greenmedinfo--2020-04-04--Effect of interaction of vitamin C on macrophage immune response to infection with Mycobacterium bov

Effect of interaction of vitamin C on macrophage immune response to infection with Mycobacterium bovis.

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis affecting humans and livestock .
Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) , M. bovis can persist in cattle without causing overt symptoms after entering a non-replicating persistent ( NRP ) state .
Given that M.tb enters NRP under stress conditions , we sought to find the effects of vitamin C ( VC ) on M. bovis in vitro and in vivo ( VC could mimic stresses like hypoxia by O2 scavenging and acidic conditions in phagosome ) .
M. bovis was cultured in a medium with VC for 48 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( dosR , dosS , dosT , icl , and hspX of M. bovis ) implicated in the M. bovis NRP state was measured with real-time quantitative PCR .
Expression of all five genes was increased by VC .
Relative to the control , VC-exposed bacteria appeared smaller and more rounded in shape with a much thicker inner envelope .
A lower number of viable bacteria were found in comparison with those of the control .
We infected macrophage cell line ANA-1 with M. bovis and cultured it in VC-added medium ( MC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Expression of il-10 , il-6 , tnf-α , and il-β was examined and compared with expression by cells infected by M. bovis only without VC treatment ( MB group ) , uninfected cells in the medium treated with VC ( VC group ) , and cells in the medium only without VC .
Il-1β , tnf-α , and il-6 transcription were up-regulated significantly in MCgroup .
IL-10 gene expression in MB and MC groups was less than in the control at 24h , but that of MC group increased more than the MB @ @ @ @ @ @ @ intracellular M. bovis in the MC group were lower than that in the other groups .
Slower growth was found in VC-treated M. bovis , and macrophages were more bactericidal for intracellular VC-stimulated M. bovis than for M. bovis with no VC treatment .

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis affecting humans and livestock. Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), M. bovis can persist in cattle without causing overt symptoms after entering a non-replicating persistent (NRP) state. Given that M.tb enters NRP under stress conditions, we sought to find the effects of vitamin C (VC) on M. bovis in vitro and in vivo (VC could mimic stresses like hypoxia by O2 scavenging and acidic conditions in phagosome). M. bovis was cultured in a medium with VC for 48 h. The differential expression of five genes (dosR, dosS, dosT, icl, and hspX of M. bovis) implicated in the M. bovis NRP state was measured with real-time quantitative PCR. Expression of all five genes was increased by VC. Relative to the control, VC-exposed bacteria appeared smaller and more rounded in shape with a much thicker inner envelope. A lower number of viable bacteria were found in comparison with those of the control. We infected macrophage cell line ANA-1 with M. bovis and cultured it in VC-added medium (MC group) for 24h and 48 h. Expression of il-10, il-6, tnf-α, and il-β was examined and compared with expression by cells infected by M. bovis only without VC treatment (MB group), uninfected cells in the medium treated with VC (VC group), and cells in the medium only without VC. Il-1β, tnf-α, and il-6 transcription were up-regulated significantly in MCgroup. IL-10 gene expression in MB and MC groups was less than in the control at 24h, but that of MC group increased more than the MB group at 48 h. The numbers of intracellular M. bovis in the MC group were lower than that in the other groups. Slower growth was found in VC-treated M. bovis, and macrophages were more bactericidal for intracellular VC-stimulated M. bovis than for M. bovis with no VC treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-04--Vitamin C promotes maturation of T-cells.

AIMS : Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) is thought to enhance immune function , but the mechanisms involved are obscure .
We utilized an in vitro model of T-cell maturation to evaluate the role of ascorbic acid in lymphocyte development .
RESULTS : Ascorbic acid was essential for the developmental progression of mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to functional T-lymphocytes in vitro and also played a role in vivo .
Ascorbate-mediated enhancement of T-cell development was lymphoid cell-intrinsic and independent of T-cell receptor ( TCR ) rearrangement .
Analysis of TCR rearrangements demonstrated that ascorbic acid enhanced the selection @ @ @ @ @ @ @ β-selection .
Genes encoding the coreceptor CD8 as well as the kinase ZAP70 were upregulated by ascorbic acid .
Pharmacologic inhibition of methylation marks on DNA and histones enhanced ascorbate-mediated differentiation , suggesting an epigenetic mechanism of Cd8 gene regulation via active demethylation by ascorbate-dependent Fe ( 2+ ) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases .
INNOVATION : We speculate that one aspect of gene regulation mediated by ascorbate occurs at the level of chromatin demethylation , mediated by Jumonji C ( JmjC ) domain enzymes that are known to be reliant upon ascorbate as a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ known to regulate transcription factor activity .
These two mechanisms are likely to play key roles in the modulation of immune development and function by ascorbic acid .
CONCLUSION : Our results provide strong experimental evidence supporting a role for ascorbic acid in T-cell maturation as well as insight into the mechanism of ascorbate-mediated enhancement of immune function .

AIMS: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is thought to enhance immune function, but the mechanisms involved are obscure. We utilized an in vitro model of T-cell maturation to evaluate the role of ascorbic acid in lymphocyte development.
RESULTS: Ascorbic acid was essential for the developmental progression of mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to functional T-lymphocytes in vitro and also played a role in vivo. Ascorbate-mediated enhancement of T-cell development was lymphoid cell-intrinsic and independent of T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. Analysis of TCR rearrangements demonstrated that ascorbic acid enhanced the selection of functional TCRαβ after the stage of β-selection. Genes encoding the coreceptor CD8 as well as the kinase ZAP70 were upregulated by ascorbic acid. Pharmacologic inhibition of methylation marks on DNA and histones enhanced ascorbate-mediated differentiation, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism of Cd8 gene regulation via active demethylation by ascorbate-dependent Fe(2+) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases.
INNOVATION: We speculate that one aspect of gene regulation mediated by ascorbate occurs at the level of chromatin demethylation, mediated by Jumonji C (JmjC) domain enzymes that are known to be reliant upon ascorbate as a cofactor. JmjC domain enzymes are also known to regulate transcription factor activity. These two mechanisms are likely to play key roles in the modulation of immune development and function by ascorbic acid.
CONCLUSION: Our results provide strong experimental evidence supporting a role for ascorbic acid in T-cell maturation as well as insight into the mechanism of ascorbate-mediated enhancement of immune function.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-04--Curcumin restores innate immune Alzheimer's disease risk gene expression to ameliorate Alzheimer pat

Curcumin restores innate immune Alzheimer's disease risk gene expression to ameliorate Alzheimer pathogenesis.

Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) genetics implies a causal role for innate immune genes , TREM2 and CD33 , products that oppose each other in the downstream Syk tyrosine kinase pathway , activating microglial phagocytosis of amyloid ( Aβ ) .
We report effects of low ( Curc-lo ) and high ( Curc-hi ) doses of curcumin on neuroinflammation in APPsw transgenic mice .
Results showed that Curc-lo decreased CD33 and increased TREM2 expression ( predicted to decrease AD risk ) and also increased TyroBP , which controls a neuroinflammatory gene network implicated in AD as well as phagocytosis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ restored tightly correlated relationships between these genes ' expression levels , and decreased expression of genes characteristic of toxic pro-inflammatory M1 microglia ( CD11b , iNOS , COX-2 , IL1β ) .
In contrast , very high dose curcumin did not show these effects , failed to clear amyloid plaques , and dysregulated gene expression relationships .
Curc-lo stimulated microglial migration to and phagocytosis of amyloid plaques both in vivo and in ex vivo assays of sections of human AD brain and of mouse brain .
Curcumin also reduced levels of miR-155 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ microglial phenotype .
In conditions without amyloid ( human microglial cells in vitro , aged wild-type mice ) , Curc-lo similarly decreased CD33 and increased TREM2 .
Like curcumin , anti-Aβ antibody ( also reportedto engage the Syk pathway , increase CD68 , and decrease amyloid burden in human and mouse brain ) increased TREM2 in APPsw mice and decreased amyloid in human AD sections ex vivo .
We conclude that curcumin is an immunomodulatory treatment capable of emulating anti-Aβ vaccine in stimulating phagocyticclearance of amyloid by reducing CD33 and increasing TREM2 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in neurodegenerative diseases .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics implies a causal role for innate immune genes, TREM2 and CD33, products that oppose each other in the downstream Syk tyrosine kinase pathway, activating microglial phagocytosis of amyloid (Aβ). We report effects of low (Curc-lo) and high (Curc-hi) doses of curcumin on neuroinflammation in APPsw transgenic mice. Results showed that Curc-lo decreased CD33 and increased TREM2 expression (predicted to decrease AD risk) and also increased TyroBP, which controls a neuroinflammatory gene network implicated in AD as well as phagocytosis markers CD68 and Arg1. Curc-lo coordinately restored tightly correlated relationships between these genes' expression levels, and decreased expression of genes characteristic of toxic pro-inflammatory M1 microglia (CD11b, iNOS, COX-2, IL1β). In contrast, very high dose curcumin did not show these effects, failed to clear amyloid plaques, and dysregulated gene expression relationships. Curc-lo stimulated microglial migration to and phagocytosis of amyloid plaques both in vivo and in ex vivo assays of sections of human AD brain and of mouse brain. Curcumin also reduced levels of miR-155, a micro-RNA reported to drive a neurodegenerative microglial phenotype. In conditions without amyloid (human microglial cells in vitro, aged wild-type mice), Curc-lo similarly decreased CD33 and increased TREM2. Like curcumin, anti-Aβ antibody (also reportedto engage the Syk pathway, increase CD68, and decrease amyloid burden in human and mouse brain) increased TREM2 in APPsw mice and decreased amyloid in human AD sections ex vivo. We conclude that curcumin is an immunomodulatory treatment capable of emulating anti-Aβ vaccine in stimulating phagocyticclearance of amyloid by reducing CD33 and increasing TREM2 and TyroBP, while restoring neuroinflammatory networks implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-04--Curcumin: a modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in the immune system.

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from the spice , turmeric , that has been extensively reported for its efficacy @ @ @ @ @ several inflammatory diseases .
There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the anti-inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ immune system .
On the other hand , the role of inflammatory signaling pathways has @ @ @ @ @ of several inflammatory diseases , and signaling molecules involved in these pathways are considered as @ @ @ @ @ approaches .
We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the modulatory effects of curcumin @ @ @ @ @ leads to inhibition of inflammation in different types of immune cells and animal models .
@ @ @ @ @ we elaborate on how curcumin can effectively inhibit multiple signaling molecules involved in inflammation including @ @ @ @ @ , β-catenin , and Notch-1 .

Curcumin is a natural compound derived from the spice, turmeric, that has been extensively reported for its efficacy in controlling or treatment of several inflammatory diseases. There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the immune system. On the other hand, the role of inflammatory signaling pathways has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, and signaling molecules involved in these pathways are considered as valuable targets for new treatment approaches. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the modulatory effects of curcumin on inflammatory signaling pathways which leads to inhibition of inflammation in different types of immune cells and animal models. In this comprehensive review, we elaborate on how curcumin can effectively inhibit multiple signaling molecules involved in inflammation including NF-κB, JAKs/STATs, MAPKs, β-catenin, and Notch-1.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-04--Antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols on macrophages infected with dengue virus sero

Antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols on macrophages infected with dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 enhanced or not with antibodies.

There is a lack of specific antiviral therapy against dengue virus ( DENV ) in current use .
Therefore , a great proportion of dengue cases progress to severe clinical forms due to a complex interplay between virus and host immune response .
It has been hypothesized that heterotypic non-neutralizing antibodies enhance DENV infection in phagocytic cells , and this induces an inflammatory response that is involved in the pathogenesis of severe dengue.To identify the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols on dengue virus infection.Human U937-DC-SIGN macrophages were infected with DENV serotypes 2 or 3 in the presence or not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha , IL-6 , IL-10 and interferon-alpha were analyzed timely.DENV infection alone induced high production of IL-6 and TNF-α , but in the presence of 4G2 antibody , viral titers and TNF-α secretion were potentiated .
Based on anti-inflammatory antecedents , the polyphenols curcumin , fisetin , resveratrol , apigenin , quercetin and rutin were tested for antiviral and immunomodulatory properties .
Only quercetin and fisetin inhibited DENV-2 and DENV-3 infection in the absence or presence of enhancing antibody ( > 90 % , < 0.001 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ secretion ( < 0.001 ) .Quercetin and fisetin down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by DENV infection enhanced by antibodies a mechanism involved in severe dengue .

There is a lack of specific antiviral therapy against dengue virus (DENV) in current use. Therefore, a great proportion of dengue cases progress to severe clinical forms due to a complex interplay between virus and host immune response. It has been hypothesized that heterotypic non-neutralizing antibodies enhance DENV infection in phagocytic cells, and this induces an inflammatory response that is involved in the pathogenesis of severe dengue.To identify the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols on dengue virus infection.Human U937-DC-SIGN macrophages were infected with DENV serotypes 2 or 3 in the presence or not of enhancing antibody 4G2. Viral titers and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and interferon-alpha were analyzed timely.DENV infection alone induced high production of IL-6 and TNF-α, but in the presence of 4G2 antibody, viral titers and TNF-α secretion were potentiated. Based on anti-inflammatory antecedents, the polyphenols curcumin, fisetin, resveratrol, apigenin, quercetin and rutin were tested for antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Only quercetin and fisetin inhibited DENV-2 and DENV-3 infection in the absence or presence of enhancing antibody (>90%,<0.001); they also inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 secretion (<0.001).Quercetin and fisetin down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by DENV infection enhanced by antibodies a mechanism involved in severe dengue.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Therapeutic effects of curcumin on sepsis and mechanisms of action.

Sepsis is a complex disease that begins with an infectious disorder and causes excessive immune responses .
Curcumin is considered as an active component of turmeric that can improve the condition in sepsis due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties .
PubMed , Embase , Google Scholar , Web of Science , and Scopus databases were searched .
Searching was not limited to a specific publication period .
Only English-language original articles , which had examined the effect of curcumin on sepsis , were included .
At first , 1,098 articles were totally found , and 209 articles were selected @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were remained due to the curcumin effects on sepsis .
These included 23 in vitro studies and 23 animal studies .
Our results showed that curcumin and various analogs of curcumin can have an inhibitory effect on sepsis-induced complications .
Curcumin has the ability to inhibit the inflammatory , oxidative coagulation factors , and regulation of immune responses in sepsis .
Despite the promising evidence of the therapeutic effects of curcumin on the sepsis complication , further studies seem necessary to investigate its effect and possible mechanisms of action in human studies .

Sepsis is a complex disease that begins with an infectious disorder and causes excessive immune responses. Curcumin is considered as an active component of turmeric that can improve the condition in sepsis due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. Searching was not limited to a specific publication period. Only English-language original articles, which had examined the effect of curcumin on sepsis, were included. At first, 1,098 articles were totally found, and 209 articles were selected after excluding duplicated data; 46 articles were remained due to the curcumin effects on sepsis. These included 23 in vitro studies and 23 animal studies. Our results showed that curcumin and various analogs of curcumin can have an inhibitory effect on sepsis-induced complications. Curcumin has the ability to inhibit the inflammatory, oxidative coagulation factors, and regulation of immune responses in sepsis. Despite the promising evidence of the therapeutic effects of curcumin on the sepsis complication, further studies seem necessary to investigate its effect and possible mechanisms of action in human studies.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Curcumin was beneficial in acute lung injury and lung fibrosis.

