greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Proapoptotic activity of Achillea membranacea essential oil and its major constituent 1,8-cineole ag

Proapoptotic activity of Achillea membranacea essential oil and its major constituent 1,8-cineole against A2780 ovarian cancer cells.

Among the hundreds of reportedspecies , ( Labill . )
DC .
is one of the six that grow in Jordan .
Many species of this genus are used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments and several biological and pharmacological activities have been ascribed to their essential oil ( EO ) .
For this study , the EO obtained from a specimen ofgrown in Jordan was analyzed by GC-MS. Ninety-six compounds were detected , of which oxygenated monoterpenes was the predominant class ( 47.9 % ) , followed by non-terpene derivatives ( 27.9 % ) , while @ @ @ @ @ @ @ composition .
The most abundant compound in the EO was 1,8-cineole ( 21.7 % ) .
The cytotoxic activity of the EO was evaluated against three cancer cell lines ( MCF7 , A2780 and HT29 ) , and one normal fibroblast cell line ( MRC5 ) by MTT assay .
Significant growth inhibition was observed in EO-exposed A2780 and HT29 cells ( IC= 12.99 and 14.02μg/mL , respectively ) , while MCF7 and MRC5 were less susceptible .
The EO induced apoptosis and increased the preG1 events in A2780 cells .
1,8-Cineole , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exhibited submicromolar cytotoxicity against A2780 cells , and was 42 times more selective against MRC5 cells .
Its cytotoxicity against A2780 cells was comparable with that of doxorubicin , but 1,8-cineole was more selective for MRC5 normal cells .
Interestingly , 1,8-cineole enhanced apoptosis in A2780 , and caused a remarkable dose-dependent increase in preG1 events .
Thus , 1,8-cineole has demonstrated promising cytotoxic and proapoptotic properties .

Among the hundreds of reportedspecies,(Labill.) DC. is one of the six that grow in Jordan. Many species of this genus are used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments and several biological and pharmacological activities have been ascribed to their essential oil (EO). For this study, the EO obtained from a specimen ofgrown in Jordan was analyzed by GC-MS. Ninety-six compounds were detected, of which oxygenated monoterpenes was the predominant class (47.9%), followed by non-terpene derivatives (27.9%), while sesquiterpenes represented 14.2% of the total composition. The most abundant compound in the EO was 1,8-cineole (21.7%). The cytotoxic activity of the EO was evaluated against three cancer cell lines (MCF7, A2780 and HT29), and one normal fibroblast cell line (MRC5) by MTT assay. Significant growth inhibition was observed in EO-exposed A2780 and HT29 cells (IC= 12.99 and 14.02μg/mL, respectively), while MCF7 and MRC5 were less susceptible. The EO induced apoptosis and increased the preG1 events in A2780 cells. 1,8-Cineole, the major constituent of the EO, exhibited submicromolar cytotoxicity against A2780 cells, and was 42 times more selective against MRC5 cells. Its cytotoxicity against A2780 cells was comparable with that of doxorubicin, but 1,8-cineole was more selective for MRC5 normal cells. Interestingly, 1,8-cineole enhanced apoptosis in A2780, and caused a remarkable dose-dependent increase in preG1 events. Thus, 1,8-cineole has demonstrated promising cytotoxic and proapoptotic properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality, blood glucose and live

Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality, blood glucose and liver enzymes in STZ-induced diabetes.

BACKGROUND : Recent studies have reported that herbal extracts may have some protective effect against the complications of diabetes mellitus .
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract in comparison to metformin on liver damage , lipid abnormality , and glycemic control in diabetic rats .
METHODS : Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups of 10 animals .
Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin ( STZ ) to 4 groups of rats .
Three groups of diabetic rats were given 250 mg/kg/day metformin , 25 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract , or 100 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ groups were also given either 25 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium extract .
Normal control and diabetic control rats received 1 mL/day of normal saline .
Treatments were administered through oral gavage for 28 days .
At the end , rats were anesthetized with ether and their serum samples were separated in order to measure blood glucose , serum total protein , lipids , and liver enzymes .
RESULTS : There was a significant reduction in blood glucose , serum liver enzymes , triglycerides , and total- and LDL-cholesterol levels of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other groups .
In addition , there was a significant increment in body weight and HDL-cholesterol serum level in the Achillea millefolium-treated groups .
CONCLUSION : Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality , blood glucose and liver enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats .
Future clinical studies are warranted to confirm our experimental findings in humans .

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that herbal extracts may have some protective effect against the complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract in comparison to metformin on liver damage, lipid abnormality, and glycemic control in diabetic rats.
METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups of 10 animals. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to 4 groups of rats. Three groups of diabetic rats were given 250 mg/kg/day metformin, 25 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract, or 100 mg/kg/day of this extract. Two non-diabetic groups were also given either 25 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium extract. Normal control and diabetic control rats received 1 mL/day of normal saline. Treatments were administered through oral gavage for 28 days. At the end, rats were anesthetized with ether and their serum samples were separated in order to measure blood glucose, serum total protein, lipids, and liver enzymes.
RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in blood glucose, serum liver enzymes, triglycerides, and total- and LDL-cholesterol levels of the Achillea millefolium extract-treated groups compared to the other groups. In addition, there was a significant increment in body weight and HDL-cholesterol serum level in the Achillea millefolium-treated groups.
CONCLUSION: Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality, blood glucose and liver enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Future clinical studies are warranted to confirm our experimental findings in humans.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Achillea biebersteinni may inhibit scar formation.

BACKGROUND : One of the major problems in wound healing is scar formation ; however , there are few ways to prevent or treat it .
Different species of Achillea are used to treat wounds in folk medicine from the past but there are few studies on the effect of it on wound healing and inhibition of scar formation .
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Achillea biebersteinii Afan hydroethanolic extract on the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF as effective growth factors of wound healing in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells .
METHODS : Mouse embryonic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Achillea extract at two different time ( 12 and 24 hr ) ; the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF was performed by real-time-PCR and ELISA at the level of gene and protein .
RESULTS : It was observed that the plant extract at 5 and 10 µg/ml downregulated the expression of TGFβ1 and upregulated the expression of bFGF at the level of gene and protein .
CONCLUSION : The results showed that the pattern of changes in the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF by Achillea biebersteinni Afan extract may inhibit scar formation @

BACKGROUND: One of the major problems in wound healing is scar formation; however, there are few ways to prevent or treat it. Different species of Achillea are used to treat wounds in folk medicine from the past but there are few studies on the effect of it on wound healing and inhibition of scar formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Achillea biebersteinii Afan hydroethanolic extract on the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF as effective growth factors of wound healing in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.
METHODS: Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were exposed to different concentrations of Achillea extract at two different time (12 and 24 hr); the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF was performed by real-time-PCR and ELISA at the level of gene and protein.
RESULTS: It was observed that the plant extract at 5 and 10 µg/ml downregulated the expression of TGFβ1 and upregulated the expression of bFGF at the level of gene and protein.
CONCLUSION: The results showed that the pattern of changes in the expression of TGFβ1 and bFGF by Achillea biebersteinni Afan extract may inhibit scar formation.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activity of the genus Achillea L.

BACKGROUND : The genus Achillea L. is rich in bioactive sesquiterpenes and flavonoids ; most of the studied species exhibit several biological activities and are used as emmenagogue , wound healing and analgesic agents .
Some species are also used in local folklore medicine .
OBJECTIVE : Following a literature survey , we discuss the anti-cancer properties of Achillea species , taking into consideration ethnopharmacological data on their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer .
In addition , we screened extracts and isolated secondary metabolites from A. coarctata for cytotoxicity , upon information based on local traditional @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Kozani ( Northern Greece ) , where it is locally used for treating gastrointestinal disorders , including stomach cancer .
METHOD : A selection of the relevant data was performed through a search in PubMed , Scopus , Google Scholar and Science Direct databases .
In addition , extracts and isolated compounds from A. coarctata were tested for their in vitro activity against the human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HeLa .
CONCLUSION : The genus Achillea L. is a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites .
The most significant outcome of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the assessment of the traditional information and its use and perspectives in the light of modern pharmacology .

BACKGROUND: The genus Achillea L. is rich in bioactive sesquiterpenes and flavonoids; most of the studied species exhibit several biological activities and are used as emmenagogue, wound healing and analgesic agents. Some species are also used in local folklore medicine.
OBJECTIVE: Following a literature survey, we discuss the anti-cancer properties of Achillea species, taking into consideration ethnopharmacological data on their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer. In addition, we screened extracts and isolated secondary metabolites from A. coarctata for cytotoxicity, upon information based on local traditional medicine. The plant was collected in Kozani (Northern Greece), where it is locally used for treating gastrointestinal disorders, including stomach cancer.
METHOD: A selection of the relevant data was performed through a search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases. In addition, extracts and isolated compounds from A. coarctata were tested for their in vitro activity against the human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HeLa.
CONCLUSION: The genus Achillea L. is a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The most significant outcome of the investigation of medicinal plants is the documentation and the assessment of the traditional information and its use and perspectives in the light of modern pharmacology.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Antiproliferative activity of Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium, and Aloe vera in interacti

Antiproliferative activity of Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium, and Aloe vera in interaction with the prostatic activity of CD82.

