greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Perspective: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity - plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, i

Perspective: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity - plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2 and thrombosis.

BACKGROUND : SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection ranges from asymptomatic through to fatal COVID-19 characterized by a 'cytokine storm ' and lung failure .
Vitamin D deficiency has been postulated as a determinant of severity .
OBJECTIVES : To review the evidence relevant to vitamin D and COVID-19 .
RESULTS : Regression modelling shows that more northerly countries in the Northern Hemisphere are currently ( May 2020 ) showing relatively high COVID-19 mortality , with an estimated 4.4 % increase in mortality for each 1 degree latitude north of 28 degrees North ( P = 0.031 ) after adjustment for age of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ultraviolet B acting via vitamin D synthesis .
Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include old age , ethnicity , male sex , obesity , diabetes and hypertension and these also associate with deficiency of vitamin D or its response .
Vitamin D deficiency is also linked to severity of childhood respiratory illness .
Experimentally , vitamin D increases the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2 ) to ACE , thus increasing angiotensin II hydrolysis and reducing subsequent inflammatory cytokine response to pathogens and lung injury .
CONCLUSIONS : Substantial evidence supports @ @ @ @ @ @ @ COVID-19 severity but it is all indirect .
Community-based placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation may be difficult .
Further evidence could come from study of COVID-19 outcomes in large cohorts with information on prescribing data for vitamin D supplementation or assay of serum unbound 25 ( OH ) vitamin D levels .
Meanwhile , vitamin D supplementation should be strongly advised for people likely to be deficient .

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection ranges from asymptomatic through to fatal COVID-19 characterized by a 'cytokine storm' and lung failure. Vitamin D deficiency has been postulated as a determinant of severity.
OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence relevant to vitamin D and COVID-19.
METHODS: Narrative review.
RESULTS: Regression modelling shows that more northerly countries in the Northern Hemisphere are currently (May 2020) showing relatively high COVID-19 mortality, with an estimated 4.4% increase in mortality for each 1 degree latitude north of 28 degrees North (P = 0.031) after adjustment for age of population. This supports a role for ultraviolet B acting via vitamin D synthesis. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include old age, ethnicity, male sex, obesity, diabetes and hypertension and these also associate with deficiency of vitamin D or its response. Vitamin D deficiency is also linked to severity of childhood respiratory illness. Experimentally, vitamin D increases the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to ACE, thus increasing angiotensin II hydrolysis and reducing subsequent inflammatory cytokine response to pathogens and lung injury.
CONCLUSIONS: Substantial evidence supports a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity but it is all indirect. Community-based placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation may be difficult. Further evidence could come from study of COVID-19 outcomes in large cohorts with information on prescribing data for vitamin D supplementation or assay of serum unbound 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Meanwhile, vitamin D supplementation should be strongly advised for people likely to be deficient.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity.

Objectives : Vitamin D deficiency ( VDD ) has been proposed to play a role in Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID‐19 ) pathophysiology .
We aim to evaluate our implementation of a local protocol for treatment of VDD among patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 ; to assess the prevalence of VDD among COVID‐19 inpatients , and examine potential associations with disease severity and fatality .
Design and Participants : We conducted a retrospective interim audit of a local clinical care pathway for 134 inpatients with COVID‐19 .
Prevalence of VDD , compliance with local treatment protocol and relationship of baseline serum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of COVID‐19 severity and fatality were analysed .
Results : 55.8 % of eligible patients received Colecalciferol replacement , albeit not all according to the suggested protocol .
Patients admitted to ITU were younger than those managed on medical wards ( 61.1 years ± 11.8 vs. 76.4 years ± 14.9 , respectively , p < 0.001 ) , with greater prevalence of hypertension , higher baseline respiratory rate , National Early Warning Score‐2 and C‐Reactive protein level .
While mean serum 25 ( OH ) D levels were comparable ( p=0.3 ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 25 ( OH ) D levels greater than 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1 % of non‐ITU patients ( p=0.02 ) .
However , there was no association with fatality , potentially due to small sample size and prompt diagnosis and treatment of VDD .
Conclusions : Higher prevalence of VDD was observed in patients requiring ITU admission compared to patients managed on medical wards .
Larger prospective studies and/or clinical trials are needed to validate and extend our observations .

Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been proposed to play a role in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pathophysiology. We aim to evaluate our implementation of a local protocol for treatment of VDD among patients hospitalized for COVID‐19; to assess the prevalence of VDD among COVID‐19 inpatients, and examine potential associations with disease severity and fatality. Design and Participants: We conducted a retrospective interim audit of a local clinical care pathway for 134 inpatients with COVID‐19. Prevalence of VDD, compliance with local treatment protocol and relationship of baseline serum 25(OH)D with markers of COVID‐19 severity and fatality were analysed. Results: 55.8% of eligible patients received Colecalciferol replacement, albeit not all according to the suggested protocol. Patients admitted to ITU were younger than those managed on medical wards (61.1 years ± 11.8 vs. 76.4 years ± 14.9, respectively, p<0.001), with greater prevalence of hypertension, higher baseline respiratory rate, National Early Warning Score‐2 and C‐Reactive protein level. While mean serum 25(OH)D levels were comparable (p=0.3), only 19% of ITU patients had 25(OH)D levels greater than 50 nmol/L vs. 39.1% of non‐ITU patients (p=0.02). However, there was no association with fatality, potentially due to small sample size and prompt diagnosis and treatment of VDD. Conclusions: Higher prevalence of VDD was observed in patients requiring ITU admission compared to patients managed on medical wards. Larger prospective studies and/or clinical trials are needed to validate and extend our observations.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Combating COVID-19 and building immune resilience: A potential role for nagnesium nutrition?

BACKGROUND : In December 2019 , the viral pandemic of respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 began sweeping its way across the globe .
Several aspects of this infectious disease mimic metabolic events shown to occur during latent subclinical magnesium deficiency .
Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common clinical occurrence that often goes unrecognized since magnesium levels are rarely monitored in the clinical setting .
Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium .
It is involved in > 600 enzymatic reactions in the body , including those contributing to the exaggerated immune and inflammatory responses exhibited by COVID-19 patients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ findings and knowledge of the biochemical role magnesium may play in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented in this perspective .
The National Academy of Medicine 's Standards for Systematic Reviews were independently employed to identify clinical and prospective cohort studies assessing the relationship of magnesium with interleukin-6 , a prominent drug target for treating COVID-19 .
RESULTS : Clinical recommendations are given for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 .
Constant monitoring of ionized magnesium status with subsequent repletion , when appropriate , may be an effective strategy to influence disease contraction and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ several aspects of magnesium nutrition warrant clinical consideration .
Mechanisms include its '' calcium-channel blocking '' effects that lead to downstream suppression of nuclear factor-Kβ , interleukin-6 , c-reactive protein , and other related endocrine disrupters ; its role in regulating renal potassium loss ; and its ability to activate and enhance the functionality of vitamin D , among others .
CONCLUSION : As the world awaits an effective vaccine , nutrition plays an important and safe role in helping mitigate patient morbidity and mortality .
Our group is working with the Academy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ data from intensive care units across the United States to better understand nutrition care practices that lead to better outcomes .

BACKGROUND: In December 2019, the viral pandemic of respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 began sweeping its way across the globe. Several aspects of this infectious disease mimic metabolic events shown to occur during latent subclinical magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common clinical occurrence that often goes unrecognized since magnesium levels are rarely monitored in the clinical setting. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium. It is involved in>600 enzymatic reactions in the body, including those contributing to the exaggerated immune and inflammatory responses exhibited by COVID-19 patients.
METHODS: A summary of experimental findings and knowledge of the biochemical role magnesium may play in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented in this perspective. The National Academy of Medicine's Standards for Systematic Reviews were independently employed to identify clinical and prospective cohort studies assessing the relationship of magnesium with interleukin-6, a prominent drug target for treating COVID-19.
RESULTS: Clinical recommendations are given for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Constant monitoring of ionized magnesium status with subsequent repletion, when appropriate, may be an effective strategy to influence disease contraction and progression. The peer-reviewed literature supports that several aspects of magnesium nutrition warrant clinical consideration. Mechanisms include its"calcium-channel blocking"effects that lead to downstream suppression of nuclear factor-Kβ, interleukin-6, c-reactive protein, and other related endocrine disrupters; its role in regulating renal potassium loss; and its ability to activate and enhance the functionality of vitamin D, among others.
CONCLUSION: As the world awaits an effective vaccine, nutrition plays an important and safe role in helping mitigate patient morbidity and mortality. Our group is working with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to collect patient-level data from intensive care units across the United States to better understand nutrition care practices that lead to better outcomes.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Vitamin D and L-cysteine could be useful in preventing the 'cytokine storm,' one of the most severe

Vitamin D and L-cysteine could be useful in preventing the 'cytokine storm,' one of the most severe consequences of infection with COVID-19.

