greenmedinfo--2020-05-06--The influence of green coffee bean extract supplementation on blood glucose levels.

Studies regarding the influence of green coffee extract ( GCE ) on blood glucose levels are conflicting .
Thus , we sought to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review of all available randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) to quantify the effects of GCE and CGA intervention on blood glucose and insulin levels .
We performed systematic online searches in Scopus , Web of science , and PubMed databases , from inception to July 2019 .
Data were combined analyzed using a random effects model ( Der Simonian-Laird method ) and reported as weighted mean differences ( WMD ) .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ on FBS and insulin and were subsequently entered into the meta-analysis .
Combined results highlighted that FBS was significantly altered after GCE consumption ( WMD : -1.791 mg/dl , 95 % CI -3.404 , -0.177 ) , with no significant heterogeneity among the studies ( I= 35.0 % , p = .128 ) .
However , overall results demonstrated that GCE administration did not result in any significant alteration in insulin levels ( WMD : -0.925 μU/ml , 95 % CI : -1.915 , 0.064 ) , with significant heterogeneity found across studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sub-group analysis , insulin levels were significantly reduced when GCE was supplemented in dosages of ≥400 mg/day ( WMD : -1.942 mg/dl , 95 % CI : -1.184 , -0.975 ; I= 0.0 % ) .
The results of present study support the use of GCE for the enhancement of blood glucose , while subgroup analysis highlighted significant improvements in insulin levels when GCE is supplemented in doses ≥400 mg/day .

Studies regarding the influence of green coffee extract (GCE) on blood glucose levels are conflicting. Thus, we sought to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to quantify the effects of GCE and CGA intervention on blood glucose and insulin levels. We performed systematic online searches in Scopus, Web of science, and PubMed databases, from inception to July 2019. Data were combined analyzed using a random effects model (Der Simonian-Laird method) and reported as weighted mean differences (WMD). Ten trials reported the influences of GCE on FBS and insulin and were subsequently entered into the meta-analysis. Combined results highlighted that FBS was significantly altered after GCE consumption (WMD: -1.791 mg/dl, 95% CI -3.404, -0.177), with no significant heterogeneity among the studies (I= 35.0%, p = .128). However, overall results demonstrated that GCE administration did not result in any significant alteration in insulin levels (WMD: -0.925 μU/ml, 95% CI:-1.915, 0.064), with significant heterogeneity found across studies (I= 87.9%). In sub-group analysis, insulin levels were significantly reduced when GCE was supplemented in dosages of ≥400 mg/day (WMD:-1.942 mg/dl, 95% CI:-1.184, -0.975; I= 0.0%). The results of present study support the use of GCE for the enhancement of blood glucose, while subgroup analysis highlighted significant improvements in insulin levels when GCE is supplemented in doses ≥400 mg/day.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium can be proposed as a treatment for oral lichen planus.

Oral lichen planus ( OLP ) is a chronic disease with immune-mediated pathogenesis .
Selenium ( Se ) , an antioxidant , plays a role in modulating immunity .
The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate two Se forms ( novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules ) , solely , in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers .
Patients were allocated into one of three groups : group I , topical corticosteroids ; group II , topical Se ; and group III , systemic Se .
Treatment lasted for 6 weeks ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 6 , and 12 weeks .
Biochemical analysis for salivary malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) levels at baseline and 6 weeks was performed .
There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatmentmodalities .
However , there was no significant difference among the three groups at 6 weeks .
At 12 weeks , group II had significantly lower pain scores compared with group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients of group I and group III .
TAC levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment .
Selenium can be proposed as a treatment for OLP .
Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity .

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease with immune-mediated pathogenesis. Selenium (Se), an antioxidant, plays a role in modulating immunity. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate two Se forms (novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules), solely, in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers. Patients were allocated into one of three groups: group I, topical corticosteroids; group II, topical Se; and group III, systemic Se. Treatment lasted for 6 weeks; patients were clinically evaluated at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks. Biochemical analysis for salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels at baseline and 6 weeks was performed. There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatmentmodalities. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups at 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, group II had significantly lower pain scores compared with group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients of group I and group III. TAC levels showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Selenium can be proposed as a treatment for OLP. Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium and selenoproteins in prostanoid metabolism and immunity.

Selenium ( Se ) is an essential trace element that functions in the form of the 21st amino acid , @ @ @ @ @ a defined set of proteins .
Se deficiency is associated with pathological conditions in humans @ @ @ @ @ of Sec into selenoproteins is reduced along with their expression and catalytic activity .
Supplementation @ @ @ @ @ has shown health benefits suggesting the importance of Se in physiology .
An interesting paradigm @ @ @ @ @ , the health benefits of Se stems from the observations that selenoprotein-dependent modulation of inflammation @ @ @ @ @ relies on mechanisms involving a group of bioactive lipid mediators , prostanoids , which orchestrate @ @ @ @ @ and restoration of homeostatic immune responses .
Such an effect involves the interaction of various @ @ @ @ @ mediators where cellular redox gatekeeper functions of selenoproteins further aid in not only dampening inflammation @ @ @ @ @ effective and active resolution process .
Here we have summarized the current literature on the @ @ @ @ @ the regulation of these bioactive lipid mediators and their immunomodulatory effects .

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that functions in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec) in a defined set of proteins. Se deficiency is associated with pathological conditions in humans and animals, where incorporation of Sec into selenoproteins is reduced along with their expression and catalytic activity. Supplementation of Se-deficient population with Se has shown health benefits suggesting the importance of Se in physiology. An interesting paradigm to explain, in part, the health benefits of Se stems from the observations that selenoprotein-dependent modulation of inflammation and efficient resolution of inflammation relies on mechanisms involving a group of bioactive lipid mediators, prostanoids, which orchestrate a concerted action toward maintenance and restoration of homeostatic immune responses. Such an effect involves the interaction of various immune cells with these lipid mediators where cellular redox gatekeeper functions of selenoproteins further aid in not only dampening inflammation, but also initiating an effective and active resolution process. Here we have summarized the current literature on the multifaceted roles of Se/selenoproteins in the regulation of these bioactive lipid mediators and their immunomodulatory effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Protective effect of selenium on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity.

Gentamicin ( GM ) is a widely used antibiotic against serious , life-threatening infections , but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity .
The present study was designed to determine the protective effect of selenium ( Se ) in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats .
Experiments were done on 32 adult Wistar rats divided into four groups of 8 animals each .
The GM group received gentamicin ( 100 mg/kg ) , whereas the GM+Se group received the same dose of GM and selenium ( 1 mg/kg ) by intraperitoneal ( i.p . )
injections on a daily @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , serving as a positive control , received only selenium ( 1 mg/kg ) and the control group received saline ( 1 mL/day ) , both given i.p .
All groups were treated during 8 consecutive days .
Quantitative evaluation of GM-induced structural alterations and degree of functional alterations in the kidneys were performed by histopathological and biochemical analyses in order to determine potential beneficial effects of selenium coadministration with GM .
GM was observed to cause a severe nephrotoxicity , which was evidenced by an elevation of serum urea and creatinine levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and protein carbonyl groups indicated that GM-induced tissue injury was mediated through oxidative reactions .
On the other hand , simultaneous selenium administration protected kidney tissue against oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect caused by GM treatment .
Exposure to GM caused necrosis of tubular epithelial cells .
Necrosis of tubules was found to be prevented by selenium pretreatment .
The results from our study indicate that selenium supplementation attenuates oxidative-stress-associated renal injury by reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in GM-treated rats .

Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic against serious, life-threatening infections, but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the protective effect of selenium (Se) in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Experiments were done on 32 adult Wistar rats divided into four groups of 8 animals each. The GM group received gentamicin (100 mg/kg), whereas the GM+Se group received the same dose of GM and selenium (1 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections on a daily basis. Animals in the Se group, serving as a positive control, received only selenium (1 mg/kg) and the control group received saline (1 mL/day), both given i.p. All groups were treated during 8 consecutive days. Quantitative evaluation of GM-induced structural alterations and degree of functional alterations in the kidneys were performed by histopathological and biochemical analyses in order to determine potential beneficial effects of selenium coadministration with GM. GM was observed to cause a severe nephrotoxicity, which was evidenced by an elevation of serum urea and creatinine levels. The significant increases in malondialdehyde levels and protein carbonyl groups indicated that GM-induced tissue injury was mediated through oxidative reactions. On the other hand, simultaneous selenium administration protected kidney tissue against oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect caused by GM treatment. Exposure to GM caused necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. Necrosis of tubules was found to be prevented by selenium pretreatment. The results from our study indicate that selenium supplementation attenuates oxidative-stress-associated renal injury by reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in GM-treated rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Melatonin attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress.

The present study investigated the protective effects of melatonin ( MT ) against gentamicin ( GM ) -induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats .
We also investigated the effects of MT on induction of apoptotic cell death and its potential mechanisms in renal tissues in response to GM treatment .
The following four experimental groups were evaluated : ( 1 ) vehicle control , ( 2 ) MT ( 15 mg/kg/day ) , ( 3 ) GM ( 100 mg/kg/day ) , and ( 4 ) GM & MT .
GM caused severe nephrotoxicity as evidenced by increased serum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increased renal tubular cell apoptosis , and increased Bcl2-associated X protein and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression .
Additionally , GM treatment caused an increase in levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) and nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) protein expression in renal tissues .
The significant decreases in glutathione content , catalase , superoxide dismutase , glutathione-S-transferase , glutathione peroxidase , and glutathione reductase activities and the increase in malondialdehyde content indicated that GM-induced tissue injury wasmediated through oxidative reactions .
In contrast , MT treatment protected kidney tissue against @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caused by the GM treatment .
Histopathological studies confirmed the renoprotective effect of MT .
These results indicate that MT prevents nephrotoxicity induced by GM in rats , presumably because it is a potent antioxidant , restores antioxidant enzyme activity , and blocks NF-κB and iNOS activation in rat kidney .

