peptide , or protein to bind zinc and have a higher bioavailability than inorganic zinc sources .
There are limited number of studies directly comparing the effects of inorganic vs. organic zinc sources on performance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , a digestibility and a performance study were conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of an amino acid-complexed zinc source vs. an inorganic zinc source on intestinal health .
The experiment consisted of 2 treatments : either a zinc amino acid complex or zinc sulfate was added to a wheat-rye based diet at 60 ppm Zn , with 10 replicates ( 34 broilers per pen ) per treatment .
Effects on performance , intestinal morphology , microbiota composition , and oxidative stress were measured .
Supplementing zinc amino acid complexes improved the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with zinc sulfate .
Broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio in the starter phase compared to birds supplemented with zinc sulfateA significantly higher villus length was observed in broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes at days 10 and 28 .
Supplementation with zinc amino acid complexes resulted in a decreased abundance of several genera belonging to the phylum of Proteobacteria .
Plasma malondialdehyde levels and glutathione peroxidase activity showed an improved oxidative status in broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes .
In conclusion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acid complex is more readily absorbed , potentially conferring a protective effect on villus epithelial cells in the starter phase .

Zinc is an essential nutritional trace element for all forms of life as it plays an important role in numerous biological processes. In poultry, zinc is provided by in-feed supplementation, mainly as zinc oxide or zinc sulfate. Alternatively zinc can be supplemented as organic sources, which are characterized by using an organic ligand that may be an amino acid, peptide, or protein to bind zinc and have a higher bioavailability than inorganic zinc sources. There are limited number of studies directly comparing the effects of inorganic vs. organic zinc sources on performance and intestinal health in broilers. Therefore, a digestibility and a performance study were conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of an amino acid-complexed zinc source vs. an inorganic zinc source on intestinal health. The experiment consisted of 2 treatments: either a zinc amino acid complex or zinc sulfate was added to a wheat-rye based diet at 60 ppm Zn, with 10 replicates (34 broilers per pen) per treatment. Effects on performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota composition, and oxidative stress were measured. Supplementing zinc amino acid complexes improved the zinc digestibility coefficient as compared to supplementation with zinc sulfate. Broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio in the starter phase compared to birds supplemented with zinc sulfateA significantly higher villus length was observed in broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes at days 10 and 28. Supplementation with zinc amino acid complexes resulted in a decreased abundance of several genera belonging to the phylum of Proteobacteria. Plasma malondialdehyde levels and glutathione peroxidase activity showed an improved oxidative status in broilers supplemented with zinc amino acid complexes. In conclusion, zinc supplied in feed as amino acid complex is more readily absorbed, potentially conferring a protective effect on villus epithelial cells in the starter phase.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than s

Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age.