Early reports indicate an association between the severity of the COVID-19 infection and the widespread 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency known to exist in populations around the world .
Vitamin D deficiency is extremely common among African American ( AA ) communities , where the COVID-19 infection rate is three-fold higher , and the mortality rate nearly six-fold higher , compared with rates in predominantly white communities .
COVID-19 infection primarily affects the lungs and airways .
Previous reports have linked 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency with subclinical interstitial lung disease .
AA are at risk for lower cellular glutathione ( GSH @ @ @ @ @ @ @ impairs VD biosynthesis pathway genes .
Compared with vitamin D alone , co-supplementation of vitamin D and L-cysteine ( a GSH precursor ) showed a better efficacy in improving levels of GSH and VD-regulatory genes at the cellular/tissue level , increasing 25 ( OH ) vitamin D levels , and reducing inflammation biomarkers in the blood in mice studies .
We propose that randomized clinical trials are needed to examine the potential of co-supplementation with anti-inflammatory antioxidants , vitamin D and L-cysteine in correcting the 25 ( OH ) VD deficiency and preventing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the most severe consequences of infection with COVID-19 , thereby preventing the adverse clinical effects of COVID-19 infection in the vulnerable AA population .

Early reports indicate an association between the severity of the COVID-19 infection and the widespread 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency known to exist in populations around the world. Vitamin D deficiency is extremely common among African American (AA) communities, where the COVID-19 infection rate is three-fold higher, and the mortality rate nearly six-fold higher, compared with rates in predominantly white communities. COVID-19 infection primarily affects the lungs and airways. Previous reports have linked 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency with subclinical interstitial lung disease. AA are at risk for lower cellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and GSH deficiency epigenetically impairs VD biosynthesis pathway genes. Compared with vitamin D alone, co-supplementation of vitamin D and L-cysteine (a GSH precursor) showed a better efficacy in improving levels of GSH and VD-regulatory genes at the cellular/tissue level, increasing 25(OH) vitamin D levels, and reducing inflammation biomarkers in the blood in mice studies. We propose that randomized clinical trials are needed to examine the potential of co-supplementation with anti-inflammatory antioxidants, vitamin D and L-cysteine in correcting the 25(OH)VD deficiency and preventing the 'cytokine storm,' one of the most severe consequences of infection with COVID-19, thereby preventing the adverse clinical effects of COVID-19 infection in the vulnerable AA population.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Vitamin D deficiency and air pollution exacerbate COVID-19 through suppression of antiviral peptide

Vitamin D deficiency and air pollution exacerbate COVID-19 through suppression of antiviral peptide LL37.

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency ( VDD ) are widely recognized as risk factors for respiratory tract infections .
Vitamin D influences expression of many genes with well-established relevance to airway infections and relevant to immune system function .
Recently , VDD has been shown to be a risk factor for acquisition and severity of COVID-19 .
Thus , treating VDD presents a safe and inexpensive opportunity for modulating the severity of the disease .
VDD is common in those over 60 years of age , many with co-morbid conditions and in people with skin pigmentation sufficient to reduce synthesis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ air pollution is also associated with worse outcomes from COVID19 .
Vitamin D stimulates transcription of cathelicidin which is cleaved to generate LL37 .
LL37 is an innate antimicrobial with demonstrated activity against a wide range of microbes including envelope viruses .
LL37 also modulates cytokine signaling at the site of infections .
Fine particles in air pollution can interfere with LL37 destruction of viruses and may reduce effective immune signaling modulation by LL37 .
While vitamin D influences transcription of many immune related genes , the weakened antimicrobial response of those with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ due to reduced LL37.Vitamin D plays an important role reducing the impact of viral lung disease processes .
VDD is an acknowledged public health threat that warrants population-wide action to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality .
While vitamin D influences transcription of many immune related genes , the weakened antimicrobial response of those with VDD against SARS-CoV-2 may be in part due to reduced LL37 .
Action is needed to address COVID-19 associated risks of air pollution from industry , transportation , domestic sources and from primary and second hand tobacco smoke .

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (VDD) are widely recognized as risk factors for respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D influences expression of many genes with well-established relevance to airway infections and relevant to immune system function. Recently, VDD has been shown to be a risk factor for acquisition and severity of COVID-19. Thus, treating VDD presents a safe and inexpensive opportunity for modulating the severity of the disease. VDD is common in those over 60 years of age, many with co-morbid conditions and in people with skin pigmentation sufficient to reduce synthesis of vitamin D. Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is also associated with worse outcomes from COVID19. Vitamin D stimulates transcription of cathelicidin which is cleaved to generate LL37. LL37 is an innate antimicrobial with demonstrated activity against a wide range of microbes including envelope viruses. LL37 also modulates cytokine signaling at the site of infections. Fine particles in air pollution can interfere with LL37 destruction of viruses and may reduce effective immune signaling modulation by LL37. While vitamin D influences transcription of many immune related genes, the weakened antimicrobial response of those with VDD against SARS-CoV-2 may be in part due to reduced LL37.Vitamin D plays an important role reducing the impact of viral lung disease processes. VDD is an acknowledged public health threat that warrants population-wide action to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. While vitamin D influences transcription of many immune related genes, the weakened antimicrobial response of those with VDD against SARS-CoV-2 may be in part due to reduced LL37. Action is needed to address COVID-19 associated risks of air pollution from industry, transportation, domestic sources and from primary and second hand tobacco smoke.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection.

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide pandemic .
The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of plasma 25 ( OH ) D levels with the likelihood of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) infection and hospitalization .
The study population included the 14 000 members of Leumit Health Services , who were tested for COVID-19 infection from February 1to April 30 , 2020 , and who had at least one previous blood test for the plasma 25 ( OH ) D level .
'Suboptimal ' or 'low ' plasma 25 ( OH ) D level was defined as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ OH ) D , concentration below the level of 30 ng/mL .
Of 7807 individuals , 782 ( 10.02 % ) were COVID-19-positive , and 7025 ( 89.98 % ) COVID-19-negative .
The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID-19 [ 19.00 ng/mL ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 18.41-19.59 ) vs. 20.55 ( 95 % CI : 20.32-20.78 ) ] .
Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between the low plasma 25 ( OH ) D level and increased likelihood of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ OR ) of 1.58 ( 95 % CI : 1.24-2.01 , P

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of plasma 25(OH)D levels with the likelihood of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and hospitalization. The study population included the 14 000 members of Leumit Health Services, who were tested for COVID-19 infection from February 1to April 30, 2020, and who had at least one previous blood test for the plasma 25(OH)D level. 'Suboptimal' or 'low' plasma 25(OH)D level was defined as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, concentration below the level of 30 ng/mL. Of 7807 individuals, 782 (10.02%) were COVID-19-positive, and 7025 (89.98%) COVID-19-negative. The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID-19 [19.00 ng/mL(95% confidence interval (CI) 18.41-19.59) vs. 20.55 (95% CI: 20.32-20.78)]. Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between the low plasma 25(OH)D level and increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection [crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.24-2.01, P < 0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus [crude OR of 2.09 (95% CI: 1.01-4.30, P < 0.05)]. In multivariate analyses that controlled for demographic variables, and psychiatric and somatic disorders, the adjusted OR of COVID-19 infection [1.45 (95% CI: 1.08-1.95, P < 0.001)] and of hospitalization due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus [1.95 (95% CI: 0.98-4.845, P = 0.061)] were preserved. In the multivariate analyses, age over 50 years, male gender and low-medium socioeconomic status were also positively associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection; age over 50 years was positively associated with the likelihood of hospitalization due to COVID-19. We concluded that low plasma 25(OH)D levels appear to be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection and hospitalization.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Ascorbate as prophylaxis and therapy for COVID-19-update from Shanghai and U.S. nedical institutions

Ascorbate as prophylaxis and therapy for COVID-19-update from Shanghai and U.S. nedical institutions.

Background : No validated treatments have been identified for the COVID-19 pandemic virus ; several are currently in randomized clinical trials .
Diagnostic instruments are rapidly evolving .
Symptoms range from those of a common cold to acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , to sepsis arising from the flood of inflammatory bacterial and viral pathogens in the blood .
Mortality generally arises from cytokine storms of uncontrolled inflammation , oxidative injury , and damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier , with secondary bacterial infection .
To address the indisputably urgent need for therapeutics for COVID-19 , a specialized interdisciplinary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2020 to consider all relevant clinical and experimental evidence on the possible utility of intravenous ( IV ) ascorbate in the treatment of COVID-19-related ARDS .
Methods : The panel convened multidisciplinary medical experts and reviewed all relevant in vitro , in vivo , clinical studies and randomized controlled trials on IV ascorbate and issued a consensus report on 23 March 2020 noting that substantial differences in serum concentrations of ascorbate are achieved through IV administration in contrast with the oral route .
Findings : The Shanghai panel , and a parallel medical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ use of high-dose IV ascorbate for the treatment of ARDS , along with other supportive therapies , including Vitamin D and zinc .
We report preliminary progress in using this treatment for 50 consecutive cases treated in Shanghai hospitals , consistent with earlier reports from a meta-analysis of the use of IV ascorbate to treat sepsis .
We provide an instructive clinical anecdote regarding a single family where one elderly member with cardiac and other major comorbidities developed and survived ARDS-related sepsis following daily treatments that included 15 g of IV ascorbate .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ingested between 2 and 10 g of ascorbate daily developed COVID-19 .