The present study investigated the protective effects of melatonin (MT) against gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. We also investigated the effects of MT on induction of apoptotic cell death and its potential mechanisms in renal tissues in response to GM treatment. The following four experimental groups were evaluated: (1) vehicle control, (2) MT (15 mg/kg/day), (3) GM (100 mg/kg/day), and (4) GM&MT. GM caused severe nephrotoxicity as evidenced by increased serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, increased renal tubular cell apoptosis, and increased Bcl2-associated X protein and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression. Additionally, GM treatment caused an increase in levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) protein expression in renal tissues. The significant decreases in glutathione content, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and the increase in malondialdehyde content indicated that GM-induced tissue injury wasmediated through oxidative reactions. In contrast, MT treatment protected kidney tissue against the oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect caused by the GM treatment. Histopathological studies confirmed the renoprotective effect of MT. These results indicate that MT prevents nephrotoxicity induced by GM in rats, presumably because it is a potent antioxidant, restores antioxidant enzyme activity, and blocks NF-κB and iNOS activation in rat kidney.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Vitamin D attenuates gentamicin-induced acute renal damage via prevention of oxidative stress and DN

Vitamin D attenuates gentamicin-induced acute renal damage via prevention of oxidative stress and DNA damage.

BACKGROUND : Despite being one of the most nephrotoxic drugs , gentamicin ( GM ) remains a mainstay as a first-choice agent in a vast variety of clinical situations owing to its superlative efficiency as a broad-spectrum antibiotic in treating several life-threatening bacterial infections .
This urgently calls for the need for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms governing GM-induced nephrotoxicity and entails the necessity of presenting novel protective agents capable of ameliorating those renal deleterious effects .
The reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive transcription factors in GM-induced nephrotoxicity have recently called attention .
PURPOSE : This study has been designed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of GM-induced nephrotoxicity and to provide a consensus set of histopathological , immunohistochemical , genetic and biochemical parameters elucidating the protective role of vitamin D against this nephrotoxicity .
METHODS : Twenty-four adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups : group I ( control group ) , group II ( GM ) , group III ( GM + vitamin D ) and group IV ( vitamin D only ) .
Kidney function tests , histopathological examination , gene expression of nuclear factor 2 , nuclear factor kappa beta ( NF-κB @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , assessment of glutathione peroxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase ( NADPH ) oxidase by ELISA , as well as immunohistochemical evaluation of inducible nitric oxide , malondialdehyde , 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanine and vitamin D receptor , have beencarried out .
RESULTS : The kidney function deterioration , tissue oxidative stress development and the histopathological changes induced by GM were significantly attenuated by vitamin D administration .
CONCLUSION : Vitamin D attenuates GM nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant properties and prevention of DNA damage .

BACKGROUND: Despite being one of the most nephrotoxic drugs, gentamicin (GM) remains a mainstay as a first-choice agent in a vast variety of clinical situations owing to its superlative efficiency as a broad-spectrum antibiotic in treating several life-threatening bacterial infections. This urgently calls for the need for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms governing GM-induced nephrotoxicity and entails the necessity of presenting novel protective agents capable of ameliorating those renal deleterious effects. The reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive transcription factors in GM-induced nephrotoxicity have recently called attention.
PURPOSE: This study has been designed to shed light on the possible mechanisms of GM-induced nephrotoxicity and to provide a consensus set of histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic and biochemical parameters elucidating the protective role of vitamin D against this nephrotoxicity.
METHODS: Twenty-four adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups: group I (control group), group II (GM), group III (GM + vitamin D) and group IV (vitamin D only). Kidney function tests, histopathological examination, gene expression of nuclear factor 2, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and western blot of NF-κB p65, assessment of glutathione peroxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase by ELISA, as well as immunohistochemical evaluation of inducible nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanine and vitamin D receptor, have beencarried out.
RESULTS: The kidney function deterioration, tissue oxidative stress development and the histopathological changes induced by GM were significantly attenuated by vitamin D administration.
CONCLUSION: Vitamin D attenuates GM nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant properties and prevention of DNA damage.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Increasing serum 25-OHD to appropriate levels by activated vitamin D use may improve the eradication

BACKGROUND : Various studies have reported a lower Helicobacter pylori eradication rate and a more frequent reinfection rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) .
Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity and the role of the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) in the antimicrobial activity against H. pylori has been reported .
When it comes to the risk factors of H. pylori eradication , the function of vitamin D is not always taken into account .
The aim of this study was to assess the role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in H. pylori eradication in T2DM .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ from 160 patients with T2DM who underwent eradication therapy for H. pylori in Anhui Provincial Hospital between July 2015 and September 2017 were analyzed .
According to eradication status , patients were divided into two groups , the successful eradication group ( n = 124 ) and the eradication failure group ( n = 36 ) .
The following information was obtained from participants ' records before eradication treatment : age , sex , body mass index ( BMI ) , duration of T2DM , prescription of medication use , smoking and drinking @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL‑C ) , triglyceride ( TG ) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25-OHD ) at baseline .
RESULTS : The H. pylori was eradicated in 124 ( 77.5 % ) patients , while in 36 ( 22.5 % ) patients the treatment was unsuccessful .
The eradication failure group had a lower mean vitamin D concentration than the group with successful eradication ( 15.09 ± 7.72 ng/ml vs. 19.87 ± 6.35 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The estimated odds ratio ( OR ) for eradication failure in individuals with serum vitamin D deficiency ( < 20 ng/ml ) compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels ( > 30 ng/ml ) were 1.489 ( 95 % confidence interval , CI : 1.046-2.121 , P = 0.027 ) , Individuals with long duration of diabetes ( ≥10 years ) had odds of eradication failure of 1.467 ( 95 % CI : 1.017-2.114 , P = 0.040 ) compared to subjects with short duration of diabetes ( < 10 years ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ only associated with H. pylori eradication failure but was also related to dyslipidemia in T2DM patients .
Increasing serum 25-OHD to appropriate levels by activated vitamin D use may improve the eradication rate .

BACKGROUND: Various studies have reported a lower Helicobacter pylori eradication rate and a more frequent reinfection rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity and the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the antimicrobial activity against H. pylori has been reported. When it comes to the risk factors of H. pylori eradication, the function of vitamin D is not always taken into account. The aim of this study was to assess the role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in H. pylori eradication in T2DM.
METHODS: In this retrospective study data from 160 patients with T2DM who underwent eradication therapy for H. pylori in Anhui Provincial Hospital between July 2015 and September 2017 were analyzed. According to eradication status, patients were divided into two groups, the successful eradication group (n = 124) and the eradication failure group (n = 36). The following information was obtained from participants' records before eradication treatment: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration of T2DM, prescription of medication use, smoking and drinking history. All patients were tested for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), triglyceride (TG) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) at baseline.
RESULTS: The H. pylori was eradicated in 124 (77.5%) patients, while in 36 (22.5%) patients the treatment was unsuccessful. The eradication failure group had a lower mean vitamin D concentration than the group with successful eradication (15.09 ± 7.72 ng/ml vs. 19.87 ± 6.35 ng/ml, p = 0.004). The estimated odds ratio (OR) for eradication failure in individuals with serum vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels (>30 ng/ml) were 1.489 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.046-2.121, P = 0.027), Individuals with long duration of diabetes (≥10 years) had odds of eradication failure of 1.467 (95% CI: 1.017-2.114, P = 0.040) compared to subjects with short duration of diabetes (<10 years).
CONCLUSIONS: Lower 25-OHD was not only associated with H. pylori eradication failure but was also related to dyslipidemia in T2DM patients. Increasing serum 25-OHD to appropriate levels by activated vitamin D use may improve the eradication rate.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Cholecalciferol, Ergosterol, and Cholesterol Enhance the Antibiotic Activity of Drugs.

: Background : This is the first report demonstrating the antibiotic-modifying activity of cholecalciferol .
AIM : In this study , cholecalciferol was evaluated against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Escherichia coli .
METHODS : The antibacterial and modulatory effects of cholecalciferol , ergosterol , and cholesterol ( 8-512μg/mL ) were evaluated by microdilution assay against multiresistant bacterial strains .
RESULTS : Cholecalciferol , when combined with aminoglycosides , was more effective against P. aeruginosa , reducing the concentration of amikacin and gentamicin necessary to inhibit bacterial growth from 156.25 to 39.06μg/mL and from 39.06 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is possible that cholecalciferol , due to its lipid-soluble nature , had a lipophilic interaction with the cell membrane , enhancing antibiotic uptake .
Cholesterol and ergosterol were used to see if the mechanism of action of cholecalciferol was similar to that of these lipid compounds .
Ergosterol and cholesterol increased aminoglycoside activity , where the effect was greater with higher subinhibitory concentration of sterol .
CONCLUSIONS : There is no reported study on the use of cholesterol and ergosterol as modulators of antibiotics or any other drug , making this the first @ @ @ @ @ @ @ between cholesterol , ergosterol , and cholecalciferol with regard to modifying aminoglycoside activity .