Background : In recent years , prostate cancer prevails as one of the lead cancers affecting men .
Currently , prostate cancer research involves the phytochemical study of plants with anti-tumour effects .
This study compares the anti-tumour effects of three plant species indigenous to Iran and their interaction with cluster of differentiation ( CD ) -82 protein , a therapeutic target found in prostate cancer cells .
Methods : The extracts of Hypericum perforatum , Achillea millefolium , and Aloe vera were prepared and their toxicological , cellular and gene expression responses were evaluated in PC-3 human prostate cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C28/I2 .
They were exposed to different concentrations of the plants ( 10 mg/mL , 5 mg/mL , 1 mg/mL , 100µg/mL , 10 µg/mL , and 1 µg/mL ) at three exposure time points ( 24 , 48 , 72 hours ) to determine cancer cell cytotoxicity and gene expression profiles .
Results : : Half-maximal inhibitory concentration ( IC50 ) in PC-3 cells ranged from 0.6 to 8.5 mg/mL forextract , from 0.4 to 7.5 mg/mL forextract , and from 0.2 to 8.0 mg/mL forextract in a time-dependent manner.extract caused the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 94 % ) and C28/I2 cells ( 57 % ) after 48 hours .
A 1.97- , 3.00- , and 3.48-fold increase in relative gene expression of CD82 was observed for , andvera extracts , respectively .
Conclusion : andextracts are a selective inhibitor of prostate cancer cells and a potent activator of CD82 expression .

Background: In recent years, prostate cancer prevails as one of the lead cancers affecting men. Currently, prostate cancer research involves the phytochemical study of plants with anti-tumour effects. This study compares the anti-tumour effects of three plant species indigenous to Iran and their interaction with cluster of differentiation (CD)-82 protein, a therapeutic target found in prostate cancer cells.
Methods: The extracts of Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium, and Aloe vera were prepared and their toxicological, cellular and gene expression responses were evaluated in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and normal human chondrocyte cell line C28/I2. They were exposed to different concentrations of the plants (10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 100µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, and 1 µg/mL) at three exposure time points (24, 48, 72 hours) to determine cancer cell cytotoxicity and gene expression profiles.
Results: : Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in PC-3 cells ranged from 0.6 to 8.5 mg/mL forextract, from 0.4 to 7.5 mg/mL forextract, and from 0.2 to 8.0 mg/mL forextract in a time-dependent manner.extract caused the highest cell death levels in PC-3 cells (94%) and C28/I2 cells (57%) after 48 hours. A 1.97-, 3.00-, and 3.48-fold increase in relative gene expression of CD82 was observed for, andvera extracts, respectively.
Conclusion: andextracts are a selective inhibitor of prostate cancer cells and a potent activator of CD82 expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Hyperoside alleviates epilepsy-induced neuronal damage.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Hypericum perforatum L. ( genus Hypericum , family Hypericaceae ) , a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine , is believed to confer a wide range of benefits , including fever reduction , detoxification , calming , and pain relief via decoctions of its stems and leaves .
Hyperoside ( HYP ) , a natural compound extracted from Hypericum perforatum L. , has been shown to demonstrate a wide array of bioactivities including antioxidative , anti-inflammatory , and anti-apoptotic effects .
In this study , we investigated the effects of HYP on epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AIM OF THE STUDY : This study examined the potential therapeutic use of HYP for the treatment of neuronal damage in a mouse model of epilepsy and explored the relationships of the potential neuroprotective effects of HYP pretreatment with antioxidant levels and autophagy .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups : sham group , sham-HYP group , KA group , KA-HYP group , KA-HYP-DDC group and KA-CQ group .
Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess changes in NeuN , IBA-1 , and GFAP expression in the CA3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was used to assess the effects of HYP on the number of autophagosomes that accumulated in neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region .
The levels of SOD1 , SOD2 , LC3I/II , Beclin1 , and PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling-related proteins were detected by Western blot .
RESULTS : Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg HYP protected against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA3 region .
Additionally , HYP enhanced antioxidant levels and reduced the levels of autophagy-related proteins via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways .
CONCLUSION : HYP protected the hippocampal CA3 region against @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and reducing autophagy .
The mechanism of action may be related to the maintenance of antioxidant levels and the suppression of autophagy via the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hypericum perforatum L. (genus Hypericum, family Hypericaceae), a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, is believed to confer a wide range of benefits, including fever reduction, detoxification, calming, and pain relief via decoctions of its stems and leaves. Hyperoside (HYP), a natural compound extracted from Hypericum perforatum L., has been shown to demonstrate a wide array of bioactivities including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of HYP on epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in mice and the associated regulatory factors.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study examined the potential therapeutic use of HYP for the treatment of neuronal damage in a mouse model of epilepsy and explored the relationships of the potential neuroprotective effects of HYP pretreatment with antioxidant levels and autophagy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham group, sham-HYP group, KA group, KA-HYP group, KA-HYP-DDC group and KA-CQ group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess changes in NeuN, IBA-1, and GFAP expression in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the effects of HYP on the number of autophagosomes that accumulated in neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region. The levels of SOD1, SOD2, LC3I/II, Beclin1, and PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling-related proteins were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg HYP protected against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA3 region. Additionally, HYP enhanced antioxidant levels and reduced the levels of autophagy-related proteins via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways.
CONCLUSION: HYP protected the hippocampal CA3 region against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage via enhancing antioxidant levels and reducing autophagy. The mechanism of action may be related to the maintenance of antioxidant levels and the suppression of autophagy via the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Adipogenesis inhibitory activity of hypersampsone P from Hypericum subsessile

Adamantane polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols ( PPAPs ) with caged architecture , a special class of hybrid natural products , is @ @ @ @ @ family Guttiferae , especially Hypericum or Garcinia genus .
Hypersampsone P is one of Adamantane @ @ @ @ @ subsessile .
Here we have chosen , screened ten PPAPs and identified one of them @ @ @ @ @ of adipocytes differentiation .
Particularly , the compound , hypersampsone P , blunted the adipocyte @ @ @ @ @ hypersampsone P down-regulated the expressions of several key regulators for adipogenesis , including PPARγ and @ @ @ @ @ cells at the early stage of adipogenesis by hypersampsone P induced the greatest blunting of @ @ @ @ @ might be involved in the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway .

Adamantane polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) with caged architecture, a special class of hybrid natural products, is specifically rich in the plant family Guttiferae, especially Hypericum or Garcinia genus. Hypersampsone P is one of Adamantane PPAPs compounds extracted from Hypericum subsessile. Here we have chosen, screened ten PPAPs and identified one of them showed an activity in inhibiting of adipocytes differentiation. Particularly, the compound, hypersampsone P, blunted the adipocyte differentiation dose-dependently. Moreover, hypersampsone P down-regulated the expressions of several key regulators for adipogenesis, including PPARγ and FABP4. The treatment of cells at the early stage of adipogenesis by hypersampsone P induced the greatest blunting of adipocyte differentiation and the effect might be involved in the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--These results suggest that deglycosylated rutin generated by acid treatment enhances the anti-obesit

These results suggest that deglycosylated rutin generated by acid treatment enhances the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects.

The present study evaluated the effects of acid-treated rutin on hyperlipidemia and obesity in high-fat diet ( HFD ) -induced @ @ @ @ @ consumed a HFD with or without acid-treated rutin for 7 weeks .
Body weight gain @ @ @ @ @ 33 % , in the acid-treated rutin ( AR ) and quercetin ( Q ) @ @ @ @ @ the HFD group .
The adipocytes ' size in epididymal fat in AR and Q @ @ @ @ @ to that in the HFD group ( < 0.05 ) .
Treatment with AR decreased @ @ @ @ @ total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to the HFD group .
In particular @ @ @ @ @ decreased serum triglyceride ( 36.82 mg/dL ) by 46 % compared to HFD ( 69.30 @ @ @ @ @ group also showed significantly decreased atherogenic indices and cardiac risk factors .
These results suggest @ @ @ @ @ acid treatment enhances the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects in obese mice , and provides valuable @ @ @ @ @ properties of glycosidic flavonoids .

The present study evaluated the effects of acid-treated rutin on hyperlipidemia and obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The mice consumed a HFD with or without acid-treated rutin for 7 weeks. Body weight gain considerably decreased, by approximately 33%, in the acid-treated rutin (AR) and quercetin (Q) groups compared to that in the HFD group. The adipocytes' size in epididymal fat in AR and Q groups was significantly reduced compared to that in the HFD group (<0.05). Treatment with AR decreased the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to the HFD group. In particular, administration of AR significantly decreased serum triglyceride (36.82 mg/dL) by 46% compared to HFD (69.30 mg/dL). The AR group also showed significantly decreased atherogenic indices and cardiac risk factors. These results suggest that deglycosylated rutin generated by acid treatment enhances the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects in obese mice, and provides valuable information for improving the functional properties of glycosidic flavonoids.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-27--Nobiletin flavone inhibits the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells.

PURPOSE : The anticancer effects of nobiletin have not been fully explored against the human pancreatic cancer cells .
Therefore this study was undertaken to evaluate the anticancer effects of nobiletin against the MIAPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells along with evaluating its effects on autophagy , cell cycle phase distribution , cell migration and invasion and NF-kB signalling pathway .
METHODS : Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay while cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry .
Effects on cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing assay and transwell assays respectively .
Transmission electron microscopy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ used to study the effects on autophagy and NF-kB signalling pathway .
RESULTS : The results revealed that nobiletin restrained the proliferation rate of the MIAPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells and showed an IC50 of 6.12µM .
However , nobiletin exhibited very high IC50 against the normal ms-1 pancreatic cells .
TEM showed that nobiletin triggered autophagy in the MIAPaCa-2 cancer cells which was accompanied by enhancement in the expression of LC3B II and LC3-I , and decrease in the expression of p62 .
Cell cycle analysis showed that nobiletin caused accretion of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the cell cycle activating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest .
The G0/G1 arrest of MIAPaCa-2 cells was also concomitant with depletion of cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression .
Nobiletin suppressed the migration of the MIAPaCa-2 cancer cells reminiscent of the anti-metastatic potential of nobiletin .
Finally , nobiletin also blocked the NF-kB signalling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner .
CONCLUSIONS : Taken together , nobiletin may prove valuable as a promising drug candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment provided further studies are carried out on it , particularly toxicological studies .