Background: No validated treatments have been identified for the COVID-19 pandemic virus; several are currently in randomized clinical trials. Diagnostic instruments are rapidly evolving. Symptoms range from those of a common cold to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), to sepsis arising from the flood of inflammatory bacterial and viral pathogens in the blood. Mortality generally arises from cytokine storms of uncontrolled inflammation, oxidative injury, and damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier, with secondary bacterial infection. To address the indisputably urgent need for therapeutics for COVID-19, a specialized interdisciplinary medical panel convened in Shanghai in March 2020 to consider all relevant clinical and experimental evidence on the possible utility of intravenous (IV) ascorbate in the treatment of COVID-19-related ARDS.
Methods: The panel convened multidisciplinary medical experts and reviewed all relevant in vitro, in vivo, clinical studies and randomized controlled trials on IV ascorbate and issued a consensus report on 23 March 2020 noting that substantial differences in serum concentrations of ascorbate are achieved through IV administration in contrast with the oral route.
Findings: The Shanghai panel, and a parallel medical group in Guangzhou, are advising the use of high-dose IV ascorbate for the treatment of ARDS, along with other supportive therapies, including Vitamin D and zinc. We report preliminary progress in using this treatment for 50 consecutive cases treated in Shanghai hospitals, consistent with earlier reports from a meta-analysis of the use of IV ascorbate to treat sepsis. We provide an instructive clinical anecdote regarding a single family where one elderly member with cardiac and other major comorbidities developed and survived ARDS-related sepsis following daily treatments that included 15 g of IV ascorbate. None of her adult caregivers who had ingested between 2 and 10 g of ascorbate daily developed COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Potential role of hypovitaminosis D and Vitamin D supplementation during COVID-19 pandemic.

Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic disorder affecting over 1 billion of subjects worldwide and displaying a broad spectrum of @ @ @ @ @ disorders .
Since the initial reports of the association between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 , @ @ @ @ @ as a potentially interesting treatment for SARS-Cov-2 infection We provide an overview on the current @ @ @ @ @ , the mechanisms of action of vitamin D and the current literature on the topic @ @ @ @ @ on the potential implications for COVID-19 pandemic .

Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic disorder affecting over 1 billion of subjects worldwide and displaying a broad spectrum of implications on cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. Since the initial reports of the association between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19, Vitamin D has been pointed as a potentially interesting treatment for SARS-Cov-2 infection We provide an overview on the current status of vitamin D deficiency, the mechanisms of action of vitamin D and the current literature on the topic, with a special focus on the potential implications for COVID-19 pandemic.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--Vitamin D3 and K2 and their potential contribution to reducing the COVID-19 mortality rate.

The world is desperately seeking for a sustainable solution to combat the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 ( COVID-19 ) .
Recent @ @ @ @ @ D blood levels could offer a solution approach that promises a heavily reduced fatality rate @ @ @ @ @ public health problem of counteracting the general vitamin D deficiency .
This paper dived into @ @ @ @ @ Vitamin Dby elaborating a causal loop diagram .
Together with D , vitamin Kand magnesium @ @ @ @ @ long-term health risks .
Follow up clinical randomized trials are required to verify the current @ @ @

The world is desperately seeking for a sustainable solution to combat the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Recent research indicated that optimizing Vitamin D blood levels could offer a solution approach that promises a heavily reduced fatality rate as well as solving the public health problem of counteracting the general vitamin D deficiency. This paper dived into the immunoregulatory effects of supplementing Vitamin Dby elaborating a causal loop diagram. Together with D, vitamin Kand magnesium should be supplemented to prevent long-term health risks. Follow up clinical randomized trials are required to verify the current circumstantial evidence.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-10--COVID Death Statistics Update Sept 8th: the Science, Logic and Data Explained! [VIDEO]

Ivor Cummins delivers a vitally important update on COVID-19 .
This is a must watch update on COVID death statistics @ @ @ @ @ global perspective , putting it in proper context : Ivor implores us to `` Get @ @ @ @ @ or keep your head in the sand while your errant leaders destroy society around you @ @ @ @ @ you so much , for what you can do to support me and more importantly @ @ @ @ @ good science !
My Patreon Link here : https : //www.patreon.com/IvorCummins For monthly donation to @ @ @ @ @ give a one-off payment - simply use the following link : https : //tinyurl.com/IvorCummins

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Ivor Cummins delivers a vitally important update on COVID-19. This is a must watch update on COVID death statistics, from a historical and global perspective, putting it in proper context: Ivor implores us to "Get educated guys and gals - or keep your head in the sand while your errant leaders destroy society around you."
Lockdown efficacy analysis papers: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zg89tdgzkq...
Hope-Simpson's stunning book: https://www.dropbox.com/s/4yda40j4hf9...
Finally, thank you so much, for what you can do to support me and more importantly - the mission to share good science! My Patreon Link here: https://www.patreon.com/IvorCummins
For monthly donation to support me directly, or give a one-off payment - simply use the following link: https://tinyurl.com/IvorCummins


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has protective effects against cisplatin induced damage in kidne

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has protective effects against cisplatin induced damage in kidney.

The clinical use of cisplatin is highly limited , because of its renal toxicity .
In this study , the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ( GSPE ) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is investigated in rats .
Results showed that DNA qualitative analysis indicated an increase in the instability of the DNA purified from the cisplatin exposed kidney cells .
Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed DNA damage in the form of smearing as well as ladder like fragmentation of the kidney genomic DNA .
Cisplatin produced different RAPD patterns compared to control .
Deletion of bands for the amplified DNA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ most common outcome .
Treatment with cisplatin decreased albumin , and increased urea and creatinine .
Cisplatin significantly increased the level of kidney free radicals , and decreased the glutathione content and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes .
The presence of GSPE with cisplatin significantly alleviated its nephrotoxicity .
In conclusion , the present study showed that cisplatin induced damage in the kidney genomic DNA , lipid peroxidation , inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and alterations of biochemical parameters in plasma and kidney of rats .
While , GSPE treatment protected against the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , GSPE may be used to prevent toxicity during chemotherapeutic treatment with cisplatin .

The clinical use of cisplatin is highly limited, because of its renal toxicity. In this study, the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is investigated in rats. Results showed that DNA qualitative analysis indicated an increase in the instability of the DNA purified from the cisplatin exposed kidney cells. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed DNA damage in the form of smearing as well as ladder like fragmentation of the kidney genomic DNA. Cisplatin produced different RAPD patterns compared to control. Deletion of bands for the amplified DNA extracted from cisplatin treated rats was the most common outcome. Treatment with cisplatin decreased albumin, and increased urea and creatinine. Cisplatin significantly increased the level of kidney free radicals, and decreased the glutathione content and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. The presence of GSPE with cisplatin significantly alleviated its nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study showed that cisplatin induced damage in the kidney genomic DNA, lipid peroxidation, inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and alterations of biochemical parameters in plasma and kidney of rats. While, GSPE treatment protected against the toxic effects induced by cisplatin. Thus, GSPE may be used to prevent toxicity during chemotherapeutic treatment with cisplatin.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Catechin and proanthocyanidin B4 from grape seeds prevent doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyoc

Catechin and proanthocyanidin B4 from grape seeds prevent doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes.

The clinical use of doxorubicin , a highly active anticancer drug , is limited by its severe cardiotoxic side effects @ @ @ @ @ been reported to exert protective effects on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity .
The cardiovascular protective effects of @ @ @ @ @ to be ascribed to its antioxidative properties .
A series of studies have has demonstrated @ @ @ @ @ the antioxidative properties of grape seed extract .
This study was designed to investigate whether @ @ @ @ @ grape seed extract , catechin and proanthocyanidin B4 ( Pc B ( 4 ) ) @ @ @ @ @ doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes and their underlying mechanisms .
The results showed that grape seed @ @ @ @ @ ( 4 ) pretreatment would protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced toxicity by decreasing reactive oxygen species @ @ @ @ @ number of apoptotic cells , preventing DNA fragmentation , regulating the expression levels of the @ @ @ @ @ anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 , and inhibiting apoptotic signaling pathways .

The clinical use of doxorubicin, a highly active anticancer drug, is limited by its severe cardiotoxic side effects. Grape seed extract has been reported to exert protective effects on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The cardiovascular protective effects of grape seed extract are believed to be ascribed to its antioxidative properties. A series of studies have has demonstrated that polyphenols are instrumental for the antioxidative properties of grape seed extract. This study was designed to investigate whether two major polyphenols isolated from grape seed extract, catechin and proanthocyanidin B4 (Pc B(4)), had protective effects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes and their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that grape seed polyphenols catechin and Pc B(4) pretreatment would protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced toxicity by decreasing reactive oxygen species generation as well as the number of apoptotic cells, preventing DNA fragmentation, regulating the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax-alpha and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and inhibiting apoptotic signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of grape skin polyphenols in a murine model of breast cancer

Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of grape skin polyphenols in a murine model of breast cancer.

Treatment modalities are not effective once breast cancer metastasis has occurred .
Dietary botanicals may have a better protective effect .
We therefore investigated the effects of grape skin polyphenols on a highly metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma cell line .
In vitro treatment of 4T1 cells , with grape skin polyphenols resulted in inhibition of the migration and viability in a dose-dependent manner .
The migration of 4T1 cells was significantly inhibited by grape skin polyphenols , even at a very low concentration ( 5μg/ml ) , and was totally inhibited when the concentration was 20 μg/ml .
However , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell viability by only 11.4 % .
The inhibition of migration is independent of decreased cell viability or apoptosis induction .
Further analysis indicated that the inhibitionof migration by grape skin polyphenols is involved in blocking the PI3k/Akt and MAPK pathways .
The effects of dietary grape skin polyphenols were then examined using an in vivo model in which 4T1 cells were implanted subcutaneously in Balb/c mice .
The metastasis of tumor cells to the lungs was inhibited significantly by dietary grape skin extracts ( 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml in drinking water ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
These data suggest that grape skin polyphenols possess chemotherapeutic efficacy against breast cancer with metastases .

