greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm contains a high amount of flavonoids, rosmaric acid, gallic acid, phenolic contents.

Melissa officinalis is a plant cultivated in some parts of Iran .
The leaves of lemon balm , Melissa officinalis L ( Lamiaceae ) , are used in Iranian folk medicine for their digestive , carminative , antispasmodic , sedative , analgesic , tonic , and diuretic properties , as well as for functional gastrointestinal disorders .
This review article was aimed not only to introduce Melissa officinalis ( its growth condition , its chemical compounds , and its traditional usages ) but also to overview its antioxidant properties in detail .
This review was carried out by searching studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Science , and IranMedex databases up to 2016 .
The search terms used were '' Melissa officinalis L , '' '' antioxidant properties , '' oxidative stress , '' '' oxidative damage '' , '' ROS .
`` Articles whose full texts were not available were excluded from the study .
In this study , firstly , traditional usage of this herb was reviewed , including antimicrobial activity ( antiparasitic , antibacterial , antiviral , etc ) , antispasmodic , and insomnia properties .
Then , its antioxidant properties were overviewed .
Various @ @ @ @ @ @ @ possesses high amount of antioxidant activity through its chemical compounds including high amount of flavonoids , rosmaric acid , gallic acid , phenolic contents .
Many studies confirmed the antioxidative effects of Melissa officinalis ; thus , its effect in preventing and treating oxidative stress-related diseases might be reliable .

Melissa officinalis is a plant cultivated in some parts of Iran. The leaves of lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L (Lamiaceae), are used in Iranian folk medicine for their digestive, carminative, antispasmodic, sedative, analgesic, tonic, and diuretic properties, as well as for functional gastrointestinal disorders. This review article was aimed not only to introduce Melissa officinalis (its growth condition, its chemical compounds, and its traditional usages) but also to overview its antioxidant properties in detail. This review was carried out by searching studies in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and IranMedex databases up to 2016. The search terms used were"Melissa officinalis L,""antioxidant properties,"oxidative stress,""oxidative damage","ROS."Articles whose full texts were not available were excluded from the study. In this study, firstly, traditional usage of this herb was reviewed, including antimicrobial activity (antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiviral, etc), antispasmodic, and insomnia properties. Then, its antioxidant properties were overviewed. Various studies have shown that Melissa officinalis L possesses high amount of antioxidant activity through its chemical compounds including high amount of flavonoids, rosmaric acid, gallic acid, phenolic contents. Many studies confirmed the antioxidative effects of Melissa officinalis; thus, its effect in preventing and treating oxidative stress-related diseases might be reliable.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm improves systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea.

We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial to evaluate the impact of Lemon balm ( L. ) on the bleeding and systemic manifestations of menstruation .
A total of 90 students were randomly assigned to treatment or placebo group .
Bleeding and systemic manifestations were evaluated with a menstrual pictogram and multidimensional verbal scale before and during 2 consecutive menstrual cycles , respectively .
Statistical tests indicated that in both groups , the severity of the systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea significantly decreased ( = 0.001 ) .
Among the systemic symptoms , the mean severity of fatigue , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the two groups decreased after the treatment , which was statistically significant .
There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding fatigue in the three cycles , but there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding lethargy in the first cycle ( = 0.05 ) and the second cycle ( = 0.001 ) after the treatment .
The present study demonstrated thatdecreases the severity of the systemic signs associated with menstruation .
It showed that the herb does not increase the severity of bleeding and the duration of menstruation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ total score of the severity of all the systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea .

We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial to evaluate the impact of Lemon balm (L.) on the bleeding and systemic manifestations of menstruation. A total of 90 students were randomly assigned to treatment or placebo group. Bleeding and systemic manifestations were evaluated with a menstrual pictogram and multidimensional verbal scale before and during 2 consecutive menstrual cycles, respectively. Statistical tests indicated that in both groups, the severity of the systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea significantly decreased (= 0.001). Among the systemic symptoms, the mean severity of fatigue, the lethargy, and nervous changes in the two groups decreased after the treatment, which was statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding fatigue in the three cycles, but there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding lethargy in the first cycle (= 0.05) and the second cycle (= 0.001) after the treatment. The present study demonstrated thatdecreases the severity of the systemic signs associated with menstruation. It showed that the herb does not increase the severity of bleeding and the duration of menstruation. However, it reduces the mean total score of the severity of all the systemic symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Published Research and Articles on Vitamin C as a Consideration for Pneumonia, Lung Infections, and

Published Research and Articles on Vitamin C as a Consideration for Pneumonia, Lung Infections, and COVID-19

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By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Is Health Surveillance Going Too Far?

Is Health Surveillance Going Too Far?


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Discrepancies in global vitamin C recommendations: a review of RDA criteria and underlying health pe

Discrepancies in global vitamin C recommendations: a review of RDA criteria and underlying health perspectives.

The concept of a 'recommended dietary allowance ' ( RDA ) and similar terms describing the daily intake of essential nutrients recommended for healthy individuals is widely used by various health authorities around the world .
For vitamin C , however , there remain significant discrepancies in the criteria used to establish dietary recommendations and consequently , global recommendations for daily vitamin C intake vary by more than five fold .
While it appears that the scientific data underlying the recommendations are more or less the same , the interpretation differs considerably .
Moreover , although a number of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pool estimates of the 1960s and 1970s have later been proven wrong and give rise to significant underestimations , these data are still used as the main support of several recommendations .
Aspects that modify vitamin C requirements , such as gender , age , pregnancy , lactation , and smoking , have been taken into consideration by many but not all regulatory authorities , and are thus subject of debate .
In contrast , body weight , a significant predictor of vitamin C status and requirement , has not been taken into @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , even in the face of the looming global obesity pandemic .
The present review examines the discrepancies in vitamin C dietary recommendations of international authorities and critically discusses representative examples of criteria and the underlying health perspectives used to derive current recommended intakes of vitamin C. New biological signatures of vitamin C nutriture are also explored with regard to their potential use for future updates of dietary recommendations .

The concept of a 'recommended dietary allowance' (RDA) and similar terms describing the daily intake of essential nutrients recommended for healthy individuals is widely used by various health authorities around the world. For vitamin C, however, there remain significant discrepancies in the criteria used to establish dietary recommendations and consequently, global recommendations for daily vitamin C intake vary by more than five fold. While it appears that the scientific data underlying the recommendations are more or less the same, the interpretation differs considerably. Moreover, although a number of the assumptions used in e.g. the body pool estimates of the 1960s and 1970s have later been proven wrong and give rise to significant underestimations, these data are still used as the main support of several recommendations. Aspects that modify vitamin C requirements, such as gender, age, pregnancy, lactation, and smoking, have been taken into consideration by many but not all regulatory authorities, and are thus subject of debate. In contrast, body weight, a significant predictor of vitamin C status and requirement, has not been taken into consideration with respect to vitamin C recommendations, even in the face of the looming global obesity pandemic. The present review examines the discrepancies in vitamin C dietary recommendations of international authorities and critically discusses representative examples of criteria and the underlying health perspectives used to derive current recommended intakes of vitamin C. New biological signatures of vitamin C nutriture are also explored with regard to their potential use for future updates of dietary recommendations.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Protective effects of thymoquinone and diallyl sulphide against malathion-induced toxicity.

Malathion is a potent organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) enzyme .
Our experimental objective was to investigate @ @ @ @ @ sulphide ( DAS ) and thymoquinone ( TQ ) against malathion-induced oxidative stress in rat @ @ @ @ @ renal tissues .
For 30 days , rats received corn oil alone ( negative control @ @ @ @ @ gavage ( 200 mg/kg daily ) , either alone ( positive control ) or combined @ @ @ @ @ mg/kg daily ) or TQ ( 10 mg/kg daily ) ( treatment groups ) .
@ @ @ @ @ collected via direct cardiac puncture andtissue samples were obtained for biochemical analysis .
Malathion administration @ @ @ @ @ ( p

Malathion is a potent organophosphate insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Our experimental objective was to investigate the beneficial effects of diallyl sulphide (DAS) and thymoquinone (TQ) against malathion-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral, hepatic, and renal tissues. For 30 days, rats received corn oil alone (negative control) or malathion by intragastric gavage (200 mg/kg daily), either alone (positive control) or combined with oral DAS (200 mg/kg daily) or TQ (10 mg/kg daily) (treatment groups). Later, blood samples were collected via direct cardiac puncture andtissue samples were obtained for biochemical analysis. Malathion administration was associated with significant increases (p < 0.05) in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and 8-OHdG (DNA damage biomarker), as well as significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the serum levels of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, and AChE. Moreover, it significantly increased the tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and reduced tissue glutathione concentration and activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase, and catalase). Treatment of malathion-intoxicated rats with DAS or TQ significantly minimized these biochemical and oxidative effects with more frequent reversal to normal ranges of serum biomarkers, tissue oxidative markers, and antioxidant enzymes in the TQ group. In conclusion, treatment with DAS or TQ ameliorated the biochemical and oxidative effects of malathion, probably through reducing the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals, as well as enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanisms.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--N. sativa oil supplementation along with alpha-keto analogue is efficacious and safe in delaying the

N. sativa oil supplementation along with alpha-keto analogue is efficacious and safe in delaying the progression of disease patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4.

Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) encompasses a spectrum of different pathophysio- logic processes associated with abnormal kidney function .
When it reaches end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ) , the only option is dialysis and renal transplantation .
This is unaffordable by most patients .
Hence , newer treatment modalities are being looked for , which can slow down the progression of CKD and delay the development of ESRD .
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa oil as an add-on therapy in addition to alpha-keto analogue of essential amino acids in patients with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study was conducted at a tertiary care center in North India on patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4 .
It was a prospective , comparative , and open-labeled study .
One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled and were randomly divided into two interventional groups .
Fourteen patients were lost to follow-up .
Group I ( control ) which had 66 patients received conservative management of CKD consisting of alpha-keto analogue ( 600 mg tablet three times a day ) , whereas Group II ( test ) which had 70 patients received @ @ @ @ @ @ @ N. sativa oil ( 2.5 mL , per orally , once daily ) for 12 weeks .
Hemogram , renal function , and serum electrolyte tests were done , and adverse events were recorded at baseline and at4 , 8 , and 12 weeks of treatment .
After 12 weeks of treatment , there was a marked improvement in clinical features and biochemical parameters in both the control and test groups .
There were a significant reduction in blood urea , serum creatinine , and 24-h total urine protein and a significant improvement @ @ @ @ @ @ @ filtration rate .
N. sativa oil supplementation along with alpha-keto analogue is more more efficacious and safe in delaying the progression of disease patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4 .

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) encompasses a spectrum of different pathophysio- logic processes associated with abnormal kidney function. When it reaches end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the only option is dialysis and renal transplantation. This is unaffordable by most patients. Hence, newer treatment modalities are being looked for, which can slow down the progression of CKD and delay the development of ESRD. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa oil as an add-on therapy in addition to alpha-keto analogue of essential amino acids in patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4. The study was conducted at a tertiary care center in North India on patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4. It was a prospective, comparative, and open-labeled study. One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled and were randomly divided into two interventional groups. Fourteen patients were lost to follow-up. Group I (control) which had 66 patients received conservative management of CKD consisting of alpha-keto analogue (600 mg tablet three times a day), whereas Group II (test) which had 70 patients received conservative management along with alpha-keto analogue and N. sativa oil (2.5 mL, per orally, once daily) for 12 weeks. Hemogram, renal function, and serum electrolyte tests were done, and adverse events were recorded at baseline and at4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, there was a marked improvement in clinical features and biochemical parameters in both the control and test groups. There were a significant reduction in blood urea, serum creatinine, and 24-h total urine protein and a significant improvement in 24-h total urine volume and glomerular filtration rate. N. sativa oil supplementation along with alpha-keto analogue is more more efficacious and safe in delaying the progression of disease patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Nigella sativa provides a therapeutic effect by decreasing the number of fungal colonies and increas

Aim Vulvovaginal candidiasis ( VVC ) is a disease mostly caused by Candida albicans and affects the quality of life of women especially in the form of chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis ( RVVC ) .
Nigella sativa is known to have several effects such as antimicrobial , anti-inflammatory , immune stimulation and anticancer properties .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa on vulvovaginal candidiasis .
Methods This study is a true experimental design , we used 28 Wistar strain rats divided into 4 groups , all groups were conditioned in a pseudoestrus state @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rats ' vagina for 3 consecutive days .
All groups were observed every 24 hours , 48 hours and 72 hours to evaluate the number of Candida albicans colonies , IgG and IgM anti Candida .
Results After administration of intervention , there was a significant difference in the amount of fungal colonization after the treatment in each group ( p < 0.001 ) .
There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and fluconazole in supressing Candida albicans colonies after 72 hours ( p=0.101 ) .
The administration of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the increase in IgM levels compared to the others group ( p < 0.001 ) , while the IgG level did not show a significant difference ( p=0.423 ) .
Conclusion Nigella sativa provides a therapeutic effect by decreasing the number of fungal colonies and increasing IgM levels .

Aim Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease mostly caused by Candida albicans and affects the quality of life of women especially in the form of chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis(RVVC). Nigella sativa is known to have several effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulation and anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Methods This study is a true experimental design, we used 28 Wistar strain rats divided into 4 groups, all groups were conditioned in a pseudoestrus state. Candida albicans was inoculated into the rats' vagina for 3 consecutive days. All groups were observed every 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours to evaluate the number of Candida albicans colonies, IgG and IgM anti Candida. Results After administration of intervention, there was a significant difference in the amount of fungal colonization after the treatment in each group (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and fluconazole in supressing Candida albicans colonies after 72 hours (p=0.101). The administration of Nigella sativa showed a significant difference in the increase in IgM levels compared to the others group (p<0.001), while the IgG level did not show a significant difference (p=0.423). Conclusion Nigella sativa provides a therapeutic effect by decreasing the number of fungal colonies and increasing IgM levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Thymoquinone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles demonstrated antidepressant-like activity.

The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has ranked depression the 4leading cause of disability worldwide .
Thymoquinone ( TQ ) , is an active constituent ofhaving various medicinal properties but has poor solubility and bioavailability .
This problem was overcome by developing nanoformulation of TQ .
Previously TQ reported good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects .
Recently TQ 's anti-depressant effect was demonstrated .
However , the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of TQ still needs evaluation .
Activation of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase ( IDO ) , ( an enzyme that participates in the tryptophan metabolism ) , leads to a decrease @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The expression of this enzyme is associated with immune system activation , which has been proposed as a common mechanism that links depression .
The present study was performed in stressed animals where hippocampal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( IL-6 and TNFα levels ) , brain derived neurotropic factor ( BDNF ) and hippocampal kynurenine ( KYN ) , tryptophan ( TRP ) and serotonin ( 5-HT ) levels were estimated .
Treatment with TQ solid lipid nanoparticles ( TQSLN 20 mg/kg p.o ) and TQ suspension ( 20 mg/kg p.o ) demonstrated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Further , it reduced the elevated hippocampal IL-6 & TNFα and reversed the increased activity of IDO as measured by ratio of hippocampal KYN/TRP and 5HT/TRP in stressed rats .
The results of the present study confirm anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of TQ which may be associated with 5-HT pathway .
Thus , the present study offers a newer approach to reduce symptoms of depression using TQSLN .
Our results are preliminary , further research is needed for more conclusive view .

The World Health Organization (WHO) has ranked depression the 4leading cause of disability worldwide. Thymoquinone (TQ), is an active constituent ofhaving various medicinal properties but has poor solubility and bioavailability. This problem was overcome by developing nanoformulation of TQ. Previously TQ reported good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently TQ's anti-depressant effect was demonstrated. However, the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of TQ still needs evaluation. Activation of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), (an enzyme that participates in the tryptophan metabolism), leads to a decrease of serotonin (5-HT) levels. The expression of this enzyme is associated with immune system activation, which has been proposed as a common mechanism that links depression. The present study was performed in stressed animals where hippocampal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα levels), brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRP) and serotonin (5-HT) levels were estimated. Treatment with TQ solid lipid nanoparticles (TQSLN 20 mg/kg p.o) and TQ suspension (20 mg/kg p.o) demonstrated antidepressant-like activity in chronic forced-swim stress model. Further, it reduced the elevated hippocampal IL-6&TNFα and reversed the increased activity of IDO as measured by ratio of hippocampal KYN/TRP and 5HT/TRP in stressed rats. The results of the present study confirm anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of TQ which may be associated with 5-HT pathway. Thus, the present study offers a newer approach to reduce symptoms of depression using TQSLN. Our results are preliminary, further research is needed for more conclusive view.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Thymoquinone protection against 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced nephrotoxicit.

We investigated the effects of thymoquinone ( TQ ) on kidney tissues of Wistar rats with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( TCDD ) @ @ @ @ @ 50 rats divided into five groups ; control , corn oil , TCDD , TQ @ @ @ @ @ We found that malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , total oxidant status ( TOS ) , @ @ @ @ @ ) , creatinine , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α @ @ @ @ @ treated group increased significantly compared to the other groups , while reduced glutathione ( GSH @ @ @ @ @ SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) and total antioxidant status ( TAS ) levels @ @ @ @ @ .
In the TQ treated group , we found that GSH , SOD , CAT @ @ @ @ @ MDA , TOS , IL-6 and TNF-α levels decreased compared to the other groups .
@ @ @ @ @ oxidative stress parameters , inflammatory markers and histological changes were ameliorated by TQ treatment .

We investigated the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on kidney tissues of Wistar rats with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced nephrotoxicity. We used 50 rats divided into five groups; control, corn oil, TCDD, TQ, TCDD + TQ. We found that malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the TCDD treated group increased significantly compared to the other groups, while reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels decreased in the TCDD group. In the TQ treated group, we found that GSH, SOD, CAT,TAS levels increased and MDA, TOS, IL-6 and TNF-α levels decreased compared to the other groups. The effects of TCDD on oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and histological changes were ameliorated by TQ treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Thymoquinone attenuates IgE-mediated allergic response.

