greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--BEYOND LABELS: A Roadmap to Health, Happiness & Freedom

We 're constantly bombarded with ever-changing diet recommendations and the latest diet crazes - Paleo , Keto , Whole 30 , Specific Carbohydrate Diet , and the list goes on .
Eggs are bad one day and good the next .
Kale is good for you today .
Tomorrow it contains high levels of thallium and is toxic to your thyroid gland .
How do you know what to put on your plate that will bring you toward greater health and wellness ?
Who and what do you trust ?
Because we all live in our own silos , we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ us -- we are tribal , after all .
But we all know that you learn more by opening yourself up to people with different perspectives .
What if you could listen in on a conversation between two experts from extremely different backgrounds doing extremely different things while they learned from each other ?
That 's the premise of BEYOND LABELS : A Doctor and a Farmer Conquer Food Confusion One Bite at a Time .
In this post , the two authors , Dr. Sina McCullough and Farmer Joel Salatin give you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but the theme of this book that in the words of Andy Snyder , founder of Manward Press , `` has the power to reshape America 's declining health . ''
JOEL : As a regenerative farmer , my life revolves around trying to heal the land while healing people .
My family owns Polyface Farm in Virginia 's Shenandoah Valley , servicing some 5,000 families and 50 restaurants with pastured meat and poultry .
I spend a lot of time interacting with concerned moms who are n't sure about the integrity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ claims -- it 's really overwhelming .
Sina , how about you ?
SINA : I spend a lot of time helping people reverse and prevent disease .
Unlike Joel , who was groomed his entire life for his current role , my awakening occurred because of debilitating health challenges .
For most of my life , I ate the way I was raised , which was based on the Standard American Diet .
I consumed mostly processed foods , was addicted to sugar , and chose meat based on fat content and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ conventional .
I did n't even know the difference between organic and conventional , which is crazy because my PhD is in Nutrition !
But we were n't taught that type of practical information .
So , I completed graduate school not knowing how to navigate a grocery store .
Then , in 2015 , I was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease - an advanced stage of Rheumatoid Arthritis in my 30 's .
It was accompanied by muscle wasting , arsenic poisoning , leaky gut and deficiencies in 15 nutrients that were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pellagra and beriberi .
I sought help from western medical doctors for 20 years and underwent so many tests that I lost count .
Nobody had any answers , except for prescription drugs .
I refused to take the drugs .
And , when the last medical doctor said my symptoms must be in my head , I knew that if I had any chance of healing , I had to find a different path .
So , I broke out of the box of conventional medicine .
I took responsibility for my @ @ @ @ @ @ @ path .
I challenged every nutrition and health `` fact '' I was taught in school , listened to hundreds of hours of online health and spiritual summits , scoured the scientific literature for clues , and eventually developed my own healing protocol .
That was over 4 years ago .
Today I 'm disease free and have no pain !
JOEL : So with your biochemistry and nutrition background , your search for healing led you to some pretty basic rules in food decision-making .
I grew up on the farm and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ life -- and I 'm a lot older than you .
But I deal with many people struggling with health issues and looking for the right kind of food .
How did you discover the right kind of food ?
SINA : Now I listen to my body to know which foods it needs in any given moment .
But it took time to reach that place where I could trust myself and effectively tap into the innate intelligence that we all possess .
I started my healing journey by learning how to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ than I could have imagined .
I spent countless hours reading articles , scientific studies , government documents , and company statements .
I quickly realized that the ins and outs of our food supply are complicated , especially when it comes to labels .
In fact , the more I learned about our food , the more I did n't know who to trust or what was true .
And , I 'm still learning !
You taught me a lot while writing this book - like it 's nearly impossible to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ store .
The bottom line is that you have to learn to read beyond the label in order to truly understand what 's in that box of cereal or package of cookies .
Going beyond labels is what ultimately led to my full recovery .
JOEL : What an amazing journey .
We all start from somewhere , do n't we ?
SINA : Yes , and because we each walk our own path , it 's important to accept others where they are and gently encourage them to take the next step @ @ @ @ @ @ @ why the backbone of BEYOND LABELS is a continuum , or road map , with maximal health , happiness , freedom , trust and personal responsibility on one side and the opposites - sickness , sadness , dependence , lack of trust , and victimhood - on the other side .
The beauty of this road map is that you get to choose where you want to be .
We provide practical , budget-friendly tips to help you move along the continuum , but you choose your own path and move forward at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to a `` choose your own adventure '' book .
In that regard , we meet you where you are , which sets you up for success .
JOEL : This continuum you mention is real .
Whether you 're eating from the gas station or your own garden , you 're somewhere on a path that hopefully leads to more vibrant health .
Sometimes , though , we feel like we 're in bondage to a system too big to figure out , too controlled by government and corporate interests , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Exactly !
That 's why freedom is at the heart of BEYOND LABELS .
We teach you how to free yourself from the bondage of the grocery store labels and then show you how to move beyond those labels - to a place where you will find foods that truly heal .
During our journey together , we also strive to help you free yourself from the many labels we have adopted in our lives .
JOEL : We live in a world of labels , do n't we ?
Even as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or reserved , as artistic or practical , as remedial or gifted ; goodness , guidance counselors give us career tracks based on aptitude tests and we 're labeled under-achievers if we do n't go to college .
We grow up in this titular soup of labels and acronyms .
SINA : Whether it 's your job title , political affiliation , gender or age , labels exist in all areas of our lives , including health and nutrition .
For instance , in the quest for optimal health and healing , it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as Paleo , Keto , Whole 30 , or Specific Carbohydrate Diet .
But those diets are another type of label that promotes conformity over individuality .
If you lock yourself into one type of diet , you can become more focused on adhering to that man-made construct than listening to your body 's innate intelligence .
By outsourcing your authority to the `` expert '' who created that diet , you silence your instincts .
In essence , you become a slave to the confinements and limiting beliefs of that dietary protocol @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , we encourage you to harness your power by teaching you how to listen to your own body , so you become your own expert .
It can be tricky to identify labels because they can be sneaky .
Have you ever heard someone say , `` My arthritis is acting up again '' or `` I have cancer ? ''
A medical diagnosis is a label that you carry around with you for the rest of your life ; it becomes part of your identity , hence the use of the words @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have cancer . ''
Once you identify with a disease , you keep yourself sick because every cell in your body responds to what you think , what you believe , what you feel , and what you say .
If you believe you are sick , and you are constantly reinforcing that limiting belief , you will stay sick .
JOEL : Sickness is in fact often a physical manifestation of bondage .
Getting freed from that is not just about food ; it 's about your whole lifestyle and includes mental @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SINA : Yes ; that 's why one of the goals of BEYOND LABELS is to help you identify and change your limiting beliefs so you can shed those labels and move into a space where true healing occurs .
It 's not just about understanding the labels in the grocery store ; optimal health is also about freeing yourself from the labels we have allowed to define us .
JOEL : Breaking out of this label frenzy requires knowledge about complexity and how things really work .
Not what grabs headlines , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ And that behind-the-curtain discussion is what powers BEYOND LABELS .
For example , Sina , I could scarcely believe the truth when you unwrapped the whole story behind the Food and Drug Administration 's ( FDA ) GRAS ( Generally Regarded as Safe ) program .
Please enlighten us .
SINA : It 's crazy when you stop and think about how many chemicals most of us eat every day .
There are roughly 10,000 chemical additives in our food supply and unless you are trying to avoid them , you 're likely @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Most of them have not been safety tested by the FDA and most are not even regulated by the FDA .
We do n't know how those chemicals affect our long-term health .
And , we have no idea what happens when those chemicals are combined .
For instance , what happens when the brominated vegetable oil in Mountain Dew® is combined with the disodium inosinate in Doritos® ?
Nobody knows .
This regulatory loophole started in 1958 when Congress passed the Food Additive Amendment .
The purpose was to test chemicals for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
But that amendment contains the GRAS exemption .
When a chemical is declared to be GRAS , it means the FDA does not test that chemical for safety , nor does it regulate the use of that chemical .
The company who makes the chemical determines if that chemical is safe for you to eat .
All they need is an `` expert '' to declare the chemical to be GRAS .
Usually the `` experts '' have financial ties to the company .
Even worse , once a chemical is declared @ @ @ @ @ @ @ adding it to your food .
And they do n't have to notify the FDA !
The notification process is voluntary .
If the FDA does not have to be notified when chemicals are added to our food , how can the FDA notify you if there is a problem with an ingredient , or if there 's a recall ?
More importantly , how can the FDA ensure your food is safe if they do n't even know what 's in it ?
But , here 's the kicker : Guess who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ FDA !
The GRAS loophole carries severe consequences for the health of humanity .
Not only have chemicals been declared GRAS that were later discovered to be carcinogenic , GMOs ( genetically modified organisms ) made it to your dinner plate largely because they were `` presumed '' to be GRAS .
When you take a deep dive into labels , including the food regulations that shape those labels , you realize that most do not protect the consumer ; they are not keeping you safe .
JOEL : That 's exactly right @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the curtain is the story behind eggs .
What does Grade A mean on a carton of eggs ?
Most folks think it means someone checked them for safety , like they do n't have salmonella .
However , Grade A has nothing to do with pathogens ; it has to do with cosmetic appeal , shell soundness , air cell size and viscosity of the albumen .
None of these elements has anything to do with safety .
Egg shells are slightly porous and when laid at body temperature , the warm @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a small air cell in the blunt end ( that 's why all eggs are packaged with the pointed end down ) .
The older the egg , the larger this air cell and the thinner the white .
While this can all indicate an egg that 's not fresh , it has nothing to do with safety .
A lot of labels are like that .
In BEYOND LABELS , we talk at length -- just like what you 're reading here -- about wellness and immunity .
We finished the book @ @ @ @ @ @ @ we could n't have imagined the timeliness of this discussion .
If we spent as much time building immunity as we did searching for a vaccine , perhaps we would n't have to worry about the virus .
And worry is a kind of bondage too .
It drops our serotonin and makes us vulnerable .
Stress is horribly debilitating .
SINA : Every disease is fueled by stress , whether chronic or acute .
That 's why it 's so important to get out of fight or flight and into a state @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , stress lowers your immunity , in part , by negatively changing your microbiome .
And , since your microbiome helps regulate practically every pathway in your body , many of the tips in the book are designed to help you build a robust microbiome through food choices , stress management techniques , teaching you how to eat , and helping you shed the labels that are limiting your potential so you can move into a space where you feel `` good enough '' - where you feel worthy and loved .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so pronounced that one reviewer declared BEYOND LABELS to be `` a survival guide for the war on our gut microbiome . ''
JOEL : So this is n't a diet book .
It 's not a recipe book -- although we do have several in here .
It 's a `` how to think about food decisions '' book to empower readers to feel confident in their food choices .
Make changes , yes .
Forgive yourself , yes .
Do n't depend on government experts to choose for you , yes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Blame bad genes , no .
The goal is to move toward a better place , with grace and gratitude .
In truth , neither Sina nor I have achieved food and life nirvana .
We 're still trying to do better , know more , and be better stewards of our lives and families .
If our optimum health goal were easier than sickness bondage , we 'd all be there by now .
But we work at it , incrementally , bite by bite .
We welcome and invite you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ book .
Available through Polyface Farm , Amazon and Target .