BACKGROUND : Zinc is a vital micronutrient for humans and is essential for protein synthesis , cell growth , and differentiation .
Severe zinc deficiency can lead to slower physical , cognitive and sexual growth , cause skin disorders , decrease immunity , increase incidence of acute illnesses in infants and children and contribute to childhood stunting .
By estimation , 17.3 % of the world population is at risk of inadequate zinc intake .
Such nutritional impairment increases the risk of diarrhoea and pneumonia by 20 % , as well as leads to a global loss of more than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ less than five years of age .
Not only does zinc deficiency affect lives , it adds to the considerable financial burden on depleted resources in countries that are most affected .
By preventing or curing this deficiency , we can improve childhood mortality , morbidity and growth .
OBJECTIVES : To assess the effectiveness of zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth , reduction in mortality , and the prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age .
SEARCH METHODS : We used the standard search strategy of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL 2018 , Issue 4 ) , MEDLINE via PubMed ( 1966 to 18 May 2018 ) , Embase ( 1980 to 18 May 2018 ) , and CINAHL ( 1982 to 18 May 2018 ) .
We also searched clinical trials databases , conference proceedings , and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials .
An updated search from 1 January 2018 to 29 January 2020 was run in the following databases : CENTRAL via CRS Web , MEDLINE via @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SELECTION CRITERIA : All randomised controlled ( individual and cluster randomised ) and quasi-randomised trials of zinc supplementation in healthy , term infants , less than six months of age comparing infant mortality , incidence of diarrhoea or respiratory illnesses , growth and/or serum zinc levels were eligible .
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Two review authors screened search results ( title and abstracts ) and relevant full texts .
Studies fulfilling prespecified inclusion criteria were included with any disagreements resolved by consensus .
Extraction and analysis were then conducted .
We used @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of evidence as indicated by certainty in effect estimates .
MAIN RESULTS : Eight studies ( with 85,629 infants ) were included and five studies were meta-analysed , out of which four studies compared zinc with placebo , and one compared zinc plus riboflavin versus riboflavin .
Certain growth outcomes after six months of intervention ( Weight for Age Z-scores ( WAZ ) ( standardised mean difference ) ( SMD ) 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.29 ; three studies , n = 955 ; fixed-effect ; heterogeneity Chi² P = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) ; change in WAZ ( SMD 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.07 to 0.25 ; one study , n = 386 ; fixed-effect ) ; ( Weight-for-Length Z-score ( WLZ ) ( SMD 0.15 , 95 % CI 0.02 to 0.28 ; three studies , n = 955 ; fixed-effect ; heterogeneity : Chi² P = 0.81 ) ; I² = 0 % ) ; ( change in WLZ ( SMD 0.17 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.28 ; one study , n = 386 ; fixed-effect ) ) were positively @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
A single study reported no difference in the incidence of diarrhoea and lower respiratory tract infection with zinc supplementation .
Zinc had no effect on mortality in children younger than 12 months .
When zinc plus riboflavin was compared to riboflavin only , significant improvement was observed in the incidence of wasting at 24 months ( risk ratio ( RR ) 0.59 , 95 % CI 0.37 to 0.96 ; one study , n = 296 ; fixed-effect ) , but significant worsening of incidence of stunting was present at 21 months @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to 2.16 ; one study , n = 298 ; fixed-effect ) .
AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS : There was a significant positive impact of zinc supplementation on WAZ and WLZ after six months of intervention in infants compared to placebo .
When a combined supplement of zinc and riboflavin was compared to riboflavin , there was a significant reduction in wasting at 24 months , but stunting at 21 months was negatively affected .
Although included trials were of good-to-moderate quality , evidence that could be meta-analysed was based on a few studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Regardless , there is a need for strong trials conducted in infants younger than six months before a strong recommendation can be made supporting zinc supplementation in this age group .