IgE-dependent reactions mediate the majority of allergic diseases .
This study explores the effects of thymoquinone ( Tq ) on IgE-mediated allergic response in activated mast cells , basophils , and neutrophils .
Tq treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in activated RBL-2H3 cells .
Tq inhibited the degranulation of these cells with an ICvalue of 56.37 µM .
Moreover , the compound suppressed basophil activation induced through FcεRI receptors with an ICvalue of 45.76 µM in heparinized human whole blood .
Likewise , neutrophil migration and elastase activity were dose-dependently reduced .
While @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NFκB in activated RBL-2H3 cells , it increased nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant proteins .
Our results indicate that Tq possesses demonstrable activity in cellular models of IgE-mediated allergic reactions .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : The current study sheds light on the mechanistic pathways of Tq on IgE-based response in activated mast cells , basophils , and neutrophils .
The output of this preclinical in vitro study may be translated into better chemotherapeutic applications of Tq and its analogs in the treatment of allergic inflammation .
However , a detailed investigation of in vivo @ @ @ @

IgE-dependent reactions mediate the majority of allergic diseases. This study explores the effects of thymoquinone (Tq) on IgE-mediated allergic response in activated mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils. Tq treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in activated RBL-2H3 cells. Tq inhibited the degranulation of these cells with an ICvalue of 56.37 µM. Moreover, the compound suppressed basophil activation induced through FcεRI receptors with an ICvalue of 45.76 µM in heparinized human whole blood. Likewise, neutrophil migration and elastase activity were dose-dependently reduced. While Tq decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and NFκB in activated RBL-2H3 cells, it increased nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant proteins. Our results indicate that Tq possesses demonstrable activity in cellular models of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The current study sheds light on the mechanistic pathways of Tq on IgE-based response in activated mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils. The output of this preclinical in vitro study may be translated into better chemotherapeutic applications of Tq and its analogs in the treatment of allergic inflammation. However, a detailed investigation of in vivo models is recommended.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Low doses of thymoquinone and ferulic acid in combination effectively inhibit proliferation of cultu

Low doses of thymoquinone and ferulic acid in combination effectively inhibit proliferation of cultured MDA-MB 231 breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Thymoquinone ( TQ ) and Ferulic Acid ( FA ) are natural ingredients fromand , respectively .
Individually both TQ and FA have shown anticancer properties in a variety of cancer cell lines .
We investigated the combination effect of lower doses of TQ and FA on proliferation , apoptosis , and cell cycle of a breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231 .
Cells were treated with various concentrations of TQ , FA and various combinations of TQ + FA for 48 hrs .
Cell proliferation was assessed by 3- ( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) assay , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with flow-cytometry after propidium iodide staining and Annexin-V/FITC staining , respectively .
TQ ( 50 and 100 µM ) andFA ( 450 µM ) , and all the doses of TQ and FA in combination significantly decreased cell proliferation .
25 µM TQ and 250 µM FA individually did not affect cell proliferation but in combination significantly reduced cell proliferation .
TQ at 50 µM caused significant apoptosis , whereas , FAdid not affect apoptosis .
Thesedata suggest that in combination , relatively lower doses of TQ and FA are effective in decreasing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anticancer therapeutic potential .
Further research is needed to corroborate these findings in an animal model of breast cancer .

Thymoquinone (TQ) and Ferulic Acid (FA) are natural ingredients fromand, respectively. Individually both TQ and FA have shown anticancer properties in a variety of cancer cell lines. We investigated the combination effect of lower doses of TQ and FA on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of a breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231. Cells were treated with various concentrations of TQ, FA and various combinations of TQ + FA for 48 hrs. Cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, whereas cell cycle and apoptosis were measured with flow-cytometry after propidium iodide staining and Annexin-V/FITC staining, respectively. TQ (50 and 100 µM) andFA (450 µM), and all the doses of TQ and FA in combination significantly decreased cell proliferation. 25 µM TQ and 250 µM FA individually did not affect cell proliferation but in combination significantly reduced cell proliferation. TQ at 50 µM caused significant apoptosis, whereas, FAdid not affect apoptosis. Thesedata suggest that in combination, relatively lower doses of TQ and FA are effective in decreasing cancer cell proliferation, and thus have anticancer therapeutic potential. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings in an animal model of breast cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Ferulic acid isolated from propolis inhibits porcine parvovirus replication potentially through Bid-

Ferulic acid isolated from propolis inhibits porcine parvovirus replication potentially through Bid-mediate apoptosis.

Propolis from honeybee hives , which is a traditional Chinese medicine , is widely used in veterinary clinics .
Many compounds have been identified and isolated from propolis .
Ferulic acid ( FA ) , one of the propolis components , previous studies have proven that it has antiviral effects .
To study the mechanism of FA antiviral effects , experiments such as immunofluorescence , quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting were introduced .
In porcine kidney ( PK-15 ) cells , PPV infection induced the expression of the proapoptotic genes Bid , Bad , Bim and Bak , disrupted mitochondrial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ apoptotic signaling and induced apoptosis .
Furthermore , the infected PK-15 cells had increased intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation .
FA treatment , however , reversed these effects and increased cell viability .
FA treatment also significantly decreased the PPV-induced expression of Bid , Cyt-c and Apaf-1 , suggesting that ROS were involved in the activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway .
This in vitro study showed that the antiviral activity of FA was probably associated with inhibiting the replication of PPV by blocking proapoptotic factors such as Bid , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mitochondria-mediated response by inhibiting the activation of the Bid-related signaling pathway .
Pharmacological inhibitors inhibited PPV-induced apoptosis by blocking Bid , and also suppressed the expression of Caspase family proteins in ppv-induced apoptosis .
Taken together , our results suggested that PPV induced PK-15 cell apoptosis via activation of Bid and Bid-related signaling pathways and that the mitochondria act as the mediators of these pathways .
FA effectively and extensively attenuated this PPV action , and thus is a potential antiviral agent against PPV .

Propolis from honeybee hives, which is a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in veterinary clinics. Many compounds have been identified and isolated from propolis. Ferulic acid (FA), one of the propolis components, previous studies have proven that it has antiviral effects. To study the mechanism of FA antiviral effects, experiments such as immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting were introduced. In porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, PPV infection induced the expression of the proapoptotic genes Bid, Bad, Bim and Bak, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted mitochondria-mediated, caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the infected PK-15 cells had increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. FA treatment, however, reversed these effects and increased cell viability. FA treatment also significantly decreased the PPV-induced expression of Bid, Cyt-c and Apaf-1, suggesting that ROS were involved in the activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. This in vitro study showed that the antiviral activity of FA was probably associated with inhibiting the replication of PPV by blocking proapoptotic factors such as Bid, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and attenuating the mitochondria-mediated response by inhibiting the activation of the Bid-related signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibitors inhibited PPV-induced apoptosis by blocking Bid, and also suppressed the expression of Caspase family proteins in ppv-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggested that PPV induced PK-15 cell apoptosis via activation of Bid and Bid-related signaling pathways and that the mitochondria act as the mediators of these pathways. FA effectively and extensively attenuated this PPV action, and thus is a potential antiviral agent against PPV.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Anticatabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of myricetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside in UVA-irradiated

Anticatabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of myricetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside in UVA-irradiated dermal cells.

UV irradiation is one of the main causes of extrinsic skin aging .
UV-mediated skin aging , also known as photoaging , causes excessive breakdown of extracellular matrix which leads skin to lose its elasticity and strength .
Several phytochemicals are known to exert anti-photoaging effects via different mechanisms , partly due to their antioxidant properties .
The current study has been carried out to determine the potential anti-photoaging properties of myricetin 3-O-β-d-galacto-pyranoside ( M3G ) , a flavonol glycoside isolated from , in UVA-irradiated in vitro models ; HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts ( HDFs ) .
UVA-induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ been observed in HaCaT keratinocytes and HDFs .
Further , UVA-induced activation of MAPK signaling , and pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been investigated .
TGFβ/Smad pathway has also been analyzed in UVA-irradiated HDFs .
Treatment with M3G reversed the UVA-induced changes in MMP-1 and collagen production both in HaCaT keratinocytes and HDFs .
UVA-mediated activation of p38 , ERK and JNK MAPK activation was also inhibited by M3G treatment in HaCaT keratinocytes .
In HDFs , M3G was able to upregulate the TGFβ/Smad pathway activation .
In addition , M3G downregulated the UVA-induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It has been suggested that the M3G has exerted potential antiphotoaging properties in vitro , by attenuating UVA-induced changes in MMP-1 and collagen production in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts .

UV irradiation is one of the main causes of extrinsic skin aging. UV-mediated skin aging, also known as photoaging, causes excessive breakdown of extracellular matrix which leads skin to lose its elasticity and strength. Several phytochemicals are known to exert anti-photoaging effects via different mechanisms, partly due to their antioxidant properties. The current study has been carried out to determine the potential anti-photoaging properties of myricetin 3-O-β-d-galacto-pyranoside (M3G), a flavonol glycoside isolated from, in UVA-irradiated in vitro models; HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). UVA-induced changes in MMP-1 and collagen production have been observed in HaCaT keratinocytes and HDFs. Further, UVA-induced activation of MAPK signaling, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been investigated. TGFβ/Smad pathway has also been analyzed in UVA-irradiated HDFs. Treatment with M3G reversed the UVA-induced changes in MMP-1 and collagen production both in HaCaT keratinocytes and HDFs. UVA-mediated activation of p38, ERK and JNK MAPK activation was also inhibited by M3G treatment in HaCaT keratinocytes. In HDFs, M3G was able to upregulate the TGFβ/Smad pathway activation. In addition, M3G downregulated the UVA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes and HDFs. It has been suggested that the M3G has exerted potential antiphotoaging properties in vitro, by attenuating UVA-induced changes in MMP-1 and collagen production in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Myricetin modulates macrophage polarization and mitigates liver inflammation and fibrosis in a murin

Myricetin modulates macrophage polarization and mitigates liver inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of myricetin in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) model and the underlying mechanism .
C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard chow or the choline-deficient , L-amino acid-defined , high-fat diet ( CDAHFD ) for 8 weeks with the treatment of myricetin ( 100 mg/kg ) or vehicle by daily gavage .
Hepatic inflammation , steatosis , fibrosis , and hepatic stellate cells ( HSC ) activation were assessed .
We also analyzed M1 and M2 macrophages and its related markers in livers from NASH mice and in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 4 ( IL-4 ) .
Furthermore , we determined the effect of myricetin on the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 ( TREM-1 ) , toll like receptor ( TLR ) 2 and 4 , and myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( MyD88 ) signaling both in livers from mice and in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS .
Our results revealed that myricetin remarkably ameliorated hepatic steatosis , inflammation , and inhibited hepatic macrophage infiltration in CDAHFD-fed mice .
Myricetin-treated to CDAHFD-fed mice also inhibited liver fibrosis and HSC activation when compared with vehicle-treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and its relative markers in livers of NASH mice while induced M2 polarization .
Similarly , study , myricetin inhibited the LPS-induced mRNA expression of M1 macrophages marker genes and induced IL-4-induced M2 macrophage marker genes in RAW264.7 macrophages .
Mechanically , myricetin inhibited the expression of TREM-1 and TLR2/4-MyD88 signaling molecules in livers from NASH mice and in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by LPS .
Additionally , myricetin inhibited the activation of nuclear factor ( NF ) -κB signaling and the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activation of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RAW264.7 macrophages .
Taken together , our data indicated that myricetin modulated the polarization of macrophages via inhibiting the TREM-1-TLR2/4-MyD88 signaling molecules in macrophages and therefore mitigated NASH and hepatic fibrosis in the CDAHFD-diet-induced NASH model in mice .

This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of myricetin in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model and the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard chow or the choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) for 8 weeks with the treatment of myricetin (100 mg/kg) or vehicle by daily gavage. Hepatic inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation were assessed. We also analyzed M1 and M2 macrophages and its related markers in livers from NASH mice and in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin 4 (IL-4). Furthermore, we determined the effect of myricetin on the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling both in livers from mice and in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Our results revealed that myricetin remarkably ameliorated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and inhibited hepatic macrophage infiltration in CDAHFD-fed mice. Myricetin-treated to CDAHFD-fed mice also inhibited liver fibrosis and HSC activation when compared with vehicle-treated to those mice. Moreover, myricetin inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and its relative markers in livers of NASH mice while induced M2 polarization. Similarly,study, myricetin inhibited the LPS-induced mRNA expression of M1 macrophages marker genes and induced IL-4-induced M2 macrophage marker genes in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mechanically, myricetin inhibited the expression of TREM-1 and TLR2/4-MyD88 signaling molecules in livers from NASH mice and in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by LPS. Additionally, myricetin inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling and the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Taken together, our data indicated that myricetin modulated the polarization of macrophages via inhibiting the TREM-1-TLR2/4-MyD88 signaling molecules in macrophages and therefore mitigated NASH and hepatic fibrosis in the CDAHFD-diet-induced NASH model in mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--The present findings highlight a novel role for galangin as a promising anti-remodelling agent in as

The present findings highlight a novel role for galangin as a promising anti-remodelling agent in asthma.

Galangin , a natural flavonol , has attracted much attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties .
However , its role in the regulation of airway remodelling in asthma has not been explored .
The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of galangin on chronic inflammation and airway remodelling and to investigate the underlying mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro .
Ovalbumin ( OVA ) -sensitised mice were administered with galangin 30 min before challenge .
Our results showed that severe inflammatory responses and airway remodelling occurred in OVA-induced mice .
Treatment with galangin markedly attenuated the leakage of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ BALF ) and decreased the level of OVA-specific IgE in serum .
Galangin significantly inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia , collagen deposition and α-SMA expression .
Lowered level of TGF-β1 and suppressed expression of VEGF and MMP-9 were observed in BALF or lung tissue , implying that galangin has an optimal anti-remodelling effect in vivo .
Consistently , the TGF-β1-induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells was reduced by galangin in vitro , which might be due to the alleviation of ROS levels and inhibition of MAPK pathway .
Taken together , the present @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as a promising anti-remodelling agent in asthma , which likely involves the TGF-β1-ROS-MAPK pathway .

Galangin, a natural flavonol, has attracted much attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, its role in the regulation of airway remodelling in asthma has not been explored. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of galangin on chronic inflammation and airway remodelling and to investigate the underlying mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitised mice were administered with galangin 30 min before challenge. Our results showed that severe inflammatory responses and airway remodelling occurred in OVA-induced mice. Treatment with galangin markedly attenuated the leakage of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreased the level of OVA-specific IgE in serum. Galangin significantly inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition and α-SMA expression. Lowered level of TGF-β1 and suppressed expression of VEGF and MMP-9 were observed in BALF or lung tissue, implying that galangin has an optimal anti-remodelling effect in vivo. Consistently, the TGF-β1-induced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells was reduced by galangin in vitro, which might be due to the alleviation of ROS levels and inhibition of MAPK pathway. Taken together, the present findings highlight a novel role for galangin as a promising anti-remodelling agent in asthma, which likely involves the TGF-β1-ROS-MAPK pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Galangin provides significant protection against acetaminophen induced liver and kidney damage.

Acetaminophen ( APAP ) overdose causes severe liver and kidney damage .
APAP-induced liver injury ( AILI ) represents the most frequent cause of drug-induced liver failure .
APAP is relatively insoluble and can only be taken orally ; however , its prodrug , propacetamol , is water soluble and usually injected directly .
In this study , we examined the time-dependent effects of AILI after propacetamol injection in mice .
After analyses of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and liver histopathology , we demonstrated that a novel AILI mouse model can be established by single propacetamol injection .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ therapeutic effects of galangin with a known liver protective extract , silymarin , and the only clinical agent for treating APAP toxicity , N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) , at the same dose in the model mice .
We observed that galangin and silymarin were more effective than NAC for protecting against AILI .
However , only NAC greatly improved both the survival time and rate consequent to a lethal dose of propacetamol .
To decipher the hepatic protective mechanism ( s ) of galangin , galangin pretreatment significantly decreased the hepatic oxidative stress @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decreased hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 levels induced by propacetamol injection .
In addition , propacetamol injection also reproduced the probability of APAP-induced kidney injury ( AIKI ) , appearing similar to a clinical APAP overdose .
Only galangin pretreatment showed the protective effect of AIKI .
Thus , we have established a novel mouse model for AILI and AIKI using a single propacetamol injection .
We also demonstrated that galangin provides significant protection against AILI and AIKI in this mouse model .

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes severe liver and kidney damage. APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) represents the most frequent cause of drug-induced liver failure. APAP is relatively insoluble and can only be taken orally; however, its prodrug, propacetamol, is water soluble and usually injected directly. In this study, we examined the time-dependent effects of AILI after propacetamol injection in mice. After analyses of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and liver histopathology, we demonstrated that a novel AILI mouse model can be established by single propacetamol injection. Furthermore, we compared the protective and therapeutic effects of galangin with a known liver protective extract, silymarin, and the only clinical agent for treating APAP toxicity, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), at the same dose in the model mice. We observed that galangin and silymarin were more effective than NAC for protecting against AILI. However, only NAC greatly improved both the survival time and rate consequent to a lethal dose of propacetamol. To decipher the hepatic protective mechanism(s) of galangin, galangin pretreatment significantly decreased the hepatic oxidative stress, increased hepatic glutathione level, and decreased hepatic microsomal CYP2E1 levels induced by propacetamol injection. In addition, propacetamol injection also reproduced the probability of APAP-induced kidney injury (AIKI), appearing similar to a clinical APAP overdose. Only galangin pretreatment showed the protective effect of AIKI. Thus, we have established a novel mouse model for AILI and AIKI using a single propacetamol injection. We also demonstrated that galangin provides significant protection against AILI and AIKI in this mouse model.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Galangin inhibits hypertrophic scar formation via ALK5/Smad2/3 signaling pathway.

Hypertrophic scar ( HS ) is characterized by excessive fibrosis associated with aberrant function of fibroblasts .
Currently , no @ @ @ @ @ to treat the disease .
Here we found that a flavonoid natural product , galangin @ @ @ @ @ scar formation in a mechanical load-induced mouse model .
Both in vivo and in vitro @ @ @ @ @ inhibited collagen production , proliferation , and activation of fibroblasts .
Besides , galangin suppressed @ @ @ @ @ scar fibroblasts .
Further Western blot analysis revealed that galangin dose-dependently down-regulated Smad2 and Smad3 @ @ @ @ @ galangin resulted from its selective targeting to the activin receptor-like kinase 5 ( ALK5 ) @ @ @ @ @ and over-expression experiments .
Taken together , this compound could simultaneously inhibit both the accumulation @ @ @ @ @ of fibroblasts , which were the two pivotal factors for hypertrophic scar formation , thus @ @ @ @ @ a potential agent for treatment of HS or other fibroproliferative disorders .