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
We're constantly bombarded with ever-changing diet recommendations and the latest diet crazes - Paleo, Keto, Whole 30, Specific Carbohydrate Diet, and the list goes on. Eggs are bad one day and good the next. Kale is good for you today. Tomorrow it contains high levels of thallium and is toxic to your thyroid gland. How do you know what to put on your plate that will bring you toward greater health and wellness? Who and what do you trust?
Because we all live in our own silos, we seldom interact with people far different from us--we are tribal, after all. But we all know that you learn more by opening yourself up to people with different perspectives. What if you could listen in on a conversation between two experts from extremely different backgrounds doing extremely different things while they learned from each other? That's the premise of BEYOND LABELS: A Doctor and a Farmer Conquer Food Confusion One Bite at a Time.
In this post, the two authors, Dr. Sina McCullough and Farmer Joel Salatin give you a flavor of not only the format, but the theme of this book that in the words of Andy Snyder, founder of Manward Press, "has the power to reshape America's declining health."
JOEL: As a regenerative farmer, my life revolves around trying to heal the land while healing people. My family owns Polyface Farm in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, servicing some 5,000 families and 50 restaurants with pastured meat and poultry. I spend a lot of time interacting with concerned moms who aren't sure about the integrity of labels, food claims, supplement claims--it's really overwhelming. Sina, how about you?
SINA: I spend a lot of time helping people reverse and prevent disease. Unlike Joel, who was groomed his entire life for his current role, my awakening occurred because of debilitating health challenges.
For most of my life, I ate the way I was raised, which was based on the Standard American Diet. I consumed mostly processed foods, was addicted to sugar, and chose meat based on fat content and price, which means I only ate conventional. I didn't even know the difference between organic and conventional, which is crazy because my PhD is in Nutrition! But we weren't taught that type of practical information. So, I completed graduate school not knowing how to navigate a grocery store.
Then, in 2015, I was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease - an advanced stage of Rheumatoid Arthritis in my 30's. It was accompanied by muscle wasting, arsenic poisoning, leaky gut and deficiencies in 15 nutrients that were so severe, I was borderline for pellagra and beriberi.
I sought help from western medical doctors for 20 years and underwent so many tests that I lost count. Nobody had any answers, except for prescription drugs. I refused to take the drugs. And, when the last medical doctor said my symptoms must be in my head, I knew that if I had any chance of healing, I had to find a different path. So, I broke out of the box of conventional medicine.
I took responsibility for my own health by creating my own healing path. I challenged every nutrition and health "fact" I was taught in school, listened to hundreds of hours of online health and spiritual summits, scoured the scientific literature for clues, and eventually developed my own healing protocol. That was over 4 years ago. Today I'm disease free and have no pain!
JOEL: So with your biochemistry and nutrition background, your search for healing led you to some pretty basic rules in food decision-making. I grew up on the farm and have enjoyed robust health most of my life--and I'm a lot older than you. But I deal with many people struggling with health issues and looking for the right kind of food. How did you discover the right kind of food?
SINA: Now I listen to my body to know which foods it needs in any given moment. But it took time to reach that place where I could trust myself and effectively tap into the innate intelligence that we all possess. I started my healing journey by learning how to read labels, which was more challenging than I could have imagined. I spent countless hours reading articles, scientific studies, government documents, and company statements. I quickly realized that the ins and outs of our food supply are complicated, especially when it comes to labels. In fact, the more I learned about our food, the more I didn't know who to trust or what was true. And, I'm still learning! You taught me a lot while writing this book - like it's nearly impossible to find truly pasture-raised eggs in the grocery store.
The bottom line is that you have to learn to read beyond the label in order to truly understand what's in that box of cereal or package of cookies. Going beyond labels is what ultimately led to my full recovery.
JOEL: What an amazing journey. We all start from somewhere, don't we?
SINA: Yes, and because we each walk our own path, it's important to accept others where they are and gently encourage them to take the next step when they are ready. That's why the backbone of BEYOND LABELS is a continuum, or road map, with maximal health, happiness, freedom, trust and personal responsibility on one side and the opposites - sickness, sadness, dependence, lack of trust, and victimhood - on the other side.
The beauty of this road map is that you get to choose where you want to be. We provide practical, budget-friendly tips to help you move along the continuum, but you choose your own path and move forward at your own pace. It's similar to a "choose your own adventure" book. In that regard, we meet you where you are, which sets you up for success.
JOEL: This continuum you mention is real. Whether you're eating from the gas station or your own garden, you're somewhere on a path that hopefully leads to more vibrant health. Sometimes, though, we feel like we're in bondage to a system too big to figure out, too controlled by government and corporate interests, and too demanding of our time.
SINA: Exactly! That's why freedom is at the heart of BEYOND LABELS. We teach you how to free yourself from the bondage of the grocery store labels and then show you how to move beyond those labels - to a place where you will find foods that truly heal. During our journey together, we also strive to help you free yourself from the many labels we have adopted in our lives.
JOEL: We live in a world of labels, don't we? Even as children, we're labeled as precocious or reserved, as artistic or practical, as remedial or gifted; goodness, guidance counselors give us career tracks based on aptitude tests and we're labeled under-achievers if we don't go to college. We grow up in this titular soup of labels and acronyms.
SINA: Whether it's your job title, political affiliation, gender or age, labels exist in all areas of our lives, including health and nutrition. For instance, in the quest for optimal health and healing, it's common to turn to diets such as Paleo, Keto, Whole 30, or Specific Carbohydrate Diet. But those diets are another type of label that promotes conformity over individuality. If you lock yourself into one type of diet, you can become more focused on adhering to that man-made construct than listening to your body's innate intelligence. By outsourcing your authority to the "expert" who created that diet, you silence your instincts. In essence, you become a slave to the confinements and limiting beliefs of that dietary protocol. Instead of living inside that box, we encourage you to harness your power by teaching you how to listen to your own body, so you become your own expert.
It can be tricky to identify labels because they can be sneaky. Have you ever heard someone say, "My arthritis is acting up again" or "I have cancer?" A medical diagnosis is a label that you carry around with you for the rest of your life; it becomes part of your identity, hence the use of the words "my arthritis" or "I have cancer." Once you identify with a disease, you keep yourself sick because every cell in your body responds to what you think, what you believe, what you feel, and what you say. If you believe you are sick, and you are constantly reinforcing that limiting belief, you will stay sick.
JOEL: Sickness is in fact often a physical manifestation of bondage. Getting freed from that is not just about food; it's about your whole lifestyle and includes mental, spiritual, and physical nuances.
SINA: Yes; that's why one of the goals of BEYOND LABELS is to help you identify and change your limiting beliefs so you can shed those labels and move into a space where true healing occurs. It's not just about understanding the labels in the grocery store; optimal health is also about freeing yourself from the labels we have allowed to define us.
JOEL: Breaking out of this label frenzy requires knowledge about complexity and how things really work. Not what grabs headlines, but the story behind the story. And that behind-the-curtain discussion is what powers BEYOND LABELS. For example, Sina, I could scarcely believe the truth when you unwrapped the whole story behind the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) program. Please enlighten us.
SINA: It's crazy when you stop and think about how many chemicals most of us eat every day. There are roughly 10,000 chemical additives in our food supply and unless you are trying to avoid them, you're likely consuming multiple chemicals in every meal. Most of them have not been safety tested by the FDA and most are not even regulated by the FDA. We don't know how those chemicals affect our long-term health. And, we have no idea what happens when those chemicals are combined. For instance, what happens when the brominated vegetable oil in Mountain Dew® is combined with the disodium inosinate in Doritos®? Nobody knows.
This regulatory loophole started in 1958 when Congress passed the Food Additive Amendment. The purpose was to test chemicals for safety before adding them to our food. But that amendment contains the GRAS exemption.
When a chemical is declared to be GRAS, it means the FDA does not test that chemical for safety, nor does it regulate the use of that chemical. The company who makes the chemical determines if that chemical is safe for you to eat. All they need is an "expert" to declare the chemical to be GRAS. Usually the "experts" have financial ties to the company. Even worse, once a chemical is declared GRAS, the company can immediately begin adding it to your food. And they don't have to notify the FDA! The notification process is voluntary.
If the FDA does not have to be notified when chemicals are added to our food, how can the FDA notify you if there is a problem with an ingredient, or if there's a recall? More importantly, how can the FDA ensure your food is safe if they don't even know what's in it?
But, here's the kicker: Guess who made the notification process voluntary? The FDA!
The GRAS loophole carries severe consequences for the health of humanity. Not only have chemicals been declared GRAS that were later discovered to be carcinogenic, GMOs (genetically modified organisms) made it to your dinner plate largely because they were "presumed" to be GRAS.
When you take a deep dive into labels, including the food regulations that shape those labels, you realize that most do not protect the consumer; they are not keeping you safe.
JOEL: That's exactly right. Another example of what's behind the curtain is the story behind eggs. What does Grade A mean on a carton of eggs? Most folks think it means someone checked them for safety, like they don't have salmonella. However, Grade A has nothing to do with pathogens; it has to do with cosmetic appeal, shell soundness, air cell size and viscosity of the albumen. None of these elements has anything to do with safety. Egg shells are slightly porous and when laid at body temperature, the warm liquid contracts a wee bit, leaving a small air cell in the blunt end (that's why all eggs are packaged with the pointed end down). The older the egg, the larger this air cell and the thinner the white. While this can all indicate an egg that's not fresh, it has nothing to do with safety. A lot of labels are like that.
In BEYOND LABELS, we talk at length--just like what you're reading here--about wellness and immunity. We finished the book just before the coronavirus pandemic hit and we couldn't have imagined the timeliness of this discussion.
If we spent as much time building immunity as we did searching for a vaccine, perhaps we wouldn't have to worry about the virus. And worry is a kind of bondage too. It drops our serotonin and makes us vulnerable. Stress is horribly debilitating.
SINA: Every disease is fueled by stress, whether chronic or acute. That's why it's so important to get out of fight or flight and into a state of rest and repair. For example, stress lowers your immunity, in part, by negatively changing your microbiome. And, since your microbiome helps regulate practically every pathway in your body, many of the tips in the book are designed to help you build a robust microbiome through food choices, stress management techniques, teaching you how to eat, and helping you shed the labels that are limiting your potential so you can move into a space where you feel "good enough" - where you feel worthy and loved.
The theme of building a robust microbiome is so pronounced that one reviewer declared BEYOND LABELS to be "a survival guide for the war on our gut microbiome."
JOEL: So this isn't a diet book. It's not a recipe book--although we do have several in here. It's a "how to think about food decisions" book to empower readers to feel confident in their food choices. Make changes, yes. Forgive yourself, yes. Don't depend on government experts to choose for you, yes. Beat up on yourself, no. Blame bad genes, no. The goal is to move toward a better place, with grace and gratitude.
In truth, neither Sina nor I have achieved food and life nirvana. We're still trying to do better, know more, and be better stewards of our lives and families. If our optimum health goal were easier than sickness bondage, we'd all be there by now. But we work at it, incrementally, bite by bite. We welcome and invite you to travel with us. Enjoy the book.
Available through Polyface Farm, Amazon and Target.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--Cannabidiol disrupts conditioned fear expression and cannabidiolic acid reduces trauma-induced anxie