PURPOSE: The anticancer effects of nobiletin have not been fully explored against the human pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore this study was undertaken to evaluate the anticancer effects of nobiletin against the MIAPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells along with evaluating its effects on autophagy, cell cycle phase distribution, cell migration and invasion and NF-kB signalling pathway.
METHODS: Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay while cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Effects on cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing assay and transwell assays respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot were used to study the effects on autophagy and NF-kB signalling pathway.
RESULTS: The results revealed that nobiletin restrained the proliferation rate of the MIAPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells and showed an IC50 of 6.12µM. However, nobiletin exhibited very high IC50 against the normal ms-1 pancreatic cells. TEM showed that nobiletin triggered autophagy in the MIAPaCa-2 cancer cells which was accompanied by enhancement in the expression of LC3B II and LC3-I, and decrease in the expression of p62. Cell cycle analysis showed that nobiletin caused accretion of the MIAPaCa-2 cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle activating G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The G0/G1 arrest of MIAPaCa-2 cells was also concomitant with depletion of cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. Nobiletin suppressed the migration of the MIAPaCa-2 cancer cells reminiscent of the anti-metastatic potential of nobiletin. Finally, nobiletin also blocked the NF-kB signalling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, nobiletin may prove valuable as a promising drug candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment provided further studies are carried out on it, particularly toxicological studies.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Is Bitter Melon Good for Type 2 Diabetes?

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--How Herbal Tea Changed My Life

How Herbal Tea Changed My Life

Ten years ago my wife Genna and I moved into a rental house in Kilauea , Kauai with our three-year old son .
He was running circles around me during the day ; and at night , I would fall asleep to his bedtime story .
As a competitive high school athlete , I never imagined losing my youthful movements by age 35 .
I 'd spent the last 15 years hecticly traversing the country while working nonstop hours on the phone and computer .
Nightly I would `` unwind '' to steak and wine dinners .
The compounded effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and waist were both inflamed and numb .
I desperately needed an interceptor .
At the time , if you were to open up my supplement closet , bottles of powders , tinctures and capsules , would probably come falling out , for I was a supplement connoisseur .
And I would try anything ; including a $ 300 , 2-ounce `` rare '' ginseng tincture .
The evening we moved into that rental was quite memorable .
The landlord , Carol , gave me an epic tour of her quaint medicinal herb @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a short history of the plants , and usage of each particular herb .
The diverse , yet humble 10 x 20-foot garden consisted of approximately 12-15 different plants including : rosemary , sage , valerian , holy basil , nettles , thyme , lemon balm , and mint .
After the garden tour I asked Carol how she used these herbs .
She quickly responded that she really did n't have much time for using the herbs in her lifestyle at the moment , but if she were to use them , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or use them for culinary purposes .
I immediately thought to myself , `` Great , I was already familiar with making fresh herbal tea from the Noni Leaf , a Polynesian superherb that we began brewing since moving to Kauai years before , so this will integrate perfectly into my existing tea practice . ''
That very same evening , I enthusiastically began researching the properties of the individual herbs I had just met in our new garden .
I remember staying up all hours of the night researching Tulsi or Holy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the revered adaptogenic herb , Tulsi , otherwise known as `` The Elixir of Life '' , was growing in our very own garden ; and alongside so many other powerhouse tonic herbs used for cleansing , circulation , clarity , calming , inflammation , detoxing , restoration and so much more .
I remember my excitement-like a kid in a candy store .
So , the very next morning when I awoke , I grabbed some scissors and a basket ; and made my first batch of home-brewed fresh herbal tea , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Balm , and Sage .
I remember taking 5-20 leaves off each plant , basing my harvest amounts on what each plant had to offer ; and somehow fully trusting in my intuition in crafting my very own medicinal brew .
I brewed the tea in a pot and steeped it in a half gallon jug that I proceeded to drink throughout the next day or two .
The tea was delicious , extremely medicinal , and alive .
I could immediately feel the authentic , alkalizing effects of intentionally grown , harvested @ @ @ @ @ @ @ next few weeks , as I continued to craft and drink more and more tea , I noticed a profound shift in my diet , attitude and circulation levels .
It was honestly a bit confusing to suddenly have stumbled upon this new vital energy for my body , mind and spirit ; yet it was a practice that had been revered by billions of people for thousands of years .
I could n't help but think to myself , `` But where does one get a variety of truly fresh medicinal herbs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the world could I even find a fresh cup of herbal tea grown , crafted and brewed with intention to heal ?
I remember reading all about the medicinal powers of herbal tea throughout history .
But where in the world does one get truly fresh herbs ?
I remembered my general aversion to and lack of trust in the powers of natural or herbal medicine during my childhood .
I soon realized that the difference was , those herbs and spices were old , stale , fertilized with chemicals , and processed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the herbs of their intention to heal .
It became clear to me why herbal tea was not being appreciated in the West for its medicinal nature , and how it had unfortunately vanished from our cultural practices for so many generations .
And slowly but surely , as I drank the tea , I began to develop a true relationship with these notorious healing plants .
The self-awareness that the fresh Tulsi is revered for started to trickle into my consciousness ; the profound flavor and cooling effects of fresh mint began @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; the gentle nature of fresh Lemon Balm helped calm my nervous system ; and the restorative nature of fresh Sage , `` The Queen of Herbs '' , sparked a new sense of well-being and vitality .
Over the next 6 months , I proceeded to drink a half to full gallon of herbal tea every day .
I would actually leave the fresh herbs in the jar to make sure I got all the medicine .
How could I not ?
My body began to move .
My numb hips began @ @ @ @ @ @ @ neck started to trim out and regain its swivel motion ( that I did n't even realize I had lost ) .
I now understood that for years I had been unconsciously eating as a habitual and cultural practice only , instead of seeking true conscious alkaline nourishment .
The acidic foods like meat , dairy , gluten and highly processed and synthetic sugars instantly became less attractive , and my mind and body began to crave more fruits , veggies , nuts and seeds .
I could feel my blood becoming cleaner @ @ @ @ @ @ @ eating larger portions of food , while shedding acidic toxic weight at the same time ( I lost about 30 pounds ! )
I was sold !
So much so that I began to empty my supplement closet ; a closet filled with bottles and jars that I had no idea how and where they were grown , how old they were , or how they were crafted .
It was quite the eye opener .
As my body , mind and spirit were coming alive ; I felt less fascinated by the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ terms of specific vitamins and minerals ; because I was undoubtedly experiencing a higher level of healing .
A level of healing that reconnected me to my intuition , willpower and self-awareness .
The detoxing effects of the fresh herbal tea were clawing and scratching at acidic blockages in the body that had been accumulated over a lifetime of poor eating and drinking .
Years of childhood sodas , candy , white bread , and animal products began to gently cleanse from the body with consistent trips to the bathroom ; resulting in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ my body that otherwise laid dormant throughout my lifetime .
The self-empowering nature of these fresh herbs were undeniable .
My wife and I both felt it .
We were excited to share our experience and this information with the world .
In 2011 , Genna and I had the opportunity to steward a horse ranch on the north shore of Kauai in the town of Kilauea with 15 fruit trees , including Noni , and a patch of lemongrass .
We started planting with a single Tulsi plant from a cutting taken @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the grand vision of creating a biodynamic herbal medicinal tea farm had officially begun .
In the past 8 years , we have collected over 70 different types of genetics to round out our diverse herbal medicine cabinet .
We have used the plants to provide our family , friends and customers with the finest and freshest Kauai grown herbal medicine has to offer ; often cured , crafted , packaged , and sold within the week of harvest .
Our herbs are grown in our organic gardens by humble and loving farmers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to heal by our artisanal herbalists , and sold to you directly from our farm - as FRESH & PURE as possible !
So here I am 10 years later .
Still drinking fresh herbal tea like my life depends on it ; because I believe it does .
I hope and pray that more of you grow your own medicine gardens , or seek out fresh mint , sage and lemon balm from your neighbor or local farmer to brew a fresh batch of herbal tea .
Drinking fresh herbal tea has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ strongly about the powers of these plants to heal the people and the planet , that I live every day to help make it a cultural phenomenon !
For more on the wonderful health benefits of tea , visit the GreenMedInfo database .


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Flaxseed oil may be considered a promising agent with cardioprotective properties.