Treatment modalities are not effective once breast cancer metastasis has occurred. Dietary botanicals may have a better protective effect. We therefore investigated the effects of grape skin polyphenols on a highly metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma cell line. In vitro treatment of 4T1 cells, with grape skin polyphenols resulted in inhibition of the migration and viability in a dose-dependent manner. The migration of 4T1 cells was significantly inhibited by grape skin polyphenols, even at a very low concentration (5μg/ml), and was totally inhibited when the concentration was 20 μg/ml. However, 20 μg/ml of grape skin polyphenols inhibited cell viability by only 11.4%. The inhibition of migration is independent of decreased cell viability or apoptosis induction. Further analysis indicated that the inhibitionof migration by grape skin polyphenols is involved in blocking the PI3k/Akt and MAPK pathways. The effects of dietary grape skin polyphenols were then examined using an in vivo model in which 4T1 cells were implanted subcutaneously in Balb/c mice. The metastasis of tumor cells to the lungs was inhibited significantly by dietary grape skin extracts (0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml in drinking water) and the survival of the mice enhanced. These data suggest that grape skin polyphenols possess chemotherapeutic efficacy against breast cancer with metastases.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Grape seed polyphenols protect cardiac cells from apoptosis via induction of endogenous antioxidant

Grape seed polyphenols protect cardiac cells from apoptosis via induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Grape seed extract ( GSE ) has been reported to exert protective effects on various forms of cardiac disorders .
@ @ @ @ @ GSE are believed to be ascribed to its antioxidative properties .
A series of studies @ @ @ @ @ instrumental for the antioxidative properties of GSE .
This study was undertaken to investigate whether @ @ @ @ @ GSE ( catechin and proanthocyanidin B4 ) could increase the endogenous antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes @ @ @ @ @ cellular defenses could provide protection against oxidative cardiac cell injury .
Incubation of cardiac H9C2 @ @ @ @ @ catechin or proanthocyanidin B4 resulted in a significant induction of cellular antioxidant enzymes in a @ @ @ @ @ catechine or proanthocyanidin B4 pretreatment led to a marked reduction in xanthine oxidase ( XO @ @ @ @ @ species ( ROS ) accumulation and cardiac cell apoptosis .
These results indicated that grape @ @ @ @ @ could protect against cardiac cell apoptosis via the induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes .
This @ @ @ @ @ underlying the protective effects of GSE observed with various forms of cardiovascular disorders .

Grape seed extract (GSE) has been reported to exert protective effects on various forms of cardiac disorders. The cardiovascular protective effects of GSE are believed to be ascribed to its antioxidative properties. A series of studies have demonstrated that polyphenols are instrumental for the antioxidative properties of GSE. This study was undertaken to investigate whether two major polyphenols isolated from GSE (catechin and proanthocyanidin B4) could increase the endogenous antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes, and whether such increased cellular defenses could provide protection against oxidative cardiac cell injury. Incubation of cardiac H9C2 cells with micromolar concentrations of catechin or proanthocyanidin B4 resulted in a significant induction of cellular antioxidant enzymes in a concentration-dependent fashion. Furthermore, catechine or proanthocyanidin B4 pretreatment led to a marked reduction in xanthine oxidase (XO)/xanthine-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cardiac cell apoptosis. These results indicated that grape seed polyphenols (GSP) could protect against cardiac cell apoptosis via the induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. This may be an important mechanism underlying the protective effects of GSE observed with various forms of cardiovascular disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Dietary grape-seed procyanidins decreased postweaning diarrhea.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grape-seed procyanidins in controlling weaning diarrhea using a rat model .
@ @ @ @ @ the basal diet or basal diet supplemented with either 250 mg/kg grape-seed procyanidins or 2000 @ @ @ @ @ had better performance with a reduced incidence of diarrhea ( P < 0.05 ) .
@ @ @ @ @ significantly reduced urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios ( P < 0.05 ) and enhanced the @ @ @ @ @ the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins Ocln/ZO-1 ( P < 0.05 ) .
Grape-seed procyanidins @ @ @ @ @ , GSH-Px , and GSH while decreasing the level of MDA in the intestinal mucosa @ @ @ @ @ .
Furthermore , an in vitro investigation revealed that supplementation with grape-seed procyanidins in IEC-6 @ @ @ @ @ the expression of Ocln/ZO-1 under H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) -induced oxidative @ @ @ @ @ results indicate that grape-seed procyanidins have the potential to prevent weaning diarrhea by reducing intestinal @ @ @ @ @ .

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grape-seed procyanidins in controlling weaning diarrhea using a rat model. Weaned rats were fed either the basal diet or basal diet supplemented with either 250 mg/kg grape-seed procyanidins or 2000 mg/kg ZnO. Treated rats had better performance with a reduced incidence of diarrhea (P<0.05). Both ZnO and grape-seed procyanidins significantly reduced urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios (P<0.05) and enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins Ocln/ZO-1 (P<0.05). Grape-seed procyanidins increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH while decreasing the level of MDA in the intestinal mucosa (P<0.05). Furthermore, an in vitro investigation revealed that supplementation with grape-seed procyanidins in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells significantly enhanced the expression of Ocln/ZO-1 under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these results indicate that grape-seed procyanidins have the potential to prevent weaning diarrhea by reducing intestinal permeability and improving antioxidant indices.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Purple grape juices prevent pentylenetetrazol-induced oxidative damage in the liver and serum of Wis

Purple grape juices prevent pentylenetetrazol-induced oxidative damage in the liver and serum of Wistar rats.

Oxidative damages in hepatocytes may be caused by epilepsy and/or anticonvulsant drugs .
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders , characterized by recurrent seizures , which may increase the content of reactive oxygen species .
Organic and conventional grape juices are rich in polyphenols , compounds with important antioxidant activity .
It is hypothesized that organic and conventional purple grape juices may have protective effect against oxidative damage induced by pentylenetetrazole ( PTZ ) ( a standard convulsant drug ) in the liver and serum of Wistar rats .
Animals ( n = 16 in each group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , organic grape juice or conventional grape juice ( 10μL/g of body weight ) for 17 days .
Subsequently , half of the rats in each group received PTZ ( 60 mg/kg ) .
After 30 minutes , the animals were euthanized by decapitation .
Liver and blood samples were isolated to evaluate oxidative parameters ( lipid and protein oxidation , nitric oxide metabolite content , antioxidant defenses , and protein sulfhydryl content ) .
The results of this study showed that although organic juice contains higher polyphenol content than conventional juice , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protein oxidative damage and limited the increase in PTZ-induced nitricoxide metabolite content in the liver and serum .
In addition , both juices inhibited the PTZ-induced reduction in enzymatic antioxidant defenses ( superoxide dismutase and catalase activities ) and sulfhydryl protein content in the liver and serum .
In summary , both organic and conventional grape juices were able to reduce oxidative damage induced by PTZ in the liver and serum of Wistar rats .

Oxidative damages in hepatocytes may be caused by epilepsy and/or anticonvulsant drugs. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, which may increase the content of reactive oxygen species. Organic and conventional grape juices are rich in polyphenols, compounds with important antioxidant activity. It is hypothesized that organic and conventional purple grape juices may have protective effect against oxidative damage induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (a standard convulsant drug) in the liver and serum of Wistar rats. Animals (n = 16 in each group) received, by gavage, saline, organic grape juice or conventional grape juice (10μL/g of body weight) for 17 days. Subsequently, half of the rats in each group received PTZ (60 mg/kg). After 30 minutes, the animals were euthanized by decapitation. Liver and blood samples were isolated to evaluate oxidative parameters (lipid and protein oxidation, nitric oxide metabolite content, antioxidant defenses, and protein sulfhydryl content). The results of this study showed that although organic juice contains higher polyphenol content than conventional juice, both juices conferred protection against lipid and protein oxidative damage and limited the increase in PTZ-induced nitricoxide metabolite content in the liver and serum. In addition, both juices inhibited the PTZ-induced reduction in enzymatic antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) and sulfhydryl protein content in the liver and serum. In summary, both organic and conventional grape juices were able to reduce oxidative damage induced by PTZ in the liver and serum of Wistar rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective agains

The results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutans.

Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols .
However , the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety , and may be modified during vinification .
In this study , we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking ( pomace ) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen .
Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties Baco Noir and Noiret .
The anthocyanins and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ grape variety and type of extract ( whole fruit vs fermented pomace ) .
Nevertheless , all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases B and C ( 70-85 % inhibition ) at concentrations as low as 62.5 microg/mL ( P < 0.01 ) .
Furthermore , the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without affecting the bacterial viability ; an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of F-ATPase activity ( 30-65 % inhibition at 125 microg/mL ; P < 0.01 ) .
The biological activity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as or significantly better than whole fruit grape extracts .
The results showed that grape phenolic extracts , especially from pomace , are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutans despite major differences in their phenolic content .

Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. However, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. In this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen. Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties Baco Noir and Noiret. The anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols content were highly variable depending on grape variety and type of extract (whole fruit vs fermented pomace). Nevertheless, all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases B and C (70-85% inhibition) at concentrations as low as 62.5 microg/mL (P<0.01). Furthermore, the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without affecting the bacterial viability; an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of F-ATPase activity (30-65% inhibition at 125 microg/mL; P<0.01). The biological activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better than whole fruit grape extracts. The results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutans despite major differences in their phenolic content.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Effects of red grape juice polyphenols in NADPH oxidase subunit expression in human neutrophils and

Effects of red grape juice polyphenols in NADPH oxidase subunit expression in human neutrophils and mononuclear blood cells.

The NADPH oxidase enzyme system is the main source of superoxide anions in phagocytic and vascular cells .
NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide generation has been found to be abnormally enhanced in several chronic diseases .
Evidence is accumulating that polyphenols may have the potential to improve cardiovascular health , although the mechanism is not fully established .
Consumption of concentrated red grape juice , rich in polyphenols , has been recently shown to reduce NADPH oxidase activity in circulating neutrophils from human subjects .
In the present work we studied whether red grape juice polyphenols affected NADPH oxidase subunit expression at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ we used human neutrophils and mononuclear cells from peripheral blood , HL-60-derived neutrophils and the endothelial cell line EA.hy926.Superoxide production was measured with 2 ' 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate or lucigenin , mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR and protein expression by Western blot .
Each experiment was performed at least three times .
In all cell types tested , red grape juice , dealcoholised red wine and pure polyphenols decreased superoxide anion production .
Red grape juice and dealcoholised red wine selectively reduced p47phox , p22phox and gp91phox expression at both mRNA and protein levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Pure polyphenols , particularly quercetin , also reduced NADPH oxidase subunit expression , especially p47phox , in all cell types tested .
The present results showing that red grape juice polyphenols reduce superoxide anion production provide an alternative mechanism by which consumption of grape derivatives may account for a reduction of oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular and/or inflammatory diseases related to NADPH oxidase superoxide overproduction .

The NADPH oxidase enzyme system is the main source of superoxide anions in phagocytic and vascular cells. NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide generation has been found to be abnormally enhanced in several chronic diseases. Evidence is accumulating that polyphenols may have the potential to improve cardiovascular health, although the mechanism is not fully established. Consumption of concentrated red grape juice, rich in polyphenols, has been recently shown to reduce NADPH oxidase activity in circulating neutrophils from human subjects. In the present work we studied whether red grape juice polyphenols affected NADPH oxidase subunit expression at the transcription level. For this, we used human neutrophils and mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, HL-60-derived neutrophils and the endothelial cell line EA.hy926.Superoxide production was measured with 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate or lucigenin, mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR and protein expression by Western blot. Each experiment was performed at least three times. In all cell types tested, red grape juice, dealcoholised red wine and pure polyphenols decreased superoxide anion production. Red grape juice and dealcoholised red wine selectively reduced p47phox, p22phox and gp91phox expression at both mRNA and protein levels, without affecting the expression of p67phox. Pure polyphenols, particularly quercetin, also reduced NADPH oxidase subunit expression, especially p47phox, in all cell types tested. The present results showing that red grape juice polyphenols reduce superoxide anion production provide an alternative mechanism by which consumption of grape derivatives may account for a reduction of oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular and/or inflammatory diseases related to NADPH oxidase superoxide overproduction.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Effects of polyphenolic grape extract on the oxidative status of muscle and endothelial cells.

A grape pomace extract enhanced antioxidant mechanisms in muscle and endothelial cells both in the absence and in the presence of oxidative stress-induced agent tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( tBHP ) .
In particular , muscle ( C2C12 ) and endothelial ( EA.hy926 ) cells were treated with the extract at noncytotoxic concentrations for 24 h , and the oxidative stress markers , total reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) , glutathione ( GSH ) , thiobarbituric reactive substances ( TBARS ) , and protein carbonyl levels were assessed .
The results showed that the grape extract treatment reduced significantly ROS , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increased GSH in C2C12 cells , while it increased GSH and decreased protein carbonyl levels in EA.hy926 cells .
In the presence of tBHP , the grape extract treatment in C2C12 cells reduced significantly ROS , TBARS , and protein carbonyls and increased GSH compared with tBHP alone treatment , while , in EA.hy926 cells , the extract decreased significantly TBARS and protein carbonyls but increased GSH .
The antioxidant potency of the extract was different between muscle and endothelial cells suggesting that the antioxidant activity depends on cell type .
Moreover , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , in both cell lines , exerted , at least in part , through increase in GSH levels .
The present work is the first to report the effects of grape extract shown for skeletal muscle cells .

A grape pomace extract enhanced antioxidant mechanisms in muscle and endothelial cells both in the absence and in the presence of oxidative stress-induced agent tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). In particular, muscle (C2C12) and endothelial (EA.hy926) cells were treated with the extract at noncytotoxic concentrations for 24 h, and the oxidative stress markers, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl levels were assessed. The results showed that the grape extract treatment reduced significantly ROS, TBARS, and protein carbonyl levels and increased GSH in C2C12 cells, while it increased GSH and decreased protein carbonyl levels in EA.hy926 cells. In the presence of tBHP, the grape extract treatment in C2C12 cells reduced significantly ROS, TBARS, and protein carbonyls and increased GSH compared with tBHP alone treatment, while, in EA.hy926 cells, the extract decreased significantly TBARS and protein carbonyls but increased GSH. The antioxidant potency of the extract was different between muscle and endothelial cells suggesting that the antioxidant activity depends on cell type. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the grape extract, in both cell lines, exerted, at least in part, through increase in GSH levels. The present work is the first to report the effects of grape extract shown for skeletal muscle cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Plasma polyphenols and antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial function in a diet and win

Plasma polyphenols and antioxidants, oxidative DNA damage and endothelial function in a diet and wine intervention study in humans.

An intervention study was performed to evaluate the influence of a Mediterranean diet , a high fat diet , and their supplementation with red wine in moderate amounts , on biochemical , physiological , and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases .
For 3 months two groups of 21 male volunteers each , received either a Mediterranean diet or a high fat diet ; during the second month , red wine was added isocalorically , 240 ml/day .
Participants were kept under close medical and nutritional surveillance .
At days 0 , 30 , 60 and 90 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were made .
Plasma vitamin C was significantly decreased in the high fat diet group compared to the Mediterranean diet group .
After wine supplementation to the Mediterranean diet , a significant 13.5 % increase in plasma vitamin C was observed .
Furthermore , when wine was added vitamin E decreased significantly in plasma , 15 % in the high fat diet and 26 % in the Mediterranean diet .
Total plasma antioxidant capacity ( total antioxidant reactivity ) increased 28 % above basal levels in the Mediterranean diet group , but not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In both groups , wine induced a marked increase in total antioxidant reactivity above basal levels , 56 % and 23 % , respectively .
Oxidative DNA damage , detected as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) levels in blood leukocyte DNA , was markedly increased by the high fat diet ; however , it was strongly reduced , to approximately 50 % basal values , after wine supplementation , both in the high fat diet and Mediterranean diet groups .
Endothelial function , evaluated noninvasively as flow-mediated vascular reactivity of the brachial artery , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and was normal after wine supplementation .
These effects are attributed to oxidative stress associated with a high fat diet , and to the elevated plasma antioxidant capacity associated with wine consumption and the Mediterranean diet .
The results presented support the following conclusions : a high fat diet induces oxidative stress ; a diet rich in fruits and vegetables enhances antioxidant defenses ; wine supplementation to a high fat or a Mediterranean diet increases plasma antioxidant capacity , decreases oxidative DNA damage , and normalizes endothelial function .

An intervention study was performed to evaluate the influence of a Mediterranean diet, a high fat diet, and their supplementation with red wine in moderate amounts, on biochemical, physiological, and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases. For 3 months two groups of 21 male volunteers each, received either a Mediterranean diet or a high fat diet; during the second month, red wine was added isocalorically, 240 ml/day. Participants were kept under close medical and nutritional surveillance. At days 0, 30, 60 and 90, clinical, physiological and biochemical evaluations were made. Plasma vitamin C was significantly decreased in the high fat diet group compared to the Mediterranean diet group. After wine supplementation to the Mediterranean diet, a significant 13.5% increase in plasma vitamin C was observed. Furthermore, when wine was added vitamin E decreased significantly in plasma, 15% in the high fat diet and 26% in the Mediterranean diet. Total plasma antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant reactivity) increased 28% above basal levels in the Mediterranean diet group, but not in the high fat diet group. In both groups, wine induced a marked increase in total antioxidant reactivity above basal levels, 56% and 23%, respectively. Oxidative DNA damage, detected as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in blood leukocyte DNA, was markedly increased by the high fat diet; however, it was strongly reduced, to approximately 50% basal values, after wine supplementation, both in the high fat diet and Mediterranean diet groups. Endothelial function, evaluated noninvasively as flow-mediated vascular reactivity of the brachial artery, was suppressed by the high fat diet, and was normal after wine supplementation. These effects are attributed to oxidative stress associated with a high fat diet, and to the elevated plasma antioxidant capacity associated with wine consumption and the Mediterranean diet. The results presented support the following conclusions: a high fat diet induces oxidative stress; a diet rich in fruits and vegetables enhances antioxidant defenses; wine supplementation to a high fat or a Mediterranean diet increases plasma antioxidant capacity, decreases oxidative DNA damage, and normalizes endothelial function.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Antioxidant and anti hyperglycemic role of wine grape powder in rats fed with a high fructose diet.