Cannabidiol disrupts conditioned fear expression and cannabidiolic acid reduces trauma-induced anxiety-related behaviour.

The major phytocannabinoid cannabidiol ( CBD ) has anxiolytic properties and lacks tetrahydrocannabinol-like psychoactivity .
Cannabidiolic acid ( CBDA ) @ @ @ @ @ CBD , and this compound appears more potent than CBD in animal models of emesis @ @ @ @ @ In this short report , we aimed to examine whether CBDA is more potent than @ @ @ @ @ conditioned fear and generalised anxiety-related behaviour induced by Pavlovian fear conditioning .
Mice underwent fear @ @ @ @ @ were administered CBD and CBDA before testing for fear expression and generalized anxiety-like behaviour .
@ @ @ @ @ CBDA had dissociable effects ; while CBD but not CBDA disrupted cued fear memory expression @ @ @ @ @ normalized trauma-induced generalized anxiety-related behaviour .
Neither phytocannabinoid affected contextual fear expression .
Our findings @ @ @ @ @ experiments examining whether phytocannabinoids , alone and in combination , are effective in these mouse @ @ @ @ @ .

The major phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has anxiolytic properties and lacks tetrahydrocannabinol-like psychoactivity. Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) is the acidic precursor to CBD, and this compound appears more potent than CBD in animal models of emesis, pain and epilepsy. In this short report, we aimed to examine whether CBDA is more potent than CBD in disrupting expression of conditioned fear and generalised anxiety-related behaviour induced by Pavlovian fear conditioning. Mice underwent fear conditioning and 24 h later were administered CBD and CBDA before testing for fear expression and generalized anxiety-like behaviour. We found that CBD and CBDA had dissociable effects; while CBD but not CBDA disrupted cued fear memory expression, CBDA but not CBD normalized trauma-induced generalized anxiety-related behaviour. Neither phytocannabinoid affected contextual fear expression. Our findings form the basis for future experiments examining whether phytocannabinoids, alone and in combination, are effective in these mouse models of fear and anxiety.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--CBD and CBD and THC combinations have potential to provide safe, effective therapy for several psych

This article presents proven , promising , and potential therapeutic uses for cannabidiol ( CBD ) in the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases .
It presents popular , but scientifically unproven health and therapeutic claims of CBD supporting the beneficial homeostatic effects of the intrinsic or endogenous cannabinoid system .
It includes a review of cannabinoid pharmacology ; it compares properties and the legal status of CBD and THC ( delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ) as well as the hemp and marijuana varieties of , and it reviews the historic 2018 U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of Epidiolex @ @ @ @ @ @ @ two rare treatment-resistant childhood epilepsies , as the first-derived drug.We reviewed literature on cannabidiol , CBD , the endocannabinoid neuropharmacology system , and hemp and marijuana varieties of.The proven and promising medical uses and deficiencies of unproven health claims for CBD , legal implications for-derived drugs , and comparisons of CBD and THC and hemp and marijuana are summarized objectively with pertinent references.CBD and CBD and THC combinations have potential to provide safe , effective therapy for several psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases .
However , such achievement will require a uniform @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and corroboration from adequately large and rigorously controlled clinical research studies .

This article presents proven, promising, and potential therapeutic uses for cannabidiol (CBD) in the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases. It presents popular, but scientifically unproven health and therapeutic claims of CBD supporting the beneficial homeostatic effects of the intrinsic or endogenous cannabinoid system. It includes a review of cannabinoid pharmacology; it compares properties and the legal status of CBD and THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) as well as the hemp and marijuana varieties of, and it reviews the historic 2018 U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of Epidiolex, an oral solution of cannabidiol for two rare treatment-resistant childhood epilepsies, as the first-derived drug.We reviewed literature on cannabidiol, CBD, the endocannabinoid neuropharmacology system, and hemp and marijuana varieties of.The proven and promising medical uses and deficiencies of unproven health claims for CBD, legal implications for-derived drugs, and comparisons of CBD and THC and hemp and marijuana are summarized objectively with pertinent references.CBD and CBD and THC combinations have potential to provide safe, effective therapy for several psychiatric and neurologic conditions and diseases. However, such achievement will require a uniform standard of CBD purity and strength, and corroboration from adequately large and rigorously controlled clinical research studies.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--Ayahuasca may be beneficial as an antidepressant, emotional regulator, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive

Ayahuasca may be beneficial as an antidepressant, emotional regulator, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive drug.

OBJECTIVE : Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic plant preparation , traditionally consumed in sacred ceremonies by indigenous North-Westerner Amazonian countries like Colombia , Peru , Brazil , and Ecuador .
It is fundamental to carefully balance benefits/risks related to the ayahuasca intake , both during ceremonies and experimental settings .
The aim is at evaluating and comparing the potential therapeutic benefits versus health risks related to ayahuasca intake ( both acutely and chronically ) , focusing on its application in psychedelic psychiatry .
DESIGN : A comprehensive mini overview focusing on psychiatric outcomes following ayahuasca intake both in healthy volunteers and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , observational , and experimental studies in healthy volunteers as well as in clinical samples suggest that ayahuasca may be beneficial as an antidepressant , emotional regulator , anxiolytic , and antiaddictive drug , by exerting fast-acting and enduring clinical effects .
Ayahuasca appears to be safe and well tolerated , nausea and emesis being the most reported and transient side effects .
Some findings suggest not to use ayahuasca in bipolar or psychotic patients because of an increased risk of manic switch and/or psychotic onset .
CONCLUSIONS : Further research should be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ placebo-controlled trials , by implementing neuroimaging studies , in order to better evaluate therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in mental disorders .