BACKGROUND : The endocannabinoid system ( ECS ) overactivation , associated with increased inflammatory process , may act as a risk factor for coronary artery disease ( CAD ) .
Dietary fat may influence the ECS tone .
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed oil on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile and ECS activity by the measurement of serum N-arachydonoil ethanolamine ( AEA ) and cannabinoid receptor type-1 ( CB1 ) , cannabinoid receptor type-2 ( CB2 ) , and fatty acid amide hydrolase ( FAAH ) mRNA expression .
METHODS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients with CAD .
The intervention group received 1.5 % fat milk supplemented with flaxseed oil ( containing 2.5 g α-linolenic acid or ALA ) , while the placebo group received 1.5 % fat milk for 10 weeks .
The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was measured by gas chromatography .
The AEA level was determined using an ELISA kit , and real-time PCR was performed to measure CB1 , CB2 , and FAAH mRNA expression pre- and post-intervention .
RESULTS : Flaxseed oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in linoleic acid ( LA ) content of membrane phospholipids , compared to the placebo group ( MD = - 0.35 and 2.89 , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) .
The within group analysis showed that flaxseed oil supplementation caused a significant reduction in both LA and arachidonic acid ( MD = - 4.84 and - 4.03 , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) and an elevation in the ALA ( MD = 0.37 , P < 0.001 ) content of membrane phospholipids compared with the baseline .
In the intervention group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the serum AEA level after 10 weeks of intervention , compared with the placebo group ( MD = 0.64 , P = 0.016 ) .
Changes in CB2 mRNA expression in the flaxseed oil group were significant ( fold change = 1.30 , P = 0.003 ) , compared with the placebo group .
CONCLUSION : Flaxseed oil supplementation could attenuate the ECS tone by decreasing the AEA level and increasing CB2 mRNA expression .
Therefore , flaxseed oil may be considered a promising agent with cardioprotective properties .

BACKGROUND: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation, associated with increased inflammatory process, may act as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Dietary fat may influence the ECS tone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed oil on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile and ECS activity by the measurement of serum N-arachydonoil ethanolamine (AEA) and cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1), cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mRNA expression.
METHODS: This clinical trial was performed on 44 patients with CAD. The intervention group received 1.5% fat milk supplemented with flaxseed oil (containing 2.5 g α-linolenic acid or ALA), while the placebo group received 1.5% fat milk for 10 weeks. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was measured by gas chromatography. The AEA level was determined using an ELISA kit, and real-time PCR was performed to measure CB1, CB2, and FAAH mRNA expression pre- and post-intervention.
RESULTS: Flaxseed oil supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the ALA content and a significant reduction in linoleic acid (LA) content of membrane phospholipids, compared to the placebo group (MD = - 0.35 and 2.89, respectively; P<0.05). The within group analysis showed that flaxseed oil supplementation caused a significant reduction in both LA and arachidonic acid (MD = - 4.84 and - 4.03, respectively; P <0.05) and an elevation in the ALA (MD = 0.37, P<0.001) content of membrane phospholipids compared with the baseline. In the intervention group, a marked reduction was observed in the serum AEA level after 10 weeks of intervention, compared with the placebo group (MD = 0.64, P = 0.016). Changes in CB2 mRNA expression in the flaxseed oil group were significant (fold change = 1.30, P = 0.003), compared with the placebo group.
CONCLUSION: Flaxseed oil supplementation could attenuate the ECS tone by decreasing the AEA level and increasing CB2 mRNA expression. Therefore, flaxseed oil may be considered a promising agent with cardioprotective properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Flaxseed for health and disease: review of clinical trials.

BACKGROUND : Flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum ) is an oil-based seed which contains high amounts of alpha-linoleic acid , linoleic acid , lignans , fiber and many other bioactive components which is suggested for healthier life .
Nowadays flaxseed is known as a remarkable functional food with different health benefits for humans and protects against cardiovascular disease , diabetes , dyslipidemia , obesity and altogether metabolic syndrome .
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS : To review the bioactive components of flaxseed and their potential health effects , PubMed and Scopus were searched from commencement to July 2019 .
Keywords including : 'flaxseed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ syndrome ' , 'obesity ' , 'inflammation ' , 'insulin resistance ' , 'diabetes ' , 'hyperlipidemia ' and 'menopause ' were searched in the databases with varying combinations .
CONCLUSIONS : Consumption of flaxseed in different forms has valuable effect and protects against cardiovascular disease , hypertension , diabetes , dyslipidemia , inflammation and some other complications .
Flaxseed can serve as a promising candidate for management of metabolic syndrome to control blood lipid levels , fasting blood sugar , insulin resistance , body weight , waist circumference , body mass and @ @ @

BACKGROUND: Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oil-based seed which contains high amounts of alpha-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, fiber and many other bioactive components which is suggested for healthier life. Nowadays flaxseed is known as a remarkable functional food with different health benefits for humans and protects against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and altogether metabolic syndrome.
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To review the bioactive components of flaxseed and their potential health effects, PubMed and Scopus were searched from commencement to July 2019. Keywords including: 'flaxseed', 'Linum usitatissimum', 'metabolic syndrome', 'obesity', 'inflammation', 'insulin resistance', 'diabetes', 'hyperlipidemia' and 'menopause' were searched in the databases with varying combinations.
CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of flaxseed in different forms has valuable effect and protects against cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation and some other complications. Flaxseed can serve as a promising candidate for management of metabolic syndrome to control blood lipid levels, fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, body weight, waist circumference, body mass and blood pressure.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--The health promoting compounds of flaxseed affected selected gene expression and attenuated weight g

Diet-induced obesity ( DIO ) has been shown to increase DNA methyltransferases ( DNMTs ) expression and DNMTs binding at @ @ @ @ @ have the potential to reverse obesity-associated gene expression via the regulation of DNA methylation .
@ @ @ @ @ was to determine the effect of health promoting compounds of flaxseed on DNMTs and obesity-associated @ @ @ @ @ .
Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned into one of the following diet groups @ @ @ @ @ : 45 % kcal fat ; 45 % kcal fat+10 % whole flaxseed ; 45 @ @ @ @ @ flaxseed ; 45 % kcal fat+4 % flaxseed oil ; and 16 % kcal fat @ @ @ @ @ DNMT3b , leptin , and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR ) -α expressions in adipose @ @ @ @ @ by real-time PCR .
The health promoting compounds of flaxseed affected selected gene expression and @ @ @ @ @ research is needed to identify the specific mechanisms modulating leptin or PPAR-α expression during DIO @ @

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) has been shown to increase DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) expression and DNMTs binding at obesity-associated genes. Natural compounds have the potential to reverse obesity-associated gene expression via the regulation of DNA methylation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of health promoting compounds of flaxseed on DNMTs and obesity-associated gene expression and weight gain. Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned into one of the following diet groups and fed for eight weeks: 45% kcal fat; 45% kcal fat+10% whole flaxseed; 45% kcal fat+6% defatted flaxseed; 45% kcal fat+4% flaxseed oil; and 16% kcal fat. DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, leptin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α expressions in adipose and muscle tissues were determined by real-time PCR. The health promoting compounds of flaxseed affected selected gene expression and attenuated weight gain. Further research is needed to identify the specific mechanisms modulating leptin or PPAR-α expression during DIO development.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--The cardioprotective role of flaxseed in the prevention of doxorubicin- and trastuzumab-mediated car

The cardioprotective role of flaxseed in the prevention of doxorubicin- and trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND : Although the combination of doxorubicin ( DOX ) and trastuzumab ( TRZ ) reduces the progression and recurrence of breast cancer , these anticancer drugs are associated with significant cardiotoxic side effects .
OBJECTIVE : We investigated whether prophylactic administration of flaxseed ( FLX ) and its bioactive components , α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside ( SDG ) , would be cardioprotective against DOX + TRZ-mediated cardiotoxicity in a chronic in vivo female murine model .
METHODS : Wild-type C57BL/6 female mice ( 10-12 wk old ) received daily prophylactic treatment with one of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( RC ) semi-purified diet ; 2 ) 10 % FLX diet ; 3 ) 4.4 % ALA diet ; or 4 ) 0.44 % SDG diet for a total of 6 wks .
Within each arm , mice received 3 weekly injections of 0.9 % saline or a combination of DOX [ 8 mg/ ( kg.wk ) ] and TRZ [ 3 mg/ ( kg.wk ) ] starting at the end of week 3 .
The main outcome was to evaluate the effects of FLX , ALA , and SDG on cardiovascular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and mitochondrial dysfunction .
Significance between measurements was determined using a 4 ( diet ) × 2 ( chemotherapy ) × 2 ( time ) mixed factorial design with repeated measures .
RESULTS : In the RC + DOX + TRZ-treated mice at week 6 of the study , the left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF ) decreased by 50 % compared with the baseline LVEF ( P CONCLUSION : In a chronic in vivo female C57BL/6 mouse model of DOX + TRZ-mediated cardiotoxicity , FLX , ALA , and SDG were @ @ @

BACKGROUND: Although the combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and trastuzumab (TRZ) reduces the progression and recurrence of breast cancer, these anticancer drugs are associated with significant cardiotoxic side effects.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether prophylactic administration of flaxseed (FLX) and its bioactive components,α-linolenic acid (ALA) and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), would be cardioprotective against DOX + TRZ-mediated cardiotoxicity in a chronic in vivo female murine model.
METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 female mice (10-12 wk old) received daily prophylactic treatment with one of the following diets: 1) regular control (RC) semi-purified diet; 2) 10% FLX diet; 3) 4.4% ALA diet; or 4) 0.44% SDG diet for a total of 6 wks. Within each arm, mice received 3 weekly injections of 0.9% saline or a combination of DOX [8 mg/(kg.wk)] and TRZ [3 mg/(kg.wk)] starting at the end of week 3. The main outcome was to evaluate the effects of FLX, ALA, and SDG on cardiovascular remodeling and markers of apoptosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Significance between measurements was determined using a 4 (diet)× 2 (chemotherapy) × 2 (time) mixed factorial design with repeated measures.
RESULTS: In the RC + DOX + TRZ-treated mice at week 6 of the study, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased by 50% compared with the baseline LVEF (P < 0.05). However, the prophylactic administration of the FLX, ALA, or SDG diet was partially cardioprotective, with mice in these treatment groups showing an ∼68% increase in LVEF compared with the RC + DOX + TRZ-treated group at week 6 (P < 0.05). Although markers of inflammation (nuclear transcription factor κB), apoptosis [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and the ratio of BCL2-associated X protein to B-cell lymphoma-extra large], and mitochondrial dysfunction (BCL2-interacting protein 3) were significantly elevated by approximately2-fold following treatment with RC + DOX + TRZ compared with treatment with RC + saline at week 6, prophylactic administration of FLX, ALA, or SDG partially downregulated these signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION: In a chronic in vivo female C57BL/6 mouse model of DOX + TRZ-mediated cardiotoxicity, FLX, ALA, and SDG were partially cardioprotective.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--A mixture of flaxseed linusorbs, exerts anti-inflammatory effects.