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is characterized by excessive fibrosis associated with aberrant function of fibroblasts. Currently, no satisfactory drug has been developed to treat the disease. Here we found that a flavonoid natural product, galangin, could significantly attenuate hypertrophic scar formation in a mechanical load-induced mouse model. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that galangin remarkably inhibited collagen production, proliferation, and activation of fibroblasts. Besides, galangin suppressed the contractile ability of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Further Western blot analysis revealed that galangin dose-dependently down-regulated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation. Such bioactivity of galangin resulted from its selective targeting to the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) was demonstrated by ALK5 knockdown and over-expression experiments. Taken together, this compound could simultaneously inhibit both the accumulation of collagen and abnormal activation/proliferation of fibroblasts, which were the two pivotal factors for hypertrophic scar formation, thus suggesting that galangin serves as a potential agent for treatment of HS or other fibroproliferative disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Galangin inhibits cell invasion by suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inducing ap

Galangin inhibits cell invasion by suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inducing apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma.

Galangin , a flavonoid extracted from the root of the Alpinia officinarum Hence , has been shown to have anticancer properties against several types of cancer cells .
However , the influence of galangin on human renal cancer cells remains to be elucidated .
In the present study , proliferation of 786‑0 and Caki‑1 cells was suppressed following exposure tovarious doses of galangin .
Cell invasion and wound healing assays were used to observe the effect of galangin on invasion and migration .
The results demonstrated that Galangin inhibited cell invasion by suppressing the epithelial mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of E‑cadherin and decreased expression levels of N‑cadherin and vimentin .
The apoptosis induced by galangin was analyzed by flow cytometry .
The results revealed that galangin induced apoptosis in a dose‑dependent manner .
The accumulation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) is an important contributing factor for the apoptosis of various types of cancer cell .
The dichlorofluorescein-diacetate method was used to determine the level of ROS .
Galangin induced the accumulation of intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde , and decreased the activities of total antioxidant and superoxide dismutase in renal cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effect and inhibited renal cell carcinoma invasion by suppressing the EMT .
This treatment also induced apoptosis , accompanied by the production of ROS .
Therefore , the present data suggested that galangin may have beneficial effects by preventing renal cell carcinoma growth , inhibiting cell invasion via the EMT and inducing cell apoptosis .

Galangin, a flavonoid extracted from the root of the Alpinia officinarum Hence, has been shown to have anticancer properties against several types of cancer cells. However, the influence of galangin on human renal cancer cells remains to be elucidated. In the present study, proliferation of 786‑0 and Caki‑1 cells was suppressed following exposure tovarious doses of galangin. Cell invasion and wound healing assays were used to observe the effect of galangin on invasion and migration. The results demonstrated that Galangin inhibited cell invasion by suppressing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), with an increase in the expression of E‑cadherin and decreased expression levels of N‑cadherin and vimentin. The apoptosis induced by galangin was analyzed by flow cytometry. The results revealed that galangin induced apoptosis in a dose‑dependent manner. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important contributing factor for the apoptosis of various types of cancer cell. The dichlorofluorescein-diacetate method was used to determine the level of ROS. Galangin induced the accumulation of intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde, and decreased the activities of total antioxidant and superoxide dismutase in renal cell carcinoma cells. Galangin exerted an antiproliferative effect and inhibited renal cell carcinoma invasion by suppressing the EMT. This treatment also induced apoptosis, accompanied by the production of ROS. Therefore, the present data suggested that galangin may have beneficial effects by preventing renal cell carcinoma growth, inhibiting cell invasion via the EMT and inducing cell apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Galangin induces autophagy via deacetylation of LC3 by SIRT1 in HepG2 cells.

Galangin suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) cells , but the precise mechanism @ @ @ @ @ this study , we demonstrated that galangin induced autophagy , enhanced the binding of SIRT1-LC3 @ @ @ @ @ endogenous LC3 in HepG2 cells .
But this autophagy was inhibited by inactivation of SIRT1 @ @ @ @ @ reduce the acetylation of endogenous LC3 after SIRT1 was knocked-down .
Collectively , these findings @ @ @ @ @ which galangin induces autophagy via the deacetylation of endogenous LC3 by SIRT1 .

Galangin suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, but the precise mechanism is not clear. In this study, we demonstrated that galangin induced autophagy, enhanced the binding of SIRT1-LC3 and reduced the acetylation of endogenous LC3 in HepG2 cells. But this autophagy was inhibited by inactivation of SIRT1 meanwhile, galangin failed to reduce the acetylation of endogenous LC3 after SIRT1 was knocked-down. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which galangin induces autophagy via the deacetylation of endogenous LC3 by SIRT1.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Flaxseed consumption was associated with a longer luteal phase and a higher luteal phase progesteron

Flaxseed consumption was associated with a longer luteal phase and a higher luteal phase progesterone-to-estradiol ratio.

Lignans are a group of phytochemicals shown to have weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties .
Two specific lignans , enterodiol and enterolactone , are absorbed after formation in the intestinal tract from plant precursors particularly abundant in fiber-rich food and are excreted in the urine .
We evaluated the effect of the ingestion of flax seed powder , known to produce high concentrations of urinary lignans , on the menstrual cycle in 18 normally cycling women , using a balanced randomized cross-over design .
Each subject consumed her usual omnivorous , low fiber ( control ) diet for 3 cycles @ @ @ @ @ @ @ seed for another 3 cycles .
The second and third flax cycles were compared to the second and third control cycles .
Three anovulatory cycles occurred during the 36 control cycles , compared to none during the 36 flax seed cycles .
Compared to the ovulatory control cycles , the ovulatory flax cycles were consistently associated with longer luteal phase ( LP ) lengths ( mean +/- SEM , 12.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.4 days ; P = 0.002 ) .
There were no significant differences between flax and control cycles @ @ @ @ @ @ @ during the early follicular phase , midfollicular phase , or LP .
Although flax seed ingestion had no significant effect on LP progesterone concentrations , the LP progesterone/estradiol ratios were significantly higher during the flax cycles .
Midfollicular phase testosterone concentrations were slightly higher during flax cycles .
Flax seed ingestion had no effect on early follicular phase concentrations of DHEA-S , PRL , or sex hormone-binding globulin .
Our data suggest a significant specific role for lignans in the relationship between diet and sex steroid action , and possibly between diet and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dependent cancers .

Lignans are a group of phytochemicals shown to have weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. Two specific lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, are absorbed after formation in the intestinal tract from plant precursors particularly abundant in fiber-rich food and are excreted in the urine. We evaluated the effect of the ingestion of flax seed powder, known to produce high concentrations of urinary lignans, on the menstrual cycle in 18 normally cycling women, using a balanced randomized cross-over design. Each subject consumed her usual omnivorous, low fiber (control) diet for 3 cycles and her usual diet supplemented with flax seed for another 3 cycles. The second and third flax cycles were compared to the second and third control cycles. Three anovulatory cycles occurred during the 36 control cycles, compared to none during the 36 flax seed cycles. Compared to the ovulatory control cycles, the ovulatory flax cycles were consistently associated with longer luteal phase (LP) lengths (mean +/- SEM, 12.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.4 days; P = 0.002). There were no significant differences between flax and control cycles for concentrations of either estradiol or estrone during the early follicular phase, midfollicular phase, or LP. Although flax seed ingestion had no significant effect on LP progesterone concentrations, the LP progesterone/estradiol ratios were significantly higher during the flax cycles. Midfollicular phase testosterone concentrations were slightly higher during flax cycles. Flax seed ingestion had no effect on early follicular phase concentrations of DHEA-S, PRL, or sex hormone-binding globulin. Our data suggest a significant specific role for lignans in the relationship between diet and sex steroid action, and possibly between diet and the risk of breast and other hormonally dependent cancers.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia and flaxseeds display significant hypoglycemic activity.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES : Flax and Salba-chia seeds have risen in popularity owing to their favorable nutrient composition , including a high fiber content .
Despite having comparable nutritional profiles , preliminary observations suggest differences in gelling properties , an attribute that may alter the kinetics of food digestion .
Thus , we compared the effect of two seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety scores .
SUBJECTS/METHODS : Fifteen healthy participants ( M/F : 5/10 ; age : 23.9±3 years ; BMI : 22.2±0.8 kg/m ) were randomized to receive a 50 g glucose challenge , alone or supplemented with either 25 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , on three separate occasions .
Blood glucose samples and satiety ratings were collected at fasting and over 2-h postprandially .
In addition , in vitro viscosity of the beverages was assessed utilizing standard rheological methodology .
RESULTS : Both Salba-chia and flax reduced blood glucose area under the curve over 120 min by 82.5±19.7 mmol/l ( P < 0.001 ) and 60.0±19.7 mmol/l ( P=0.014 ) , respectively , relative to a glucose control .
Salba-chia reduced peak glucose ( -0.64±0.24 mmol/l ; P=0.030 ) and increased time to peak ( 11.3±3.8 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Salba-chia significantly reduced the mean ratings of desire to eat ( -7±2 mm ; P=0.005 ) , prospective consumption ( -7±2 mm ; P=0.010 ) and overall appetite score ( -6±2 mm ; P=0.012 ) , when compared with flax .
The viscosity of Salba-chia , flax and control was 49.9 , 2.5 , and 0.002 Pa·s , respectively .
CONCLUSIONS : Despite the similarities in nutritional composition , Salba-chia appears to have the ability to convert glucose into a slow-release carbohydrate and affect satiety to a greater extent than flax , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Incorporation of either flax or Salba-chia into the diet may be beneficial , although use of Salba-chia may confer additional benefit .