BACKGROUND: Zinc is a vital micronutrient for humans and is essential for protein synthesis, cell growth, and differentiation. Severe zinc deficiency can lead to slower physical, cognitive and sexual growth, cause skin disorders, decrease immunity, increase incidence of acute illnesses in infants and children and contribute to childhood stunting. By estimation, 17.3% of the world population is at risk of inadequate zinc intake. Such nutritional impairment increases the risk of diarrhoea and pneumonia by 20%, as well as leads to a global loss of more than 16 million disability-adjusted life years in children less than five years of age. Not only does zinc deficiency affect lives, it adds to the considerable financial burden on depleted resources in countries that are most affected. By preventing or curing this deficiency, we can improve childhood mortality, morbidity and growth.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth, reduction in mortality, and the prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age.
SEARCH METHODS: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2018, Issue 4), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 18 May 2018), Embase (1980 to 18 May 2018), and CINAHL (1982 to 18 May 2018). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. An updated search from 1 January 2018 to 29 January 2020 was run in the following databases: CENTRAL via CRS Web, MEDLINE via Ovid, and CINAHL via EBSCOhost.
SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled (individual and cluster randomised) and quasi-randomised trials of zinc supplementation in healthy, term infants, less than six months of age comparing infant mortality, incidence of diarrhoea or respiratory illnesses, growth and/or serum zinc levels were eligible.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors screened search results (title and abstracts) and relevant full texts. Studies fulfilling prespecified inclusion criteria were included with any disagreements resolved by consensus. Extraction and analysis were then conducted. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence as indicated by certainty in effect estimates.
MAIN RESULTS: Eight studies (with 85,629 infants) were included and five studies were meta-analysed, out of which four studies compared zinc with placebo, and one compared zinc plus riboflavin versus riboflavin. Certain growth outcomes after six months of intervention (Weight for Age Z-scores (WAZ) (standardised mean difference) (SMD) 0.16, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.29; three studies, n = 955; fixed-effect; heterogeneity Chi² P = 0.96); I² = 0%); change in WAZ (SMD 0.16, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.25; one study, n = 386; fixed-effect); (Weight-for-Length Z-score (WLZ) (SMD 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.28; three studies, n = 955; fixed-effect; heterogeneity: Chi² P = 0.81); I² = 0%); (change in WLZ (SMD 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.28; one study, n = 386; fixed-effect)) were positively affected by zinc supplementation compared to placebo. A single study reported no difference in the incidence of diarrhoea and lower respiratory tract infection with zinc supplementation. Zinc had no effect on mortality in children younger than 12 months. When zinc plus riboflavin was compared to riboflavin only, significant improvement was observed in the incidence of wasting at 24 months (risk ratio (RR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.96; one study, n = 296; fixed-effect), but significant worsening of incidence of stunting was present at 21 months (RR1.53, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.16; one study, n = 298; fixed-effect).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant positive impact of zinc supplementation on WAZ and WLZ after six months of intervention in infants compared to placebo. When a combined supplement of zinc and riboflavin was compared to riboflavin, there was a significant reduction in wasting at 24 months, but stunting at 21 months was negatively affected. Although included trials were of good-to-moderate quality, evidence that could be meta-analysed was based on a few studies which affected the overall quality of results. Regardless, there is a need for strong trials conducted in infants younger than six months before a strong recommendation can be made supporting zinc supplementation in this age group.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Therapeutic targets and signalling mechanisms of vitamin C activity against sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of pneumonia , including coronavirus disease-2019 ( COVID-19 ) -induced pneumonia .
Evidence of the benefits of vitamin C ( VC ) for the treatment of sepsis is accumulating .
However , data revealing the targets and molecular mechanisms of VC action against sepsis are limited .
In this report , a bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology was conducted to demonstrate screening targets , biological functions , and the signaling pathways of VC action against sepsis .
As shown in network assays , 63 primary causal targets for the VC action against sepsis were identified @ @ @ @ @ @ @ core targets for the VC action against sepsis were identified .
These core targets were epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 ( MAPK1 ) , proto-oncogene c ( JUN ) , and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 ( STAT3 ) .
In addition , all biological processes ( including a top 20 ) and signaling pathways ( including a top 20 ) potentially involved in the VC action against sepsis were identified .
The hub genes potentially involved in the VC action against sepsis and interlaced networks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Genomes Mapper assays were highlighted .
Considering all the bioinformatic findings , we conclude that VC antisepsis effects are mechanistically and pharmacologically implicated with suppression of immune dysfunction-related and inflammation-associated functional processes and other signaling pathways .
These primary predictive biotargets may potentially be used to treat sepsis in future clinical practice .

Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of pneumonia, including coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia. Evidence of the benefits of vitamin C (VC) for the treatment of sepsis is accumulating. However, data revealing the targets and molecular mechanisms of VC action against sepsis are limited. In this report, a bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology was conducted to demonstrate screening targets, biological functions, and the signaling pathways of VC action against sepsis. As shown in network assays, 63 primary causal targets for the VC action against sepsis were identified from the data, and four optimal core targets for the VC action against sepsis were identified. These core targets were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK1), proto-oncogene c (JUN), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). In addition, all biological processes (including a top 20) and signaling pathways (including a top 20) potentially involved in the VC action against sepsis were identified. The hub genes potentially involved in the VC action against sepsis and interlaced networks from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Mapper assays were highlighted. Considering all the bioinformatic findings, we conclude that VC antisepsis effects are mechanistically and pharmacologically implicated with suppression of immune dysfunction-related and inflammation-associated functional processes and other signaling pathways. These primary predictive biotargets may potentially be used to treat sepsis in future clinical practice.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Sunlight effects on immune system: Is there something else in addition to UV-induced immunosuppressi

Sunlight effects on immune system: Is there something else in addition to UV-induced immunosuppression?