Although flax ( L. ) has long been used as Ayurvedic medicine , its anti-inflammatory role is still unclear .
Therefore , we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of a linusorb mixture ( LOMIX ) recovered from flaxseed oil .
Effects of LOMIX on inflammation and its mechanism of action were examined using several in vitro assays ( i.e.
, NO production , real-time PCR analysis , luciferase-reporter assay , Western blot analysis , and kinase assay ) and in vivo analysis with animal inflammation models as well as acute toxicity test.LOMIX inhibited NO production , cell shape change @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RAW264.7 cells through direct targeting of Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway .
In vivo study further showed that LOMIX alleviated symptoms of gastritis , colitis , and hepatitis in murine model systems .
In accordance with in vitro results , the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were mediated by inhibition of Src and Syk .
LOMIX was neither cytotoxic nor did it cause acute toxicity in mice .
In addition , it was found that LOB3 , LOB2 , and LOA2 are active components included in LOMIX , as assessed by NO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vivo results suggest that LOMIX exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the inflammatory responses of macrophages and ameliorating symptoms of inflammatory diseases without acute toxicity and is a promising anti-inflammatory medication for inflammatory diseases .

Although flax (L.) has long been used as Ayurvedic medicine, its anti-inflammatory role is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of a linusorb mixture (LOMIX) recovered from flaxseed oil. Effects of LOMIX on inflammation and its mechanism of action were examined using several in vitro assays (i.e., NO production, real-time PCR analysis, luciferase-reporter assay, Western blot analysis, and kinase assay) and in vivo analysis with animal inflammation models as well as acute toxicity test.LOMIX inhibited NO production, cell shape change, and inflammatory gene expression in stimulated RAW264.7 cells through direct targeting of Src and Syk in the NF-κB pathway. In vivo study further showed that LOMIX alleviated symptoms of gastritis, colitis, and hepatitis in murine model systems. In accordance with in vitro results, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were mediated by inhibition of Src and Syk. LOMIX was neither cytotoxic nor did it cause acute toxicity in mice. In addition, it was found that LOB3, LOB2, and LOA2 are active components included in LOMIX, as assessed by NO assay. These in vitro and in vivo results suggest that LOMIX exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the inflammatory responses of macrophages and ameliorating symptoms of inflammatory diseases without acute toxicity and is a promising anti-inflammatory medication for inflammatory diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Flaxseed and evening primrose oil slightly affect systolic and diastolic function of isolated heart

Flaxseed and evening primrose oil slightly affect systolic and diastolic function of isolated heart in males.

Considering that sex related differences in cardiac response to flaxseed ( FSO ) and evening primrose oil ( EPO ) are insufficiently known present investigation assessed the effect of these two oils , on the cardiac function of isolated rat hearts and the possible role of sex in this .
The present study was carried out on 60 adult male Wistar albino rats randomly divided into 6 groups : male rats treated with EPO , dose of 10 mg/kg/day ; female rats treated with EPO , dose of 10 mg/kg/day ; male rats treated with FSO , dose of 300 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , dose of 300 mg/kg/day ; control group of female rats treated with regular laboratory diet for animals ; control group of male rats treated with regular laboratory diet for animals .
Using the Langendorff technique , markers of the heart function were evaluated : the maximum and minimum rates of pressure development in the left ventricle ( LV ; dP/dtmax , dP/dtmin ) , systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure ( SLVP , DLVP , respectively ) , heart rate ( HR ) and coronary flow ( CF ) .
Male rats @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p = 0.016 ) mean values of dP/dtmax , dP/dtmin , SLVP and DLVP ( average increase for all CPPs 20 % , 25 % , 30 % and 110 % , respectively ) , compared to the group of male rats treated with FSO ( p = 0.914 ) .
Our study results indicate that both types of PUFA oils only slightly changed the function of the isolated rat heart in male but not in female rats .
Nevertheless , the difference between oil treatments was found in male rats who had @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Considering that sex related differences in cardiac response to flaxseed (FSO) and evening primrose oil (EPO) are insufficiently known present investigation assessed the effect of these two oils, on the cardiac function of isolated rat hearts and the possible role of sex in this. The present study was carried out on 60 adult male Wistar albino rats randomly divided into 6 groups: male rats treated with EPO, dose of 10 mg/kg/day; female rats treated with EPO, dose of 10 mg/kg/day; male rats treated with FSO, dose of 300 mg/kg/day; female rats treated with FSO, dose of 300 mg/kg/day; control group of female rats treated with regular laboratory diet for animals; control group of male rats treated with regular laboratory diet for animals. Using the Langendorff technique, markers of the heart function were evaluated: the maximum and minimum rates of pressure development in the left ventricle (LV; dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin), systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure (SLVP, DLVP, respectively), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF). Male rats treated with EPO had significantly higher (p = 0.016) mean values of dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin, SLVP and DLVP (average increase for all CPPs 20%, 25%, 30% and 110%, respectively), compared to the group of male rats treated with FSO (p = 0.914). Our study results indicate that both types of PUFA oils only slightly changed the function of the isolated rat heart in male but not in female rats. Nevertheless, the difference between oil treatments was found in male rats who had stronger cardiac response after supplementation with EPO.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Effect of evening primrose oil supplementation on lipid profile.

BACKGROUND : Studies have shown that evening primrose oil ( EPO ) supplementation might be effective in improving lipid profile , however , the results are inconsistent .
This study was performed to determine the direction and magnitude of the EPO effect on the lipid profile .
METHODS : PubMed , Scopus , Cochrane Library , Embase and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to September-2019 .
Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model .
Lipid profile including high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the primary outcome .
RESULTS : A total of 926 articles were identified through database searching , of which , six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis .
There were six studies on HDL , TC , and TG and four studies on LDL .
EPO supplementation had no significant effect on TC , TG , LDL , and HDL .
However , in subgroup analysis , a significant reduction in TG at a dose of≤4 g/day ( weighted mean difference [ WMD ] = -37.28 mg/dl ; 95 % CI : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and a significant increase in HDL in hyperlipidemic subjects ( WMD = 5.468 mg/dl ; 95 % CI : 1.323 to 9.614 , p = .010 ) was found .
CONCLUSION : Oral intake of EPO at a dose of≤4 g/day significantly reduces serum TG levels and significantly increases HDL levels in hyperlipidemic subjects .

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that evening primrose oil (EPO) supplementation might be effective in improving lipid profile, however, the results are inconsistent. This study was performed to determine the direction and magnitude of the EPO effect on the lipid profile.
METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to September-2019. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. Lipid profile including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was considered as the primary outcome.
RESULTS: A total of 926 articles were identified through database searching, of which, six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. There were six studies on HDL, TC, and TG and four studies on LDL. EPO supplementation had no significant effect on TC, TG, LDL, and HDL. However, in subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in TG at a dose of≤4 g/day (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -37.28 mg/dl; 95% CI: -73.53 to -1.03, p = .044) and a significant increase in HDL in hyperlipidemic subjects (WMD = 5.468 mg/dl; 95% CI: 1.323 to 9.614, p = .010) was found.
CONCLUSION: Oral intake of EPO at a dose of≤4 g/day significantly reduces serum TG levels and significantly increases HDL levels in hyperlipidemic subjects.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--The effect of evening primrose oil on the level of adiponectin and some biochemical parameters in fr

The effect of evening primrose oil on the level of adiponectin and some biochemical parameters in fructose induced metabolic syndrome.

The effect of evening primrose oil on adiponectin level and some biochemical parameters in model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome were @ @ @ @ @ divided into 4 groups : control , evening primrose oil , fructose , fructose + @ @ @ @ @ weight , daily feed and water consumptions and systolic blood pressures of animals were measured @ @ @ @ @ trial , blood samples were taken , livers were excised and histopathological examination was performed @ @ @ @ @ , triglyceride , T.cholesterol , LDL , HDL , VLDL , ALT , AST , @ @ @ @ @ , insulin , IL-6 , TNF-α , TAC , and TOS levels were analysed .
@ @ @ @ @ blood pressure of fructose + evening primrose oil group decreased significantly compared to fructose group @ @ @ @ @ and HDL levels were significantly increased .
As conclusion , evening primrose oil can be @ @ @ @ @ reducing oxidative stress , increasing adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity , anti-inflammatory properties , exhibiting @ @ @ @ @ and systolic blood pressure .

The effect of evening primrose oil on adiponectin level and some biochemical parameters in model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome were investigated. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control, evening primrose oil, fructose, fructose + evening primrose oil. Body weight, daily feed and water consumptions and systolic blood pressures of animals were measured. At the end of trial, blood samples were taken, livers were excised and histopathological examination was performed. Glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, T.cholesterol, LDL,HDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, adiponectin, insulin, IL-6, TNF-α, TAC, and TOS levels were analysed. Some analysed parameters and systolic blood pressure of fructose + evening primrose oil group decreased significantly compared to fructose group and adiponectin, TAC, and HDL levels were significantly increased. As conclusion, evening primrose oil can be considered as antioxidant agent by reducing oxidative stress, increasing adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory properties, exhibiting anti-atherogenic effect by regulating dyslipidemia and systolic blood pressure.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Fish oil and primrose oil suppress the progression of Alzheimer's like disease induced by aluminium.