: Background: This is the first report demonstrating the antibiotic-modifying activity of cholecalciferol.
AIM: In this study, cholecalciferol was evaluated against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.
METHODS: The antibacterial and modulatory effects of cholecalciferol, ergosterol, and cholesterol (8-512μg/mL) were evaluated by microdilution assay against multiresistant bacterial strains.
RESULTS: Cholecalciferol, when combined with aminoglycosides, was more effective against P. aeruginosa, reducing the concentration of amikacin and gentamicin necessary to inhibit bacterial growth from 156.25 to 39.06μg/mL and from 39.06 to 9.76 μg/mL, respectively. It is possible that cholecalciferol, due to its lipid-soluble nature, had a lipophilic interaction with the cell membrane, enhancing antibiotic uptake. Cholesterol and ergosterol were used to see if the mechanism of action of cholecalciferol was similar to that of these lipid compounds. Ergosterol and cholesterol increased aminoglycoside activity, where the effect was greater with higher subinhibitory concentration of sterol.
CONCLUSIONS: There is no reported study on the use of cholesterol and ergosterol as modulators of antibiotics or any other drug, making this the first study in this area highlighting the interaction between cholesterol, ergosterol, and cholecalciferol with regard to modifying aminoglycoside activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Serum vitamin D level may affect H. pylori infection and its eradication.

OBJECTIVES : This study was designed to test whether serum vitamin D levels affected Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection and eradication rates .
METHODS : A multicenter observational prospective cohort study was conducted .
A total of 496 H. pyloripositive ( H. pylori ) and 257 H. pylori-negative ( H. pylori ) patients were enrolled from four hospitals in China .
Baseline serum vitamin D levels were measured and aC-urea breath test ( UBT ) was performed for all the participants .
The H. pyloripatients were divided into two subgroups based on their serum vitamin D levels ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ secondC-UBT was performed between 4 and 8 weeks after 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple eradication therapies .
Factors potentially affecting H. pylori eradication were determined using a questionnaire survey .
RESULTS : Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the H. pylorigroup than in the H. pylorigroup ( [ 17.0 ± 6.9 ] ng/mL vs [ 19.2 ± 8.0 ] ng/mL , P = 0.000 ) .
H. pylori eradication rate significantly differed between patients with serum vitamin D levels of < 10 ng/mL and≥10 ng/mL ( 71.7 % vs 87.3 % , P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ showed that having serum vitamin D level ≥10 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for a successful H. pylori eradication ( odds ratio 0.381 , 95 % confidence interval 0.183-0.791 , P = 0.010 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Serum vitamin D level may affect H. pylori infection and its eradication .
Randomized controlled trials are needed to find out whether vitamin D supplements may increase the H. pylori eradication rate .

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to test whether serum vitamin D levels affected Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and eradication rates.
METHODS: A multicenter observational prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 496 H. pyloripositive (H. pylori) and 257 H. pylori-negative (H. pylori) patients were enrolled from four hospitals in China. Baseline serum vitamin D levels were measured and aC-urea breath test (UBT) was performed for all the participants. The H. pyloripatients were divided into two subgroups based on their serum vitamin D levels (<10 or≥10 ng/mL). A secondC-UBT was performed between 4 and 8 weeks after 14-day bismuth-containing quadruple eradication therapies. Factors potentially affecting H. pylori eradication were determined using a questionnaire survey.
RESULTS: Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the H. pylorigroup than in the H. pylorigroup ([17.0 ± 6.9] ng/mL vs [19.2 ± 8.0] ng/mL, P = 0.000). H. pylori eradication rate significantly differed between patients with serum vitamin D levels of<10 ng/mL and≥10 ng/mL (71.7% vs 87.3%, P = 0.005). A multivariate analysis showed that having serum vitamin D level ≥10 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for a successful H. pylori eradication (odds ratio 0.381, 95% confidence interval 0.183-0.791, P = 0.010).
CONCLUSIONS: Serum vitamin D level may affect H. pylori infection and its eradication. Randomized controlled trials are needed to find out whether vitamin D supplements may increase the H. pylori eradication rate.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Vitamin D deficiency is a potential risk factor for lipid Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity.

Invasive fungal infections ( IFI ) is a worldwide serious health problem and Amphotericin B ( AmB ) has been considered the drug of choice for IFI treatment .
Despite its efficacy , clinical use of AmB has been associated with renal toxicity .
Some lines of evidence have shown that an extemporaneous lipid emulsion preparation of AmB ( AmB/LE ) was able to attenuate nephrotoxicity , presenting similar benefits at a lower cost .
Studies have been demonstrating that hypovitaminosis D may hasten the progression of kidney disease and reflect on a worse prognosis in cases of drug-induced nephrotoxicity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ incidence of hypovitaminosis D , the aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency may induce AmB/LE-related nephrotoxicity .
Wistar rats were divided into four groups : control , received a standard diet for 34 days ; AmB/LE , received a standard diet for 34 days and AmB/LE ( 5 mg/kg/day ) intraperitoneally in the last 4 days ; VDD , received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days ; and VDD+AmB/LE , received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days and AmB/LE as described .
At the end of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ blood , urine and renal tissue samples were collected in order to evaluate AmB/LE effects on renal function and morphology .
Association of AmB/LE and vitamin D deficiency led to diminished glomerular filtration rate and increased tubular injury , evidenced by reduced renal protein expression of NaPi-IIa and TRPM6 leading to hyperphosphaturia / hypermagnesuria .
VDD+AmB/LE rats also presented alterations in the PTH-Klotho-FGF-23 signaling axis , urinary concentrating defect and hypertension , probably due to an inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system .
Hence , it is important to monitor vitamin D levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ D deficiency induces AmB/LE nephrotoxicity .

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) is a worldwide serious health problem and Amphotericin B (AmB) has been considered the drug of choice for IFI treatment. Despite its efficacy, clinical use of AmB has been associated with renal toxicity. Some lines of evidence have shown that an extemporaneous lipid emulsion preparation of AmB (AmB/LE) was able to attenuate nephrotoxicity, presenting similar benefits at a lower cost. Studies have been demonstrating that hypovitaminosis D may hasten the progression of kidney disease and reflect on a worse prognosis in cases of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In view of the high worldwide incidence of hypovitaminosis D, the aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency may induce AmB/LE-related nephrotoxicity. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, received a standard diet for 34 days; AmB/LE, received a standard diet for 34 days and AmB/LE (5 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally in the last 4 days; VDD, received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days; and VDD+AmB/LE, received a vitamin D-free diet for 34 days and AmB/LE as described. At the end of the protocol, animals were euthanized and blood, urine and renal tissue samples were collected in order to evaluate AmB/LE effects on renal function and morphology. Association of AmB/LE and vitamin D deficiency led to diminished glomerular filtration rate and increased tubular injury, evidenced by reduced renal protein expression of NaPi-IIa and TRPM6 leading to hyperphosphaturia / hypermagnesuria. VDD+AmB/LE rats also presented alterations in the PTH-Klotho-FGF-23 signaling axis, urinary concentrating defect and hypertension, probably due to an inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hence, it is important to monitor vitamin D levels in AmB/LE treated patients, since vitamin D deficiency induces AmB/LE nephrotoxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Calcitriol enhances pyrazinamide treatment of murine tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND : Tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide .
There is an urgent need for new and effective drugs to treat tuberculosis and shorten the duration of tuberculosis therapy .
1 , 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 ( 1,25 ( OH ) 2D3 ) has been reported to have a synergistic effect with pyrazinamide ( PZA ) in killing tubercle bacilli in vitro .
The addition of 1,25 ( OH ) 2D3 to standard tuberculosis treatment should benefit patients if the adjunctive drug has a synergistic effect in vivo .
Thus , in this study , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2D3 ) was administered to mice undergoing treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) infection with PZA , a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug , to determine whether vitamin D3 enhances the therapeutic effect .
METHODS : C57BL/6 female mice were infected with the M.tb H37Rv strain through aerosol exposure .
Calcitriol and PZA , either alone or in combination , were orally administered to the M.tb infected mice .
The effect of calcitriol on PZA activity was determined by evaluating the bacterial burden and analyzing the histopathological lesions in the lungs and spleen .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ and anti-microbial peptide genes , we determined the transcriptional levels of interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ) , interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) , mouse β-defensin-2 ( mBD2 ) , and cathelicidin LL-37 through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction .
The protein levels of IFN-γ were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .
Differences between groups were analyzed with independent samples t-test orone-way analysis of variance .
RESULTS : Calcitriol alone had little effect on tuberculosis infection , whereas PZA , compared with saline control treatment , decreased the bacterial burden ( spleens : PZA vs. saline @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.40 Log10 colony-forming units [ CFU ] /gram , t = 2.13 , P CONCLUSIONS : Calcitriol as adjunctive treatment can result in beneficial treatment outcomes in M.tb infection by suppressing the inflammatory response and up-regulating the expression of anti-microbial peptides .
These results indicate the feasibility of using calcitriol adjunctively with standard chemotherapy for the treatment of M.tb infection .