BACKGROUND : Metabolic syndrome is a growing worldwide health problem .
We evaluated the effects of wine grape powder ( WGP ) , rich in antioxidants and fiber , in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high fructose diet .
We tested whether WGP supplementation may prevent glucose intolerance and decrease oxidative stress in rats fed with a high fructose diet .
METHODS : Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180 g were divided into four groups according to their feeding protocols .
Rats were fed with control diet ( C ) , control plus 20 % WGP ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high fructose ( HF ) or 50 % fructose plus 20 % WGP ( HF + WGP ) for 16 weeks .
Blood glucose , insulin and triglycerides , weight , and arterial bloodpressure were measured .
Homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) index was calculated using insulin and glucose values .
A glucose tolerance test was performed 2 days before the end of the experiment .
As an index of oxidative stress , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) level was measured in plasma and kidney , and superoxide dismutase was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma and renal tissue were significantly higher when compared to the control group .
In addition , the area under the curve of the glucose tolerance test was higher in HF fed animals .
Furthermore , fasting blood glucose , plasma insulin levels , and the HOMA index , were also increased .
WGP supplementation prevented these alterations in rats fed with the HF diet .
We did not find any significant difference in body weight or systolic blood pressure in any of the groups .
CONCLUSIONS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hyperglycemia , insulin resistance and reduced oxidative stress in rats fed with HF diet .
We propose that WGP may be used as a supplement in human food as well .

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a growing worldwide health problem. We evaluated the effects of wine grape powder (WGP), rich in antioxidants and fiber, in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high fructose diet. We tested whether WGP supplementation may prevent glucose intolerance and decrease oxidative stress in rats fed with a high fructose diet.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180 g were divided into four groups according to their feeding protocols. Rats were fed with control diet (C), control plus 20 % WGP (C + WGP), 50 % high fructose (HF) or 50 % fructose plus 20 % WGP (HF + WGP) for 16 weeks. Blood glucose, insulin and triglycerides, weight, and arterial bloodpressure were measured. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index was calculated using insulin and glucose values. A glucose tolerance test was performed 2 days before the end of the experiment. As an index of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level was measured in plasma and kidney, and superoxide dismutase was measured in the kidney.
RESULTS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma and renal tissue were significantly higher when compared to the control group. In addition, the area under the curve of the glucose tolerance test was higher in HF fed animals. Furthermore, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin levels, and the HOMA index, were also increased. WGP supplementation prevented these alterations in rats fed with the HF diet. We did not find any significant difference in body weight or systolic blood pressure in any of the groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that WGP supplementation prevented hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and reduced oxidative stress in rats fed with HF diet. We propose that WGP may be used as a supplement in human food as well.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Wine grape pomace flour improves blood pressure, fasting glucose and protein damage in humans.

BACKGROUND : The Mediterranean diet is a healthy diet with positive scientific evidence of preventing chronic diseases .
Bioactive components support the healthy properties of the Mediterranean diet .
Antioxidants and fiber , two components of the Mediterranean diet , are key functional nutrients for healthy eating and nutrition .
Wine grape pomace is a rich source of these dietary constituents and may be beneficial for human health .
Our hypothesis was that the intake of red wine grape pomace flour ( WGPF ) prepared from red wine grapes ( Cabernet Sauvignon variety ) reduced the metabolic syndrome in humans @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on components of metabolic syndrome we design a 16-week longitudinal intervention study .
Thirty-eight males , 30-65 years of age , with at least one component of metabolic syndrome , were randomly assigned to either the intervention group ( n = 25 ) or the control group ( n = 13 ) .
At lunch , the intervention group was given 20 g of WGPF per day , which contained 10 g of dietary fiber , 822 mg of polyphenols and an antioxidant capacity of 7258 ORAC units .
Both groups were asked @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lifestyles .
Clinical evaluation , anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analyses were done at the beginning and the end of the study .
RESULTS : WGPF intake significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as fasting glucose levels .
Plasmaγ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol increased and carbonyl group in plasma protein decreased in WGPT group , significantly .
No significant effect was observed for waist circumference , HDL cholesterol , triglycerides , total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C in and between groups .
The group-dependent magnitude of the differences between the baseline and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was statistically significant .
CONCLUSIONS : The consumption of WGPF-rich in fiber and polyphenol antioxidants , as a food supplement in a regular diet improves blood pressure , glycaemia and postprandial insulin .
In addition , increased antioxidant defenses and decreased oxidative protein damage indicating attenuation of oxidative stress .
WGPF might be a useful food ingredient for health promotion and chronic disease prevention .

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet is a healthy diet with positive scientific evidence of preventing chronic diseases. Bioactive components support the healthy properties of the Mediterranean diet. Antioxidants and fiber, two components of the Mediterranean diet, are key functional nutrients for healthy eating and nutrition. Wine grape pomace is a rich source of these dietary constituents and may be beneficial for human health. Our hypothesis was that the intake of red wine grape pomace flour (WGPF) prepared from red wine grapes (Cabernet Sauvignon variety) reduced the metabolic syndrome in humans. To evaluate the effect of WGPF on components of metabolic syndrome we design a 16-week longitudinal intervention study. Thirty-eight males, 30-65 years of age, with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 25) or the control group (n = 13). At lunch, the intervention group was given 20 g of WGPF per day, which contained 10 g of dietary fiber, 822 mg of polyphenols and an antioxidant capacity of 7258 ORAC units. Both groups were asked to maintain their regular eating habits and lifestyles. Clinical evaluation, anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analyses were done at the beginning and the end of the study.
RESULTS: WGPF intake significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as fasting glucose levels. Plasmaγ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol increased and carbonyl group in plasma protein decreased in WGPT group, significantly. No significant effect was observed for waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C in and between groups. The group-dependent magnitude of the differences between the baseline and final postprandial insulin values and γ-tocopherol concentrations was statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of WGPF-rich in fiber and polyphenol antioxidants, as a food supplement in a regular diet improves blood pressure, glycaemia and postprandial insulin. In addition, increased antioxidant defenses and decreased oxidative protein damage indicating attenuation of oxidative stress. WGPF might be a useful food ingredient for health promotion and chronic disease prevention.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The effects of grape seeds polyphenols on SKH-1 mice skin irradiated with multiple doses of UV-B.

The study investigated the protective activity of red grape seeds ( Vitis vinifera L , Burgund Mare variety ) ( BM ) extracts in vivo on multiple doses of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) -B-induced deleterious effects in SKH-1 mice skin .
Eighty 8-weeks-old female SKH-1 mice were divided into 8 groups : control , vehicle , UV-B irradiated , vehicle+UV-B irradiated , BM 2.5mg polyphenols ( PF ) /cm ( 2 ) +UV-B irradiated , BM 4 mg PF/cm ( 2 ) +UV-B irradiated , UV-B+BM 2.5mg PF/cm ( 2 ) , UV-B+BM 4 mg PF/cm ( 2 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or after each UV-B exposure ( 240 mJ/cm ( 2 ) ) , for 10 days consecutively .
The antioxidant activity of BM extract is higher than gallic acid ( k ( BM ) =0.017 , k ( gallic acid ) =0.013 ) .
Multiple doses of UV-B generated the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers ( CPDs ) and sunburn cells , increased glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) and catalase ( CAT ) activities respectively glutathione ( GSH ) and IL-1β levels in skin .
In group treated with 2.5mg PF/cm ( 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ UV-B-induced sunburn cells , restored the superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ) activity , increased insignificantly CAT and GPx activities and reduced IL-1β level .
The BM 4.0 mg PF/cm ( 2 ) treatment decreased GSH level and reduced the percentage of CPDs positive cells in skin .
Both doses of BM extract administered after UV-B irradiation increased the MnSOD and GPx activities and reduced the formation of sunburn cells in skin .
Our results suggest that BM extract might be a potential chemo-preventive candidate in reducing the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by @ @ @ @ @ @ @

The study investigated the protective activity of red grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L, Burgund Mare variety) (BM) extracts in vivo on multiple doses of ultraviolet radiation (UV)-B-induced deleterious effects in SKH-1 mice skin. Eighty 8-weeks-old female SKH-1 mice were divided into 8 groups: control, vehicle, UV-B irradiated, vehicle+UV-B irradiated, BM 2.5mg polyphenols (PF)/cm(2)+UV-B irradiated, BM 4 mg PF/cm(2)+UV-B irradiated, UV-B+BM 2.5mg PF/cm(2), UV-B+BM 4 mg PF/cm(2). The extract was applied topically before or after each UV-B exposure (240 mJ/cm(2)), for 10 days consecutively. The antioxidant activity of BM extract is higher than gallic acid (k(BM)=0.017, k(gallic acid)=0.013). Multiple doses of UV-B generated the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and sunburn cells, increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities respectively glutathione (GSH) and IL-1β levels in skin. In group treated with 2.5mg PF/cm(2) before UV-B irradiation BM extract inhibited UV-B-induced sunburn cells, restored the superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity, increased insignificantly CAT and GPx activities and reduced IL-1β level. The BM 4.0 mg PF/cm(2) treatment decreased GSH level and reduced the percentage of CPDs positive cells in skin. Both doses of BM extract administered after UV-B irradiation increased the MnSOD and GPx activities and reduced the formation of sunburn cells in skin. Our results suggest that BM extract might be a potential chemo-preventive candidate in reducing the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by multiple doses of UV-B in skin.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Cardioprotective actions of grape polyphenols.