Sunlight , composed of different types of radiation , including ultraviolet wavelengths , is an essential source of light and warmth for life on earth but has strong negative effects on human health , such as promoting the malignant transformation of skin cells and suppressing the ability of the human immune system to efficiently detect and attack malignant cells .
UV-induced immunosuppression has been extensively studied since it was first described by Dr. Kripke and Dr. Fisher in the late 1970s .
However , skin exposure to sunlight has not only this and other unfavorable effects , for example , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ positive one : the induction of Vitamin D synthesis , which performs several roles within the immune system in addition to favoring bone homeostasis .
The impact of low levels of UV exposure on the immune system has not been fully reported yet , but it bears interesting differences with the suppressive effect of high levels of UV radiation , as shown by some recent studies .
The aim of this article is to put some ideas in perspective and pose some questions within the field of photoimmunology based on established and new @ @ @ @ @ @ @ experimental approaches and , eventually , to a better understanding of the effects of sunlight on the human immune system .

Sunlight, composed of different types of radiation, including ultraviolet wavelengths, is an essential source of light and warmth for life on earth but has strong negative effects on human health, such as promoting the malignant transformation of skin cells and suppressing the ability of the human immune system to efficiently detect and attack malignant cells. UV-induced immunosuppression has been extensively studied since it was first described by Dr. Kripke and Dr. Fisher in the late 1970s. However, skin exposure to sunlight has not only this and other unfavorable effects, for example, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, but also a positive one: the induction of Vitamin D synthesis, which performs several roles within the immune system in addition to favoring bone homeostasis. The impact of low levels of UV exposure on the immune system has not been fully reported yet, but it bears interesting differences with the suppressive effect of high levels of UV radiation, as shown by some recent studies. The aim of this article is to put some ideas in perspective and pose some questions within the field of photoimmunology based on established and new information, which may lead to new experimental approaches and, eventually, to a better understanding of the effects of sunlight on the human immune system.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult

Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult.

Tanning ( melanisation and epidermal thickening ) is a photoprotective response to solar UVR exposure , but it 's unclear to what degree low-level exposures induce this in light-skin individuals , or whether this modifies the histological inflammatory response to UVR .
Objectives were to examine if , in light-skin people , a simulated summer 's casual sunlight exposures induces ( i ) melanogenesis , ( ii ) epidermal thickening and ( iii ) demonstrable protection against both clinical ( erythema ) and histological ( neutrophil infiltration ) impacts of higher-level , pro-inflammatory UVR challenge .
A UVR intervention study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ brief sunlight exposures ( 95 % UVA , 5 % UVB ) as can provide sufficient vitamin D. Ten healthy adults of phototype II , median 47 years ( range 30-59 years ) , 2 male/8 female , received 1.3 SED 3× weekly for 6 weeks , and were subsequently challenged with 2× personal MED of UVB on small areas of UVR-exposed and UVR-protected buttock skin .
Skin erythema and pigmentation were measured spectrophotometrically .
Punch biopsies were taken from ( i ) unexposed skin ( ii ) skin following the ×18 low-level @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at 24 h following the 2 × MED challenge , with skin sections evaluated for epidermal thickness , and for neutrophil infiltration by immunohistochemistry .
The 6-weeks ' UVR exposures significantly increased skin pigmentation , skin lightness ( L* ) reducing from 69.37 ( SD2.8 ) to 65.52 ( 2.33 ) at course-end ( p < 0.001 ) , and stratum corneum thickness rising from 29.3 ( 9.59 ) to 41.5 ( 12.7 ) μm ( p < 0.05 ) ; there was no influence on neutrophil numbers .
Following the pro-inflammatory ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was a small ( 18 % ) reduction in erythema but a proportionately greater ( 71 % ) reduction in neutrophil infiltration in skin prior-exposed to the UVR course compared with photoprotected skin ( both p < 0.05 ) .
Thus , findings add to information on risk-benefit of low-level sunlight exposure .
Even very light-skin people show measurable although modest photoprotective responses to repeated low-dose UVR ; greater impact is seen on histological than clinical inflammation .