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. There is an urgent need for new and effective drugs to treat tuberculosis and shorten the duration of tuberculosis therapy. 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3) has been reported to have a synergistic effect with pyrazinamide (PZA) in killing tubercle bacilli in vitro. The addition of 1,25 (OH)2D3 to standard tuberculosis treatment should benefit patients if the adjunctive drug has a synergistic effect in vivo. Thus, in this study, calcitriol (bioactive 1,25 (OH)2D3) was administered to mice undergoing treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection with PZA, a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug, to determine whether vitamin D3 enhances the therapeutic effect.
METHODS: C57BL/6 female mice were infected with the M.tb H37Rv strain through aerosol exposure. Calcitriol and PZA, either alone or in combination, were orally administered to the M.tb infected mice. The effect of calcitriol on PZA activity was determined by evaluating the bacterial burden and analyzing the histopathological lesions in the lungs and spleen. To investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and anti-microbial peptide genes, we determined the transcriptional levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), mouse β-defensin-2 (mBD2), and cathelicidin LL-37 through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of IFN-γ were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differences between groups were analyzed with independent samples t-test orone-way analysis of variance.
RESULTS: Calcitriol alone had little effect on tuberculosis infection, whereas PZA, compared with saline control treatment, decreased the bacterial burden (spleens: PZA vs. saline, 4.82 ± 0.22 vs. 5.22 ± 0.40 Log10 colony-forming units [CFU]/gram, t = 2.13, P < 0.05; lungs: PZA vs. saline, 5.55 ± 0.15 vs. 6.83 ± 0.46 Log10 CFU/gram, t = 6.56, P < 0.01) and pathological lesions in the lungs. Simultaneous administration of calcitriol with PZA, compared with PZA alone, decreased the bacterial load (spleen: calcitriol + PZA vs. PZA, 4.37 ± 0.13 vs. 4.82 ± 0.22 Log10 CFU/gram, t = 4.36, P < 0.01; lung: calcitriol + PZA vs. PZA, 5.03 ± 0.32 vs. 5.55 ± 0.15 Log10 CFU/gram, t = 3.58, P < 0.01) and attenuated the lung lesions (gross pathological score: calcitriol + PZA vs. PZA, 3.25 ± 0.50 vs. 2.50 ± 0.58, t = 1.96, P < 0.05; affected area of total lung area: calcitriol + PZA vs. PZA, 30.75% ± 6.50% vs. 21.55% ± 2.99%, t = 2.66, P < 0.05). Further studies demonstrated calcitriol significantly increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 but suppressed production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ (IL-4: calcitriol vs. saline, 5.69 ± 0.50 vs. 2.80 ± 0.56 fold of control, t = 6.74, P < 0.01; IFN-γ: calcitriol vs. saline, 1.36 ± 0.11 vs. 4.13 ± 0.83 fold of control, t = 5.77, P < 0.01). In addition, calcitriol alone or in combination with PZA significantly enhanced the transcriptional level of anti-microbial peptides (cathelicidin LL-37: calcitriol vs. saline, 10.59 ± 1.03 vs. 2.80 ± 0.90 fold of control, t = 9.85, P < 0.01; mBD2: calcitriol vs. saline, 7.92 ± 0.62 vs. 1.79 ± 0.45 fold of control, t = 13.82, P < 0.01), whereas PZA exerted a negative effect on anti-microbial peptide gene expression.
CONCLUSIONS: Calcitriol as adjunctive treatment can result in beneficial treatment outcomes in M.tb infection by suppressing the inflammatory response and up-regulating the expression of anti-microbial peptides. These results indicate the feasibility of using calcitriol adjunctively with standard chemotherapy for the treatment of M.tb infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--What are Oligosaccharides and Why Should You Add Them to Your Diet?

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Addition of selenium improves immunomodulative effects of glucan.

BACKGROUND : Selenium ( Se ) is an established essential nutrient that plays a role in various biological processes including @ @ @ @ @ stimulation of immune reactions byβ-glucans is well-documented .
AIMS : In the current study , @ @ @ @ @ of phagocytosis and interleukin ( IL ) -2 production and on potentiation of anticancer immunity @ @ @ @ @ with two types of Se .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Phagocytosis was evaluated using synthetic @ @ @ @ @ measured either using breast cancer cells or using lung cancer cells .
RESULTS : Using @ @ @ @ @ cancer , we showed that the Se/glucan combination strongly suppressed the growth of cancer , @ @ @ @ @ immunity .
CONCLUSIONS : A combination of glucan with Se offers superior stimulation of immunity @ @ @ @ @ .

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is an established essential nutrient that plays a role in various biological processes including cancer development. Similarly, stimulation of immune reactions byβ-glucans is well-documented.
AIMS: In the current study, we focused on the stimulation of phagocytosis and interleukin (IL)-2 production and on potentiation of anticancer immunity by a combination of glucan with two types of Se.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phagocytosis was evaluated using synthetic microspheres; cancer development was measured either using breast cancer cells or using lung cancer cells.
RESULTS: Using two different murine models of cancer, we showed that the Se/glucan combination strongly suppressed the growth of cancer, mostly probably via stimulation of immunity.
CONCLUSIONS: A combination of glucan with Se offers superior stimulation of immunity and inhibition of cancer growth.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on oxidative stress.

Some evidence exists in supporting the beneficial effects of coenzyme Q10 ( CoQ10 ) on oxidative stress .
Since the findings of studies over the impact of CoQ10 supplementation on oxidative stress are contradictory , this study was conducted .
The aim was to evaluate CoQ10 supplementation effect on total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , and catalase ( CAT ) levels using data collected from randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) .
Several databases including PubMed , Web of Science , Google @ @ @ @ @ @ @ up to 23 January 2019 to identify RCTs .
A random-effects model , standardized mean difference ( SMD ) , and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) were applied for data analysis .
According to the meta-analysis results on 19 eligible studies , CoQ10 increased the levels of TAC ( SMD = 1.29 ; 95 % CI = 0.35-2.23 ; = .007 ) , GPX ( SMD = 0.45 ; 95 % CI = 0.17-0.74 ; = .002 ) , SOD ( SMD = 0.63 ; 95 % CI = 0.29-0.97 ;

Some evidence exists in supporting the beneficial effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on oxidative stress. Since the findings of studies over the impact of CoQ10 supplementation on oxidative stress are contradictory, this study was conducted. The aim was to evaluate CoQ10 supplementation effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels using data collected from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were comprehensively searched up to 23 January 2019 to identify RCTs. A random-effects model, standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied for data analysis. According to the meta-analysis results on 19 eligible studies, CoQ10 increased the levels of TAC (SMD = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.35-2.23; = .007), GPX (SMD = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.17-0.74; = .002), SOD (SMD = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.29-0.97; < .0001), and CAT (SMD = 1.67; 95% CI = 0.29-3.10; = .018) significantly. This supplementation also caused a significant reduction in MDA levels (SMD = -1.12; 95% CI = -1.58 to -0.65; < .0001). However, the results of SOD and CAT should be stated carefully due to the publication bias. In conclusion, this research indicated that CoQ10 supplementation had beneficial effects on oxidative stress markers. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Clinical evidence for Q10 coenzyme supplementation in heart failure.

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of heart failure ( HF ) .
Coenzyme Q10 ( CoQ10 ) is @ @ @ @ @ expressed in humans as ubiquinol ( reduced form ) and ubiquinone ( oxidized form ) @ @ @ @ @ role in electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria .
CoQ10 acts as a potent @ @ @ @ @ cofactor in the production of adenosine triphosphate by oxidative phosphorylation , inhibiting the oxidation of @ @ @ @ @ with HF showed CoQ10 deficiency ; therefore , a number of clinical trials investigating the @ @ @ @ @ HF have been conducted .
CoQ10 supplementation may confer potential prognostic advantages in HF patients @ @ @ @ @ or safety issues .
The latest evidence on the clinical effects of CoQ10 supplementation in @ @ @ @

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of heart failure (HF). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vitamin-like organic compound widely expressed in humans as ubiquinol (reduced form) and ubiquinone (oxidized form). CoQ10 plays a key role in electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria. CoQ10 acts as a potent antioxidant, membrane stabilizer and cofactor in the production of adenosine triphosphate by oxidative phosphorylation, inhibiting the oxidation of proteins and DNA. Patients with HF showed CoQ10 deficiency; therefore, a number of clinical trials investigating the effects of CoQ10 supplementation in HF have been conducted. CoQ10 supplementation may confer potential prognostic advantages in HF patients with no adverse hemodynamic profile or safety issues. The latest evidence on the clinical effects of CoQ10 supplementation in HF was reviewed.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--The regulation of pathways of inflammation and resolution in immune cells and cancer stem cells by s

The regulation of pathways of inflammation and resolution in immune cells and cancer stem cells by selenium.

Cancer is a complex disease where cancer stem cells ( CSCs ) maintain unlimited replicative potential , but evade chemotherapy drugs through cellular quiescence .
CSCs are able to give rise to bulk tumor cells that have the capability to override antiproliferative signals and evade apoptosis .
Numerous pathways are dysregulated in tumor cells , where increased levels of prooxidant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can lead to localized inflammation to exacerbate all three stages of tumorigenesis : initiation , progression , and metastasis .
Modulation of cellular metabolism in tumor cells as well as immune cells in the tumor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ networks .
Altering these pathways can potentially serve as a portal for therapy .
It is well known that selenium , through selenoproteins , modulates inflammatory pathways in addition to regulating redox homeostasis in cells .
Therefore , selenium has the potential to impact the interaction between tumor cells , CSCs , and immune cells .
In the sections later , we review the current status of knowledge regarding this interaction , with reference to leukemia stem cells , and the importance of selenium-dependent regulation of inflammation as a potential mechanism to affect @ @ @ @ @ @ @

Cancer is a complex disease where cancer stem cells (CSCs) maintain unlimited replicative potential, but evade chemotherapy drugs through cellular quiescence. CSCs are able to give rise to bulk tumor cells that have the capability to override antiproliferative signals and evade apoptosis. Numerous pathways are dysregulated in tumor cells, where increased levels of prooxidant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can lead to localized inflammation to exacerbate all three stages of tumorigenesis: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Modulation of cellular metabolism in tumor cells as well as immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can impact inflammatory networks. Altering these pathways can potentially serve as a portal for therapy. It is well known that selenium, through selenoproteins, modulates inflammatory pathways in addition to regulating redox homeostasis in cells. Therefore, selenium has the potential to impact the interaction between tumor cells, CSCs, and immune cells. In the sections later, we review the current status of knowledge regarding this interaction, with reference to leukemia stem cells, and the importance of selenium-dependent regulation of inflammation as a potential mechanism to affect the TME and tumor cell survival.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Cyanocobalamin and cholecalciferol synergistically improve functional and histopathological nerve he

Cyanocobalamin and cholecalciferol synergistically improve functional and histopathological nerve healing.