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Flax and Salba-chia seeds have risen in popularity owing to their favorable nutrient composition, including a high fiber content. Despite having comparable nutritional profiles, preliminary observations suggest differences in gelling properties, an attribute that may alter the kinetics of food digestion. Thus, we compared the effect of two seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety scores.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifteen healthy participants (M/F: 5/10; age: 23.9±3 years; BMI: 22.2±0.8 kg/m) were randomized to receive a 50 g glucose challenge, alone or supplemented with either 25 g ground Salba-chia or 31.5 g flax, on three separate occasions. Blood glucose samples and satiety ratings were collected at fasting and over 2-h postprandially. In addition, in vitro viscosity of the beverages was assessed utilizing standard rheological methodology.
RESULTS: Both Salba-chia and flax reduced blood glucose area under the curve over 120 min by 82.5±19.7 mmol/l (P<0.001) and 60.0±19.7 mmol/l (P=0.014), respectively, relative to a glucose control. Salba-chia reduced peak glucose (-0.64±0.24 mmol/l; P=0.030) and increased time to peak (11.3±3.8 min; P=0.015) compared with flax. Salba-chia significantly reduced the mean ratings of desire to eat (-7±2 mm; P=0.005),prospective consumption (-7±2 mm; P=0.010) and overall appetite score (-6±2 mm; P=0.012), when compared with flax. The viscosity of Salba-chia, flax and control was 49.9, 2.5, and 0.002 Pa·s, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the similarities in nutritional composition, Salba-chia appears to have the ability to convert glucose into a slow-release carbohydrate and affect satiety to a greater extent than flax, possibly due to the higher fiber viscosity. Incorporation of either flax or Salba-chia into the diet may be beneficial, although use of Salba-chia may confer additional benefit.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia reduces systolic blood pressure and oxidative stress in hypertensive subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chia supplementation ( Salvia hispanica L. ) on blood @ @ @ @ @ its associated cardiometabolic factors in treated and untreated hypertensive individuals .
The subjects were randomly @ @ @ @ @ following groups : the hypertensive-drug treated ( CHIA-MD , n = 10 ) , hypertensive @ @ @ @ @ = 9 ) and placebo ( PLA-MD , n = 7 ) groups .
The @ @ @ @ @ either chia flour or a placebo for 12 weeks .
The clinical and ambulatory BP @ @ @ @ @ and markers for nitric oxide were measured .
While the PLA-MD group showed no changes @ @ @ @ @ a reduction in the mean clinical blood pressure ( MBP ) in the CHIA ( @ @ @ @ @ ± 1.5 mmHg , p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chia supplementation (Salvia hispanica L.) on blood pressure (BP) and its associated cardiometabolic factors in treated and untreated hypertensive individuals. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: the hypertensive-drug treated (CHIA-MD, n = 10), hypertensive untreated (CHIA-NM, n = 9) and placebo (PLA-MD, n = 7) groups. The subjects consumed 35 g/day of either chia flour or a placebo for 12 weeks. The clinical and ambulatory BP, inflammation, oxidative stress and markers for nitric oxide were measured. While the PLA-MD group showed no changes in BP, there was a reduction in the mean clinical blood pressure (MBP) in the CHIA (111.5 ± 1.9 to 102.7 ± 1.5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and CHIA-MD (111.3 ± 2.2 to 100.1 ± 1.8 mmHg, p < 0.001) groups. The CHIA-NM group showed no reduction in the MBP but did show a decreased systolic BP (146.8 ± 3.8 to 137.3 ± 3.1 mmHg, p < 0.05). The clinical BP reduction was demonstrated by a 24 h ambulatory systolic reduction in all of the supplemented groups. However, the mean ambulatory BP was reduced only in the CHIA (98.1 ± 2.4 to 92.8 ± 2.2 mmHg, p < 0.05) group, and there was no change in the diastolic component in either of the CHIA groups. The lipid peroxidation was reduced in the CHIA (p = 0.04) and CHIA-NM (p = 0.02) groups compared with the PLA-MD group. A reduction in the plasma nitrite levels was observed only in the CHIA group (p = 0.02). Chia flour has the ability to reduce ambulatory and clinical BP in both treated and untreated hypertensive individuals.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--These results confirm that the incorporation of chia seed in the diet in postnatal life may provide

These results confirm that the incorporation of chia seed in the diet in postnatal life may provide a viable therapeutic option for preventing/mitigating adverse outcomes induced by an sucrose-rich diet from utero to adulthood.

The present work analyzes the effects of dietary chia seeds during postnatal life in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet @ @ @ @ @ to adulthood .
At weaning , chia seed ( rich inα-linolenic acid ) replaced corn @ @ @ @ @ acid ) in the SRD .
At 150 days of offspring life , anthropometrical parameters @ @ @ @ @ metabolites , hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis were analyzed .
Results showed that chia @ @ @ @ @ development of hypertension , liver steatosis , hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia .
Normal triacylglycerol secretion and @ @ @ @ @ an improvement of de novo hepatic lipogenic and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 enzymatic activities , associated with @ @ @ @ @ fatty acids in the total composition of liver homogenate .
Glucose homeostasis and plasma free @ @ @ @ @ while visceral adiposity was slightly decreased .
These results confirm that the incorporation of chia @ @ @ @ @ postnatal life may provide a viable therapeutic option for preventing/mitigating adverse outcomes induced by an @ @ @ @ @ .

The present work analyzes the effects of dietary chia seeds during postnatal life in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) from utero to adulthood. At weaning, chia seed (rich inα-linolenic acid) replaced corn oil (rich in linoleic acid) in the SRD. At 150 days of offspring life, anthropometrical parameters, blood pressure, plasma metabolites, hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis were analyzed. Results showed that chia was able to prevent the development of hypertension, liver steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Normal triacylglycerol secretion and triacylglycerol clearance were accompanied by an improvement of de novo hepatic lipogenic and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 enzymatic activities, associated with an accretion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total composition of liver homogenate. Glucose homeostasis and plasma free fatty acid levels were improved while visceral adiposity was slightly decreased. These results confirm that the incorporation of chia seed in the diet in postnatal life may provide a viable therapeutic option for preventing/mitigating adverse outcomes induced by an SRD from utero to adulthood.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile, insulin and glucose tolerance, and reduce r

The aim of this review was to compile evidence and understand chia seed effects on unbalanced diet animal studies and the molecular mechanisms on metabolic biomarker modulation .
A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases , following PRISMA recommendations .
Risk of bias and quality was assessed using SYRCLE toll and ARRIVE guidelines .
Seventeen articles were included .
Throughout the studies , chia 's main effects are associated with AMPK modulation : improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance , lipogenesis , antioxidant activity , and inflammation .
Details about randomization and allocation concealment were insufficient , as well @ @ @ @ @ @ @ size , chia dose , and number of animals evaluated for each parameter were found to be lacking information among the studies .
Based on experimental study data , chia has bioactive potential , and its daily consumption may reduce the risk of chronic disease development , mainly due to the antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , hypoglycemic , and hypolipidemic effects of the seed .
PRACTICAL APPLICATION : The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile , insulin and glucose tolerance , and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease .
Whole seed or its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effects of chia oil can act faster than the seed .

The aim of this review was to compile evidence and understand chia seed effects on unbalanced diet animal studies and the molecular mechanisms on metabolic biomarker modulation. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases, following PRISMA recommendations. Risk of bias and quality was assessed using SYRCLE toll and ARRIVE guidelines. Seventeen articles were included. Throughout the studies, chia's main effects are associated with AMPK modulation: improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance, lipogenesis, antioxidant activity, and inflammation. Details about randomization and allocation concealment were insufficient, as well as information about blind protocols. Sample size, chia dose, and number of animals evaluated for each parameter were found to be lacking information among the studies. Based on experimental study data, chia has bioactive potential, and its daily consumption may reduce the risk of chronic disease development, mainly due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of the seed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile, insulin and glucose tolerance, and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Whole seed or its oil presents positive effect, but the effects of chia oil can act faster than the seed.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia seed exerts a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in rats.

Chia has been consumed by the world population due to its high fiber , lipids and proteins content .
The objective was to evaluate the protein quality of chia untreated ( seed and flour ) and heat treated ( 90 °C/20 min ) , their influence on glucose and lipid homeostasis and integrity of liver and intestinal morphology of Wistar rats .
36 male rats , weanling , divided into six groups which received control diet ( casein ) , free protein diet ( aproteic ) and four diet tests ( chia seed ; chia seed with heat treatment ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment ) for 14 days were used .
The protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) , net protein ratio ( NPR ) and true digestibility ( TD ) were evaluated .
The biochemical variables and liver and intestinal morphologies of animals were determined .
The values of PER , NPR and TD did not differ among the animals that were fed with chia and were lower than the control group .
The animals that were fed with chia showed lower concentrations of glucose ; triacylglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group .
The liver weight of animals that were fed with chia was lower than the control group .
Crypt depth and thickness of intestinal muscle layers were higher in groups that were fed with chia .
The consumption of chia has shown good digestibility , hypoglycemic effect , improved lipid and glycemic profiles and reduced fat deposition in liver of animals , and also promoted changes in intestinal tissue that enhanced its functionality .