BACKGROUND : Acute lung injury is one of the common condition caused due to bleomycin therapy which leads to pulmonary fibrosis , which is one of the severe interstitial lung disease most commonly affecting the elderly individuals .
EGFR and Ki67 are can be marked as beneficial markers for detecting pulmonary fibrosis based on which clinicians can guide therapy .
OBJECTIVE : The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of curcumin as an intervention on two prognostic markers EGFR and Ki67 in bleomycin induced basal alveolar epithelial cells and C57BL/6 mice .
Protein expressions and pathological expressions of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the effect of curcumin on it both in in vitro and in vivo approaches .
METHODS : The effect of curcumin was investigated both on cell lines ( A549 ) and animal model ( both normal and bleomycin induced mice , n=6 ) via techniques like western blotting for protein expression .
Techniques like immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was carried out and examined under confocal microscopy and phase contrast microscope to analyze the expressions of the said biomarkers .
Bleomycin was used as a causative agent to induce inflammation .
KEY FINDINGS : The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels of Ki67 and EGFR both in vitro and in vivo .
Immunofluorescence analysis on proliferative marker Ki67 showed reduced expression on curcumin treatment in vitro .
The pathological sections from treated lungs showed significant decrease in EGFR and Ki67 levels when exposed to curcumin .
CONCLUSION : We conclude that curcumin , well-known natural bioactive compound holds strong anti-proliferative on Ki67 and EGFR expressions.We observed that , a clinical outcome in diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis remains to be unconvincing so far .
Curcumin can be considered as a potential therapeutic .

BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury is one of the common condition caused due to bleomycin therapy which leads to pulmonary fibrosis, which is one of the severe interstitial lung disease most commonly affecting the elderly individuals. EGFR and Ki67 are can be marked as beneficial markers for detecting pulmonary fibrosis based on which clinicians can guide therapy.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of curcumin as an intervention on two prognostic markers EGFR and Ki67 in bleomycin induced basal alveolar epithelial cells and C57BL/6 mice. Protein expressions and pathological expressions of EGFR and Ki67 were evaluated to analyze the effect of curcumin on it both in in vitro and in vivo approaches.
METHODS: The effect of curcumin was investigated both on cell lines (A549) and animal model (both normal and bleomycin induced mice, n=6) via techniques like western blotting for protein expression. Techniques like immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was carried out and examined under confocal microscopy and phase contrast microscope to analyze the expressions of the said biomarkers. Bleomycin was used as a causative agent to induce inflammation.
KEY FINDINGS: The natural polyphenol curcumin could downregulate the expressions levels of Ki67 and EGFR both in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis on proliferative marker Ki67 showed reduced expression on curcumin treatment in vitro. The pathological sections from treated lungs showed significant decrease in EGFR and Ki67 levels when exposed to curcumin.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that curcumin, well-known natural bioactive compound holds strong anti-proliferative on Ki67 and EGFR expressions.We observed that, a clinical outcome in diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis remains to be unconvincing so far. Curcumin can be considered as a potential therapeutic.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Curcumin elevates TFH cells and germinal center B cell response for antibody production in mice.

Curcumin is a natural product extracted from .
It has been reported as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound .
@ @ @ @ @ curcumin suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of NF-κB in macrophages .
However , its @ @ @ @ @ such as T cells , , has not clearly been elucidated .
Here , we @ @ @ @ @ in T follicular helper ( T ) cells and on Ab production during NP-ovalbumin immunization @ @ @ @ @ revealed that curcumin administered daily significantly increased CXCR5B-cell lymphoma 6Tcells and CD95GL-7germinal center ( GC @ @ @ @ @ lymph nodes .
In addition , curcumin treatment in mice induced total Ab production as @ @ @ @ @ and IgG2b Ab production .
Collectively , these results suggest that curcumin has positive regulatory @ @ @ @ @ GC responses .
Thus , this could be an advantageous supplement to enhance humoral immunity @ @ @ @ @ .

Curcumin is a natural product extracted from. It has been reported as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound. Previous studies have demonstrated that curcumin suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of NF-κB in macrophages. However, its role in adaptive immune cells such as T cells,, has not clearly been elucidated. Here, we examined the effects of curcumin in T follicular helper (T) cells and on Ab production during NP-ovalbumin immunization in mice. The results revealed that curcumin administered daily significantly increased CXCR5B-cell lymphoma 6Tcells and CD95GL-7germinal center (GC) B cells in draining lymph nodes. In addition, curcumin treatment in mice induced total Ab production as well as high affinity IgG1 and IgG2b Ab production. Collectively, these results suggest that curcumin has positive regulatory roles in Tcell functions and GC responses. Thus, this could be an advantageous supplement to enhance humoral immunity against infectious diseases and cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Using curcumin to turn the innate immune system against cancer.

Curcumin has been at the center of vigorous research and major debate during the past decade .
Inspired by its anti-inflammatory properties , many curcumin-based products are being sold now to manage various forms of arthritis .
Parallel preclinical studies have established its role in dissolving beta-amyloid plaques , tau-based neurofibrillary tangles , and also alpha-synuclein-linked protein aggregates typically observed in Parkinson 's disease .
In cancer research , most cancer cells in culture are eliminated by curcumin at an IC50 of 15-30 µM , whereas the maximum in vivo curcumin concentration achieved in humans is only about 6 µM @ @ @ @ @ @ @ no improvement over the placebo groups was observed in clinical studies using free curcumin as an anticancer agent .
The lack of anticancer efficacy was attributed to its lowbioavailability , which results from the low water-solubility and high metabolic rate in vivo .
Newer lipid-complexed or antibody-targeted forms have been used and these studies have revealed an exciting property of curcumin , which involves repolarization of the tumor-promoting , tumor-associated microglia/macrophages ( TAMs ) into a tumoricidal form and recruitment of natural killer cells from the periphery .
This review will cover some @ @ @ @ @ @ @ curcumin to dramatically alter the tumor microenvironment , thereby launching an indirect attack on the tumor cells and the tumor stem cells .
Reviewing some aspects of immunotherapy , this article will argue for the use of the innate immune cells in cancer therapy .

Curcumin has been at the center of vigorous research and major debate during the past decade. Inspired by its anti-inflammatory properties, many curcumin-based products are being sold now to manage various forms of arthritis. Parallel preclinical studies have established its role in dissolving beta-amyloid plaques, tau-based neurofibrillary tangles, and also alpha-synuclein-linked protein aggregates typically observed in Parkinson's disease. In cancer research, most cancer cells in culture are eliminated by curcumin at an IC50 of 15-30 µM, whereas the maximum in vivo curcumin concentration achieved in humans is only about 6 µM. Additionally, a decade ago, no improvement over the placebo groups was observed in clinical studies using free curcumin as an anticancer agent. The lack of anticancer efficacy was attributed to its lowbioavailability, which results from the low water-solubility and high metabolic rate in vivo. Newer lipid-complexed or antibody-targeted forms have been used and these studies have revealed an exciting property of curcumin, which involves repolarization of the tumor-promoting, tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) into a tumoricidal form and recruitment of natural killer cells from the periphery. This review will cover some efforts to explore the effect of appropriately-delivered curcumin to dramatically alter the tumor microenvironment, thereby launching an indirect attack on the tumor cells and the tumor stem cells. Reviewing some aspects of immunotherapy, this article will argue for the use of the innate immune cells in cancer therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Curcumin can reduce the degree of severity of acute lung injury and uncontrolled inflammation.

OBJECTIVES : Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ALI/ARDS ) is one type of respiratory failure characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs .
Curcumin has been reported to be an anti-inflammatory factor through enhancing the function of regulatory T cells ( Tregs ) .
This study aimed to explore the effect of curcumin on the differentiation of Tregs and the role of curcumin in ALI/ARDS .
METHODS : A cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) -induced acute lung injury mouse model was used to explore the effect of curcumin in ALI/ARDS .
The severity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of IL-17A and MPO in lung tissue was examined .
Treg-related cytokine levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) were tested .
The expression of nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) in lung tissue was detected .
Macrophages in lung tissue were detected by immunofluorescence .
Splenic CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs were quantified , and the differentiation of Tregs from naïve CD4 + T cell and STAT5 was evaluated .
The expression of IL-10 during naïve CD4 + T cell differentiation in vitro was tested .
RESULTS : Curcumin alleviated lung injury @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suppressed inflammation .
IL-17A , MPO-producing neutrophils , and NF-κB p65 expression in lungs of CLP mice decreased significantly after pretreatment with curcumin .
We found curcumin could regulate M1/M2 macrophage levels in lungs of CLP mice .
This may have been through regulating the differentiation of Tregs and the production of Treg-derived IL-10 .
Treg-derived IL-10 is the main factor that could affect macrophage polarization .
We found curcumin could increase Treg proportions in vivo and up-regulate IL-10 expression in serum and BALF of CLP mice .
In our in vitro experiments @ @ @ @ @ @ @ differentiation and increase the production of IL-10 .
CONCLUSIONS : Curcumin can reduce the degree of severity of ALI and uncontrolled inflammation through promoting the differentiation of naïve CD4 + T cells to CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs .
Curcumin promotes the conversion of macrophages from M1 to M2 .
The differentiation of Tregs induced by curcumin may be one source of IL-10 immune modulation .