OBJECTIVE: Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic plant preparation, traditionally consumed in sacred ceremonies by indigenous North-Westerner Amazonian countries like Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and Ecuador. It is fundamental to carefully balance benefits/risks related to the ayahuasca intake, both during ceremonies and experimental settings. The aim is at evaluating and comparing the potential therapeutic benefits versus health risks related to ayahuasca intake (both acutely and chronically), focusing on its application in psychedelic psychiatry.
DESIGN: A comprehensive mini overview focusing on psychiatric outcomes following ayahuasca intake both in healthy volunteers and in clinical samples.
RESULTS: Preclinical, observational, and experimental studies in healthy volunteers as well as in clinical samples suggest that ayahuasca may be beneficial as an antidepressant, emotional regulator, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive drug, by exerting fast-acting and enduring clinical effects. Ayahuasca appears to be safe and well tolerated, nausea and emesis being the most reported and transient side effects. Some findings suggest not to use ayahuasca in bipolar or psychotic patients because of an increased risk of manic switch and/or psychotic onset.
CONCLUSIONS: Further research should be carried out in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, by implementing neuroimaging studies, in order to better evaluate therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in mental disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--To Citizens Wearing Medical Masks: You're Whacko Conspiracy Theorists

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Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--Op-Ed: To Citizens Wearing Medical Masks: You're Whacko Conspiracy Theorists

Mask wearers of the world , take them off -- you have nothing to lose but your insanity… Journal of the American Medical Association , April 17 , 2020 , `` Masks and Coronavirus Disease '' : `` Unless you are sick , a health care worker , or caring for someone who has COVID-19 , medical masks ( including surgical face masks and N95s ) are not recommended . ''
At Children 's Health Defense , JB Handley has written an excellent article , `` LOCKDOWN LUNACY : The Thinking Person 's Guide . ''
Here are two highlights @ @ @ @ @ @ @ May 29 , the World Health Organization announced that masks should only be worn by healthy people if they are taking care of someone infected with COVID-19 : '' '' 'If you do not have any respiratory symptoms such as fever , cough or runny nose , you do not need to wear a mask , ' Dr. April Baller , a public health specialist for the WHO , says in a video on the world health body 's website posted in March .
'Masks should only be used by healthcare workers , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with symptoms of fever and cough ' . ''
`` …I often see this study from 2015 in the BMJ cited : ' A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers ' , and it bears repeating , since MOST of the masks I see people wearing in the community right now are cloth masks .
Not only are these masks 100 % ineffective at reducing the spread of COVID-19 , but they can actually harm you .
As the researchers explain : '' '' 'This study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and the results caution against the use of cloth masks .
This is an important finding to inform occupational health and safety .
Moisture retention , reuse of cloth masks and poor filtration may result in increased risk of infection… ' '' Of course , I understand that when people are conspiracy whackos wearing their masks , they do n't respond well to facts , even when those facts come from the very organizations they believe in with religious fervor .
Here is something else from the Washington State Nurses Association : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not a solution '' : '' Nurses are reporting that respirators and face masks at WSNA repre-sented Providence facilities are being collected for reprocessing using ethylene oxide to decontaminate .
The EPA has concluded that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to humans and that exposure to ethylene oxide increases the risk of lymphoid cancer and , for females , breast cancer . ''
`` WSNA sent a cease and desist demand to Providence facilities where our members work , demanding an immediate halt to the reusing of any face masks , including N 95 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decontaminated by the ethylene oxide cleaning process .
In addition , WSNA is preparing complaints to be filed with the Washington State Department of Occupational Safety and Health , highlighting this workplace hazard . ''
`` WSNA believes that the reuse of face masks or respirators cleaned with ethylene oxide violates the employer 's legal duty to ensure that nurses and other health care workers are afforded a safe and healthful working environment .
While hospitals have long used ethylene oxide to clean certain surgical equipment , it should not be used to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which nurses and other health care workers must breathe for many hours at a time . ''
`` …The CDC warns that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic and teratogenic , and that 'inhalation of ethylene oxide has been linked to neurologic dysfunction and may cause other harmful effects to the wearer ' . ''
`` Prolonged exposure to ethylene oxide can hurt eyes and LUNGS , harm the brain and nervous system , and potentially cause lymphomas , leukemia , and breast cancer .
This extremely hazardous toxic chemical poses a severe risk to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mine . ]
Is the use of toxic ethylene oxide to treat masks widespread ?
According to the Chicago Tribune , way back in March , Medline Industries was reprocessing 100,000 medical masks a day .
They applied to the FDA for permission to use ethylene oxide .
But was n't the horse already out of the barn ?
Were n't they already using the chemical ?
I 've queried Medline to find out whether the FDA has approved their application .
And finally , I have a lone report about a person @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , who checked out his medical mask , which he 'd received in the mail from the Department of Civil Protection .
He discovered it contained zinc pyrithione .
If true , this is ominous .
Consulting a simple safety data sheet on the chemical , from Cayman Chemical , I found a succinct statement : `` Toxic if inhaled . ''
But of course , medical masks must be worn .
The lockdown authorities tell us so .
They know .
They must know because , well , they 're on television @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It 's `` safe and effective . ''

Originally published on www.nomorefakenews.com
Mask wearers of the world, take them off--you have nothing to lose but your insanity…
Journal of the American Medical Association, April 17, 2020, "Masks and Coronavirus Disease": "Unless you are sick, a health care worker, or caring for someone who has COVID-19, medical masks (including surgical face masks and N95s) are not recommended."
At Children's Health Defense, JB Handley has written an excellent article, "LOCKDOWN LUNACY: The Thinking Person's Guide." Here are two highlights from his section on masks:
"May 29, the World Health Organization announced that masks should only be worn by healthy people if they are taking care of someone infected with COVID-19:"
"'If you do not have any respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough or runny nose, you do not need to wear a mask,' Dr. April Baller, a public health specialist for the WHO, says in a video on the world health body's website posted in March. 'Masks should only be used by healthcare workers, caretakers or by people who are sick with symptoms of fever and cough'."
"…I often see this study from 2015 in the BMJ cited: 'A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers', and it bears repeating, since MOST of the masks I see people wearing in the community right now are cloth masks. Not only are these masks 100% ineffective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, but they can actually harm you. As the researchers explain:"
"'This study is the first RCT of cloth masks, and the results caution against the use of cloth masks. This is an important finding to inform occupational health and safety. Moisture retention, reuse of cloth masks and poor filtration may result in increased risk of infection…'"
Of course, I understand that when people are conspiracy whackos wearing their masks, they don't respond well to facts, even when those facts come from the very organizations they believe in with religious fervor.
Here is something else from the Washington State Nurses Association: "Reprocessing masks using toxic chemicals is not a solution":
"Nurses are reporting that respirators and face masks at WSNA repre-sented Providence facilities are being collected for reprocessing using ethylene oxide to decontaminate. The EPA has concluded that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to humans and that exposure to ethylene oxide increases the risk of lymphoid cancer and, for females, breast cancer."
"WSNA sent a cease and desist demand to Providence facilities where our members work, demanding an immediate halt to the reusing of any face masks, including N 95 and other respirators, that have been decontaminated by the ethylene oxide cleaning process. In addition, WSNA is preparing complaints to be filed with the Washington State Department of Occupational Safety and Health, highlighting this workplace hazard."
"WSNA believes that the reuse of face masks or respirators cleaned with ethylene oxide violates the employer's legal duty to ensure that nurses and other health care workers are afforded a safe and healthful working environment. While hospitals have long used ethylene oxide to clean certain surgical equipment, it should not be used to decontami-nate face masks or respirators, through which nurses and other health care workers must breathe for many hours at a time."
"…The CDC warns that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic and teratogenic, and that 'inhalation of ethylene oxide has been linked to neurologic dysfunction and may cause other harmful effects to the wearer'."
"Prolonged exposure to ethylene oxide can hurt eyes and LUNGS, harm the brain and nervous system, and potentially cause lymphomas, leukemia, and breast cancer. This extremely hazardous toxic chemical poses a severe risk to human health." [CAPS are mine.]
Is the use of toxic ethylene oxide to treat masks widespread? According to the Chicago Tribune, way back in March, Medline Industries was reprocessing 100,000 medical masks a day. They applied to the FDA for permission to use ethylene oxide. But wasn't the horse already out of the barn? Weren't they already using the chemical? I've queried Medline to find out whether the FDA has approved their application.
And finally, I have a lone report about a person from the region of Piedmont, Italy, who checked out his medical mask, which he'd received in the mail from the Department of Civil Protection. He discovered it contained zinc pyrithione.
If true, this is ominous. Consulting a simple safety data sheet on the chemical, from Cayman Chemical, I found a succinct statement: "Toxic if inhaled."
But of course, medical masks must be worn. The lockdown authorities tell us so. They know. They must know because, well, they're on television.
Keep breathing through that mask. It's "safe and effective."
The decision to wear a mask is highly personal and should not be universally mandated; measures that are meant to protect the community are ineffective if they hurt individuals in that community. Please email and tweet your state and local officials now and urge them to do their part to make sure that mask-wearing is voluntary, not mandatory.
TAKE ACTION NOW
SOURCES:
https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/environment/ct-trump-medline-masks-ethlyene-oxide-cancer-20200429-vyutifcyhvekljpn4rqxkpcl3i-story.html
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2764955
https://childrenshealthdefense.org/news/lockdown-lunacy-the-thinking-persons-guide/
https://www.wsna.org/union/kadlec-medical-center/update/reprocessing-mask-using-toxic-chemicals-is-not-a-solution
https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/29154m.pdf


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--A single administration of the atypical psychedelic ibogaine or its metabolite noribogaine induces a

A single administration of the atypical psychedelic ibogaine or its metabolite noribogaine induces an antidepressant-like effects.