Chia has been consumed by the world population due to its high fiber, lipids and proteins content. The objective was to evaluate the protein quality of chia untreated (seed and flour) and heat treated (90 °C/20 min), their influence on glucose and lipid homeostasis and integrity of liver and intestinal morphology of Wistar rats. 36 male rats, weanling, divided into six groups which received control diet (casein), free protein diet (aproteic) and four diet tests (chia seed; chia seed with heat treatment; chia flour and chia flour with heat treatment) for 14 days were used. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and true digestibility (TD) were evaluated. The biochemical variables and liver and intestinal morphologies of animals were determined. The values of PER, NPR and TD did not differ among the animals that were fed with chia and were lower than the control group. The animals that were fed with chia showed lower concentrations of glucose; triacylglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein and higher high-density lipoproteincholesterol than the control group. The liver weight of animals that were fed with chia was lower than the control group. Crypt depth and thickness of intestinal muscle layers were higher in groups that were fed with chia. The consumption of chia has shown good digestibility, hypoglycemic effect, improved lipid and glycemic profiles and reduced fat deposition in liver of animals, and also promoted changes in intestinal tissue that enhanced its functionality.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia seed and chia seed oil restores the antioxidant systems in obese rats.

OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chia seed and chia oil on heat shock protein ( HSP ) and related parameters in diet-induced obese rats .
METHODS : Animals were divided in six groups : control , high-fat and high-fructose diet ( HFF ) , and HFF with chia seed or chia oil in short ( 6-wk ) and long ( 12-wk ) treatments .
Plasma indicators of glucose tolerance and liver damage , skeletal muscle expression of antioxidant enzymes , and proteins controlling oxidative energy metabolism were determined .
The limit of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
RESULTS : The HFF diet induced glucose intolerance , insulin resistance , oxidative stress , and altered parameters related to obesity complications .
The consumption of chia seed or chia oil did not reduce body weight gain or abdominal fat accumulation .
However , chia seed and chia oil in both treatments improved glucose and insulin tolerance .
Chia oil in both treatments induced expression of HSP70 and HSP25 in skeletal muscle .
Short treatment with chia seed increased expression of HSP70 , but not HSP25 .
Chia oil in both treatments @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Extended treatment with chia seed and short treatment with chia oil restored peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α ) expression .
CONCLUSION : Chia oil restored the antioxidant system and induced the expression of a higher number of proteins than chia seed .
The present study demonstrated new properties and molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of chia seed and chia oil consumption in diet-induced obese rats .

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chia seed and chia oil on heat shock protein (HSP) and related parameters in diet-induced obese rats.
METHODS: Animals were divided in six groups: control, high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFF), and HFF with chia seed or chia oil in short (6-wk) and long (12-wk) treatments. Plasma indicators of glucose tolerance and liver damage, skeletal muscle expression of antioxidant enzymes, and proteins controlling oxidative energy metabolism were determined. The limit of significance was set at P<0.05.
RESULTS: The HFF diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and altered parameters related to obesity complications. The consumption of chia seed or chia oil did not reduce body weight gain or abdominal fat accumulation. However, chia seed and chia oil in both treatments improved glucose and insulin tolerance. Chia oil in both treatments induced expression of HSP70 and HSP25 in skeletal muscle. Short treatment with chia seed increased expression of HSP70, but not HSP25. Chia oil in both treatments restored superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase expression. Extended treatment with chia seed and short treatment with chia oil restored peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression.
CONCLUSION: Chia oil restored the antioxidant system and induced the expression of a higher number of proteins than chia seed. The present study demonstrated new properties and molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of chia seed and chia oil consumption in diet-induced obese rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia seed oils reduce the presence of increase atherogenic particles in response to pork consumption

Chia seed oils reduce the presence of increase atherogenic particles in response to pork consumption.

Restructuring pork ( RP ) by adding new functional ingredients , like Chia oil ( one of the richest natural source ofα-linolenic acid ) or hydroxytyrosol ( HxT ) ( potent antioxidant ) , both with hypolipidemic activities , is one of the strategies that may help to reduce the potential negative effects of high meat products consumption .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Chia oil- or HxT-enriched-RP effect on thelipoprotein profile of aged rats fed high-fat , high-energy , and cholesterol-enriched diets .
RP samples were prepared by mixing lean pork and lard with or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ matter ) or HxT ( 3.6 g/kg fresh matter ) .
Diets were prepared by mixing a semisynthetic diet with freeze-dried RP .
Groups of 1-year male Wistar rats were fed the following experimental diets for 8 weeks : C , control-RP diet ; HC , cholesterol-enriched-RP diet ; and Chia oil-RP ( CHIA ) and HxT , Chia oil- or hydroxytyrosol-RP , cholesterol-enriched diet .
Plasma lipid , lipoprotein profile , SREBP-1c protein , and low-density lipoproteins ( LDL ) receptor gene ( ) expressions were evaluated .
Compared to C diet @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , triglycerides , free fatty acids , total lipids , and SREBP-1c expression , but reducedexpression and significantly modified the lipoprotein profile , giving rise to the presence of high levels of atherogenic cholesterol-enriched very low-density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) particles .
Compared to the HC diet , the HxT diet did not produce significant changes in feed intake but it reduced the body weight .
Chia oil and HxT partially arrested the negative effects of the high-fat , high-energy , and cholesterol-enriched meat-based diets on lipemia and lipoproteinemia , mostly by reducing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 60 % and 74 % less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC , respectively ) and the VLDL total mass ( 59 % and 63 % less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC , respectively ) .
Free fatty acids ( FFA ) significantly correlated with adipose tissue weight and VLDL total mass ( both < 0.05 ) , and plasma triglycerides , phospholipids , total lipids , and SREBP-1c ( all < 0.001 ) , suggesting the important role of FFA in lipoprotein metabolism .
Results support the recommendation to include @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reduce the presence of increased atherogenic particles in aged people at CVD risk consuming large amounts of pork .

Restructuring pork (RP) by adding new functional ingredients, like Chia oil (one of the richest natural source ofα-linolenic acid) or hydroxytyrosol (HxT) (potent antioxidant), both with hypolipidemic activities, is one of the strategies that may help to reduce the potential negative effects of high meat products consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Chia oil- or HxT-enriched-RP effect on thelipoprotein profile of aged rats fed high-fat, high-energy, and cholesterol-enriched diets. RP samples were prepared by mixing lean pork and lard with or without Chia oil (152.2 g/kg fresh matter) or HxT (3.6 g/kg fresh matter). Diets were prepared by mixing a semisynthetic diet with freeze-dried RP. Groups of 1-year male Wistar rats were fed the following experimental diets for 8 weeks: C, control-RP diet; HC, cholesterol-enriched-RP diet; and Chia oil-RP (CHIA) and HxT, Chia oil- or hydroxytyrosol-RP, cholesterol-enriched diet. Plasma lipid, lipoprotein profile, SREBP-1c protein, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor gene () expressions were evaluated. Compared to C diet, the HC diet increased plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, total lipids, and SREBP-1c expression, but reducedexpression and significantly modified the lipoprotein profile, giving rise to the presence of high levels of atherogenic cholesterol-enriched very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles. Compared to the HC diet, the HxT diet did not produce significant changes in feed intake but it reduced the body weight. Chia oil and HxT partially arrested the negative effects of the high-fat, high-energy, and cholesterol-enriched meat-based diets on lipemia and lipoproteinemia, mostly by reducing the amount of cholesterol content in VLDL (60% and 74% less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC, respectively) and the VLDL total mass (59% and 63% less in CHIA and HxT vs. HC, respectively). Free fatty acids (FFA) significantly correlated with adipose tissue weight and VLDL total mass (both<0.05), and plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, total lipids, and SREBP-1c (all<0.001), suggesting the important role of FFA in lipoprotein metabolism. Results support the recommendation to include these ingredients in pork products addressed to reduce the presence of increased atherogenic particles in aged people at CVD risk consuming large amounts of pork.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--This study demonstrated that chia seeds oil and mucilage exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against

This study demonstrated that chia seeds oil and mucilage exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against adjuvant-induced arthritis in obese and non-obese rats.

Background Natural anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals may be useful in suppressing the incessant aggravation of rheumatoid arthritis .
Chia seeds as a natural source of antioxidants help prevent several oxidative stress-mediated diseases .
The current study was focused on arthritis combined with obesity and evaluated the validation of oil and mucilage extracted from chia seeds as anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals in obese and non-obese adjuvant arthritic rat model .
Methods Chia seeds oil was extracted by pressing method , whereas the mucilage was extracted using water ( 50°C for 30 min ) .
Oil and freeze-dried mucilage were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects using @ @ @ @ @ @ @ developed in rats after 8 weeks of feeding on high-fat high-sucrose diet ; on the first day of the ninth week , chia seeds oil and mucilage were administrated for 21 days , and arthritis was induced either in obese or non-obese rats via the injection with Freund 's complete adjuvant .
Swelling of the paw was then measured .
Plasma tumor necrosis factor ( TNF-α ) , lipid profile , liver and kidney functions , serum lipid peroxidation , and erythrocyte catalase activity were determined .
Results Results emphasized that arthritis with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ swelling of the paw , TNF-α , dyslipidemia , and oxidative stress .
Chia seeds oil and mucilage , more promisingly the oil , attenuated TNF-α and the swelling of the paw , improved lipid profile , and diminished the oxidative stress both in obese and non-obese arthritic rats .
Conclusions Results showed that chia seeds oil and mucilage exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against adjuvant-induced arthritis in obese and non-obese rats .