OBJECTIVES: Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is one type of respiratory failure characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. Curcumin has been reported to be an anti-inflammatory factor through enhancing the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This study aimed to explore the effect of curcumin on the differentiation of Tregs and the role of curcumin in ALI/ARDS.
METHODS: A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced acute lung injury mouse model was used to explore the effect of curcumin in ALI/ARDS. The severity of lung injury was evaluated. Immunohistochemistry of IL-17A and MPO in lung tissue was examined. Treg-related cytokine levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were tested. The expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in lung tissue was detected. Macrophages in lung tissue were detected by immunofluorescence. Splenic CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs were quantified, and the differentiation of Tregs from naïve CD4 + T cell and STAT5 was evaluated. The expression of IL-10 during naïve CD4 + T cell differentiation in vitro was tested.
RESULTS: Curcumin alleviated lung injury in the induced CLP mouse model and suppressed inflammation. IL-17A, MPO-producing neutrophils, and NF-κB p65 expression in lungs of CLP mice decreased significantly after pretreatment with curcumin. We found curcumin could regulate M1/M2 macrophage levels in lungs of CLP mice. This may have been through regulating the differentiation of Tregs and the production of Treg-derived IL-10. Treg-derived IL-10 is the main factor that could affect macrophage polarization. We found curcumin could increase Treg proportions in vivo and up-regulate IL-10 expression in serum and BALF of CLP mice. In our in vitro experiments, we found curcumin could promote Treg differentiation and increase the production of IL-10.
CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin can reduce the degree of severity of ALI and uncontrolled inflammation through promoting the differentiation of naïve CD4 + T cells to CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. Curcumin promotes the conversion of macrophages from M1 to M2. The differentiation of Tregs induced by curcumin may be one source of IL-10 immune modulation.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--The effect of ascorbate on cellular humoral immunity in asthmatic children.

Ten White children with bronchial asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction were assessed immunologically before and 1 , 3 and 6 months @ @ @ @ @ therapy supplemented with ascorbate 1 g/d .
The tests of cellular immune function were neutrophil @ @ @ @ @ and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction , and lymphocyte mitogen-induced transformation .
Humoral functions measured were @ @ @ @ @ , alpha 1-antitrypsin , C3 , C4 and total haemolytic complement , antistreptolysin O ( @ @ @ @ @ .
Radio-allergosorbent testing to the common allergens Cynodon dactylon ( grass ) , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus @ @ @ @ @ dust and cat epithelium was performed on each child before and 3 and 6 months @ @ @ @ @ had depressed neutrophil motility , 4 had depressed lymphocyte transformation , and 7 had elevated @ @ @ @ @ functions normalized after 6 months of ascorbate-supplemented therapy .
Serum total IgE levels but not @ @ @ @ @ reduced after 6 months of therapy .
Reduced levels of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin were observed @ @ @ @ @ remained unchanged throughout the study .

Ten White children with bronchial asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction were assessed immunologically before and 1, 3 and 6 months after the commencement of standard therapy supplemented with ascorbate 1 g/d. The tests of cellular immune function were neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and resting and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and lymphocyte mitogen-induced transformation. Humoral functions measured were secretory IgA, serum immunoglobulins, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C3, C4 and total haemolytic complement, antistreptolysin O (ASO) and C-reactive protein. Radio-allergosorbent testing to the common allergens Cynodon dactylon (grass), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (mite), house dust and cat epithelium was performed on each child before and 3 and 6 months after treatment. Two children had depressed neutrophil motility, 4 had depressed lymphocyte transformation, and 7 had elevated levels of ASO. These functions normalized after 6 months of ascorbate-supplemented therapy. Serum total IgE levels but not specific IgE levels were likewise reduced after 6 months of therapy. Reduced levels of serum alpha 1-antitrypsin were observed in 2 children, and remained unchanged throughout the study.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--The mechanistic activity of Chinese skullcap may make it a useful herb for treating periodontal dise

The mechanistic activity of Chinese skullcap may make it a useful herb for treating periodontal disease.

INTRODUCTION : Periodontal disease is characterized by a chronic infection , leading to the irreversible destruction of tissues supporting the teeth .
Bacteria , pro-inflammatory mediators and host immune response play important role in the progress of periodontal disease .
Baicalin is a bioactive flavone extracted from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis , with pharmaceutical actions of anti-inflammation , anti-oxidants , anti-tumor , antivirus , and so on .
The present review summarizes the efficacy of baicalin in periodontal treatment .
METHODS : A computer-based literature search was carried out using Pubmed , Scopus and Web of Science @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Keywords used in the search were '' baicalin '' / '' baicalein '' and various words related to periodontal disease ( periodontal , periodontitis , periodontal tissue , gingival , gingivitis , gingival tissue , periodontal disease , gingival disease , gingiva , periodontium ) .
RESULTS : A total of 28 original studies were found , including 3 bacteriological studies , 7 zoological studies and 18 cytological studies .
15 of them were published in English and 13 of them were published in Chinese .
Results from these 28 studies could not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the heterogeneity .
The pharmacological properties and mechanisms of baicalin for treating periodontal disease is mainly focused on five aspects : antibacterial effect on putative periodontopathic bacteria , protective effect on periodontal tissues , regulatory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases , and regulatory effect on innate immune response .
CONCLUSIONS : Baicalin have been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities in periodontal tissues .
However , the underlying mechanisms have not been fully defined .
Further researches are needed to provide more scientific evidence for the clinical periodontal treatment .

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease is characterized by a chronic infection, leading to the irreversible destruction of tissues supporting the teeth. Bacteria, pro-inflammatory mediators and host immune response play important role in the progress of periodontal disease. Baicalin is a bioactive flavone extracted from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis, with pharmaceutical actions of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidants, anti-tumor, antivirus, and so on. The present review summarizes the efficacy of baicalin in periodontal treatment.
METHODS: A computer-based literature search was carried out using Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science to identify papers published until 2017. Keywords used in the search were"baicalin"/"baicalein"and various words related to periodontal disease (periodontal, periodontitis, periodontal tissue, gingival, gingivitis, gingival tissue, periodontal disease, gingival disease, gingiva, periodontium).
RESULTS: A total of 28 original studies were found, including 3 bacteriological studies, 7 zoological studies and 18 cytological studies. 15 of them were published in English and 13 of them were published in Chinese. Results from these 28 studies could not be pooled to conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity. The pharmacological properties and mechanisms of baicalin for treating periodontal disease is mainly focused on five aspects: antibacterial effect on putative periodontopathic bacteria, protective effect on periodontal tissues, regulatory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, and regulatory effect on innate immune response.
CONCLUSIONS: Baicalin have been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities in periodontal tissues. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully defined. Further researches are needed to provide more scientific evidence for the clinical periodontal treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Chinese skullcap regulates free fatty acid metabolism to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Chinese skullcap regulates free fatty acid metabolism to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Scutellaria baicalensis has been reported to improve the lipid metabolism of high-fat diet-induced liver dysfunction , but direct evidence is rare .
This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of S. baicalensis and its major constituent baicalin on hepatic lipotoxicity .
KK-Amice and orotic acid ( OA ) -induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) rats were used to evaluate lipid metabolism regulatory effects .
Sodium oleate-induced triglyceride-accumulated HepG2 cells were used for the mechanism study , pretreated with or without compound C or STO-609 or transfected with liver kinase B1 ( LKB1 ) siRNA .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decreased effect on serum and hepatic triglycerides , total cholesterols , and free fatty acid ( FFA ) levels after 8 weeks of treatment .
In OA-induced NAFLD rats , 18 days of treatment with baicalin significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation , attenuating hepatocyte hypertrophy , vacuolization and necrosis .
S. baicalensis and baicalin treatment significantly suppressed the sterol regulatory element bindingprotein-1c ( SREBP-1c ) transcriptional program with downregulation of gene and protein expression of SREBP-1c ( both precursor and mature fraction ) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase , fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( AMPK ) , carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 2 in the liver .
Furthermore , activation of AMPK by baicalin was observed to be relative to the increase in phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase .
Taken together , S. baicalensis conferred preventive effects against FFA-induced lipotoxicity through the AMPK-mediated SREBP signaling pathway .