Anecdotal reports and open-label case studies in humans indicated that the psychedelic alkaloid ibogaine exerts profound antiaddictive effects .
Ample preclinical evidence demonstrated the efficacy of ibogaine , and its main metabolite , noribogaine , in substance-use-disorder rodent models .
In contrast to addiction research , depression-relevant effects of ibogaine or noribogaine in rodents have not been previously examined .
We have recently reported that the acute ibogaine administration induced a long-term increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex , which led us to hypothesize that ibogaine may elicit antidepressant-like effects in rats .
Accordingly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and time-dependence ) induced by the acute ibogaine and noribogaine administration in rats using the forced swim test ( FST , 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p.
, single injection for each dose ) .
We also examined the correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of ibogaine and noribogaine and the elicited behavioral response .
We found that ibogaine and noribogaine induced a dose- and time-dependent antidepressant-like effect without significant changes of animal locomotor activity .
Noribogaine 's FST effect was short-lived ( 30 min ) and correlated with high brain concentrations ( estimated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ while the ibogaine 's antidepressant-like effect was significant at 3 h. At this time point , both ibogaine and noribogaine were present in rat brain at concentrations that can not produce the same behavioral outcome on their own ( ibogaine ∼0.5 μM , noribogaine ∼2.5 μM ) .
Our data suggests a polypharmacological mechanism underpinning the antidepressant-like effects of ibogaine and noribogaine .

Anecdotal reports and open-label case studies in humans indicated that the psychedelic alkaloid ibogaine exerts profound antiaddictive effects. Ample preclinical evidence demonstrated the efficacy of ibogaine, and its main metabolite, noribogaine, in substance-use-disorder rodent models. In contrast to addiction research, depression-relevant effects of ibogaine or noribogaine in rodents have not been previously examined. We have recently reported that the acute ibogaine administration induced a long-term increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex, which led us to hypothesize that ibogaine may elicit antidepressant-like effects in rats. Accordingly, we characterized behavioral effects (dose- and time-dependence) induced by the acute ibogaine and noribogaine administration in rats using the forced swim test (FST, 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p., single injection for each dose). We also examined the correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of ibogaine and noribogaine and the elicited behavioral response. We found that ibogaine and noribogaine induced a dose- and time-dependent antidepressant-like effect without significant changes of animal locomotor activity. Noribogaine's FST effect was short-lived (30 min) and correlated with high brain concentrations (estimated>8μM of free drug), while the ibogaine's antidepressant-like effect was significant at 3 h. At this time point, both ibogaine and noribogaine were present in rat brain at concentrations that cannot produce the same behavioral outcome on their own (ibogaine ∼0.5 μM, noribogaine ∼2.5 μM). Our data suggests a polypharmacological mechanism underpinning the antidepressant-like effects of ibogaine and noribogaine.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-09--Comic Relief: Why the Lockdown Should Last Longer

Sometimes laughing is better than crying .
JP Sears provides comic relief for those who are feeling stir crazy from the months of lockdown , and the media 's catastrophizing and firehosing of distorted and inaccurate fatality rates related attributed to COVID-19 , by using the metaphor of car accident deaths to put the `` crisis '' ( we would call it a psychological operation ) in perspective !
JP Sears : `` Here 's why the lockdown should never end .
In the global pandemic the lockdown has been used and extended .
Many think it should end .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ it should potentially never end . ''
If you enjoy it and would like more JP Sears , his most viral video on the topic of Coronavirus can be viewed here : Comic Relief : What It 's Like to Believe Everything the Media Tells You About COVID .
For more information on the unreported truth about COVID-19 go to www.QuestioningCovid.com .
View the GreenMedInfo.com Coronavirus database for research and reporting on the topic : Coronavirus Disease .
Stand up for your right to refuse COVID-19 vaccinations and other coerced or mandated pharmaceutical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Stand For Health Freedom.com Want to support JP Sears ' work ?
Click here to join his PATREON - https : //awakenwithjp.com/patron -- -- Click here to receive his newest videos as alerts - https : //m.me/awakenwithjp ?
ref=w6836464

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Sometimes laughing is better than crying. JP Sears provides comic relief for those who are feeling stir crazy from the months of lockdown, and the media's catastrophizing and firehosing of distorted and inaccurate fatality rates related attributed to COVID-19, by using the metaphor of car accident deaths to put the "crisis" (we would call it a psychological operation) in perspective!
JP Sears: "Here's why the lockdown should never end. In the global pandemic the lockdown has been used and extended. Many think it should end. Here's why they're wrong and it should potentially never end."
If you enjoy it and would like more JP Sears, his most viral video on the topic of Coronavirus can be viewed here: Comic Relief: What It's Like to Believe Everything the Media Tells You About COVID.
For more information on the unreported truth about COVID-19 go to www.QuestioningCovid.com.
View the GreenMedInfo.com Coronavirus database for research and reporting on the topic: Coronavirus Disease.
Stand up for your right to refuse COVID-19 vaccinations and other coerced or mandated pharmaceutical interventions at the non-profit digital advocacy centert: Stand For Health Freedom.com
Want to support JP Sears' work? Click here to join his PATREON - https://awakenwithjp.com/patron ---- Click here to receive his newest videos as alerts - https://m.me/awakenwithjp?ref=w6836464


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Chemical compositions of chrysanthemum teas and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Seventeen commercial chrysanthemum teas ( Chrysanthemum morifolium and Coreopsis tinctoria ) were extracted with hot-HO , and examined and compared @ @ @ @ @ extracts for their chemical compositions using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis .
For the first time , 6 @ @ @ @ @ eriodicyol-7-O-glucoside were detected in the Snow chrysanthemum , and acetylmarein was detected in HangJu , @ @ @ @ @ extracts were also examined for their radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro .
The @ @ @ @ @ had the greatest total phenolic content , and relative DPPH and oxygen radical absorbance capacity @ @ @ @ @ acid equivalents/g , 105.48 and 1222.50 μmol Trolox equivalents/g , respectively .
In addition , @ @ @ @ @ the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 , IL-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expressions , and HO-induced intracellular reactive oxygen @ @ @ @ @ .
The results from this research may be used to promote the consumption of chrysanthemum @ @ @ @ @

Seventeen commercial chrysanthemum teas (Chrysanthemum morifolium and Coreopsis tinctoria) were extracted with hot-HO, and examined and compared to the 75% methanol extracts for their chemical compositions using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis. For the first time, 6, 8-C,C-diglucosylapigenin and eriodicyol-7-O-glucoside were detected in the Snow chrysanthemum, and acetylmarein was detected in HangJu, GongJu and HuaiJu. The extracts were also examined for their radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. The hot-HO extract of Kunlunmiju 1 had the greatest total phenolic content, and relative DPPH and oxygen radical absorbance capacity values of 12.72 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 105.48 and 1222.50 μmol Trolox equivalents/g, respectively. In addition, all the hot-HO extracts suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6, IL-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expressions, and HO-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production in cultured cells. The results from this research may be used to promote the consumption of chrysanthemum as a functional tea.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Are Grapes Good for You?

Are Grapes Good for You?


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Chrysanthemum morifolium flavonoids alleviate diabetes by targeting α-glucosidase and the PTP-1B sig

Chrysanthemum morifolium flavonoids alleviate diabetes by targeting α-glucosidase and the PTP-1B signalling pathway.

As dual regulators , the PTP-1B signaling pathway andα-glucosidase slow glucose release and increase the degree of insulin sensitivity , @ @ @ @ @ for type 2 diabetes .
In this study , we systematically examined the in vivo @ @ @ @ @ of natural flavonoids 1-6 from Chrysanthemum morifolium.Flavonoids 1-6 increased glucose consumption-promoting activity and the phosphorylation @ @ @ @ @ and decreased PTP-1B protein level along with slightly inhibitory activity of the PTP-1B enzyme .
@ @ @ @ @ induced insulin secretion in INS-1 cells .
Besides , in vivo study revealed that flavonoids @ @ @ @ @ anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity , and improved maltose and glucose tolerance .
Although flavonoid 2 @ @ @ @ @ α-glucosidase in vitro , it could deglycosylated in vivo to diosmetin to function as an @ @ @ @ @ , these results led to the identification of the natural flavonoids 1-6 from C. morifolium @ @ @ @ @ and the PTP-1B signaling pathway , suggesting their potential application as new oral anti-diabetic drugs @ @ @ @

As dual regulators, the PTP-1B signaling pathway andα-glucosidase slow glucose release and increase the degree of insulin sensitivity, representing a promising therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we systematically examined the in vivo and in vitro anti-diabetic activities of natural flavonoids 1-6 from Chrysanthemum morifolium.Flavonoids 1-6 increased glucose consumption-promoting activity and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Akt, and decreased PTP-1B protein level along with slightly inhibitory activity of the PTP-1B enzyme. Moreover, flavonoids 1-2 treatment induced insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Besides, in vivo study revealed that flavonoids 2 and 5 demonstrated potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity, and improved maltose and glucose tolerance. Although flavonoid 2 exhibited lower inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in vitro, it could deglycosylated in vivo to diosmetin to function as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Taken together, these results led to the identification of the natural flavonoids 1-6 from C. morifolium as dual regulators of α-glucosidase and the PTP-1B signaling pathway, suggesting their potential application as new oral anti-diabetic drugs or functionalfood ingredients.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Cumambrin A prevents OVX-induced osteoporosis.