The role of fish oil , primrose oil and their mixture in ameliorating the changes in Alzheimer 's like model was evaluated in rats .
Primrose oil and primrose/fish oil mixture fatty acids composition was assessed by gas chromatography .
The rat experiment consisted of 5 groups ; the first fed on balanced diet as control normal ( CN ) ; the other four groups treated with intraperitoneal aluminum lactate and consumed dyslipidemic diet ; one group served as control Alzheimer 's like disease ( CA ) while the other three groups ( test groups ) received daily oral dose @ @ @ @ @ @ @ primrose/fish oil mixture separately for 5 weeks .
Results showed primrose oil and primrose/ fish oil mixture to contain gamma linolenic acid as 9.15 and 4.3 % of total fatty acids , respectively .
Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic were present as 10.9 and 6.5 % , respectively in the oil mixture .
Dyslipidemia and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) , plasma butyrylcholinesterase ( BChE ) , brain malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and NO with decrease in plasma magnesium , brain catalase , reduced glutathione , body weight gain and brain weight were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Brain histopathology and immuno-histochemistry showed neuronal degeneration and neurofibrillary tangles with elevated myeloperoxidase and nuclear factor-kappa B in CA compared to CN .
The tested oils demonstrated neuro-protection reflected in the variable significant improvement of biochemical parameters , immuno-histochemistry and brain histopathology .
Primrose/fish oil mixture was superior in reducing ESR , brain MDA , plasma activity of BChE and brain histopathological changes along with elevating plasma magnesium .
Primrose/fish oil mixture and fish oil were more promising in improving plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) than primrose .
Fish oil @ @ @ @ @ @ @ total cholesterol ( T-C ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol and T-C /HDL-C. Primrose/fish oil mixture and primrose oil were superior in elevating brain catalase compared to fish oil .
Other parameters were equally improved by the different oil treatments .
Primrose oil , fish oil and their mixture reduced the progression of Alzheimer 's disease in rats with superiority to primrose/fish oil mixture .

The role of fish oil, primrose oil and their mixture in ameliorating the changes in Alzheimer's like model was evaluated in rats. Primrose oil and primrose/fish oil mixture fatty acids composition was assessed by gas chromatography. The rat experiment consisted of 5 groups; the first fed on balanced diet as control normal (CN); the other four groups treated with intraperitoneal aluminum lactate and consumed dyslipidemic diet; one group served as control Alzheimer's like disease (CA) while the other three groups (test groups) received daily oral dose from primrose oil, fish oil and primrose/fish oil mixture separately for 5 weeks. Results showed primrose oil and primrose/ fish oil mixture to contain gamma linolenic acid as 9.15 and 4.3% of total fatty acids, respectively. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic were present as 10.9 and 6.5 %, respectively in the oil mixture. Dyslipidemia and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), brain malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO with decrease in plasma magnesium, brain catalase, reduced glutathione, body weight gain and brain weight were demonstrated in CA compared to CN. Brain histopathology and immuno-histochemistry showed neuronal degeneration and neurofibrillary tangles with elevated myeloperoxidase and nuclear factor-kappa B in CA compared to CN. The tested oils demonstrated neuro-protection reflected in the variable significant improvement of biochemical parameters, immuno-histochemistry and brain histopathology. Primrose/fish oil mixture was superior in reducing ESR, brain MDA, plasma activity of BChE and brain histopathological changes along with elevating plasma magnesium. Primrose/fish oil mixture and fish oil were more promising in improving plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than primrose. Fish oil was the most efficient in improving plasma total cholesterol (T-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol and T-C /HDL-C. Primrose/fish oil mixture and primrose oil were superior in elevating brain catalase compared to fish oil. Other parameters were equally improved by the different oil treatments. Primrose oil, fish oil and their mixture reduced the progression of Alzheimer's disease in rats with superiority to primrose/fish oil mixture.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Cold-pressed perilla oil has therapeutic potential in terms of protecting against skin photo-aging.

Positive physiological benefits of several plant oils on the UV-induced photoaging have been reported in some cell lines and model mice , but perilla oil collected from the seeds ofhas not been investigated in this context .
To study the therapeutic effects of cold-pressed perilla oil ( CPO ) on UV-induced photoaging in vitro and in vivo , UV-induced cellular damage and cutaneous photoaging were assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts ( NHDFs ) and HR-1 hairless mice .
CPO contained five major fatty acids including linolenic acid ( 64.11 % ) , oleic acid ( 16.34 % ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ palmitic acid ( 5.06 % ) , and stearic acid ( 2.48 % ) .
UV-induced reductions in NHDF cell viability , ROS production , SOD activity , and G2/M cell cycle arrest were remarkably improved in UV + CPO treated NHDF cells as compared with UV + Vehicle treated controls .
Also , UV-induced increases in MMP-1 protein and galactosidase levels were remarkably suppressed by CPO .
In UV-radiated hairless mice , topical application of CPO inhibited an increase in wrinkle formation , transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) , erythema value @ @ @ @ @ @ @ skin of UVB-irradiated hairless mice .
CPO was observed to similarly suppress UV-induced increases in epidermal thickness , mast cell numbers , and galactosidase and MMP-3 mRNA levels .
These results suggest CPO has therapeutic potential in terms of protecting against skin photoaging by regulating skin morphology , histopathology and oxidative status .

Positive physiological benefits of several plant oils on the UV-induced photoaging have been reported in some cell lines and model mice, but perilla oil collected from the seeds ofhas not been investigated in this context. To study the therapeutic effects of cold-pressed perilla oil (CPO) on UV-induced photoaging in vitro and in vivo, UV-induced cellular damage and cutaneous photoaging were assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and HR-1 hairless mice. CPO contained five major fatty acids including linolenic acid (64.11%), oleic acid (16.34%), linoleic acid (11.87%), palmitic acid (5.06%), and stearic acid (2.48%). UV-induced reductions in NHDF cell viability, ROS production, SOD activity, and G2/M cell cycle arrest were remarkably improved in UV + CPO treated NHDF cells as compared with UV + Vehicle treated controls. Also, UV-induced increases in MMP-1 protein and galactosidase levels were remarkably suppressed by CPO. In UV-radiated hairless mice, topical application of CPO inhibited an increase in wrinkle formation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema value, hydration and melanin index on dorsal skin of UVB-irradiated hairless mice. CPO was observed to similarly suppress UV-induced increases in epidermal thickness, mast cell numbers, and galactosidase and MMP-3 mRNA levels. These results suggest CPO has therapeutic potential in terms of protecting against skin photoaging by regulating skin morphology, histopathology and oxidative status.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Effectiveness of a nutraceutical supplement containing highly standardized perilla and ginger extrac

Effectiveness of a nutraceutical supplement containing highly standardized perilla and ginger extracts in patients with functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND : In Western countries functional dyspepsia ( FD ) has a prevalence of 10-20 % among adults and although many drugs are currently available for use within clinical practice , FD remains an important challenge for physicians .
Recently , food supplements that are ginger-based , along with other botanicals , have been proposed to be a possible natural alternative to pharmaceutical drugs to empirically counteract the symptoms of FD .
METHODS : We have therefore retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety profiles of a nutraceutical containing , in addition to a highly standardized ginger root extract , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ containing an innovative bouquet of compounds , including hydrophilic polyphenols and the lipophilic terpenoid perilla ketone .
RESULTS : The results of our single-group study , obtained from patients with a diagnosis of FD who were treated with the perilla/ginger nutraceutical , demonstrated a good efficacy profile , with a significant reduction observed in nearly all evaluated symptoms ( epigastric pain , heartburn , gastric reflux , nausea , borborygmi , early satiety , diarrhea/constipation ) starting from the first week of treatment that was further improved after 2 weeks .
The treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effects ( flatulence , meteorism , gastric burning , difficulty in falling asleep ) lasting 3-4 days , which disappeared without stopping the treatment .
CONCLUSIONS : Despite all the limitations of our pragmatic study , we believe that the perilla and ginger supplement we have used can be considered a valid tool for an empirical approach to treating patients with FD , especially when a non-conventional drug treatment is preferable to the patient and considered suitable by the physician .