Background and purpose : Peripheral nerve injury ( PNI ) is a frequent problem among young adults .
Hopefully , regeneration can occur in PNI unlike central nervous system .
If nerve cut is complete , gold standard treatment is surgery , but incomplete cuts have been tried to be treated by medicines .
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare clinical and histopathological outcomes of independent treatment of each of Vitamin B12 ( B12 ) and Vitamin D3 ( D3 ) and their combination on sciatic nerve injury in an experimental rat model .
Methods : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ approval of BEH Ethics Committee No .
2015/10 .
32 rats were grouped into four ( n=8 ) according to treatment procedures , such as Group 1 ( controls with no treatment ) , Group 2 ( intraperitoneal 1 mg/kg/day B12 ) , Group 3 ( oral 3500 IU/kg/week D3 ) , Group 4 ( intraperitoneal 1 mg/kg/day B12+ oral 3500 IU/kg/week D3 ) .
Sciatic Functional Index ( SFI ) and histopathological analysis were performed .
Results : SFIs of Group 2 , 3 , 4 were statistically significantly higher than controls @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not different , however Group 4 was statistically significantly higher than others according to SFI .
Axonal degeneration ( AD ) in all treatment groups were statistically significantly lower than in Group 1 .
AD in Group 4 was significantly lower than in Group 2 and 3 ; there was no significant difference between Group 2 and 3 .
There was no significant difference between Group 1,2 and 3 in Axonolysis ( A ) .
But A of Group 4 was significantly very much lower than all others .
Oedema- inflammation ( OE-I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lower than in Group 1 ; there was no significant difference between Group 2 and group 4 .
OE-I in Group 2 and 4 were significantly lower than in Group 3 .
There were no significant differences between Group 1 , 2 and 3 in damage level scores ; score of Group 4 was significantly lower than of Group 1 .
Conclusion : B12 and D3 were found effective with no statistically significant difference .
But combined use of B12 and D3 improve nerve healing synergistically .
We recommend combined use of B12 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ possible .

Background and purpose: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a frequent problem among young adults. Hopefully, regeneration can occur in PNI unlike central nervous system. If nerve cut is complete, gold standard treatment is surgery, but incomplete cuts have been tried to be treated by medicines. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare clinical and histopathological outcomes of independent treatment of each of Vitamin B12 (B12) and Vitamin D3 (D3) and their combination on sciatic nerve injury in an experimental rat model.
Methods: Experimental animal study was performed after the approval of BEH Ethics Committee No. 2015/10. 32 rats were grouped into four (n=8) according to treatment procedures, such as Group 1 (controls with no treatment), Group 2 (intraperitoneal 1 mg/kg/day B12), Group 3 (oral 3500 IU/kg/week D3), Group 4 (intraperitoneal 1 mg/kg/day B12+ oral 3500 IU/kg/week D3). Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) and histopathological analysis were performed.
Results: SFIs of Group 2, 3, 4 were statistically significantly higher than controls. Group 2 and 3 were statistically not different, however Group 4 was statistically significantly higher than others according to SFI. Axonal degeneration (AD) in all treatment groups were statistically significantly lower than in Group 1. AD in Group 4 was significantly lower than in Group 2 and 3; there was no significant difference between Group 2 and 3. There was no significant difference between Group 1,2 and 3 in Axonolysis (A). But A of Group 4 was significantly very much lower than all others. Oedema- inflammation (OE-I) in all treatment groups were significantly lower than in Group 1; there was no significant difference between Group 2 and group 4. OE-I in Group 2 and 4 were significantly lower than in Group 3. There were no significant differences between Group 1, 2 and 3 in damage level scores; score of Group 4 was significantly lower than of Group 1.
Conclusion: B12 and D3 were found effective with no statistically significant difference. But combined use of B12 and D3 improve nerve healing synergistically. We recommend combined use of B12 and D3 after PNI as soon as possible.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Vitamin D supplementation can be considered as a combination therapy in patients with pulmonary tube

Vitamin D supplementation can be considered as a combination therapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND : Vitamin D is involved in the host immune response toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
However , the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on sputum conversion , clinical response to treatment , adverse events , and mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis ( PTB ) remains controversial .
We aimed to clarify the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in PTB treatment .
METHODS : We searched Medline , Embase , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , Web of Science for double-blind , randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation in patients with PTB that reported sputum conversion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ events , or mortality , published from database inception to November 26 , 2017 .
This study was registered with PROSPERO , number CRD42018081236 .
RESULTS : A total of 1787 patients with active PTB receiving vitamin D supplementation along with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen were included in the eight trials with different doses of vitamin D ranging from 1000 IU/day to 600,000 IU/month at different intervals .
Primary analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation increased the proportion of sputum smear and culture conversions ( OR 1.21 , 95 % CI 1.05~ 1.39 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; OR 1.22 , 95 % CI 1.04~ 1.43 , z = 2.41 , P = 0.02 ) , but didnot improve the time to sputum smear and culture conversions ( HR 1.07 , 95 % CI 0.83~ 1.37 , z = 0.50 , P = 0.62 ; HR 0.97 , 95 % CI 0.76~ 1.23 , z = 0.29 , P = 0.77 ) .
In the secondary analysis , vitamin D improved serum 25 ( OH ) D , plasma calcium concentration , lymphocyte count , and chest radiograph ( MD @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , z = 10.57 , P 0.05 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Vitamin D supplementation can be considered as a combination therapy in patients with PTB .

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is involved in the host immune response toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on sputum conversion, clinical response to treatment, adverse events, and mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains controversial. We aimed to clarify the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in PTB treatment.
METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science for double-blind, randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation in patients with PTB that reported sputum conversion, clinical response to treatment, adverse events, or mortality, published from database inception to November 26, 2017. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018081236.
RESULTS: A total of 1787 patients with active PTB receiving vitamin D supplementation along with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen were included in the eight trials with different doses of vitamin D ranging from 1000 IU/day to 600,000 IU/month at different intervals. Primary analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation increased the proportion of sputum smear and culture conversions (OR 1.21, 95%CI 1.05~ 1.39, z = 2.69, P = 0.007; OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.04~ 1.43, z = 2.41, P = 0.02), but didnot improve the time to sputum smear and culture conversions (HR 1.07, 95%CI 0.83~ 1.37, z = 0.50, P = 0.62; HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.76~ 1.23, z = 0.29, P = 0.77). In the secondary analysis, vitamin D improved serum 25(OH)D, plasma calcium concentration, lymphocyte count, and chest radiograph (MD 103.36, 95%CI 84.20~ 122.53, z = 10.57, P < 0.00001; SMD 0.26, 95%CI 0.15~ 0.37, z = 4.61, P < 0.00001; MD 0.09, 95%CI 0.03~ 0.14, z = 2.94, P = 0.003); MD -0.33, 95% CI -0.57~ - 0.08 z = 2.57, P = 0.01), but had no impact on adverse events, mortality and other indicators(TB score, BMI, mean mid-upper arm circumference, weight gain, CRP, ESR, and other blood cells) (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation can be considered as a combination therapy in patients with PTB.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Association of vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of late-onset neonatal sepsis.

BACKGROUND : Vitamin D deficiency in mothers and neonates is being recognised increasingly as a leading cause of many adverse health effects in the newborn infant , including sepsis .
METHODS : A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care Paediatric teaching hospital in northern India to assess vitamin D deficiency as a possible risk factor for late-onset sepsis ( LOS ) in term and late preterm neonates and also to examine the correlation between maternal and infant vitamin D levels during the neonatal period .
Late-onset sepsis ( LOS ) was defined as the development of signs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ h of life and a positive sepsis screen .
All term and late preterm neonates admitted with LOS between September 2015 and February 2016 who had not been previously admitted for > 48 h and had not been prescribed antibiotics or vitamin D were included in the study .
Matched controls were recruited from otherwise healthy neonates admitted with physiological hyperbilirubinaemia .
Serum 25 ( OH ) vitamin D was assessed in neonates in both groups and their mothers .
RESULTS : A total of 421 neonates were admitted to the neonatal intensive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 120 of whom satisfied the inclusion criteria , and 60 were recruited as cases .
Sixty neonates were recruited as controls who were similar in gender , gestational age , age at admission and anthropometry .
The study group had significantly lower mean ( SD ) vitamin D levels [ 15.37 ng/ml ( 10.0 ) ] than the control group [ 21.37 ng/ml ( 9.53 ) ] ( p = 0.001 ) .
The odds ratio was 1.7 ( 95 % CI 0.52-5.51 ) for LOS in vitamin D-deficient neonates .
Mothers of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( SD ) vitamin D levels [ 17.87 ( 11.89 ) ] than the mothers of non-septic neonates [ 23.65 ng/ml ( 9.55 ) ] ( p = 0.004 ) .
Maternal vitamin D levels strongly correlated to neonatal vitamin D levels in both groups .
CONCLUSION : Neonates with vitamin D deficiency are at greater risk of LOS than those with sufficient vitamin D levels .