Being the principal cells responsible for bone resorption and pathologic bone loss , osteoclasts have become the main target for antiresorptive treatment .
Cumambrin A is a natural compound isolated fromL .
and belongs to a member of the sesquiterpene lactone family .
To date , the therapeutic effect of cumambrin A on osteoporosis and its mechanisms of action are not known .
In this study , we found that cumambrin A can significantly inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption through the suppression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand ( RANKL ) -induced NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cumambrin A inhibits the expression of osteoclast marker genes including cathepsin K , calcitonin receptor , and V-ATPase d2 .
Using anovariectomized mouse model , we showed that cumambrin A protects against estrogen withdrawal-induced bone loss .
Collectively , our results reveal that cumambrin A can suppress osteoclast formation , bone resorption , and RANKL-induced signaling pathways , suggesting that cumambrin A is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.-Zhou , L. , Liu , Q. , Hong , G. , Song , F. , Zhao , J. , Yuan , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , R. X. , Tickner , J. , Gu , Q. , Xu , J. Cumambrin A prevents OVX-induced osteoporosisthe inhibition of osteoclastogenesis , bone resorption , and RANKL signaling pathways .

Being the principal cells responsible for bone resorption and pathologic bone loss, osteoclasts have become the main target for antiresorptive treatment. Cumambrin A is a natural compound isolated fromL. and belongs to a member of the sesquiterpene lactone family. To date, the therapeutic effect of cumambrin A on osteoporosis and its mechanisms of action are not known. In this study, we found that cumambrin A can significantly inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption through the suppression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cell activity and ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, cumambrin A inhibits the expression of osteoclast marker genes including cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and V-ATPase d2. Using anovariectomized mouse model, we showed that cumambrin A protects against estrogen withdrawal-induced bone loss. Collectively, our results reveal that cumambrin A can suppress osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and RANKL-induced signaling pathways, suggesting that cumambrin A is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.-Zhou, L., Liu, Q., Hong, G., Song, F., Zhao, J., Yuan, J., Xu, J., Tan, R. X., Tickner, J., Gu, Q., Xu, J. Cumambrin A prevents OVX-induced osteoporosisthe inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and RANKL signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Chrysanthemum indicum extract inhibits NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Chrysanthemum indicum ( C. indicum ) , a perennial plant , has long been used to treat inflammation-related disorders , such as pneumonia , hypertension , gastritis , and gastroenteritis .
AIM OF THE STUDY : The inhibitory effect of C. indicum extract ( C.I ) on inflammasome activation was investigated to validate its potential in treating inflammation related disorders .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : LPS-primed bone marrow-derived macrophages ( BMDMs ) were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of C.I on selective inflammasome activation in vitro .
A monosodium urate ( MSU ) -induced murine peritonitis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of C.I in vivo .
RESULTS : C.I inhibited activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes , leading to suppression of interleukin-1β secretion in vitro .
Further , C.I regulates the phosphorylation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD ( ASC ) , which could be the main contribution to attenuate these inflammasomes activation .
C.I also suppressed secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophils recruitment in MSU-induced murine peritonitis model .
CONCLUSIONS : This study provides scientific evidence substantiating the traditional use of C. indicum in the treatment of inflammatory diseases , including gout @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cause to MSU-induced peritonitis .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chrysanthemum indicum (C. indicum), a perennial plant, has long been used to treat inflammation-related disorders, such as pneumonia, hypertension, gastritis, and gastroenteritis.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The inhibitory effect of C. indicum extract (C.I) on inflammasome activation was investigated to validate its potential in treating inflammation related disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: LPS-primed bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of C.I on selective inflammasome activation in vitro. A monosodium urate (MSU)-induced murine peritonitis model was employed to study the effect of C.I in vivo.
RESULTS: C.I inhibited activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes, leading to suppression of interleukin-1β secretion in vitro. Further, C.I regulates the phosphorylation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), which could be the main contribution to attenuate these inflammasomes activation. C.I also suppressed secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophils recruitment in MSU-induced murine peritonitis model.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides scientific evidence substantiating the traditional use of C. indicum in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including gout, which is induced by physiologically analogous cause to MSU-induced peritonitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--An assessment of the interaction for three Chrysanthemum indicum flavonoids and α-amylase.

This study evaluated the interaction of ( CI ) flavonoids ( luteolin , acacetin , and buddleoside ) withα-amylase .
@ @ @ @ @ ) assay showed their equilibrium dissociation constants ( ) are 1.9695 ± 0.12 , 2.9240 @ @ @ @ @ ± 0.08 mM at pH 6.0 , respectively .
Furthermore , their binding affinities were @ @ @ @ @ , and CaCl .
Enzymatic kinetic studies revealed that three flavonoids exhibited noncompetitiveα-amylase inhibitory activity @ @ @ @ @ luteolin > acacetin > buddleoside , which was in accordance with the results of binding @ @ @ @ @ hydrazyl radical assay demonstrated that antioxidant activities of three flavonoids were inhibited significantly with α-amylase @ @ @ @ @ reveals that hydroxyl on C'-4 , C'-5 , andC-7 of flavonoids play an important role @ @ @ @ @ flavonoids with α-amylase .
Also , SPR could be used as sensor for rapid screening @ @ @ @ @ useful information for the application offlavonoids in food and pharmaceutical area .

This study evaluated the interaction of(CI) flavonoids (luteolin, acacetin, and buddleoside) withα-amylase. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay showed their equilibrium dissociation constants () are 1.9695 ± 0.12, 2.9240 ± 0.20, and 3.2966 ± 0.08 mM at pH 6.0, respectively. Furthermore, their binding affinities were influenced by KCl, MgCl, and CaCl. Enzymatic kinetic studies revealed that three flavonoids exhibited noncompetitiveα-amylase inhibitory activity. The inhibitory sequence is luteolin > acacetin > buddleoside, which was in accordance with the results of binding affinity from SPR. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical assay demonstrated that antioxidant activities of three flavonoids were inhibited significantly with α-amylase. Meanwhile, the study reveals that hydroxyl on C'-4, C'-5, andC-7 of flavonoids play an important role on the interaction of three flavonoids with α-amylase. Also, SPR could be used as sensor for rapid screening inhibitors of α-amylase and provide useful information for the application offlavonoids in food and pharmaceutical area.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Chrysanthemum indicum a comprehensive review of its botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

L. ( L. ) , a member of the Compositae family , is a perennial plant that has been used @ @ @ @ @ more than 2000 years in China and is widely used for the treatment of Pemphigus @ @ @ @ @ and scrofula .
To date , more than 190 chemical constituents have been isolated and @ @ @ @ @ including flavonoids , terpenoids , phenylpropanoids , and phenolic acids .
Numerous modern studies have @ @ @ @ @ compounds fromL .
have several pharmacological activities , such as anti-inflammatory anti-oxidation , antipathogenic microorganism @ @ @ @ @ , and hepatoprotective effects .
However , resource availability , the research on the mechanism @ @ @ @ @ still insufficient , which deserves further efforts .
In this paper , the advances in @ @ @ @ @ pharmacology ofL were reviewed .
We hope that this review can provide important information for @ @ @ @ @ , synthetic and medicinal chemistry researchers for making full use ofL .
resource .

L. (L.), a member of the Compositae family, is a perennial plant that has been used as a traditional medicine for more than 2000 years in China and is widely used for the treatment of Pemphigus, swelling, pain, and scrofula. To date, more than 190 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and phenolic acids. Numerous modern studies have shown that extracts or monomeric compounds fromL. have several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory anti-oxidation, antipathogenic microorganism, anticancer, immune regulation, and hepatoprotective effects. However, resource availability, the research on the mechanism, and quality control are still insufficient, which deserves further efforts. In this paper, the advances in botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology ofL were reviewed. We hope that this review can provide important information for traditional Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, synthetic and medicinal chemistry researchers for making full use ofL. resource.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Extraction optimization and evaluation of the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of p

Extraction optimization and evaluation of the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium.

In order to evaluate the antioxidant andα-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides fromcv .
Hangju ( CMPs ) , the response surface @ @ @ @ @ the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound , with heat reflex extraction ( @ @ @ @ @ control .
The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods @ @ @ @ @ maximum yields ( 8.29± 0.18 % ) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction ( @ @ @ @ @ the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W , extraction time 19 min , and @ @ @ @ @ mL/g .
Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents ( 2.56 % ) and @ @ @ @ @ 7.08 % ) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE .
No significant @ @ @ @ @ composition and Fourier transform infrared ( FT-IR ) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and @ @ @ @ @ UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities .
Therefore , UAE was an efficient @ @ @ @ @

In order to evaluate the antioxidant andα-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides fromcv. Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. The maximum yields (8.29± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Therefore, UAE was an efficient way to obtain CMPs.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Chrysanthemum morifolium extract and ascorbic acid-2-glucoside blend inhibits UVA-induced delayed cy

Chrysanthemum morifolium extract and ascorbic acid-2-glucoside blend inhibits UVA-induced delayed cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer production in melanocytes.