Background Natural anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals may be useful in suppressing the incessant aggravation of rheumatoid arthritis. Chia seeds as a natural source of antioxidants help prevent several oxidative stress-mediated diseases. The current study was focused on arthritis combined with obesity and evaluated the validation of oil and mucilage extracted from chia seeds as anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals in obese and non-obese adjuvant arthritic rat model. Methods Chia seeds oil was extracted by pressing method, whereas the mucilage was extracted using water (50°C for 30 min). Oil and freeze-dried mucilage were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects using 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Obesity was developed in rats after 8 weeks of feeding on high-fat high-sucrose diet; on the first day of the ninth week, chia seeds oil and mucilage were administrated for 21 days, and arthritis was induced either in obese or non-obese rats via the injection with Freund's complete adjuvant. Swelling of the paw was then measured. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), lipid profile, liver and kidney functions, serum lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte catalase activity were determined. Results Results emphasized that arthritis with obesity resulted in the elevation of the swelling of the paw, TNF-α, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Chia seeds oil and mucilage, more promisingly the oil, attenuated TNF-α and the swelling of the paw, improved lipid profile,and diminished the oxidative stress both in obese and non-obese arthritic rats. Conclusions Results showed that chia seeds oil and mucilage exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against adjuvant-induced arthritis in obese and non-obese rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Chia seed displays hypoglycemic and and antihypertensive activity.

Context : Chia seed is a popular dietary supplement , taken mainly for its high content of alpha-linolenic acid , vegetable protein , and dietary fiber , yet information about its clinical effects is lacking .
Objective : This review aims to summarize the clinical evidence regarding the use of chia seed for a wide variety of health conditions .
Data Sources : A number of databases , including PubMed and Embase , were searched systematically .
Study Selection : Randomized controlled trials that assessed the clinical effects of chia seed consumption in human participants were included .
The quality @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Risk of Bias Tool .
Data Extraction : Data on study design , blinding status , characteristics of participants , chia seed intervention , comparator , clinical assessment , duration of intake , interval of assessment , and study funding status were extracted .
Meta-analysis was performed .
Results : Twelve trials were included .
Participants included healthy persons , athletes , diabetic patients , and individuals with metabolic syndrome .
Pooling of results showed no significant differences except for the following findings of subgroup analysis at higher doses of chia seed : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ level ( mean difference [ MD ] of -33.95 incremental area under the curve [ iAUC ] [ mmol/L × 2 h ] [ 95 % CI , -61.85 , -6.05 ] and -51.60 iAUC [ mmol/L × 2 h ] [ 95 % CI , -79.64 , -23.56 ] at medium doses and high doses , respectively ) ; ( 2 ) lower high-density lipoprotein in serum ( MD of -0.10 mmol/L [ 95 % CI , -0.20 , -0.01 ] ) ; and ( 3 ) lower diastolic blood pressure ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CI , -11.08 , -3.19 ] ) .
The quality of all evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment , Development , and Evaluation ( GRADE ) approach was low or very low .
All trials employed only surrogate markers as outcomes .
Conclusions : Future trials with improved methodological quality , well-described clinical events , and validated surrogate markers as outcomes are needed to support the potential health benefits of chia seed consumption .

Context: Chia seed is a popular dietary supplement, taken mainly for its high content of alpha-linolenic acid, vegetable protein, and dietary fiber, yet information about its clinical effects is lacking.
Objective: This review aims to summarize the clinical evidence regarding the use of chia seed for a wide variety of health conditions.
Data Sources: A number of databases, including PubMed and Embase, were searched systematically.
Study Selection: Randomized controlled trials that assessed the clinical effects of chia seed consumption in human participants were included. The quality of trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.
Data Extraction: Data on study design, blinding status, characteristics of participants, chia seed intervention, comparator, clinical assessment, duration of intake, interval of assessment, and study funding status were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed.
Results: Twelve trials were included. Participants included healthy persons, athletes, diabetic patients, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. Pooling of results showed no significant differences except for the following findings of subgroup analysis at higher doses of chia seed: (1) lower postprandial blood glucose level (mean difference [MD] of -33.95 incremental area under the curve [iAUC] [mmol/L × 2 h] [95%CI, -61.85, -6.05] and -51.60 iAUC [mmol/L × 2 h] [95%CI, -79.64, -23.56] at medium doses and high doses, respectively); (2) lower high-density lipoprotein in serum (MD of -0.10 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.20, -0.01]); and (3) lower diastolic blood pressure (MD of -7.14 mmHg [95%CI, -11.08, -3.19]). The quality of all evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was low or very low. All trials employed only surrogate markers as outcomes.
Conclusions: Future trials with improved methodological quality, well-described clinical events, and validated surrogate markers as outcomes are needed to support the potential health benefits of chia seed consumption.
Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42015029990.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Parsley and celery juices restore antioxidant activity in doxorubicin-treated rats.

We have examined the influence of diluted pure celery and parsley leaf and root juices and their combinations with doxorubicin @ @ @ @ @ as measured by the content of reduced glutathione ( GSH ) and ferric reducing antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ in liver homogenate and hemolysate and on the contents of cytochrome P450 in liver homogenate @ @ @ @ @ doxorubicin significantly decreased the content of reduced glutathione and the total antioxidative status ( FRAP @ @ @ @ @ hemolysate , while celery and parsley juices alone and in combination with doxorubicin had different @ @ @ @ @ juice had no effect on content of cytochrome P450 .
However , in combination with @ @ @ @ @ significant increased , and parsley leaves juice decreased the cytochrome P450 content ( compared to @ @ @ @ @ Only parsley root juice significantly increased the content of cytochrome P450 .

We have examined the influence of diluted pure celery and parsley leaf and root juices and their combinations with doxorubicin on the antioxidant status [as measured by the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] in liver homogenate and hemolysate and on the contents of cytochrome P450 in liver homogenate. It was found that doxorubicin significantly decreased the content of reduced glutathione and the total antioxidative status (FRAP) in liver homogenate and hemolysate, while celery and parsley juices alone and in combination with doxorubicin had different actions. Doxorubicin and celery juice had no effect on content of cytochrome P450. However, in combination with doxorubicin, parsley root juice significant increased, and parsley leaves juice decreased the cytochrome P450 content (compared to doxorubicin treated animals). Only parsley root juice significantly increased the content of cytochrome P450.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Parsley essential oil displays an immunomodulatory effect.

INTRODUCTION : Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) has been traditionally used for the treatment of allergy , autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders .
The present study aims to investigate the suppressive effects of parsley essential oil on mouse splenocytes and macrophages cells .
METHODS AND MATERIALS : Parsley essential oil was harvested .
It was treated on splenocytes and phytohemagglutinin ( PHA ) ( 5μg/mL ) and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) ( 10 μg/mL ) activated splenocytes in different concentrations ( 0.01-100 μg/mL ) ; then , proliferation was assayed by methyl tetrazolium ( MTT ) method .
Treatment was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ macrophages ( 10 μg/ml ) and the nitrite levelswere measured using the diazotization method based on the Griess reaction and MTT assay for evaluation of the viability of the macrophages .
RESULTS : Proliferation of splenocytes in all the treated groups was suppressed .
In PHA-stimulated splenocytes , the suppression was seen in all the examined concentrations ( 0.01-100μg/mL ) , while in the unstimulated and LPS-stimulated groups suppression was relatively dose dependent and in high concentration ( 10 and100 μg/mL ) .The viability of the macrophages in all groups was the same @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suppression was significant in all the concentrations butin LPS-stimulated groups , it was significant in the three higher concentrations ( 1 , 10 , and100 μg/mL ) .
CONCLUSION : The results of this study indicate that parsley essential oil may be able to suppress the cellular and humoral immune response .
It can also suppress both NO production and the functions of macrophages as the main innate immune cells .
These results may suggest that parsley essential oil is a proper suppressant for different applications .

INTRODUCTION: Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has been traditionally used for the treatment of allergy, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. The present study aims to investigate the suppressive effects of parsley essential oil on mouse splenocytes and macrophages cells.
METHODS AND MATERIALS: Parsley essential oil was harvested. It was treated on splenocytes and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (5μg/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 μg/mL) activated splenocytes in different concentrations (0.01-100 μg/mL); then, proliferation was assayed by methyl tetrazolium (MTT) method. Treatment was also performed on the macrophages and LPS-stimulated macrophages (10 μg/ml) and the nitrite levelswere measured using the diazotization method based on the Griess reaction and MTT assay for evaluation of the viability of the macrophages.
RESULTS: Proliferation of splenocytes in all the treated groups was suppressed. In PHA-stimulated splenocytes, the suppression was seen in all the examined concentrations (0.01-100μg/mL), while in the unstimulated and LPS-stimulated groups suppression was relatively dose dependent and in high concentration (10 and100 μg/mL).The viability of the macrophages in all groups was the same and in the unstimulated groups; NO suppression was significant in all the concentrations butin LPS-stimulated groups, it was significant in the three higher concentrations (1, 10, and100 μg/mL).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that parsley essential oil may be able to suppress the cellular and humoral immune response. It can also suppress both NO production and the functions of macrophages as the main innate immune cells. These results may suggest that parsley essential oil is a proper suppressant for different applications.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Will "Deaths of Despair" Outpace Deaths From Coronavirus?

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