The aim of this review is to discuss the accumulating evidence that suggests that grape extracts and purified grape polyphenols possess a diverse array of biological actions and may be beneficial in the prevention of some inflammatory-mediated diseases including cardiovascular disease .
The active components from grape extracts , which include the grape seed , grape skin , and grape juice , that have been identified thus far include polyphenols such as resveratrol , phenolic acids , anthocyanins , and flavonoids .
All possess potent antioxidant properties and have been shown to decrease low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol oxidation and platelet aggregation .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ additional cardioprotective and vasoprotective properties including antiatherosclerotic , antiarrhythmic , and vasorelaxation actions .
Although not exclusive , antioxidant properties of grape polyphenols are likely to be central to their mechanism ( s ) of action , which also include cellular signaling mechanisms and interactions at the genomic level .
This review discusses some of the evidence favoring the consumption of grape extracts rich in polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular disease .
Consumption of grape and grape extracts and/or grape products such as red wine may be beneficial in preventing the development @ @ @ @ @ @ @ disease .

The aim of this review is to discuss the accumulating evidence that suggests that grape extracts and purified grape polyphenols possess a diverse array of biological actions and may be beneficial in the prevention of some inflammatory-mediated diseases including cardiovascular disease. The active components from grape extracts, which include the grape seed, grape skin, and grape juice, that have been identified thus far include polyphenols such as resveratrol, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. All possess potent antioxidant properties and have been shown to decrease low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol oxidation and platelet aggregation. These compounds also possess a range of additional cardioprotective and vasoprotective properties including antiatherosclerotic, antiarrhythmic, and vasorelaxation actions. Although not exclusive, antioxidant properties of grape polyphenols are likely to be central to their mechanism(s) of action, which also include cellular signaling mechanisms and interactions at the genomic level. This review discusses some of the evidence favoring the consumption of grape extracts rich in polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of grape and grape extracts and/or grape products such as red wine may be beneficial in preventing the development of chronic degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Wine extracts from Sardinian grape varieties attenuate membrane oxidative damage in Caco-2 cell mono

Wine extracts from Sardinian grape varieties attenuate membrane oxidative damage in Caco-2 cell monolayers

One of the most important sites of polyphenol action seems to be in the gastrointestinal system before absorption .
We @ @ @ @ @ wine phenolic extracts , obtained from grape varieties grown in Sardinia , Cannonau ( red @ @ @ @ @ ( white ) , to exert an antioxidant action against tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( TBH ) @ @ @ @ @ cell monolayers as a model system of the human intestine .
TBH treatment caused the @ @ @ @ @ measured as transepithelial electrical resistance , and markers of the peroxidation process of membrane lipids @ @ @ @ @ hydroperoxides and 7-ketocholesterol .
All wine extracts were able to counteract the oxidising action of @ @ @ @ @ of the differences in phenolic composition , exerted a comparable activity .
Our findings point @ @ @ @ @ of the wine extracts on enterocytes exposed to oxidising species and further support the opinion @ @ @ @ @ not essential for antioxidant activity .

One of the most important sites of polyphenol action seems to be in the gastrointestinal system before absorption. We investigated the ability of three wine phenolic extracts, obtained from grape varieties grown in Sardinia, Cannonau (red), Vermentino and Malvasia (white), to exert an antioxidant action against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH)-induced oxidative damage to Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model system of the human intestine. TBH treatment caused the disruption of epithelial integrity, measured as transepithelial electrical resistance, and markers of the peroxidation process of membrane lipids, MDA, fatty acid hydroperoxides and 7-ketocholesterol. All wine extracts were able to counteract the oxidising action of TBH and, in spite of the differences in phenolic composition, exerted a comparable activity. Our findings point out a direct antioxidant action of the wine extracts on enterocytes exposed to oxidising species and further support the opinion that total phenolic content is not essential for antioxidant activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Red grape are a source of compounds that ameliorate endothelial progenitor cells viability and funct

Red grape are a source of compounds that ameliorate endothelial progenitor cells viability and function, while preventing endothelial dysfunction.

SCOPE : To evaluate the ability of grape skin and seeds to protect endothelial progenitor cells ( EPC ) from oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia ( HG ) compared to red wine ( RW ) and prepare innovative pharmaceutical systems for the oral administration of red grape extract allowing the overcoming of its poor intestinal absorption .
METHODS AND RESULTS : Human EPC were characterized by expression of cell surface markers .
Cells were incubated with different concentrations of total polyphenols from grape components or RW in the presence or absence of HG .
Cell viability , migration , adhesion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) production were assayed .
Intestinal permeation of polyphenols was studied in the absence or presence of a quaternary ammonium-chitosan conjugate ( N⁺ ( 60 ) -Ch ) .
Grape components and RW increased EPC viability , adhesion and migration , and prevented the HG effect ( P < 0.01 ) .
ROS production induced by HG was significantly reduced only by grape seed extract and RW ( P < 0.01 ) .
N⁺ ( 60 ) -Ch acted as an effective enhancer of polyphenol permeability across the excised rat intestine .
CONCLUSIONS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of antioxidant compounds that ameliorate EPC viability and function , while preventing endothelial dysfunction .
The use of polycationic chitosan derivatives can promote the absorption of polyphenols across intestinal epithelium , thus increasing their bioavailability and potential therapeutic value in atherosclerosis .

SCOPE: To evaluate the ability of grape skin and seeds to protect endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia (HG) compared to red wine (RW) and prepare innovative pharmaceutical systems for the oral administration of red grape extract allowing the overcoming of its poor intestinal absorption.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Human EPC were characterized by expression of cell surface markers. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of total polyphenols from grape components or RW in the presence or absence of HG. Cell viability, migration, adhesion, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assayed. Intestinal permeation of polyphenols was studied in the absence or presence of a quaternary ammonium-chitosan conjugate (N⁺(60)-Ch). Grape components and RW increased EPC viability, adhesion and migration, and prevented the HG effect (P<0.01). ROS production induced by HG was significantly reduced only by grape seed extract and RW (P<0.01). N⁺(60)-Ch acted as an effective enhancer of polyphenol permeability across the excised rat intestine.
CONCLUSIONS: Red grape components are a source of antioxidant compounds that ameliorate EPC viability and function, while preventing endothelial dysfunction. The use of polycationic chitosan derivatives can promote the absorption of polyphenols across intestinal epithelium, thus increasing their bioavailability and potential therapeutic value in atherosclerosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Grape polyphenols reduce blood pressure and increase flow-mediated vasodilation in men with metaboli

Grape polyphenols reduce blood pressure and increase flow-mediated vasodilation in men with metabolic syndrome.

We evaluated the effects of grape polyphenols in individuals classified with metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) .
Men ( n = 24 ) aged 30-70 y were randomly assigned to consume either a freeze-dried grape polyphenol powder ( GRAPE ) or a placebo for 30 d in a double-blind , crossover design , separated by a 3-wk washout period .
Participants were asked to maintain their usual diet and physical activity during the study and abstain from consuming polyphenol-rich foods .
MetS criteria including blood pressure ( BP ) and markers of vascular endothelial function including brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ + nitrate ( NOx ) to estimate NO production , plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( sVCAM-1 ) were measured at the end of each dietary period .
Systolic BP ( P < 0.0025 ) and plasma sICAM-1 concentrations ( P < 0.025 ) were lower , whereas the FMD response was higher ( P < 0.0001 ) , during the GRAPE compared with the placebo period .
In addition , changes in sVCAM-1 concentrations between periods were positively correlated with changes in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P < 0.05 ) .
Although NOx concentrations did not differ between periods , changes in systolic BP were negatively correlated with changes in NOx concentrations ( r = -0.44 ; P < 0.05 ) , indicating the vasodilating properties of NO .
Other MetS variables did not differ between the GRAPE and placebo periods .
These results suggest that GRAPE polyphenols may potentiate vasorelaxation and reduce BP and circulating cell adhesion molecules , resulting in improvements in vascular function .

We evaluated the effects of grape polyphenols in individuals classified with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Men (n = 24) aged 30-70 y were randomly assigned to consume either a freeze-dried grape polyphenol powder (GRAPE) or a placebo for 30 d in a double-blind, crossover design, separated by a 3-wk washout period. Participants were asked to maintain their usual diet and physical activity during the study and abstain from consuming polyphenol-rich foods. MetS criteria including blood pressure (BP) and markers of vascular endothelial function including brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), plasma total nitrite + nitrate (NOx) to estimate NO production, plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured at the end of each dietary period. Systolic BP (P<0.0025) and plasma sICAM-1 concentrations (P<0.025) were lower, whereas the FMD response was higher (P<0.0001), during the GRAPE compared with the placebo period. In addition, changes in sVCAM-1 concentrations between periods were positively correlated with changes in systolic BP (r = 0.45; P<0.05). Although NOx concentrations did not differ between periods, changes in systolic BP were negatively correlated with changes in NOx concentrations (r = -0.44; P<0.05), indicating the vasodilating properties of NO. Other MetS variables did not differ between the GRAPE and placebo periods. These results suggest that GRAPE polyphenols may potentiate vasorelaxation and reduce BP and circulating cell adhesion molecules, resulting in improvements in vascular function.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Role of standardized grape polyphenol preparation as a novel treatment to improve synaptic plasticit

Role of standardized grape polyphenol preparation as a novel treatment to improve synaptic plasticity.