Scutellaria baicalensis has been reported to improve the lipid metabolism of high-fat diet-induced liver dysfunction, but direct evidence is rare. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of S. baicalensis and its major constituent baicalin on hepatic lipotoxicity. KK-Amice and orotic acid (OA)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rats were used to evaluate lipid metabolism regulatory effects. Sodium oleate-induced triglyceride-accumulated HepG2 cells were used for the mechanism study, pretreated with or without compound C or STO-609 or transfected with liver kinase B1 (LKB1) siRNA. In KK-Amice, S. baicalensis extract showed a decreased effect on serum and hepatic triglycerides, total cholesterols, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels after 8 weeks of treatment. In OA-induced NAFLD rats, 18 days of treatment with baicalin significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation, attenuating hepatocyte hypertrophy, vacuolization and necrosis. S. baicalensis and baicalin treatment significantly suppressed the sterol regulatory element bindingprotein-1c (SREBP-1c) transcriptional program with downregulation of gene and protein expression of SREBP-1c (both precursor and mature fraction) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 2 in the liver. Furthermore, activation of AMPK by baicalin was observed to be relative to the increase in phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase. Taken together, S. baicalensis conferred preventive effects against FFA-induced lipotoxicity through the AMPK-mediated SREBP signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Dong quai exerts anti-inflammatory effects through regulating disturbed metabolic networks.

Angelica sinensis ( AS ) is an important medicinal plant , and volatile oil is the main pharmacologically active ingredient .
This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil of A. sinensis ( VOAS ) and explore its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism by plasma metabolomics approach .
Rat acute inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan in hind paws .
Paw edema , histamine ( HIS ) and 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) were detected .
Then , we analyzed plasma metabolic profiling of acute inflammation and performed pathway analysis on the metabolite markers reversed after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ networks .
The results showed that VOAS could alleviate the paw edema and decrease plasma HIS and 5-HT levels .
Fourteen metabolite markers of acute inflammation were screened , and the levels were all reversed to different degrees after VOAS administration .
These metabolite markers mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism , ascorbate and aldarate metabolism , arachidonic acid metabolism , glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism , and glycine , serine and threonine metabolism .
In metabolic networks , glycine and arachidonic acid were node molecules .
It indicated that VOAS could significantly inhibit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stimulation and it exerted anti-inflammatory activity mainly through regulating the disturbed metabolic networks centered on glycine and arachidonic acid .

Angelica sinensis (AS) is an important medicinal plant, and volatile oil is the main pharmacologically active ingredient. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil of A. sinensis (VOAS) and explore its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism by plasma metabolomics approach. Rat acute inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan in hind paws. Paw edema, histamine (HIS) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were detected. Then, we analyzed plasma metabolic profiling of acute inflammation and performed pathway analysis on the metabolite markers reversed after VOAS administration and further integration of metabolic networks. The results showed that VOAS could alleviate the paw edema and decrease plasma HIS and 5-HT levels. Fourteen metabolite markers of acute inflammation were screened, and the levels were all reversed to different degrees after VOAS administration. These metabolite markers mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. In metabolic networks, glycine and arachidonic acid were node molecules. It indicated that VOAS could significantly inhibit systemic inflammatory response triggered by acute local stimulation and it exerted anti-inflammatory activity mainly through regulating the disturbed metabolic networks centered on glycine and arachidonic acid.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Angelica sinesis extracts display antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic effects in vi

Angelica sinesis extracts display antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic effects in vitro.

This study aimed to investigate the colorectal cancer preventive effect of the combined administration of phenolic acids and supercritical extracts @ @ @ @ @ AOM/DSS model in mice was adopted .
Phenolic acids were administrated orally in the initial @ @ @ @ @ a dose of 1 g·kg⁻¹ BW , which was combined withtherectal administration with three doses @ @ @ @ @ , 30 , 60 g·kg⁻¹ BW ) .
PCNA , 8-oxoguaine , γ-H2AX , iNOS @ @ @ @ @ immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays .
The results showed that the combined administration of phenolicacids @ @ @ @ @ sinensis suppressed the tumor growth and cell proliferation , and DNA damages and inflammatory responses @ @ @ @ @ manner .
These results indicate that the combined administration of phenolic acids and supercritical extracts @ @ @ @ @ certain effect in preventing carcinogenesis .

This study aimed to investigate the colorectal cancer preventive effect of the combined administration of phenolic acids and supercritical extracts from Angelica sinensis. The AOM/DSS model in mice was adopted. Phenolic acids were administrated orally in the initial stage of the model at a dose of 1 g·kg⁻¹ BW, which was combined withtherectal administration with three doses of supercritical extracts (15, 30, 60 g·kg⁻¹ BW). PCNA, 8-oxoguaine, γ-H2AX, iNOS and COX-2 were tested by immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays. The results showed that the combined administration of phenolicacids and supercritical extracts from A. sinensis suppressed the tumor growth and cell proliferation, and DNA damages and inflammatory responses were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the combined administration of phenolic acids and supercritical extracts from A. sinensis have a certain effect in preventing carcinogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Angelica whole plant and leaf display the highest anxiolytic activity whereas the root, fruit, inter

Angelica whole plant and leaf display the highest anxiolytic activity whereas the root, fruit, intermediate, and stem display the least.

Angelica archangelica Linn.is a herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world .
In Indian and Chinese system of medicine , it is used for nervous disorders and cerebral diseases .
Previously the aqueous extract of the A. archangelica was evaluated for anxiolytic activity and was found to have significant potential for the same .
The present study is aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of methanol extract of root ( MER ) , stem ( MES ) , leaf ( MEL ) , fruit ( MEF ) and whole plant ( MEW ) of Angelica archangelica Linn @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MES , MEL , MEF and MEW ) were evaluated for anxiolytic effects using elevated plus maze test ( EPM ) model in rats .
Methanol extracts of different parts of A.archangelica had increased number of entries and time spent in open arms while they decreased the number of entries and duration of time spent in closed arm of the EPM .
In a similar fashion , the diazepam increased the percentage of time spent and percentage of arm entries in the open arms ( *P < 0.05 , **P < 0.01 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the maximum , leaf and fruits showed intermediate , while stem had the least anxiolytic activity ( *P < 0.05 , **P < 0.01 ) in EPM ( Figure 1-5 ) .
The head dip count in DZ , SMR400 , SML400 , SMF400 and SMW400 in open arm are significantly shown in Table 1 .
The DZ , SMF400 and SMW did not show the fecal bolus while other groups were reduced the fecal bolus significantly ( **P < 0.01 ) as compared to control ( Table 1 ) .
Whole plant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and fruit the intermediate and stem the least anxiolytic activity ( **P < 0.01 ) in EPM .