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency in mothers and neonates is being recognised increasingly as a leading cause of many adverse health effects in the newborn infant, including sepsis.
METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care Paediatric teaching hospital in northern India to assess vitamin D deficiency as a possible risk factor for late-onset sepsis (LOS) in term and late preterm neonates and also to examine the correlation between maternal and infant vitamin D levels during the neonatal period. Late-onset sepsis (LOS) was defined as the development of signs and symptoms of severe sepsis after 72 h of life and a positive sepsis screen. All term and late preterm neonates admitted with LOS between September 2015 and February 2016 who had not been previously admitted for>48 h and had not been prescribed antibiotics or vitamin D were included in the study. Matched controls were recruited from otherwise healthy neonates admitted with physiological hyperbilirubinaemia. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was assessed in neonates in both groups and their mothers.
RESULTS: A total of 421 neonates were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit during the study period, 120 of whom satisfied the inclusion criteria, and 60 were recruited as cases. Sixty neonates were recruited as controls who were similar in gender, gestational age, age at admission and anthropometry. The study group had significantly lower mean (SD) vitamin D levels [15.37 ng/ml (10.0)] than the control group [21.37 ng/ml (9.53)] (p = 0.001). The odds ratio was 1.7 (95% CI 0.52-5.51) for LOS in vitamin D-deficient neonates. Mothers of septic neonates also had significantly lower mean (SD) vitamin D levels [17.87 (11.89)] than the mothers of non-septic neonates [23.65 ng/ml (9.55)] (p = 0.004). Maternal vitamin D levels strongly correlated to neonatal vitamin D levels in both groups.
CONCLUSION: Neonates with vitamin D deficiency are at greater risk of LOS than those with sufficient vitamin D levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Pleiotropic effect of vitamin D in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis - CF - is the most common recessively autosomally and inherited disorder in the Caucasian population .
It is incurable , multi-systemic disease with progressive course .
CF is caused by CFTR gene mutation , the product of which is Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ( CFTR ) .
CF patients are exposed to fat-soluble vitamins deficiency , including vitamin D. It is due to the fat malabsorption ( caused by exacerbation exocrine pancreatic insufficiency ) , decreased sun exposure ( caused by receiving antibiotics photophobia ) , reduction of adipose tissue and insufficient supply with food .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ VDR ) presence outside the skeletal system allowed to conclude , that vitamin D is responsible not only for mineral economy , but also for immunological processes , respiratory status , intestial microflora and cystic fibrosis - related diabetes ( CFRD ) course .
Based on literature data , it is suggested that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of diseases coexisting with CF .
The right dosage of vitamin D allows to maintain a better lung function and prevent chronic pulmonary infections .
It has also been shown that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ important in increasing the chances of successful lung transplant surgery .
Taking the wide spectrum of vitamin D effect into account , it is recommended to maintain serum concentrations above the minimum in patients with CF .
In summary , maintaining the proper vitamin D levels in patients with CF is important because of its pleiotropic effect .
It can be achieved through regular monitoring of vitamin D levels and individual supplementary dose for each patients .

Cystic fibrosis - CF - is the most common recessively autosomally and inherited disorder in the Caucasian population. It is incurable, multi-systemic disease with progressive course. CF is caused by CFTR gene mutation, the product of which is Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). CF patients are exposed to fat-soluble vitamins deficiency, including vitamin D. It is due to the fat malabsorption (caused by exacerbation exocrine pancreatic insufficiency), decreased sun exposure (caused by receiving antibiotics photophobia), reduction of adipose tissue and insufficient supply with food. The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) presence outside the skeletal system allowed to conclude, that vitamin D is responsible not only for mineral economy, but also for immunological processes, respiratory status, intestial microflora and cystic fibrosis - related diabetes (CFRD) course. Based on literature data, it is suggested that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of diseases coexisting with CF. The right dosage of vitamin D allows to maintain a better lung function and prevent chronic pulmonary infections. It has also been shown that normal levels of vitamin D may be important in increasing the chances of successful lung transplant surgery. Taking the wide spectrum of vitamin D effect into account, it is recommended to maintain serum concentrations above the minimum in patients with CF. In summary, maintaining the proper vitamin D levels in patients with CF is important because of its pleiotropic effect. It can be achieved through regular monitoring of vitamin D levels and individual supplementary dose for each patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Low-dose calcipotriol can elicit wound closure, anti-microbial, and anti-neoplastic effects in epide

Low-dose calcipotriol can elicit wound closure, anti-microbial, and anti-neoplastic effects in epidermolysis bullosa keratinocytes.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa ( RDEB ) patients suffer from chronic and repeatedly infected wounds predisposing them to the development @ @ @ @ @ cancer in these areas .
Vitamin D3 is an often neglected but critical factor for @ @ @ @ @ possesses the entire enzymatic machinery required to produce active 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 ( calcitriol ) , @ @ @ @ @ skin function .
Injury enhances calcitriol production , inducing the expression of calcitriol target genes @ @ @ @ @ ( hCAP18 ) , an essential component of the innate immune system and an important @ @ @ @ @ found significantly reduced hCAP18 expression in a subset of RDEB keratinocytes which could be restored @ @ @ @ @ scratch closure in RDEB cell monolayers was enhanced up to 2-fold by calcipotriol treatment , @ @ @ @ @ cells additionally showed increased antimicrobial activity .
Calcipotriol exhibited anti-neoplastic effects , suppressing the clonogenicity @ @ @ @ @ cells .
The combined wound healing , anti-microbial , and anti-neoplastic effects indicate that calcipotriol @ @ @ @ @ option for RDEB patients which we could demonstrate in a single-patient observation study .

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) patients suffer from chronic and repeatedly infected wounds predisposing them to the development of aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer in these areas. Vitamin D3 is an often neglected but critical factor for wound healing. Intact skin possesses the entire enzymatic machinery required to produce active 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), underscoring its significance to proper skin function. Injury enhances calcitriol production, inducing the expression of calcitriol target genes including the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (hCAP18), an essential component of the innate immune system and an important wound healing factor. We found significantly reduced hCAP18 expression in a subset of RDEB keratinocytes which could be restored by calcipotriol treatment. Reduced scratch closure in RDEB cell monolayers was enhanced up to 2-fold by calcipotriol treatment, and the secretome of calcipotriol-treated cells additionally showed increased antimicrobial activity. Calcipotriol exhibited anti-neoplastic effects, suppressing the clonogenicity and proliferation of RDEB tumor cells. The combined wound healing, anti-microbial, and anti-neoplastic effects indicate that calcipotriol may represent a vital therapeutic option for RDEB patients which we could demonstrate in a single-patient observation study.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Vitamin D supplementation as a control program against latent tuberculosis infection in Korean high

Vitamin D supplementation as a control program against latent tuberculosis infection in Korean high school students

The prevalence of latnetinfection ( LTBI ) in the first-grade high school students in South Korea was 2.1 % , @ @ @ @ @ at congregated settings in 2017 .
For LTBI cases refusing anti-tuberculosis ( TB ) medication @ @ @ @ @ additional support should be considered .
Eight systematic reviews concluded that vitamin D ( VD @ @ @ @ @ factor for TB .
While three of four South Korean adolescents were VD deficiency , @ @ @ @ @ practical remedy to protect LTBI students of refusing anti-TB medication or having poor compliance .

The prevalence of latnetinfection (LTBI) in the first-grade high school students in South Korea was 2.1%, which was the lowest level at congregated settings in 2017. For LTBI cases refusing anti-tuberculosis (TB) medication or having poor compliance, additional support should be considered. Eight systematic reviews concluded that vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a risk factor for TB. While three of four South Korean adolescents were VD deficiency, VD supplementation could be a practical remedy to protect LTBI students of refusing anti-TB medication or having poor compliance.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium and selenoproteins in immune mediated thyroid disorders.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that is required for the synthesis of selenocysteine-containing selenoproteins , processing a wide range of @ @ @ @ @ known that the thyroid is one of the tissues that contain more selenium .
The @ @ @ @ @ to contribute to the prevention of immune mediated thyroid disorders .
Prospective , observational studies @ @ @ @ @ evaluating selenium supplementation , and review articles that are available in Medline and PubMed have @ @ @ @ @ concerning methodology and results variability have been analyzed .
Several authors support the idea of @ @ @ @ @ ( mainly selenomethionine ) supplementation in reducing antithyroperoxidase antibody levels and improve thyroid ultrasound features @ @ @ @ @ orbitopathy , selenium supplementation has been associated with a decrease of the activity , as @ @ @ @ @ life improvement .
Future research is necessary to clearly understand the selenium supplementation biologic effects @ @ @ @ @ levels/biomarkers , selenoprotein gene polymorphisms that may be involved , underlying comorbidities and the major @ @ @

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that is required for the synthesis of selenocysteine-containing selenoproteins, processing a wide range of health effects. It is known that the thyroid is one of the tissues that contain more selenium. The"selenostasis"maintenance seems to contribute to the prevention of immune mediated thyroid disorders. Prospective, observational studies, randomized, controlled studies evaluating selenium supplementation, and review articles that are available in Medline and PubMed have undergone scrutiny. The differences concerning methodology and results variability have been analyzed. Several authors support the idea of a potential efficacy of selenium (mainly selenomethionine) supplementation in reducing antithyroperoxidase antibody levels and improve thyroid ultrasound features. In mild Graves' orbitopathy, selenium supplementation has been associated with a decrease of the activity, as well as with quality of life improvement. Future research is necessary to clearly understand the selenium supplementation biologic effects while considering the basal selenium levels/biomarkers, selenoprotein gene polymorphisms that may be involved, underlying comorbidities and the major clinical outcomes.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity

Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in development and a wide variety of physiological processes including @ @ @ @ @ immune system relies on adequate dietary selenium intake and this nutrient exerts its biological effects @ @ @ @ @ selenoproteins .
The selenoproteome contains 25 members in humans that exhibit a wide variety of @ @ @ @ @ high-throughput omic approaches and novel bioinformatics tools has led to new insights regarding the effects @ @ @ @ @ human immuno-biology .
Equally important are the innovative experimental systems that have emerged to interrogate @ @ @ @ @ .
This review presents a summary of the current understanding of the role of selenium @ @ @ @ @ cell functions and how dysregulation of these processes may lead to inflammation or immune-related diseases @

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in development and a wide variety of physiological processes including effect immune responses. The immune system relies on adequate dietary selenium intake and this nutrient exerts its biological effects mostly through its incorporation into selenoproteins. The selenoproteome contains 25 members in humans that exhibit a wide variety of functions. The development of high-throughput omic approaches and novel bioinformatics tools has led to new insights regarding the effects of selenium and selenoproteins in human immuno-biology. Equally important are the innovative experimental systems that have emerged to interrogate molecular mechanisms underlying those effects. This review presents a summary of the current understanding of the role of selenium and selenoproteins in regulating immune cell functions and how dysregulation of these processes may lead to inflammation or immune-related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Dietary selenium supplementation alleviates immune toxicity in the hearts of chickens with lead-adde

Dietary selenium supplementation alleviates immune toxicity in the hearts of chickens with lead-added drinking water.