SCOPE : Metabolic syndrome has become an epidemic and poses tremendous burden on the health system .
People with metabolic syndrome are more likely to experience cognitive decline .
As obesity and sedentary lifestyles become more common , the development of early prevention strategies is critical .
In this study , we explore the potential beneficial effects of a combinatory polyphenol preparation composed of grape seed extract , Concord purple grape juice extract , and resveratrol , referred to as standardized grape polyphenol preparation ( SGP ) , on peripheral as well as brain dysfunction induced by metabolic syndrome .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ fat content had minimal effect on absorption of metabolites of major polyphenols derived from SGP .
Using a diet-induced animal model of metabolic syndrome ( DIM ) , we found that brain functional connectivity and synaptic plasticity are compromised in the DIM mice .
Treatment with SGP not only prevented peripheral metabolic abnormality but also improved brain synaptic plasticity .
CONCLUSION : Our study demonstrated that SGP , comprised of multiple bioavailable and bioactive components targeting a wide range of metabolic syndrome related pathological features , provides greater global protection against peripheral and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potentially developed as a novel prevention/treatment for improving brain connectivity and synaptic plasticity important for learning and memory .

SCOPE: Metabolic syndrome has become an epidemic and poses tremendous burden on the health system. People with metabolic syndrome are more likely to experience cognitive decline. As obesity and sedentary lifestyles become more common, the development of early prevention strategies is critical. In this study, we explore the potential beneficial effects of a combinatory polyphenol preparation composed of grape seed extract, Concord purple grape juice extract, and resveratrol, referred to as standardized grape polyphenol preparation (SGP), on peripheral as well as brain dysfunction induced by metabolic syndrome.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We found dietary fat content had minimal effect on absorption of metabolites of major polyphenols derived from SGP. Using a diet-induced animal model of metabolic syndrome (DIM), we found that brain functional connectivity and synaptic plasticity are compromised in the DIM mice. Treatment with SGP not only prevented peripheral metabolic abnormality but also improved brain synaptic plasticity.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that SGP, comprised of multiple bioavailable and bioactive components targeting a wide range of metabolic syndrome related pathological features, provides greater global protection against peripheral and central nervous system dysfunctions and can be potentially developed as a novel prevention/treatment for improving brain connectivity and synaptic plasticity important for learning and memory.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--A critical review on grape polyphenols for neuroprotection.

The aging of populations worldwide is driving greater demands for dietary polyphenols which have been recognized as promising prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents in the context of neurodegeneration , and are ubiquitously present in plant-based diets .
In particular , grape-derived products encompass a wide array of phenolic compounds purported with multiple health benefits including neuroprotective efficacy .
Despite the increasing preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating high potential of grape polyphenol ( GPP ) -rich botanicals in preventing and attenuating diverse neurodegenerative disorders , the limited bioavailability of GPPs , especially in the brain , generates questions as to their applications @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this issue , significant research efforts have been made to enhance oral bioavailability of GPPs via application of novel strategies .
This review highlights some critical issues related to the bioavailability and neuroprotective efficacy of GPPs and GPP-rich botanicals .
The representative bioavailability-enhancing strategies are critically reviewed to provide practical solutions for augmenting the bioefficacy of GPP-rich botanicals .
Synergistic applications of encapsulation techniques ( for physiochemical protection and bypassing xenobiotic metabolism ) and dietary intervention strategies involving modulation of gut microbiota ( for generating more bioavailable phenolic metabolites ) appear promising , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ especially the neuroprotective efficacy , of orally consumed GPPs .

The aging of populations worldwide is driving greater demands for dietary polyphenols which have been recognized as promising prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents in the context of neurodegeneration, and are ubiquitously present in plant-based diets. In particular, grape-derived products encompass a wide array of phenolic compounds purported with multiple health benefits including neuroprotective efficacy. Despite the increasing preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating high potential of grape polyphenol (GPP)-rich botanicals in preventing and attenuating diverse neurodegenerative disorders, the limited bioavailability of GPPs, especially in the brain, generates questions as to their applications and effectiveness in neuroprotection. To address this issue, significant research efforts have been made to enhance oral bioavailability of GPPs via application of novel strategies. This review highlights some critical issues related to the bioavailability and neuroprotective efficacy of GPPs and GPP-rich botanicals. The representative bioavailability-enhancing strategies are critically reviewed to provide practical solutions for augmenting the bioefficacy of GPP-rich botanicals. Synergistic applications of encapsulation techniques (for physiochemical protection and bypassing xenobiotic metabolism) and dietary intervention strategies involving modulation of gut microbiota (for generating more bioavailable phenolic metabolites) appear promising, and may substantially enhance the bioefficacy, especially the neuroprotective efficacy, of orally consumed GPPs.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols-A review

The eye is a sensitive organ with complex optical system involves in the perception of light .
Although it has @ @ @ @ @ , various physiological and metabolic disorders are detrimental to the proper functioning of the visual @ @ @ @ @ long been used worldwide for its potent medicinal values including ocular promotion .
Bioactivities of @ @ @ @ @ to the presence of health promoting phytochemicals in them .
Some phytochemicals present in the @ @ @ @ @ in the maintenance of intra-ocular pressure , regulation of glucose metabolisms and suppression of pro-inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ Particularly , the grape derived phytochemicals involve in minimizing various eye defects such as macular @ @ @ @ @ formation , red eye , diabetic retinopathy and so on .
However , only limited @ @ @ @ @ conducted so far focusing the ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols .
In this review @ @ @ @ @ of grape polyphenols in ocular promotion relating their anti-oxidant , anti-microbial , anti-aging , anti-hypertensive @ @ @ @

The eye is a sensitive organ with complex optical system involves in the perception of light. Although it has several protective mechanisms by itself, various physiological and metabolic disorders are detrimental to the proper functioning of the visual system. Grape juice has long been used worldwide for its potent medicinal values including ocular promotion. Bioactivities of grape products are highly attributed to the presence of health promoting phytochemicals in them. Some phytochemicals present in the grape juice have been involved in the maintenance of intra-ocular pressure, regulation of glucose metabolisms and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the system. Particularly, the grape derived phytochemicals involve in minimizing various eye defects such as macular degradation, uvea, cataract formation, red eye, diabetic retinopathy and so on. However, only limited number of studies has been conducted so far focusing the ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols. In this review, we discuss the role of grape polyphenols in ocular promotion relating their anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-aging, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The present meta-analysis suggests that green tea and its catechins may improve blood pressure.

PURPOSE : Although previous literature has reported that regular green tea consumption may improve blood pressure , the evidence from these studies is not consistent .
The present study systematically reviewed randomised controlled trials and examined the effect of green tea consumption on blood pressure using meta-analysis .
METHODS : Search of ProQuest , PubMed , Scopus and Cochrane Library ( CENTERAL ) was conducted , to identify eligible articles .
Articles from 1995 to 2013 were included .
A random-effect model was chosen to calculate the effect of combined trials .
RESULT : Thirteen studies were included in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ systolic blood pressure , by -2.08 mm Hg ( 95 % CI -3.06 , -1.05 ) , and diastolic blood pressure , by -1.71 mm Hg ( 95 % CI -2.86 , -0.56 ) , compared to the control .
Changes in lipid profile , blood glucose and body mass index were also assessed in the meta-analysis .
A significant reduction was found in total cholesterol ( -0.15 mmol/L [ 95 % CI -0.27 , -0.02 ] ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -0.16 mmol/L [ 95 % CI -0.22 , -0.09 ] @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not reach statistical significance .
Subgroup analysis suggested a greater reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in studies that included participants with a baseline mean systolic blood pressure of≥ 130 mm Hg , and studies involving consuming green tea as an extract .
CONCLUSION : The present meta-analysis suggests that green tea and its catechins may improve blood pressure , and the effect may be greater in those with systolic blood pressure≥ 130 mm Hg .
The meta-analysis also suggests that green tea catechins may improve total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol @

PURPOSE: Although previous literature has reported that regular green tea consumption may improve blood pressure, the evidence from these studies is not consistent. The present study systematically reviewed randomised controlled trials and examined the effect of green tea consumption on blood pressure using meta-analysis.
METHODS: Search of ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library (CENTERAL) was conducted, to identify eligible articles. Articles from 1995 to 2013 were included. A random-effect model was chosen to calculate the effect of combined trials.
RESULT: Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Green tea consumption significantly changed systolic blood pressure, by -2.08 mm Hg (95% CI -3.06, -1.05), and diastolic blood pressure, by -1.71 mm Hg (95% CI -2.86, -0.56), compared to the control. Changes in lipid profile, blood glucose and body mass index were also assessed in the meta-analysis. A significant reduction was found in total cholesterol (-0.15 mmol/L [95% CI -0.27, -0.02]) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.16 mmol/L [95% CI -0.22, -0.09]). Changes in other parameters did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analysis suggested a greater reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in studies that included participants with a baseline mean systolic blood pressure of≥ 130 mm Hg, and studies involving consuming green tea as an extract.
CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggests that green tea and its catechins may improve blood pressure, and the effect may be greater in those with systolic blood pressure≥ 130 mm Hg. The meta-analysis also suggests that green tea catechins may improve total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.