Angelica archangelica Linn.is a herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Indian and Chinese system of medicine, it is used for nervous disorders and cerebral diseases. Previously the aqueous extract of the A. archangelica was evaluated for anxiolytic activity and was found to have significant potential for the same. The present study is aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of methanol extract of root (MER), stem (MES), leaf (MEL), fruit (MEF) and whole plant (MEW) of Angelica archangelica Linn. All the extracts (MER, MES, MEL, MEF and MEW) were evaluated for anxiolytic effects using elevated plus maze test (EPM) model in rats. Methanol extracts of different parts of A.archangelica had increased number of entries and time spent in open arms while they decreased the number of entries and duration of time spent in closed arm of the EPM. In a similar fashion, the diazepam increased the percentage of time spent and percentage of arm entries in the open arms (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Whole plant and the root had the maximum, leaf and fruits showed intermediate, while stem had the least anxiolytic activity (*P<0.05, **P<0.01) in EPM (Figure 1-5). The head dip count in DZ, SMR400, SML400, SMF400 and SMW400 in open arm are significantly shown in Table 1. The DZ, SMF400 and SMW did not show the fecal bolus while other groups were reduced the fecal bolus significantly (**P<0.01) as compared to control (Table 1). Whole plant and leaf showed the most, root and fruit the intermediate and stem the least anxiolytic activity (**P<0.01) in EPM.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Angelica root coumarins display synergistic anxiolytic activity.

UNLABELLED : TRADITIONAL RELEVANCE : Angelica archangelica Linn .
( Apiaceae ) is an herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world .
Both in Chinese and Indian system of medicine , it is used for nervous disorders including anxiety , anorexia , migraine and other cerebral diseases .
AIM OF STUDY : To evaluate the anxiolytic potential of non polar coumarins isolated from A. archangelica Linn .
METHODS AND RESULTS : A. archangelica Linn .
( 1 kg ) was subjected to extraction in a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether ( 40-60°C ) , yield 6.9 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ produced a yellow colored precipitate ( YP ) which was evaluated for anxiolytic like effect using EPM test and was found significant ( **P < 0.01 ) in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg , po .
The precipitate was shown to be a mixture of seven constituents in HPTLC and six on the TLC plate which were further subjected to separation by preparative TLC .
Non polar coumarins were isolated namely imperatorin ( IM ) and isoimperatorin ( IIM ) .
YP , IM , IIM were tested for anxiolytic like effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ along with DZ ( 1mg/kg , po ) using EPM , Light & dark arena and hole board models in rats .
All the test drugs were found to have significant ( *P < 0.05 , **P < 0.01 ) activity .
IM and IIM have the potential to reduce anxiety but yellow precipitate showed the most promising activity as compared to isolated coumarins .
This effect may be due to the synergistic action of all compounds present in the YP or by multiple mechanism of action .
The test drugs may have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : The mixture of coumarins isolated from A. archangelica and its constituents imperatorin and isoimperatorin have the potential to reduce anxiety but it is the mixture which have more significant activity as compared to its individual components .

UNLABELLED: TRADITIONAL RELEVANCE: Angelica archangelica Linn. (Apiaceae) is an herb distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Both in Chinese and Indian system of medicine, it is used for nervous disorders including anxiety, anorexia, migraine and other cerebral diseases.
AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate the anxiolytic potential of non polar coumarins isolated from A. archangelica Linn.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A. archangelica Linn. (1 kg) was subjected to extraction in a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (40-60°C), yield 6.9% w/w. The extract of petroleum ether produced a yellow colored precipitate (YP) which was evaluated for anxiolytic like effect using EPM test and was found significant (**P<0.01) in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, po. The precipitate was shown to be a mixture of seven constituents in HPTLC and six on the TLC plate which were further subjected to separation by preparative TLC. Non polar coumarins were isolated namely imperatorin (IM) and isoimperatorin (IIM). YP, IM, IIM were tested for anxiolytic like effects in a dose of 5mg/kg, po along with DZ (1mg/kg, po) using EPM, Light&dark arena and hole board models in rats. All the test drugs were found to have significant (*P<0.05, **P<0.01) activity. IM and IIM have the potential to reduce anxiety but yellow precipitate showed the most promising activity as compared to isolated coumarins. This effect may be due to the synergistic action of all compounds present in the YP or by multiple mechanism of action. The test drugs may have the potential for different receptors.
CONCLUSION: The mixture of coumarins isolated from A. archangelica and its constituents imperatorin and isoimperatorin have the potential to reduce anxiety but it is the mixture which have more significant activity as compared to its individual components.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Angelica root displays antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 and coxsackievirus B3 infec

Angelica root displays antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 and coxsackievirus B3 infections.

The dichloromethane extract from fruits of Angelica archangelica L. was separated by the modern high-performance countercurrent chromatography ( HPCCC ) .
The extract and five pure compounds : xanthotoxin , bergapten , imperatorin , phellopterin and isoimperatorin , and the mixture of imperatorin and phellopterin , have been studied as the potential antiviral agents against Herpes simplex virus type l and Coxsackievirus B3 .
The cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT method .
Compounds were tested for the in vitro antiviral activity using the cytopathic effect ( CPE ) inhibitory assay and by the virus titre reduction assay .
Real-time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibition of the HSV-1 replication .
The results indicate that the highest activity was demonstrated by the extract , imperatorin , phellopterin and the mixture of imperatorin and phellopterin , reducing the HSV-1 replication by 5.61 log , 4.7 log , 3.01 log and 3.73 log , respectively .
The influence of isolated compounds on the CVB3 replication was not significant .
Only the extract caused the decrease in the titre of virus in relationto the virus control .
Our results show that coumarins of A. archangelica L. might be a potential candidate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anti- HSV-1 compound .
Moreover , the presence of isopentenyloxy moiety at C-8 position significantly improves their activity .

The dichloromethane extract from fruits of Angelica archangelica L. was separated by the modern high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC). The extract and five pure compounds: xanthotoxin, bergapten, imperatorin, phellopterin and isoimperatorin, and the mixture of imperatorin and phellopterin, have been studied as the potential antiviral agents against Herpes simplex virus type l and Coxsackievirus B3. The cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT method. Compounds were tested for the in vitro antiviral activity using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibitory assay and by the virus titre reduction assay. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the relative inhibition of the HSV-1 replication. The results indicate that the highest activity was demonstrated by the extract, imperatorin, phellopterin and the mixture of imperatorin and phellopterin, reducing the HSV-1 replication by 5.61 log, 4.7 log, 3.01 log and 3.73 log, respectively. The influence of isolated compounds on the CVB3 replication was not significant. Only the extract caused the decrease in the titre of virus in relationto the virus control. Our results show that coumarins of A. archangelica L. might be a potential candidate for the development of the alternative natural anti- HSV-1 compound. Moreover, the presence of isopentenyloxy moiety at C-8 position significantly improves their activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--This paper describes traditional Chinese herbs used to clear heat that have been demonstrated to pos

This paper describes traditional Chinese herbs used to clear heat that have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.

Inflammation is a normal immune response ; but if the body 's regulation of inflammation is dysfunctional , then it will have an adverse effect on the body .
Although use of modern drugs for inflammation has a relieving effect , it is still unsatisfactory .
Moreover , the emergence of drug-resistant strains and even new kinds of microorganisms is causing significant morbidity and mortality .
Recently , more attention has been focused on herbal medicine to treat various diseases because of the ability of the herbs to affect multiple target signaling pathways and their multiple mechanisms of action .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ have reported on the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of the traditional Chinese herbs .
Literature survey was performed by conducting systematic electronic search in PubMed , Science Direct , Google Scholar , and in books .
This review has listed 11 heat-clearing Chinese herbs ( HCCHs ) including Scutellaria baicalensis ( Huáng Qín ) , Coptis chinensis ( Huáng Lián ) , Flos Lonicerae ( Jīn Yín Hūa ) , Forsythia suspensa ( Lián Qiào ) , Isatidis Folium ( Dà Qīn Yè ) , Radix Isatidis ( Bǎn Lán Gēn ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , Pulsatilla Radix ( Bái Tóu Wēn ) , Andrographis paniculata ( Chuān Xīn Lián ) , Houttuynia cordata ( Yú Xīng Cǎo ) , and Patrinia Herba ( Bài Jiàn Cǎo ) , which have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects , and has described their effects through different mechanisms of action and multiple targets .
Their ability to affect multiple target signaling pathways and their potential mechanisms of action contributing to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity may be related to their action of removing heat and counteracting toxicity .
Further studies are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ know the detailed mechanism of action of herbs in this group for the assessment of effective drug .