Lead ( Pb ) is an environmental pollutant and can damage organisms .
Selenium ( Se ) can alleviate Pb poisoning .
The present study aimed to investigate the alleviative effect of Se on Pb-induced immune toxicity in chicken hearts .
One-hundred-and-eighty Hy-line male chickens were randomly divided into four groups at 7 days of age .
The control group was offered a standard commercial diet ( SD ) and drinking water ( DW ) ; the Se group was offered SD supplemented with sodium selenite ( SeSD ) and DW ; the Pb + Se group was offered SeSD @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PbDW ) ; and the Pb group was offered SD and PbDW .
Relative mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , interleukins ( IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-6 , IL-12β , IL-17 and IFN-γ ) , and heat shock proteins ( HSP27 , HSP40 , HSP60 , HSP70 , and HSP90 ) were determined by means of quantitative real-time PCR .
Relative protein expression of iNOS , HSP60 , HSP70 , and HSP90 was assessed , as well as nitric oxide ( NO ) content and iNOS activity in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ down-regulation of interleukin ( IL ) -2 and IFN-γ and an up-regulation of NO , iNOS , interleukins ( IL-4 , IL-6 , IL-12β , IL-17 ) , and heat shock proteins ( HSP27 , HSP40 , HSP60 , HSP70 , and HSP90 ) in Pb-damaged hearts .
Se alleviated all of the above Pb-induced changes .
There were time-dependent effects on NO content , iNOS activity , and mRNA levels of iNOS , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-6 , IL-17 , HSP27 , HSP40 , HSP60 , HSP70 , and HSP90 after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Se alleviated Pb-induced immune toxicity in the chicken hearts .

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutant and can damage organisms. Selenium (Se) can alleviate Pb poisoning. The present study aimed to investigate the alleviative effect of Se on Pb-induced immune toxicity in chicken hearts. One-hundred-and-eighty Hy-line male chickens were randomly divided into four groups at 7 days of age. The control group was offered a standard commercial diet (SD) and drinking water (DW); the Se group was offered SD supplemented with sodium selenite (SeSD) and DW; the Pb + Se group was offered SeSD and DW supplemented with lead acetate (PbDW); and the Pb group was offered SD and PbDW. Relative mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12β, IL-17 and IFN-γ), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) were determined by means of quantitative real-time PCR. Relative protein expression of iNOS, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 was assessed, as well as nitric oxide (NO) content and iNOS activity in heart tissue. The results indicated a down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-γ and an up-regulation of NO, iNOS, interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-12β, IL-17), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) in Pb-damaged hearts. Se alleviated all of the above Pb-induced changes. There were time-dependent effects on NO content, iNOS activity, and mRNA levels of iNOS, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 after Pb treatment in the chicken hearts. Se alleviated Pb-induced immune toxicity in the chicken hearts.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium can alleviate the toxic effects caused by lead in the peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Lead ( Pb ) is a type of toxic metal that can hurt the immune system .
Selenium ( Se ) can reduce the damage caused by heavy metals .
To investigate the effects of Se against Pb on bird immune cells , as well as the immunotoxin mechanism of Pb , Se supplementation and/or Pb poisoning chicken models were established .
One hundred eighty 1-year-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) .
The four groups were the control group , the selenium-rich group ( Se group ) , the Pb supplementation group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Pb compound group ( Se + Pb group ) .
The peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens were collected to test the selenoproteins and cytokine mRNA levels at 30 and 60 d. Determination of the content of Se and Pb in the serum , principal component analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis were performed at the two time points .
As a result , Pb exposure increased the content of Pb , activating the Th1/Th2 pathway in peripheral blood lymphocytes .
Additionally , this experiment showed that Se supplementation and Pb exposure could influence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens .
However , all of the parameters that we detected in the experiment indicated that Se supplementation could alleviate the increase ofselenoproteins and cytokine mRNA levels and the Th1/Th2 imbalance induced by Pb in peripheral blood lymphocytes .
In summary , Se can alleviate the toxic effects caused by Pb in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens , suggesting the antagonism between Se and Pb .

Lead (Pb) is a type of toxic metal that can hurt the immune system. Selenium (Se) can reduce the damage caused by heavy metals. To investigate the effects of Se against Pb on bird immune cells, as well as the immunotoxin mechanism of Pb, Se supplementation and/or Pb poisoning chicken models were established. One hundred eighty 1-year-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). The four groups were the control group, the selenium-rich group (Se group), the Pb supplementation group (Pb group) and the Se and Pb compound group (Se + Pb group). The peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens were collected to test the selenoproteins and cytokine mRNA levels at 30 and 60 d. Determination of the content of Se and Pb in the serum, principal component analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis were performed at the two time points. As a result, Pb exposure increased the content of Pb, activating the Th1/Th2 pathway in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Additionally, this experiment showed that Se supplementation and Pb exposure could influence the mRNA levels of selenoproteins and cytokines in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens. However, all of the parameters that we detected in the experiment indicated that Se supplementation could alleviate the increase ofselenoproteins and cytokine mRNA levels and the Th1/Th2 imbalance induced by Pb in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In summary, Se can alleviate the toxic effects caused by Pb in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens, suggesting the antagonism between Se and Pb.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Selenium may inhibit hepatocyte necrosis and DNA damage by inhibiting cyclophosphamide-induced oxida

Selenium may inhibit hepatocyte necrosis and DNA damage by inhibiting cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress.

Selenium ( Se ) has been well recognized as an immune-enhancing agent with antioxidant and anti-tumor properties .
The commonly used chemotherapy drug , cyclophosphamide ( CTX ) , induces liver injury by increasing the reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) level .
However , little is known about how Se alleviates CTX-induced liver injury in geese .
In this study , 90 male Magang geese ( 3 days old ) were randomly allocated into three groups ( control , CTX , and Se + CTX group ) with three replicates per group and ten geese per replicate .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ basal diet ( Se content was 0.03 mg/kg ) .
The Se + CTX group was fed a basal diet containing 0.44 mg/kg sodium selenite ( Se content was 0.2 + 0.03 mg/kg ) .
The control group was injected with 0.5 mL saline , while the CTX and Se + CTX groups were injected with CTX at 40 mg/kg body weight per day on days 21-23 .
The liver index , liver histology , and ultra-micromorphology detected antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and serum .
In addition , we detected the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ serum , and hepatocyte DNA damage .
Se could alleviate liver development dysregulation , hepatocyte structural damage , the disturbances in antioxidant enzyme ( GPx , CAT , and SOD ) activity , and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels in the serum and liver .
Besides , Se could alleviate the dysregulation of liver marker enzyme ( ALT and AST ) activity and protein ( ALB and TP ) levels in the serum , and DNA migration induced by CTX .
In conclusion , Se may inhibit hepatocyte necrosis and DNA damage by @ @ @ @ @

Selenium (Se) has been well recognized as an immune-enhancing agent with antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. The commonly used chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide (CTX), induces liver injury by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. However, little is known about how Se alleviates CTX-induced liver injury in geese. In this study, 90 male Magang geese (3 days old) were randomly allocated into three groups (control, CTX, and Se + CTX group) with three replicates per group and ten geese per replicate. The control and CTX groups were fed a basal diet (Se content was 0.03 mg/kg). The Se + CTX group was fed a basal diet containing 0.44 mg/kg sodium selenite (Se content was 0.2 + 0.03 mg/kg). The control group was injected with 0.5 mL saline, while the CTX and Se + CTX groups were injected with CTX at 40 mg/kg body weight per day on days 21-23. The liver index, liver histology, and ultra-micromorphology detected antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and serum. In addition, we detected the liver marker enzymes and protein levels in serum, and hepatocyte DNA damage. Se could alleviate liver development dysregulation, hepatocyte structural damage, the disturbances in antioxidant enzyme (GPx, CAT, and SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and liver. Besides, Se could alleviate the dysregulation of liver marker enzyme (ALT and AST) activity and protein (ALB and TP) levels in the serum, and DNA migration induced by CTX. In conclusion, Se may inhibit hepatocyte necrosis and DNA damage by inhibiting CTX-induced oxidative stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-07--Immune function testing in sepsis patients receiving sodium selenite.

PURPOSE : We examined in a longitudinal study the role of sodium selenite in sepsis patients in strengthening the immune performance in whole blood samples using immune functional assays .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : This was a sub-study from a randomized , double blinded multicenter clinical trial ( SISPCT ) registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT00832039 ) and with data collected at our center .
Full blood samples were incubated with various recall antigens and the supernatants were measured for their cytokine concentrations as markers for immune response .
Data from days 0 , 4 , 7 , 14 , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ analyzed using a generalized least squares model in R to appropriately take the longitudinal structure and the missing values into account .
RESULTS : From the 76 patients enrolled in the study at our center , 40 were randomized to selenium therapy and 36 to placebo .
The analyses of immune response assay data showed no statistical difference between the selenium and placebo groups at each of the time points .
There was however an overall dampening of cytokine release , which tended to recover over time in both groups .
CONCLUSION : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in treating sepsis .
Recently , it was proven to not have beneficial effects on the mortality outcome .
Using data from our center in this sub-cohort study , we identified no relative improvement in cytokine release of stimulated blood immune cells ex vivo from patients with selenium therapy over a three-week period .
This offers a potential explanation for the lack of beneficial effects of selenium in sepsis patients .