BACKGROUND: In Western countries functional dyspepsia (FD) has a prevalence of 10-20% among adults and although many drugs are currently available for use within clinical practice, FD remains an important challenge for physicians. Recently, food supplements that are ginger-based, along with other botanicals, have been proposed to be a possible natural alternative to pharmaceutical drugs to empirically counteract the symptoms of FD.
METHODS: We have therefore retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety profiles of a nutraceutical containing, in addition to a highly standardized ginger root extract, a multi-fractionated botanical obtained from Perilla frutescens leaf containing an innovative bouquet of compounds, including hydrophilic polyphenols and the lipophilic terpenoid perilla ketone.
RESULTS: The results of our single-group study, obtained from patients with a diagnosis of FD who were treated with the perilla/ginger nutraceutical, demonstrated a good efficacy profile, with a significant reduction observed in nearly all evaluated symptoms (epigastric pain, heartburn, gastric reflux, nausea, borborygmi, early satiety, diarrhea/constipation) starting from the first week of treatment that was further improved after 2 weeks. The treatment was well tolerated with very mild side effects (flatulence, meteorism, gastric burning, difficulty in falling asleep) lasting 3-4 days, which disappeared without stopping the treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite all the limitations of our pragmatic study, we believe that the perilla and ginger supplement we have used can be considered a valid tool for an empirical approach to treating patients with FD, especially when a non-conventional drug treatment is preferable to the patient and considered suitable by the physician.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Oregano: A potential prophylactic treatment for the intestinal microbiota

Prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry diets has been identified as a problematic practice because of its potential to exacerbate the spread of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens .
A range of countries have opted to completely ban the use of antibiotics in animal feed .
The animal production industries are looking for alternative ways to effectively control pathogens while providing the performance benefits previously secured by antibiotics in feed .
Here , we present evidence that oregano ( ) could be a potential alternative for pathogen control in the poultry industry .
Broiler diets were supplemented with oregano powder @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1 % , and 2 % ) for six weeks .
The capacity for pathogen control was estimated by microbiota profiling of the jejunum , ileum , and caecum content , and in the faeces , by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing .
The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the caecal content were also measured , as were villus/crypt parameters in the ileum .
There were no differences among treatments in weight gain , feed intake , or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids .
The height , width , and the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were not influenced by oregano addition .
However , 1 % and 2 % of oregano produced a significant increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio .
There were no visible histopathological changes in the liver in control and treated groups .
Although oregano had no significant effect on overall microbial diversity and gross composition , some specific genera , like , and , which include known pathogens , were reduced in relative abundance by oregano treatment.
, recognized as a beneficial and probiotic genus , was also suppressed by the @ @ @

Prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry diets has been identified as a problematic practice because of its potential to exacerbate the spread of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens. A range of countries have opted to completely ban the use of antibiotics in animal feed. The animal production industries are looking for alternative ways to effectively control pathogens while providing the performance benefits previously secured by antibiotics in feed. Here, we present evidence that oregano () could be a potential alternative for pathogen control in the poultry industry. Broiler diets were supplemented with oregano powder (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) for six weeks. The capacity for pathogen control was estimated by microbiota profiling of the jejunum, ileum, and caecum content, and in the faeces, by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the caecal content were also measured, as were villus/crypt parameters in the ileum. There were no differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, or the concentration of short-chain fatty acids. The height, width, and the surface area of villi in the ileum were not influenced by oregano addition. However, 1% and 2% of oregano produced a significant increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio. There were no visible histopathological changes in the liver in control and treated groups. Although oregano had no significant effect on overall microbial diversity and gross composition, some specific genera, like,and, which include known pathogens, were reduced in relative abundance by oregano treatment., recognized as a beneficial and probiotic genus, was also suppressed by the oregano treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Therapeutic potential of Origanum vulgare leaf hydroethanolic extract against renal oxidative stress

Therapeutic potential of Origanum vulgare leaf hydroethanolic extract against renal oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by paraquat.

Objective : Paraquat is a herbicide with potent toxicity in humans and animals .
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ( ) leaf extract on the acute nephrotoxicity and renal oxidative stress caused by paraquat .
Materials and Methods : We randomly assigned forty male rats into five groups ( G1-G5 ) .
The G1 was used as control ; G2 only received paraquat ( 25 mg/kg body weight ( bw ) /day , ) ; and G3 , G4 and G5 received 25 mg/kg b.w/day oral doses of paraquat andhydroethanolic leaf extract ( 200 , 400 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
After 2 weeks , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , renal catalase ( CAT ) , vitamin C levels , histopathological changes , and tumor necrosis factor-α ( ) gene expression as well as serum levels of urea , creatinine ( Cr ) , and protein carbonyl ( PC ) were determined .
Results : In G2 , oral administration of paraquat significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ) serum Cr , urea , PC , and renalgene expression relative to those of the control group .
Renal catalase , superoxide @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in G2 as compared to G1 .
Administration ofleaf extract not only increased the renal vitamin C , CAT , and SOD but also decreased the renalgene expression , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , serum urea and creatinine in paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in rats .
Conclusion : Our results show thatleaf extract has protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by paraquat in rats .
It seems that the nephroprotective effects ofextract may be related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects .

Objective: Paraquat is a herbicide with potent toxicity in humans and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of() leaf extract on the acute nephrotoxicity and renal oxidative stress caused by paraquat.
Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned forty male rats into five groups (G1-G5). The G1 was used as control; G2 only received paraquat (25 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day,); and G3, G4 and G5 received 25 mg/kg b.w/day oral doses of paraquat andhydroethanolic leaf extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg bw/day,, respectively). After 2 weeks, superoxide dismutase (SOD), renal catalase (CAT), vitamin C levels, histopathological changes, and tumor necrosis factor-α () gene expression as well as serum levels of urea, creatinine (Cr), and protein carbonyl (PC) were determined.
Results: In G2, oral administration of paraquat significantly increased (p<0.05) serum Cr, urea, PC, and renalgene expression relative to those of the control group. Renal catalase, superoxide dismutase, and vitamin C levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in G2 as compared to G1. Administration ofleaf extract not only increased the renal vitamin C, CAT, and SOD but also decreased the renalgene expression, malondialdehyde (MDA), serum urea and creatinine in paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Conclusion: Our results show thatleaf extract has protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by paraquat in rats. It seems that the nephroprotective effects ofextract may be related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Oregano powder reduces Streptococcus and increases SCFA concentration in a mixed bacterial culture a

Oregano powder reduces Streptococcus and increases SCFA concentration in a mixed bacterial culture assay.

Food borne illnesses have a world-wide economic impact and industries are continuously developing technologies to reduce the spread of disease caused by microorganisms .
Antimicrobial growth promoters ( AGPs ) have been used to decrease microbiological infections in animals and their potential transfer to humans .
In recent years there has been a global trend to remove AGPs from animal feed in an attempt to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistant genes into the human population .
Phytobiotics , such as oregano powder , are one of the potential replacements for AGPs due to their well-established antimicrobial components .
16S @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the effect of oregano powder ( 1 % w/v ) on the microbiota of mixed bacterial cell cultures , which were obtained from the ceca of traditionally grown meat chickens ( broilers ) .
Oregano powder had a mild effect on the microbial cell cultures increasing Enterococcus faecium , rearranging ratios of members in the genus Lactobacillus and significantly reducing the genus Streptococcus ( p = 1.6e-3 ) .
Beneficial short chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) , acetic and butyric acid , were also significantly increased in oregano powder supplemented cultures .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ a concentration of 1 % ( w/v ) may have beneficial influences on mixed microbial communities and SCFA production .

Food borne illnesses have a world-wide economic impact and industries are continuously developing technologies to reduce the spread of disease caused by microorganisms. Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) have been used to decrease microbiological infections in animals and their potential transfer to humans. In recent years there has been a global trend to remove AGPs from animal feed in an attempt to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistant genes into the human population. Phytobiotics, such as oregano powder, are one of the potential replacements for AGPs due to their well-established antimicrobial components. 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used to determine the effect of oregano powder (1% w/v) on the microbiota of mixed bacterial cell cultures, which were obtained from the ceca of traditionally grown meat chickens (broilers). Oregano powder had a mild effect on the microbial cell cultures increasing Enterococcus faecium, rearranging ratios of members in the genus Lactobacillus and significantly reducing the genus Streptococcus (p = 1.6e-3). Beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetic and butyric acid, were also significantly increased in oregano powder supplemented cultures. These results suggest that oregano powder at a concentration of 1% (w/v) may have beneficial influences on mixed microbial communities and SCFA production.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Antiprotozoal activity of Turkish Origanum onites essential oil and its components.

Essential oil ofspecies is well known for antimicrobial activity , but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays .
Herein , we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of TurkishL .
oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa .
The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts ofand analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector ( GC-FID ) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry ( GC-MS ) .
The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against , , , and .
The main component @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 70.6 % ) , followed by linalool ( 9.7 % ) , -cymene ( 7 % ) , γ-terpinene ( 2.1 % ) , and thymol ( 1.8 % ) .
The oil showed significant in vitro activity against ( IC180 ng/mL ) , and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects , without toxicity to mammalian cells .
Carvacrol , thymol , and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel ; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil 's in vitro antiparasitic potency .
In themouse model , thymol , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ survival of animals .
This study indicates the potential of the essential oil ofand its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections .

Essential oil ofspecies is well known for antimicrobial activity, but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays. Herein, we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of TurkishL. oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts ofand analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against,,, and. The main component of the oil was identified as carvacrol (70.6%), followed by linalool (9.7%),-cymene (7%),γ-terpinene (2.1%), and thymol (1.8%). The oil showed significant in vitro activity against(IC180 ng/mL), and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects, without toxicity to mammalian cells. Carvacrol, thymol, and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil's in vitro antiparasitic potency. In themouse model, thymol, but not carvacrol, extended the mean survival of animals. This study indicates the potential of the essential oil ofand its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Carvacrol could be helpful to protect against neurodegeneration that occurs with aging and periphera

Carvacrol could be helpful to protect against neurodegeneration that occurs with aging and peripheral neurodegenerative diseases.