Inflammation is a normal immune response; but if the body's regulation of inflammation is dysfunctional, then it will have an adverse effect on the body. Although use of modern drugs for inflammation has a relieving effect, it is still unsatisfactory. Moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and even new kinds of microorganisms is causing significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, more attention has been focused on herbal medicine to treat various diseases because of the ability of the herbs to affect multiple target signaling pathways and their multiple mechanisms of action. Thus, a large number of studies have reported on the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of the traditional Chinese herbs. Literature survey was performed by conducting systematic electronic search in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and in books. This review has listed 11 heat-clearing Chinese herbs (HCCHs) including Scutellaria baicalensis ( Huáng Qín), Coptis chinensis ( Huáng Lián), Flos Lonicerae ( Jīn Yín Hūa), Forsythia suspensa ( Lián Qiào), Isatidis Folium ( Dà Qīn Yè), Radix Isatidis ( Bǎn Lán Gēn), Viola yedoensis ( Zǐ Huā Dì Dīn), Pulsatilla Radix ( Bái Tóu Wēn), Andrographis paniculata ( Chuān Xīn Lián), Houttuynia cordata ( Yú Xīng Cǎo), and Patrinia Herba ( Bài Jiàn Cǎo), which have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and has described their effects through different mechanisms of action and multiple targets. Their ability to affect multiple target signaling pathways and their potential mechanisms of action contributing to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity may be related to their action of removing heat and counteracting toxicity. Further studies are needed on the collection of HCCHs to know the detailed mechanism of action of herbs in this group for the assessment of effective drug.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--The US Gov. Health Statistics Agency Directs Hospitals to Confirm Suspected COVID-19 Deaths As Confi

The US Gov. Health Statistics Agency Directs Hospitals to Confirm Suspected COVID-19 Deaths As Confirmed

While the hysteria and panic over COVID-19 's presumed lethality grow , so do serious questions about whether the government and media are accurately reporting on the scale of the threat .
A document has surfaced revealing that the government 's own health statistics agency is now directing hospitals to define deaths merely suspected to be linked to COVID-19 as confirmed on death certificates .
The National Vital Statistics System ( NVSS ) , an inter-governmental system of sharing data on the vital statistics of the population of the United States , which coordinates different state health departments of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Health Statistics , a division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , released a statement on March 24th announcing a new ICD code for COVID-19 deaths .
The NVSS statement ( full release in text and screenshotted below ) directs those recording death certificates to identify the cause of death to be COVID-19 even when it is only `` assumed to have caused or contributed to death '' : '' Should “ COVID-19 ” be reported on the death certificate only with a confirmed test ?
COVID-19 should be reported on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the disease caused or is assumed to have caused or contributed to death .
Certifiers should include as much detail as possible based on their knowledge of the case , medical records , laboratory testing , etc.
`` The NVSS directives also reveal that they are not likely to pursue confirmation of these cases in the future : This indicates that so-called `` confirmed COVID-19 deaths '' reported through national health databases and the media at large are , in fact , not being confirmed .
Here is the full release : This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ newly-introduced ICD code has been implemented to accurately capture mortality data for Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) on death certificates .
Please read carefully and forward this email to the state statistical staff in your office who are involved in the preparation of mortality data , as well as others who may receive questions when the data are released .
The new ICD code for Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) is U07.1 , and below is how it will appear in formal tabular list format .
The WHO has provided a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or epidemiological diagnosis of COVID-19 where a laboratory confirmation is inconclusive or not available .
Because laboratory test results are not typically reported on death certificates in the U.S. , NCHS is not planning to implement U07.2 for mortality statistics .
When will it be implemented ?
Will COVID-19 be the underlying cause ?
The underlying cause depends upon what and where conditions are reported on the death certificate .
However , the rules for coding and selection of the underlying cause of death are expected to result in COVID- 19 being the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ What happens if certifiers report terms other than the suggested terms ?
If a death certificate reports coronavirus without identifying a specific strain or explicitly specifying that it is not COVID-19 , NCHS will ask the states to follow up to verify whether or not the coronavirus was COVID-19 .
As long as the phrase used indicates the 2019 coronavirus strain , NCHS expects to assign the new code .
However , it is preferable and more straightforward for certifiers to use the standard terminology ( COVID-19 ) .
What happens if the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ uncertainty ?
If the death certificate reports terms such as “ probable COVID-19 ” or “ likely COVID-19 , ” these terms would be assigned the new ICD code .
It Is not likely that NCHS will follow up on these cases .
If “ pending COVID-19 testing ” is reported on the death certificate , this would be considered a pending record .
In this scenario , NCHS would expect to receive an updated record , since the code will likely result in R99 .
In this case , NCHS will ask @ @ @ @ @ @ @ if test results confirmed that the decedent had COVID- 19 .
Do I need to make any changes at the jurisdictional level to accommodate the new ICD code ?
Not necessarily , but you will want to confirm that your systems and programs do not behave as if U07.1 is an unknown code .
Should “ COVID-19 ” be reported on the death certificate only with a confirmed test ?
COVID-19 should be reported on the death certificate for all decedents where the disease caused or is assumed to have caused or contributed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ much detail as possible based on their knowledge of the case , medical records , laboratory testing , etc .
If the decedent had other chronic conditions such as COPD or asthma that may have also contributed , these conditions can be reported in Part

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
While the hysteria and panic over COVID-19's presumed lethality grow, so do serious questions about whether the government and media are accurately reporting on the scale of the threat. A document has surfaced revealing that the government's own health statistics agency is now directing hospitals to define deaths merely suspected to be linked to COVID-19 as confirmed on death certificates.
[Update: on April 5th, the WHO posted ICD guidelines revealing that only "probable" or "suspected" cases of COVID-19 can be written as confirmed causes of death, and where virus testing is inconclusive.]
The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), an inter-governmental system of sharing data on the vital statistics of the population of the United States, which coordinates different state health departments of the US states and the National Center for Health Statistics, a division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, released a statement on March 24th announcing a new ICD code for COVID-19 deaths.
The NVSS statement (full release in text and screenshotted below) directs those recording death certificates to identify the cause of death to be COVID-19 even when it is only "assumed to have caused or contributed to death":
"Should “COVID-19” be reported on the death certificate only with a confirmed test? COVID-19 should be reported on the death certificate for all decedents where the disease caused or is assumed to have caused or contributed to death. Certifiers should include as much detail as possible based on their knowledge of the case, medical records, laboratory testing, etc. "
The NVSS directives also reveal that they are not likely to pursue confirmation of these cases in the future:
"...If the death certificate reports terms such as “probable COVID-19” or “likely COVID-19,” these terms would be assigned the new ICD code. It Is not likely that NCHS will follow up on these cases."
This indicates that so-called "confirmed COVID-19 deaths" reported through national health databases and the media at large are, in fact, not being confirmed. Here is the full release:


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Elderflower inhibits all pro-inflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens.

BACKGROUND : Prolonged induction of excessive levels of inflammatory mediators contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease states , such @ @ @ @ @ thus important to develop safe and effective anti-inflammatory strategies for therapeutic reasons .
In this @ @ @ @ @ ability of aqueous extracts from elder flower ( Sambucus nigra ) to inhibit the proinflammatory @ @ @ @ @ from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans .
METHODS : Monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils @ @ @ @ @ of P. gingivalis , A. actinomycetemcomitans , or purified components thereof ( lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae @ @ @ @ @ presence of elder flower extract and were assayed for cytokine production , integrin activation , @ @ @ @ @ burst .
RESULTS : The elder flower extract was found to potently inhibit all proinflammatory @ @ @ @ @ the underlying mechanisms revealed that the anti-inflammatory extract inhibited activation of the nuclear transcription factor @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSION : The elder flower extract displays useful anti-inflammatory properties that could be exploited @ @ @ @ @ inflammation in human periodontitis .