Tanning (melanisation and epidermal thickening) is a photoprotective response to solar UVR exposure, but it's unclear to what degree low-level exposures induce this in light-skin individuals, or whether this modifies the histological inflammatory response to UVR. Objectives were to examine if, in light-skin people, a simulated summer's casual sunlight exposures induces (i) melanogenesis, (ii) epidermal thickening and (iii) demonstrable protection against both clinical (erythema) and histological (neutrophil infiltration) impacts of higher-level, pro-inflammatory UVR challenge. A UVR intervention study was designed to simulate a summer's brief sunlight exposures (95% UVA, 5% UVB) as can provide sufficient vitamin D. Ten healthy adults of phototype II, median 47 years (range 30-59 years), 2 male/8 female, received 1.3 SED 3× weekly for 6 weeks, and were subsequently challenged with 2× personal MED of UVB on small areas of UVR-exposed and UVR-protected buttock skin. Skin erythema and pigmentation were measured spectrophotometrically. Punch biopsies were taken from (i) unexposed skin (ii) skin following the ×18 low-level UVR exposures and (iii) skin at 24 h following the 2 × MED challenge, with skin sections evaluated for epidermal thickness, and for neutrophil infiltration by immunohistochemistry. The 6-weeks' UVR exposures significantly increased skin pigmentation, skin lightness (L*) reducing from 69.37 (SD2.8) to 65.52 (2.33) at course-end (p<0.001), and stratum corneum thickness rising from 29.3 (9.59) to 41.5 (12.7)μm (p<0.05); there was no influence on neutrophil numbers. Following the pro-inflammatory (2× MED) UVR challenge, there was a small (18%) reduction in erythema but a proportionately greater (71%) reduction in neutrophil infiltration in skin prior-exposed to the UVR course compared with photoprotected skin (both p<0.05). Thus, findings add to information on risk-benefit of low-level sunlight exposure. Even very light-skin people show measurable although modest photoprotective responses to repeated low-dose UVR; greater impact is seen on histological than clinical inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Role of vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis.

Vitamin D is a fat soluble hormone , with a well described role in bone health and calcium/phosphate metabolism .
@ @ @ @ @ D to other physiological functions and pathological conditions .
Specifically , vitamin D has widely @ @ @ @ @ and evidences suggest that it may be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis ( @ @ @ @ @ between vitamin D and RA is complex , also because a deficitary vitamin D status @ @ @ @ @ in RA patients , can contribute to the increased risk of osteoporosis typical of RA @ @ @ @ @ will be described and discussed the main aspects of the relationship between RA and vitamin @ @

Vitamin D is a fat soluble hormone, with a well described role in bone health and calcium/phosphate metabolism. Recent evidences have related vitamin D to other physiological functions and pathological conditions. Specifically, vitamin D has widely proven activities on immune system and evidences suggest that it may be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relationship between vitamin D and RA is complex, also because a deficitary vitamin D status, which is very common in RA patients, can contribute to the increased risk of osteoporosis typical of RA. In this chapter, will be described and discussed the main aspects of the relationship between RA and vitamin D.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Ellagic acid controls cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 ( CDK6 ) plays an important role in cancer progression , and thus , it is considered as an attractive drug target in anticancer therapeutics .
This study presents an evaluation of dietary phytochemicals , capsaicin , tocopherol , rosmarinic acid , ursolic acid , ellagic acid ( EA ) , limonene , caffeic acid , and ferulic acid for their potential to inhibit the activity of CDK6 .
Molecular docking and fluorescence binding studies revealed appreciable binding affinities of these compounds to the CDK6 .
Among them , EA shows the highest binding affinity for CDK6 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study of 200 ns was performed to get deeper insights into the binding mechanism and stability of the CDK6-EA complex .
Fluorescence binding studies revealed that EA binds to the CDK6 with a binding constant of= 10Mand subsequently inhibits its enzyme activity with an ICvalue of 3.053µM .
Analysis of thermodynamic parameters of CDK6-EA complex formation suggested a hydrophobic interaction driven process .
The treatment of EA decreases the colonization of cancer cells and induces apoptosis .
Moreover , the expression of CDK6 has been downregulated in EA-treated human breast cancer cell lines @ @ @ @ @ @ @ EA as a potent CDK6 inhibitor that can be further evaluated in CDK6 directed anticancer therapies .