Peripheral neurodegenerative processes are essential for regenerating damaged peripheral nerves mechanically or genetically .
Abnormal neurodegenerative processes induce peripheral neurodegenerative diseases via irreversible nerve damage .
Carvacrol , a major component in Origanum vulgare , possesses various effects on organisms , such as antibiotic , anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects ; although transient receptor potential ( TRP ) ankyrin 1 ( TRPA1 ) , TRP canonical 1 ( TRPC1 ) , TRP melastatin M7 ( TRPM7 ) , and TRP vanilloid 3 ( TRPV3 ) are carvacrol-regulated TRPs , however , effect of carvacrol on the peripheral neurodegenerative process , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Here , we investigated the specificity of carvacrol for TRPM7 in Schwann cells and the regulatory effect of carvacrol on TRPM7-dependent neurodegenerative processes .
To construct peripheral nerve degeneration model , we used with a sciatic explant culture and sciatic nerve axotomy .
Ex vivo , in vivo sciatic nerves were treated with carvacrol following an assessment of demyelination ( ovoid fragmentation ) and axonal degradation using morphometric indices .
In these models , carvacrol effectively suppressed the morphometric indices , such as stripe , ovoid , myelin , and neurofilament indices during @ @ @ @ @ @ @ carvacrol significantly inhibited upregulation of TRPM7 in Schwann cells .
In this study , our results suggest that carvacrol effectively protects against the peripheral neurodegenerative process via TRPM7-dependent regulation in Schwann cells .
Thus , pharmacological use of carvacrol could be helpful to protect against neurodegeneration that occurs with aging and peripheral neurodegenerative diseases , prophylactically .

Peripheral neurodegenerative processes are essential for regenerating damaged peripheral nerves mechanically or genetically. Abnormal neurodegenerative processes induce peripheral neurodegenerative diseases via irreversible nerve damage. Carvacrol, a major component in Origanum vulgare, possesses various effects on organisms, such as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects; although transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), TRP canonical 1 (TRPC1), TRP melastatin M7 (TRPM7), and TRP vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) are carvacrol-regulated TRPs, however, effect of carvacrol on the peripheral neurodegenerative process, and its underlying mechanism, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the specificity of carvacrol for TRPM7 in Schwann cells and the regulatory effect of carvacrol on TRPM7-dependent neurodegenerative processes. To construct peripheral nerve degeneration model, we used with a sciatic explant culture and sciatic nerve axotomy. Ex vivo, in vivo sciatic nerves were treated with carvacrol following an assessment of demyelination (ovoid fragmentation) and axonal degradation using morphometric indices. In these models, carvacrol effectively suppressed the morphometric indices, such as stripe, ovoid, myelin, and neurofilament indices during peripheral nerve degeneration. We found that carvacrol significantly inhibited upregulation of TRPM7 in Schwann cells. In this study, our results suggest that carvacrol effectively protects against the peripheral neurodegenerative process via TRPM7-dependent regulation in Schwann cells. Thus, pharmacological use of carvacrol could be helpful to protect against neurodegeneration that occurs with aging and peripheral neurodegenerative diseases, prophylactically.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Origanum majorana essential oil exerts anti-colon cancer activity through activation of p38 MAPK sig

Origanum majorana essential oil exerts anti-colon cancer activity through activation of p38 MAPK signalling.

Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) is the third most common type of cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide .
Here we have investigated the anti-colon cancer potential ofessential oil ( OMEO ) and its underlying mechanisms of action .
We showed that OMEO significantly inhibited the cellular viability and colony growth of human HT-29 colorectal cancer cells .
OMEO induced protective autophagy , associated with downregulation of the mTOR/p70S6K pathway , and activated caspase-8 and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis .
Blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine ( 3-MA ) and chloroquine ( CQ ) , two autophagy inhibitors , potentiated the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibition of apoptosis with the pan-caspase inhibitor , Z-VAD-FMK , significantly reduced cell death , suggesting that apoptosis represents the main mechanism of OMEO-induced cell death .
Mechanistically , we found that OMEO induces protective autophagy and apoptotic cells death via the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway .
Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK by the p38 inhibitors SB 202190 and SB 203580 not only significantly decreased apoptotic cell death , but also reduced the autophagy level in OMEO treated HT-29 cells .
Strikingly , we found that OMEO also induces p38 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protein reported to be overexpressed in colon cancer and associated with drug resistance .
Our findings suggest that OMEO inhibits colon cancer through p38 MAPK-mediated protective autophagy and apoptosis associated with caspase-dependent cleavage of p70S6K .
To the best of our knowledge , this study is the first to report on the implications of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in targeting p70S6K to caspase cleavage .

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Here we have investigated the anti-colon cancer potential ofessential oil (OMEO) and its underlying mechanisms of action. We showed that OMEO significantly inhibited the cellular viability and colony growth of human HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. OMEO induced protective autophagy, associated with downregulation of the mTOR/p70S6K pathway, and activated caspase-8 and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. Blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ), two autophagy inhibitors, potentiated the OMEO-induced apoptotic cell death. Inversely, inhibition of apoptosis with the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, significantly reduced cell death, suggesting that apoptosis represents the main mechanism of OMEO-induced cell death. Mechanistically, we found that OMEO induces protective autophagy and apoptotic cells death via the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK by the p38 inhibitors SB 202190 and SB 203580 not only significantly decreased apoptotic cell death, but also reduced the autophagy level in OMEO treated HT-29 cells. Strikingly, we found that OMEO also induces p38 MAPK-mediated caspase-dependent cleavage of p70S6K, a protein reported to be overexpressed in colon cancer and associated with drug resistance. Our findings suggest that OMEO inhibits colon cancer through p38 MAPK-mediated protective autophagy and apoptosis associated with caspase-dependent cleavage of p70S6K. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on the implications of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in targeting p70S6K to caspase cleavage.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Extract of marjoram could be a future therapeutic agent in treating hepatosteatosis and reducing oxi

Extract of marjoram could be a future therapeutic agent in treating hepatosteatosis and reducing oxidative damages of high fat diet in the liver.

Introduction : The aim of the current study is to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and anti-oxidative effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of marjoram ( HAEM ) in rats fed with a high-fat diet ( HFD ) .
Methods : In the experimental study , the rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats in each and fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks as follows : One group ( normal diet group ) was fed with a standard diet , one group was fed with HFD , and two groups were fed with HFD and orally fed with 150 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and liver tissues were used for measuring the biochemical and oxidative parameters and histopathological studies .
HFD induced hepatosteatosis in rats as evidenced by the altered liver enzymes activity , serum lipid profile and oxidative status .
Results : Serum lipid profile ( triglyceride , cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein ) in rats fed with HFD + HAEM ( 150 and 450 mg/kg/day ) was significantly decreased .
Furthermore , the evaluation of oxidative stress showed a reduction of the malondialdehyde ( MDA ) level and an increase in ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power .
Meanwhile @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to HAEM .
Conclusion : Using the HAEM could be a future therapeutic agent in treating hepatosteatosis and reducing oxidative damages of HFD in the liver .

Introduction: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and anti-oxidative effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of marjoram (HAEM) in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD).
Methods: In the experimental study, the rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats in each and fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks as follows: One group (normal diet group) was fed with a standard diet, one group was fed with HFD, and two groups were fed with HFD and orally fed with 150 and 450 mg/kg/day HAEM. The serum samples and liver tissues were used for measuring the biochemical and oxidative parameters and histopathological studies. HFD induced hepatosteatosis in rats as evidenced by the altered liver enzymes activity, serum lipid profile and oxidative status.
Results: Serum lipid profile (triglyceride, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein) in rats fed with HFD + HAEM (150 and 450 mg/kg/day) was significantly decreased. Furthermore, the evaluation of oxidative stress showed a reduction of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and an increase in ferric-reducing anti-oxidant power. Meanwhile, liver enzyme activities declined in response to HAEM.
Conclusion: Using the HAEM could be a future therapeutic agent in treating hepatosteatosis and reducing oxidative damages of HFD in the liver.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-30--Phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of cinnamon basil and lemon basil.

The aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of two species of thegenus , namelycultivar 'Cinammon ' and .
For this purpose , samples of these plants grown in Portugal were evaluated for their composition in phenolic and volatile compounds , and the infusion and hydroethanolic extracts were assessed for their in vitro antioxidant , antimicrobial , cytotoxic , and anti-inflammatory activities .
In total , the two basil samples showed the presence of seven caffeic acid and derivatives ( dimers , trimers , and tetramers ) and five flavonoids @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Despite some qualitative and quantitative differences , in both samples rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound , and linalool the predominant volatile compound .
In general , the tested extracts provided relevant bioactive properties since both basil species showed higher antioxidant activity in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ( TBARs ) and Oxidative Hemolysis Inhibition ( OxHLIA ) assays when compared with the positive control Trolox .
Despiteextracts showing slightly better activity against some strains , both types of extracts evidenced similar antimicrobial activity , being more active against Gram-positive bacteria .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thehydroethanolic extract which was also the only one exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity .

The aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of two species of thegenus, namelycultivar 'Cinammon' and. For this purpose, samples of these plants grown in Portugal were evaluated for their composition in phenolic and volatile compounds, and the infusion and hydroethanolic extracts were assessed for their in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. In total, the two basil samples showed the presence of seven caffeic acid and derivatives (dimers, trimers, and tetramers) and five flavonoids, mainly glycoside derivatives of quercetin. Despite some qualitative and quantitative differences, in both samples rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound, and linalool the predominant volatile compound. In general, the tested extracts provided relevant bioactive properties since both basil species showed higher antioxidant activity in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARs) and Oxidative Hemolysis Inhibition (OxHLIA) assays when compared with the positive control Trolox. Despiteextracts showing slightly better activity against some strains, both types of extracts evidenced similar antimicrobial activity, being more active against Gram-positive bacteria. The extracts also revealed interesting cytotoxicity, particularly thehydroethanolic extract which was also the only one exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.