BACKGROUND: Prolonged induction of excessive levels of inflammatory mediators contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease states, such as periodontitis. It is thus important to develop safe and effective anti-inflammatory strategies for therapeutic reasons. In this study, we determined the ability of aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra) to inhibit the proinflammatory activity of major virulence factors from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
METHODS: Monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils were incubated with whole cells of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, or purified components thereof (lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae) in the absence or presence of elder flower extract and were assayed for cytokine production, integrin activation, or induction of the oxidative burst.
RESULTS: The elder flower extract was found to potently inhibit all proinflammatory activities tested. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that the anti-inflammatory extract inhibited activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappaB and of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
CONCLUSION: The elder flower extract displays useful anti-inflammatory properties that could be exploited therapeutically for the control of inflammation in human periodontitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Elderberry and elderflower extracts inhibit nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated

Elderberry and elderflower extracts inhibit nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.

Modulation of complement activity and inhibition of nitric oxide ( NO ) production by macrophages and dendritic cells may have @ @ @ @ @ .
Elderberry and elderflower extracts , constituents , and metabolites were investigated for their effects @ @ @ @ @ and on NO production in lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine @ @ @ @ @ EtOH crude extracts from elderberry and elderflower and the isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins possessed strong @ @ @ @ @ inhibitory activity on NO production in RAW cells and dendritic cells .
Phenolic compounds in @ @ @ @ @ a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production , with quercetin , rutin , and kaempferol as @ @ @ @ @ Among the metabolites , caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid showed the strongest inhibitory effects on @ @ @ @ @ lines , without having cytotoxic effect.Only 4-methylcatechol was cytotoxic at the highest tested concentration ( @ @ @ @ @ and elderflower constituents may possess inflammatory modulating activity , which increases their nutritional value .

Modulation of complement activity and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages and dendritic cells may have therapeutic value in inflammatory diseases. Elderberry and elderflower extracts, constituents, and metabolites were investigated for their effects on the complement system, and on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine dendritic D2SC/I cells. The EtOH crude extracts from elderberry and elderflower and the isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins possessed strong complement fixating activity and strong inhibitory activity on NO production in RAW cells and dendritic cells. Phenolic compounds in the range of 0.1-100µM showed a dose-dependent inhibition of NO production, with quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol as the most potent ones. Among the metabolites, caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid showed the strongest inhibitory effects on NO production in both cell lines, without having cytotoxic effect.Only 4-methylcatechol was cytotoxic at the highest tested concentration (100 µM). Elderberry and elderflower constituents may possess inflammatory modulating activity, which increases their nutritional value.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Horsetail possesses anxiolytic properties.

The petroleum ether ( PE ) , chloroform ( CH ) , ethanol ( ETH ) and water extracts of @ @ @ @ @ for anti-anxiety activity in mice using elevated plus maze model .
Ketamine induced hypnosis and @ @ @ @ @ sedative effect with various extracts in mice .
The results were compared with standard drug @ @ @ @ @ of E. arvense ( 50 and 100 mg/kg ) significantly increased the time-spent and the @ @ @ @ @ entries in the elevated plus-maze model which was comparable to diazepam .
Ethanolic extract ( @ @ @ @ @ ketamine-induced total sleeping time and decreased the locomotor activity in mice .
The results suggest @ @ @ @ @ E. arvense seems to possess anxiolytic effect with lower sedative activity than that of diazepam @ @ @ @ @ attributed to the flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract .

The petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CH), ethanol (ETH) and water extracts of E. arvense stems were evaluated for anti-anxiety activity in mice using elevated plus maze model. Ketamine induced hypnosis and actophotometer was used to evaluate sedative effect with various extracts in mice. The results were compared with standard drug diazepam. The ethanolic extract of E. arvense (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the time-spent and the percentage of the open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze model which was comparable to diazepam. Ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) prolonged the ketamine-induced total sleeping time and decreased the locomotor activity in mice. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of E. arvense seems to possess anxiolytic effect with lower sedative activity than that of diazepam. The results could be attributed to the flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Horsetail demonstrates significant antioxidant and antiproliferative effects in vitro.

In this study we investigated antioxidative and antiproliferative activity of different horsetail ( Equisetum arvense L. ) extracts .
The antioxidative activity was measured by the electron spin resonance ( ESR ) spectroscopy-spin trapping method .
The influence of different horsetail extracts during lipid peroxidation of ( 1 ) sunflower oil induced by the lipophilic azo-initiator 4,4'-azobis ( 4-cyanovaleric acid ) and ( 2 ) soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by the hydrophilic azo-initiator 2,2'-azobis ( 2-amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride was studied .
Antiproliferative activity was measured using the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay on the human cancer cell lines HeLa , HT-29 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ESR analysis confirmed that the extracts investigated suppressed the formation of lipid peroxyl radicals in both systems investigated in a dose-dependent manner .
The results indicate that n-butanol , methanol , ethyl acetate , and water extracts had significant peroxyl radical scavenging activity .
Extracts inhibited cell growth that was dependent on cell line , type of extract , and extract concentration .
Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most prominent antiproliferative effect , without inducing any cell growth stimulation on human tumor cell lines .
The results obtained suggest that the horsetail extracts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ source of natural antioxidants and as potential phytochemicals .

In this study we investigated antioxidative and antiproliferative activity of different horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts. The antioxidative activity was measured by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy-spin trapping method. The influence of different horsetail extracts during lipid peroxidation of (1) sunflower oil induced by the lipophilic azo-initiator 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) and (2) soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by the hydrophilic azo-initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride was studied. Antiproliferative activity was measured using the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay on the human cancer cell lines HeLa, HT-29, and MCF7. The results of ESR analysis confirmed that the extracts investigated suppressed the formation of lipid peroxyl radicals in both systems investigated in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that n-butanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water extracts had significant peroxyl radical scavenging activity. Extracts inhibited cell growth that was dependent on cell line, type of extract, and extract concentration. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most prominent antiproliferative effect, without inducing any cell growth stimulation on human tumor cell lines. The results obtained suggest that the horsetail extracts could be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as potential phytochemicals.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-03--Horsetail demonstrates significant antioxidant activity.

In this paper , the study of antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of three different extracts ( EtOAc , n-BuOH and H ( 2 ) O ) of field horsetail ( Equisetum arvense L. ) is presented .
The antioxidant activity has been evaluated measuring the total reducing power ( expressed by Ascorbate Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity - AEAC ) , inhibition of lipid peroxidation , and free radical scavenging capacity ( RSC ) towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH radical ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) , respectively .
In addition , the total flavonoid content ( TFC ) and phenolic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The results obtained show that the highest RSC regarding both DPPH and NO radicals is expressed by EtOAc extract ( EC ( 50 ) =2.37 microg/mL and EC ( 50 ) =90.07 microg/mL , respectively ) , and the lowest by H ( 2 ) O extract ( EC ( 50 ) =37.2 microg/mL and EC ( 50 ) > 333.33 microg/mL , respectively ) .
n-BuOH extract showed the highest total reducing power ( AEAC=13.40 microg/mL ) .
Differences in the phenolic composition of examined extracts are found comparing the HPLC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the main flavonoid in both EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts , a considerable amount of di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid was presented in the n-BuOH extract .
In H ( 2 ) O extract high content of phenolic acids and low percentage of flavonoids were detected .

In this paper, the study of antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of three different extracts (EtOAc, n-BuOH and H(2)O) of field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) is presented. The antioxidant activity has been evaluated measuring the total reducing power (expressed by Ascorbate Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity - AEAC), inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical) and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. In addition, the total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic constituents of each extract have been determined. The results obtained show that the highest RSC regarding both DPPH and NO radicals is expressed by EtOAc extract (EC(50)=2.37 microg/mL and EC(50)=90.07 microg/mL, respectively), and the lowest by H(2)O extract (EC(50)=37.2 microg/mL and EC(50)>333.33 microg/mL, respectively). n-BuOH extract showed the highest total reducing power (AEAC=13.40 microg/mL). Differences in the phenolic composition of examined extracts are found comparing the HPLC chemical profiles. Although, isoquercitrin is the main flavonoid in both EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts, a considerable amount of di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid was presented in the n-BuOH extract. In H(2)O extract high content of phenolic acids and low percentage of flavonoids were detected.