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6) plays an important role in cancer progression, and thus, it is considered as an attractive drug target in anticancer therapeutics. This study presents an evaluation of dietary phytochemicals, capsaicin, tocopherol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, ellagic acid (EA), limonene, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid for their potential to inhibit the activity of CDK6. Molecular docking and fluorescence binding studies revealed appreciable binding affinities of these compounds to the CDK6. Among them, EA shows the highest binding affinity for CDK6, and thus a molecular dynamics simulation study of 200 ns was performed to get deeper insights into the binding mechanism and stability of the CDK6-EA complex. Fluorescence binding studies revealed that EA binds to the CDK6 with a binding constant of= 10Mand subsequently inhibits its enzyme activity with an ICvalue of 3.053µM. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters of CDK6-EA complex formation suggested a hydrophobic interaction driven process. The treatment of EA decreases the colonization of cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of CDK6 has been downregulated in EA-treated human breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, this study establishes EA as a potent CDK6 inhibitor that can be further evaluated in CDK6 directed anticancer therapies.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-20--Effect of Moringa oleifera methanolic extract on lead-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatic dama

Effect of Moringa oleifera methanolic extract on lead-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and inflammation.

This experiment explored the potential hepatic protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam .
methanolic extract ( MOE ) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity .
Thirty-two adult Wistar albino rats were allocated randomly equally into four groups , seven rats each .
The control group received intraperitoneal ( i.p . )
injections of physiological saline ( 0.9 % NaCl ) ; the lead acetate ( Pb ) group was i.p .
injected with 20 mg/kg of Pb ; the MOE group was orally administered with 250 mg/kg of MOE ; and the MOE+ Pb group was orally treated with 250 mg/kg of MOE @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of 20 mg/kg Pb .
All rats received their treatment for 14 days .
Results revealed that Pb ( II ) intoxication induced liverinjury accompanied by elevated levels of liver function markers ( ALT and AST ) , oxidative stress markers ( MDA and NO ) , and proinflammatory cytokines ( NF-κB p65 , TNFα , and IL-1β as well iNOS expression ) in addition to the pro-apoptotic-related proteins such as Bax and caspase-3 .
Meanwhile , significantly depleted GSH content , suppressed activity of antioxidant enzyme activity , and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Interestingly , concurrent treatment of rats with MOE ameliorated liver markers , prevented tissue injury , and inhibited oxidative stress , apoptosis , and NF-κB .
In addition , MOE activated the detoxifying enzyme system in Pb ( II ) -intoxicated rats .
Therefore , the obtained results in the present experiment provide evidence that MOE concurrent administration has the potential to protect the liver tissues in Pb ( II ) -intoxicated rats by preventing oxidative stress , inflammation , and apoptosis , via attenuation of NF-κB signaling pathway .

This experiment explored the potential hepatic protective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. methanolic extract (MOE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty-two adult Wistar albino rats were allocated randomly equally into four groups, seven rats each. The control group received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of physiological saline (0.9% NaCl); the lead acetate (Pb) group was i.p. injected with 20 mg/kg of Pb; the MOE group was orally administered with 250 mg/kg of MOE; and the MOE+ Pb group was orally treated with 250 mg/kg of MOE 3 h before receiving i.p. injections of 20 mg/kg Pb. All rats received their treatment for 14 days. Results revealed that Pb(II) intoxication induced liverinjury accompanied by elevated levels of liver function markers (ALT and AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA and NO), and proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB p65, TNFα, and IL-1β as well iNOS expression) in addition to the pro-apoptotic-related proteins such as Bax and caspase-3. Meanwhile, significantly depleted GSH content, suppressed activity of antioxidant enzyme activity, and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were also manifested in the liver tissue. Interestingly, concurrent treatment of rats with MOE ameliorated liver markers, prevented tissue injury, and inhibited oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-κB. In addition, MOE activated the detoxifying enzyme system in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats. Therefore, the obtained results in the present experiment provide evidence that MOE concurrent administration has the potential to protect the liver tissues in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, via attenuation of NF-κB signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-21--Drinking Tea Could Improve Brain Health and Slow Cognitive Decline

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By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

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