PURPOSE: We examined in a longitudinal study the role of sodium selenite in sepsis patients in strengthening the immune performance in whole blood samples using immune functional assays.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a sub-study from a randomized, double blinded multicenter clinical trial (SISPCT) registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00832039) and with data collected at our center. Full blood samples were incubated with various recall antigens and the supernatants were measured for their cytokine concentrations as markers for immune response. Data from days 0, 4, 7, 14, and 21 (from sepsis onset) were analyzed using a generalized least squares model in R to appropriately take the longitudinal structure and the missing values into account.
RESULTS: From the 76 patients enrolled in the study at our center, 40 were randomized to selenium therapy and 36 to placebo. The analyses of immune response assay data showed no statistical difference between the selenium and placebo groups at each of the time points. There was however an overall dampening of cytokine release, which tended to recover over time in both groups.
CONCLUSION: Selenium has long been an adjuvant therapy in treating sepsis. Recently, it was proven to not have beneficial effects on the mortality outcome. Using data from our center in this sub-cohort study, we identified no relative improvement in cytokine release of stimulated blood immune cells ex vivo from patients with selenium therapy over a three-week period. This offers a potential explanation for the lack of beneficial effects of selenium in sepsis patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-08--Medicinal potential of Panax ginseng and its ginsenosides in atopic dermatitis treatment.

Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disease that affects 1 % -20 % of people worldwide .
Despite affecting many people , AD current treatments , such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors , have not only harmful secondary effects but are also often ineffective .
Therefore , natural nontoxic compounds are on high demand for developing new effective AD treatments.Meyer has been used traditionally for its promising healing and restorative properties to treat many diseases including skin disorders , reason why in this review we want to explore the research performed with AD andas well @ @ @ @ @ @ @ development .
Previous researches have shown thathas positive effects in AD patients such as lower eczema area and severity index , transepidermal water loss , and immunoglobulin E levels and better quality of sleep.animal models , as well , have shown positive results toand derived ginsenosides , such as the decrease of transepidermal water loss , immunoglobulin E levels in serum , allergy-related cytokines , and downregulation of NF-κB , MAPK , and Ikaros pathways .
All of these previous data suggest thatand its derived ginsenosides are undoubtedly a nontoxic effective option to @ @ @

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disease that affects 1%-20% of people worldwide. Despite affecting many people, AD current treatments, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, have not only harmful secondary effects but are also often ineffective. Therefore, natural nontoxic compounds are on high demand for developing new effective AD treatments.Meyer has been used traditionally for its promising healing and restorative properties to treat many diseases including skin disorders, reason why in this review we want to explore the research performed with AD andas well as determining its potential for new drug development. Previous researches have shown thathas positive effects in AD patients such as lower eczema area and severity index, transepidermal water loss, and immunoglobulin E levels and better quality of sleep.animal models, as well, have shown positive results toand derived ginsenosides, such as the decrease of transepidermal water loss, immunoglobulin E levels in serum, allergy-related cytokines, and downregulation of NF-κB, MAPK, and Ikaros pathways. All of these previous data suggest thatand its derived ginsenosides are undoubtedly a nontoxic effective option to treat AD.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-08--Curcumin chitosan nanocomposite inhibited HCV-4a entry and replication compared to curcumin alone.

Purpose : Current direct-acting antiviral agents for treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 4a ( HCV-4a ) have been reported to cause adverse effects , and therefore less toxic antivirals are needed .
This study investigated the role of curcumin chitosan ( CuCs ) nanocomposite as a potential anti-HCV-4a agent in human hepatoma cells Huh7 .
Methods : Docking of curcumin and CuCs nanocomposite and binding energy calculations were carried out .
Chitosan nanoparticles ( CsNPs ) and CuCs nanocomposite were prepared with an ionic gelation method and characterized with TEM , zeta size and potential , and HPLC to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ performed on Huh7 cells using MTT assay and confirmed with cellular and molecular assays .
Anti-HCV-4a activity was determined using real-time PCR and Western blot .
Results : The strength of binding interactions between protein ligand complexes gave scores with NS3 protease , NS5A polymerase , and NS5B polymerase of -124.91 , -159.02 , and -129.16 , for curcumin respectively , and -68.51 , -54.52 , and -157.63 for CuCs nanocomposite , respectively .
CuCs nanocomposite was prepared at sizes 29-39.5 nm and charges of 33 mV .
HPLC detected 4 % of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 8µg/mL for curcumin and 25 µg/mL for the nanocomposite on Huh7 but was 25.8 µg/mL and 34 µg/mL on WISH cells .
CsNPs had no cytotoxic effect on tested cell lines .
Apoptotic genes ' expression revealed the caspase-dependent pathway mechanism .
CsNPs and CuCs nanocomposite demonstrated 100 % inhibitionof viral entry and replication , which was confirmed with HCV core protein expression .
Conclusion : CuCs nanocomposite inhibited HCV-4a entry and replication compared to curcumin alone , suggesting its potential role as an effective therapeutic agent .

Purpose: Current direct-acting antiviral agents for treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 4a (HCV-4a) have been reported to cause adverse effects, and therefore less toxic antivirals are needed. This study investigated the role of curcumin chitosan (CuCs) nanocomposite as a potential anti-HCV-4a agent in human hepatoma cells Huh7.
Methods: Docking of curcumin and CuCs nanocomposite and binding energy calculations were carried out. Chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and CuCs nanocomposite were prepared with an ionic gelation method and characterized with TEM, zeta size and potential, and HPLC to calculate encapsulation efficiency. Cytotoxicity studies were performed on Huh7 cells using MTT assay and confirmed with cellular and molecular assays. Anti-HCV-4a activity was determined using real-time PCR and Western blot.
Results: The strength of binding interactions between protein ligand complexes gave scores with NS3 protease, NS5A polymerase, and NS5B polymerase of -124.91, -159.02, and -129.16, for curcumin respectively, and -68.51, -54.52, and -157.63 for CuCs nanocomposite, respectively. CuCs nanocomposite was prepared at sizes 29-39.5 nm and charges of 33 mV. HPLC detected 4% of curcumin encapsulated into CsNPs. IC50 was 8µg/mL for curcumin and 25 µg/mL for the nanocomposite on Huh7 but was 25.8 µg/mL and 34 µg/mL on WISH cells. CsNPs had no cytotoxic effect on tested cell lines. Apoptotic genes' expression revealed the caspase-dependent pathway mechanism. CsNPs and CuCs nanocomposite demonstrated 100% inhibitionof viral entry and replication, which was confirmed with HCV core protein expression.
Conclusion: CuCs nanocomposite inhibited HCV-4a entry and replication compared to curcumin alone, suggesting its potential role as an effective therapeutic agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-08--Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus infection in human liver chimeric mice.

BACKGROUND : Persistent hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and constitutes a major worldwide health problem .
Currently , anti-HBV drugs are limited to peginterferon and nucleos ( t ) ide analogs , which are costly and have considerable side effects ; the development of novel , effective anti-HBV agents is crucial .
METHODS : Catechins are a major group of compounds found in green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) has been shown to have antiviral properties , including inhibition of cellular entry by HBV .
FRG ( Fah/ Rag2/ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study to generate chimeras carrying human primary hepatocytes , to facilitate investigation of the inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection .
RESULTS : Here , we show the inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection and replication in HuS-E/2 cells .
The inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection in vivo was confirmed by monitoring HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum and immunostaining the liver tissues of the human liver chimeric mice .
CONCLUSIONS : The effects of EGCG suggest a robust strategy for the treatment of HBV infection and EGCG may @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HBV-associated liver diseases .

BACKGROUND: Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and constitutes a major worldwide health problem. Currently, anti-HBV drugs are limited to peginterferon and nucleos(t)ide analogs, which are costly and have considerable side effects; the development of novel, effective anti-HBV agents is crucial.
METHODS: Catechins are a major group of compounds found in green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to have antiviral properties, including inhibition of cellular entry by HBV. FRG (Fah/ Rag2/ IL-2Rγ) mice were used in this study to generate chimeras carrying human primary hepatocytes, to facilitate investigation of the inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection.
RESULTS: Here, we show the inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection and replication in HuS-E/2 cells. The inhibitory effect of EGCG on HBV infection in vivo was confirmed by monitoring HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum and immunostaining the liver tissues of the human liver chimeric mice.
CONCLUSIONS: The effects of EGCG suggest a robust strategy for the treatment of HBV infection and EGCG may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of HBV-associated liver diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-08--This reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of d

This reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of different autoimmune diseases.

Vitamin D is a pleiotropic secosteroid yielding multiple actions in human physiology .
Besides the canonical regulatory activity on bone @ @ @ @ @ have been described and the ability of vitamin D to partake in the regulation of @ @ @ @ @ interesting , though far stronger and convincing evidence has been collected in in vitro as @ @ @ @ @ .
Whether vitamin D is able to regulate at physiological concentrations the human immune system @ @ @ @ @ Consequently , it is not established if vitamin D status is a factor involved in @ @ @ @ @ and if cholecalciferol supplementation acts as an adjuvant for autoimmune diseases .
The development of @ @ @ @ @ , which may involve different organs and systems with a wide range of clinical implications @ @ @ @ @ , we reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management @ @ @ @ @

Vitamin D is a pleiotropic secosteroid yielding multiple actions in human physiology. Besides the canonical regulatory activity on bone metabolism, several non-classical actions have been described and the ability of vitamin D to partake in the regulation of the immune system is particularly interesting, though far stronger and convincing evidence has been collected in in vitro as compared to in vivo studies. Whether vitamin D is able to regulate at physiological concentrations the human immune system remains unproven to date. Consequently, it is not established if vitamin D status is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and if cholecalciferol supplementation acts as an adjuvant for autoimmune diseases. The development of autoimmunity is a heterogeneous process, which may involve different organs and systems with a wide range of clinical implications. In the present paper, we reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of different autoimmune diseases.