Background : Solar ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) induces DNA damages in skin via direct absorption of UVB or indirectly by photosensitization mediated through UVA .
Recent findings have revealed that UVA induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer ( CPD ) generation via chemiexcitation in melanocytes hours after the exposure .
This UVA-induced delayed CPD ( dark CPD ) constitutes the majority of CPD in melanocytes .
These findings indicate that sun light can damage the skin hours after the exposure , suggesting the need for skin care products post sun exposure .
The main objective of this study was to investigate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ extract ( Chrys ) and vitamin C derivative , Ascorbic Acid-2-Glucoside ( AA2G ) , can provide protective effects against reactive oxygen species , melanin formation and UVA-induced dark CPD .
Methods : Intracellular ROS levels were measured in epidermal keratinocytes using DHR123 dye .
Melanogenesis inhibition efficacy was determined using B16 cells .
As for the dark CPD measurement , Melan-a cells were treated with or without actives for 6 days , then irradiated with UVA at various doses .
Cells were exposed with anti-CPD mAb followed by secondary Ab .
CPD @ @ @ @ @ @ @ using a high content imaging analysis .
Results : Chrys , AA2G and their blend at various concentrations demonstrated ROS scavenging activity .
Though Chrys alone did not show significant melanogenesis inhibition in B16 assay , the blend of Chrys with AA2G demonstrated additive effects in comparison with AA2G alone .
The blend of AA2G and Chrys at various concentrations exhibited enhanced efficacy for inhibiting dark CPD compared to AA2G alone .
Conclusion : The results from this study indicate that the use of natural antioxidant , Chrys in combination with AA2G , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by enhancing ROS scavenging activity and melanogenesis inhibition .
These findings could potentially be applied for formulating post-sun exposure skin care products , possibly extending to evening-after care products .

Background: Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) induces DNA damages in skin via direct absorption of UVB or indirectly by photosensitization mediated through UVA. Recent findings have revealed that UVA induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) generation via chemiexcitation in melanocytes hours after the exposure. This UVA-induced delayed CPD (dark CPD) constitutes the majority of CPD in melanocytes. These findings indicate that sun light can damage the skin hours after the exposure, suggesting the need for skin care products post sun exposure. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether a blend of Chrysanthemum Morifolium flower extract (Chrys) and vitamin C derivative, Ascorbic Acid-2-Glucoside (AA2G), can provide protective effects against reactive oxygen species, melanin formation and UVA-induced dark CPD.
Methods: Intracellular ROS levels were measured in epidermal keratinocytes using DHR123 dye. Melanogenesis inhibition efficacy was determined using B16 cells. As for the dark CPD measurement, Melan-a cells were treated with or without actives for 6 days, then irradiated with UVA at various doses. Cells were exposed with anti-CPD mAb followed by secondary Ab. CPD levels were determined by measuring fluorescent intensity using a high content imaging analysis.
Results: Chrys, AA2G and their blend at various concentrations demonstrated ROS scavenging activity. Though Chrys alone did not show significant melanogenesis inhibition in B16 assay, the blend of Chrys with AA2G demonstrated additive effects in comparison with AA2G alone. The blend of AA2G and Chrys at various concentrations exhibited enhanced efficacy for inhibiting dark CPD compared to AA2G alone.
Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that the use of natural antioxidant, Chrys in combination with AA2G, provides protection against UVA-induced delayed CPD formation by enhancing ROS scavenging activity and melanogenesis inhibition. These findings could potentially be applied for formulating post-sun exposure skin care products, possibly extending to evening-after care products.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Baicalein mediates protection against Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia.

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) necessitate the research on therapeutic tactics which are different from classical antibiotics in overcoming resistance andtreatinginfections .
In S. aureus , von Willebrand factor-binding protein ( vWbp ) is one of the key virulence determinants because it mediates not only the activation of thrombin to convert fibrinogen to fibrin , thereby enabling S. aureus to escape from the host immune clearance , but also the adhesion of S. aureus to host cells .
Thus , vWbp is regarded as a promising druggable target to treat S. aureus-associated infections @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis , can effectively block the coagulase activity of vWbp without inhibiting the growth of the bacteria .
Through thermal shift and fluorescence quenching assays , we demonstrated that baicalein directly binds to vWbp .
Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays revealed that the Asp-75 and Lys-80 residues are necessary for baicalein binding to vWbp .
Importantly , we demonstrated that baicalein treatment attenuates the virulence of S. aureus and protects mice from S. aureus-induced lethal pneumonia .
In addition , baicalein can improve @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 75 % in vivo .
These findings indicate that baicalein might be developed as a promising therapeutic agent against drug-resistant S. aureus infections .

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) necessitate the research on therapeutic tactics which are different from classical antibiotics in overcoming resistance andtreatinginfections. In S. aureus, von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp) is one of the key virulence determinants because it mediates not only the activation of thrombin to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby enabling S. aureus to escape from the host immune clearance, but also the adhesion of S. aureus to host cells. Thus, vWbp is regarded as a promising druggable target to treat S. aureus-associated infections. Here we identify that baicalein, a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, can effectively block the coagulase activity of vWbp without inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. Through thermal shift and fluorescence quenching assays, we demonstrated that baicalein directly binds to vWbp. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays revealed that the Asp-75 and Lys-80 residues are necessary for baicalein binding to vWbp. Importantly, we demonstrated that baicalein treatment attenuates the virulence of S. aureus and protects mice from S. aureus-induced lethal pneumonia. In addition, baicalein can improve the therapeutic effect of penicillin G by 75% in vivo. These findings indicate that baicalein might be developed as a promising therapeutic agent against drug-resistant S. aureus infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Anti-inflammatory action of herbal medicine comprised of Scutellaria baicalensis and Chrysanthemum m

Anti-inflammatory action of herbal medicine comprised of Scutellaria baicalensis and Chrysanthemum morifolium.

: Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio ofhot water extract ( SB-HW ) , andethanol extract ( @ @ @ @ @ activity were compared .
Among them , SB-HW ( 80 μg/mL ) /CM-E ( 120 @ @ @ @ @ 40 μg/mL ) /CM-E ( 160 μg/mL ) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels @ @ @ @ @ The SB-HW ( 80 μg/mL ) /CM-E ( 120 μg/mL ) mixture , which was @ @ @ @ @ significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-inducedNCI-H292 cells .
The active mixture also reduced @ @ @ @ @ in PMA-induced A549 cells .
LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of @ @ @ @ @ , such as baicalin and cynaroside .
Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture @ @ @ @ @ JNK , and p38 , associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling .
Taken together @ @ @ @ @ the active mixture could be applied as a new anti-inflammatory herbal medicine .

: Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio ofhot water extract (SB-HW), andethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) or SB-HW (40 μg/mL)/CM-E (160 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-inducedNCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGEand IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be applied as a new anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
ABBREVIATIONS: JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CM:; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-12: interleukin-12; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NO: nitric oxide; NK-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PMA: phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate; SB:; PGE: prostaglandin E2; TBST: Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20; TIC: total ion chromatogram; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Potential antidepressant effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, Hericium erinaceus and Rhodiola rosea.

Recent studies focused on the pharmacology and feasibility of herbal compounds as a potential strategy to target a variety of human diseases ranging from metabolic to brain disorders .
Accordingly , bioactive ingredients which are found within a variety of herbal compounds are reported to produce both neuroprotective and psychotropic activities which may help to combat mental disorders such as depression , anxiety , sleep disturbances and cognitive alterations .
In the present manuscript , we focus on three herbs which appear effective in mitigating anxiety or depression with favourable risk-benefit profiles , namely Scutellaria baicalensis ( ) , Hericium @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
These three traditional folk medicinal herbs target the main biochemical events that are implicated in mental disorders , mimicking , to some extent , the mechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants and mood stabilizers with a wide margin of tolerability .
In detail , they rescue alterations in neurotransmitter and neuro-endocrine systems , stimulate neurogenesis and the synthesis of neurotrophic factors , and they counteract oxidative stress , mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation .
Albeit the encouraging results that emerge from both experimental and clinical evidence , further studies are needed to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and specifically , the antidepressant effects of these herbs .

Recent studies focused on the pharmacology and feasibility of herbal compounds as a potential strategy to target a variety of human diseases ranging from metabolic to brain disorders. Accordingly, bioactive ingredients which are found within a variety of herbal compounds are reported to produce both neuroprotective and psychotropic activities which may help to combat mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive alterations. In the present manuscript, we focus on three herbs which appear effective in mitigating anxiety or depression with favourable risk-benefit profiles, namely Scutellaria baicalensis (), Hericium erinaceus () and Rhodiola rosea (). These three traditional folk medicinal herbs target the main biochemical events that are implicated in mental disorders, mimicking, to some extent, the mechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants and mood stabilizers with a wide margin of tolerability. In detail, they rescue alterations in neurotransmitter and neuro-endocrine systems, stimulate neurogenesis and the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, and they counteract oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Albeit the encouraging results that emerge from both experimental and clinical evidence, further studies are needed to confirm and better understand the mental-health promoting, and specifically, the antidepressant effects of these herbs.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies induces arrest of cell cycle at S-phage in co

Polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies induces arrest of cell cycle at S-phage in colon cancer cells.

The fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus has been used to treat digestive system disorder-related diseases for over 2000 years in @ @ @ @ @ , HEFP-2b , was obtained from H. erinaceus fruiting bodies .
Physical and chemical analysis @ @ @ @ @ fucose , galactose , glucose , and mannose in molar ratio of 11.81:22.82:44.28:21.09 , and @ @ @ @ @ 3.252 × 10 Da .
The backbone of HEFP-2b consisted of →6 ) -linked-α-D-Glcp- ( @ @ @ @ @ ( 1→ and →3,6 ) -α-D-Manp linkage , with two side-branching units of ( 1→ @ @ @ @ @ ( 1→ and →4 ) -α-D-Manp , terminated by Glc and Fuc .
The results @ @ @ @ @ ) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) assay and cell cycle arrest experiments revealed that HEFP-2b @ @ @ @ @ colon cancer cells ( HCT-116 ) in vitro .
The growth inhibitory effects of HEFP-2b @ @ @ @ @ arrest the cell cycle at the S-phase .
Our results willprovide valuable information for future @ @ @ @ @ novel health-promoting functional food ingredient that can be used for treating colon cancer .

The fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus has been used to treat digestive system disorder-related diseases for over 2000 years in China. A novel polysaccharide, HEFP-2b, was obtained from H. erinaceus fruiting bodies. Physical and chemical analysis showed that HEFP-2b consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose in molar ratio of 11.81:22.82:44.28:21.09, and that its molecular weight was 3.252 × 10 Da. The backbone of HEFP-2b consisted of →6)-linked-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →3,6) -α-D-Manp linkage, with two side-branching units of (1→ and →6)-β-D-Galp and (1→ and →4)-α-D-Manp, terminated by Glc and Fuc. The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell cycle arrest experiments revealed that HEFP-2b considerably inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells (HCT-116) in vitro. The growth inhibitory effects of HEFP-2b correlated with their ability to arrest the cell cycle at the S-phase. Our results willprovide valuable information for future studies on HEFP-2b as a novel health-promoting functional food ingredient that can be used for treating colon cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Identification and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of meroterpenoids from Hericium erinaceus..

is a very popular edible and medicinal mushroom used for the treatment of enervation and gastrointestinal diseases in Eastern Asia @ @ @ @ @ fruiting body ofled to the isolation of 4 new ( 1 : - 4 : @ @ @ @ @ ( 5 : - 14 : ) .
The structures of new compounds were determined @ @ @ @ @ MS data in combination with chemical derivatization .
The inhibitory activities of 1 : - @ @ @ @ @ using-nitrophenyl -- D-glucopyranoside , sucrose , or maltose as substrate .
Compounds 6 , 9 @ @ @ @ @ : were demonstrated to show the-glucosidase inhibitory activities .
This work confirms the potential ofin @ @ @ @ @

is a very popular edible and medicinal mushroom used for the treatment of enervation and gastrointestinal diseases in Eastern Asia. Chemical investigation on the fruiting body ofled to the isolation of 4 new (1: - 4: ) and 10 known meroterpenoids (5: - 14: ). The structures of new compounds were determined via analysis of NMR and MS data in combination with chemical derivatization. The inhibitory activities of 1: - 14: against-glucosidase were evaluated using-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside, sucrose, or maltose as substrate. Compounds 6, 9, 11: - 13: were demonstrated to show the-glucosidase inhibitory activities. This work confirms the potential ofin the treatment of diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Hericium Erinaceus prevents DEHP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in PC12 cells.

( HE ) is a medicinal plant known to possess anticarcinogenic , antibiotic , and antioxidant activities .
It has @ @ @ @ @ protective effect against ischemia-injury-induced neuronal cell death in rats .
As an extending study , @ @ @ @ @ 12 ( PC12 ) cells , whether HE could exert a protective effect against oxidative @ @ @ @ @ di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) , a plasticizer known to cause neurotoxicity @ @ @ @ @ with HE significantly attenuated DEHP induced cell death .
This protective effect may be attributed @ @ @ @ @ intracellular reactive oxygen species levels , preserving the activity of respiratory complexes and stabilizing the @ @ @ @ @ , HE pretreatment significantly modulated Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent vitagenes expression , preventing the increase of @ @ @ @ @ anti-apoptotic markers .
Collectively , our data provide evidence of new preventive nutritional strategy using @ @ @ @ @ PC12 cells .

(HE) is a medicinal plant known to possess anticarcinogenic, antibiotic, and antioxidant activities. It has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemia-injury-induced neuronal cell death in rats. As an extending study, here we examined in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, whether HE could exert a protective effect against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer known to cause neurotoxicity. We demonstrated that pretreatment with HE significantly attenuated DEHP induced cell death. This protective effect may be attributed to its ability to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, preserving the activity of respiratory complexes and stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, HE pretreatment significantly modulated Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent vitagenes expression, preventing the increase of pro-apoptotic and the decrease of anti-apoptotic markers. Collectively, our data provide evidence of new preventive nutritional strategy using HE against DEHP-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Peptides obtained from edible mushrooms: Hericium erinaceus offers the ability to scavenge free radi

Peptides obtained from edible mushrooms: Hericium erinaceus offers the ability to scavenge free radicals and induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

This research examined the antioxidant abilities of peptides derived from the Hericium erinaceus mushroom produced via three microbial proteases ( Alcalase® , Neutrase® , and Flavourzyme® ) at varying concentrations of 10 , 25 , and 50 mg mL-1 .
The H. erinaceus mushroom hydrolysate produced from 10 mg mL-1 Alcalase® with 4 hours ' digestion resulted in the highest levels of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ( ABTS ) , 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl ( DPPH ) , and nitric oxide ( NO ) radical scavenging activities .
Fractionation of this particular hydrolysate was then performed by ultrafiltration ( 10 , 5 , 3 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
The MW < 0.65 kDa fraction demonstrated the highest level of radical scavenging activity in the context of ABTS , DPPH , and NO .
Therefore , the fraction MW < 0.65 kDa was performed with RP-HPLC to obtain the four principal fractions termed F1-4 .
The results reveal that the F4 sub-fraction demonstrated the best radical scavenging ability .
Additionally , the F4 sub-fraction was able to reduce the potential for DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals .
This was revealed by testing using the Fenton reaction and the pUC19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This outcome was demonstrated through in vitro antiproliferative activity in human lung carcinoma cell lines ( Chago-K1 ) using MTT assay .
The F4 sub-fraction was also demonstrated to induce apoptosis , as indicated using the FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with PI .
Furthermore , it was also found that the activity of caspase-3 , -8 , and -9 in Chago-K1 cells was enhanced after exposure periods of 24 and 48 hours .
Finally , this sub-fraction was selected for peptide sequencing via quadrupole-time-of-flight-electron spin induction-mass spectrometry-based de novo peptide sequencing @

This research examined the antioxidant abilities of peptides derived from the Hericium erinaceus mushroom produced via three microbial proteases (Alcalase®, Neutrase®, and Flavourzyme®) at varying concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 mg mL-1. The H. erinaceus mushroom hydrolysate produced from 10 mg mL-1 Alcalase® with 4 hours' digestion resulted in the highest levels of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities. Fractionation of this particular hydrolysate was then performed by ultrafiltration (10, 5, 3, and 0.65 kDa molecular weight cut-off membranes). The MW<0.65 kDa fraction demonstrated the highest level of radical scavenging activity in the context of ABTS, DPPH, and NO. Therefore, the fraction MW<0.65 kDa was performed with RP-HPLC to obtain the four principal fractions termed F1-4. The results reveal that the F4 sub-fraction demonstrated the best radical scavenging ability. Additionally, the F4 sub-fraction was able to reduce the potential for DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals. This was revealed by testing using the Fenton reaction and the pUC19, pKS, and pBR322 plasmids. This outcome was demonstrated through in vitro antiproliferative activity in human lung carcinoma cell lines (Chago-K1) using MTT assay. The F4 sub-fraction was also demonstrated to induce apoptosis, as indicated using the FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with PI. Furthermore, it was also found that the activity of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in Chago-K1 cells was enhanced after exposure periods of 24 and 48 hours. Finally, this sub-fraction was selected for peptide sequencing via quadrupole-time-of-flight-electron spin induction-mass spectrometry-based de novo peptide sequencing.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Pre-protective effect of polysaccharides purified from Hericium erinaceus against ethanol-induced ga

Pre-protective effect of polysaccharides purified from Hericium erinaceus against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury.

Theβ-glucan H6PC20 ( Mw : 2390 kDa ) and α-heteropolysaccharide HPB-3 ( Mw : 15 kDa ) were purified from @ @ @ @ @ erinaceus according to the previous methods .
Their gastroprotective activities and corresponding structure-activity relationship were @ @ @ @ @ ulcer model of rats .
After intragastric administrated with H6PC20 and HPB-3 for 14 days @ @ @ @ @ of gastric mucosa was improved significantly .
The defense and repair factors ( EGF , @ @ @ @ @ increased , meanwhile , the inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β and TNF-α ) and MDA were @ @ @ @ @ that H6PC20 and HPB-3 presented gastroprotective activities with the mechanism of activating repair and defense @ @ @ @ @ response and alleviating the oxidative injury .
Furthermore , the structure-activity relationship showed that the @ @ @ @ @ repair and defense system , while the low weight molecular α-heteropolysaccharide focused on the anti-inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ from H. erinaceus can be developed as a potential gastroprotective ingredient for applications in pharmaceutical @ @

Theβ-glucan H6PC20 (Mw: 2390 kDa) and α-heteropolysaccharide HPB-3 (Mw: 15 kDa) were purified from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus according to the previous methods. Their gastroprotective activities and corresponding structure-activity relationship were studied in the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model of rats. After intragastric administrated with H6PC20 and HPB-3 for 14 days, macroscopic and histological evaluation of gastric mucosa was improved significantly. The defense and repair factors (EGF, bFGF and PGE) were increased, meanwhile, the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and MDA were reduced. These results indicated that H6PC20 and HPB-3 presented gastroprotective activities with the mechanism of activating repair and defense system, decreasing the inflammatory response and alleviating the oxidative injury. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship showed that the macromolecular β-glucan was better for repair and defense system, while the low weight molecular α-heteropolysaccharide focused on the anti-inflammatory effect. The polysaccharides purified from H. erinaceus can be developed as a potential gastroprotective ingredient for applications in pharmaceutical field.