greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--N-acetylcysteine reduced the immunotoxicity effects induced in vitro by azoxystrobin and iprodione f

N-acetylcysteine reduced the immunotoxicity effects induced in vitro by azoxystrobin and iprodione fungicides in mice.

Azoxystrobin ( AZO ) and Iprodione ( IPR ) fungicides are extensively used worldwide , and therefore , contaminate all environmental compartments .
The toxicity and the mechanisms by which they affected immune cells are complex and remain unknown .
This study investigated the impact of AZO and IPR on the in vitro function of mice peritoneal macrophages including lysosomal enzyme activity and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) α and nitric oxide ( NO ) production in response to lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) stimulation , the proliferation of mice splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin ( Con ) A and LPS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ interferon-gamma ( IFNγ ) and the Th2 cytokine interleukin ( IL ) -4 and IL-10 by ConA-activatedsplenocytes .
This is the first report indicating that AZO and IPR fungicides dose-dependently inhibited mice macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-stimulated production of TNFα and NO .
Mitogen-induced proliferation of mice splenocytes was also suppressed by AZO and IPR in a dose-dependent manner .
More pronounced impact was observed on ConA-induced response .
The production of IFNγ by ConA-stimulated splenocytes was dose-dependently inhibited ; however , the production of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in the same @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and IPR polarized Th1/Th2 cytokinebalance towards Th2 response .
Overall , marked immunosuppressive effects were observed for AZO .
The immunomodulatory effects caused by AZO and IPR were partially reversed by the pharmacological antioxidant N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) , suggesting that both fungicides exerted their actions through , at leastin part , oxidative stress-dependent mechanism .
Collectively , our data showed that AZO and IPR fungicides exerted potent immunomodulatory effects in vitro with eventually strong consequences on immune response and immunologically based diseases .

Azoxystrobin (AZO) and Iprodione (IPR) fungicides are extensively used worldwide, and therefore, contaminate all environmental compartments. The toxicity and the mechanisms by which they affected immune cells are complex and remain unknown. This study investigated the impact of AZO and IPR on the in vitro function of mice peritoneal macrophages including lysosomal enzyme activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and nitric oxide (NO) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the proliferation of mice splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin (Con)A and LPS, and the production of the Th1cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 by ConA-activatedsplenocytes. This is the first report indicating that AZO and IPR fungicides dose-dependently inhibited mice macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-stimulated production of TNFα and NO. Mitogen-induced proliferation of mice splenocytes was also suppressed by AZO and IPR in a dose-dependent manner. More pronounced impact was observed on ConA-induced response. The production of IFNγ by ConA-stimulated splenocytes was dose-dependently inhibited; however, the production of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in the same conditions. These results suggested that AZO and IPR polarized Th1/Th2 cytokinebalance towards Th2 response. Overall, marked immunosuppressive effects were observed for AZO. The immunomodulatory effects caused by AZO and IPR were partially reversed by the pharmacological antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), suggesting that both fungicides exerted their actions through, at leastin part, oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. Collectively, our data showed that AZO and IPR fungicides exerted potent immunomodulatory effects in vitro with eventually strong consequences on immune response and immunologically based diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--Vitamin B12 and alpha-lipoic acid may be useful to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE : This study aims to explore and determine the effectiveness of current pharmacologic agents for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss ( NIHL ) via a systematic review .
DATABASES REVIEWED : The PubMed , Scopus , ClinicalTrials.gov , and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 6 , 2020 .
METHODS : Full-text , English-language articles detailing prospective randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials with pharmacological interventions administered to prevent NIHL were included in accordance with PRISMA guidelines .
The detailed search terms are included in the Appendix , https : //links.lww.com/MAO/B67 .
RESULTS : Eleven articles @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients receiving a pharmacologic prevention for various noise exposures .
Various regimens included administration of alpha-lipoic acid , ambient oxygen , beta-carotene , carbogen , ebselen , Mg-aspartate , N-acetylcysteine , and vitamins C , E , and B12 .
A number of studies demonstrated statistically significant amelioration of NIHL with pharmacologic intervention .
Two studies demonstrated significantly better hearing outcomes for pharmacological prophylaxis with carbogen or ebselen as compared with placebo for the 4 kHz frequency , where the noise-notch is most likely to be encountered .
Given the considerable heterogeneity in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis .
CONCLUSIONS : While several heterogenous articles demonstrated promising results for Mg-aspartate , carbogen , vitamin B12 , and alpha-lipoic acid , the clinical significance of these pharmaceuticals remains unclear .
Initial data from this study alongside future clinical trials might potentially contribute to the generation of clinical practice guidelines to prevent NIHL .

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore and determine the effectiveness of current pharmacologic agents for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) via a systematic review.
DATABASES REVIEWED: The PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 6, 2020.
METHODS: Full-text, English-language articles detailing prospective randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials with pharmacological interventions administered to prevent NIHL were included in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The detailed search terms are included in the Appendix, https://links.lww.com/MAO/B67.
RESULTS: Eleven articles were included in this review with 701 patients receiving a pharmacologic prevention for various noise exposures. Various regimens included administration of alpha-lipoic acid, ambient oxygen, beta-carotene, carbogen, ebselen, Mg-aspartate, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamins C, E, and B12. A number of studies demonstrated statistically significant amelioration of NIHL with pharmacologic intervention. Two studies demonstrated significantly better hearing outcomes for pharmacological prophylaxis with carbogen or ebselen as compared with placebo for the 4 kHz frequency, where the noise-notch is most likely to be encountered. Given the considerable heterogeneity in agents and methodologies, however, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: While several heterogenous articles demonstrated promising results for Mg-aspartate, carbogen, vitamin B12, and alpha-lipoic acid, the clinical significance of these pharmaceuticals remains unclear. Initial data from this study alongside future clinical trials might potentially contribute to the generation of clinical practice guidelines to prevent NIHL.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--Topical vitamin C, vitamin E, and acetylcysteine as corneal wound healing agents: A comparative stud

Topical vitamin C, vitamin E, and acetylcysteine as corneal wound healing agents: A comparative study.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate wound healing abilities and efficacy of topical Vitamin C , Vitamin E , and acetylcysteine for their possible clinical use .
Methods : The study was conducted on 36 eyes of 18 single-breed rabbits , Oryctolagus cuniculus , of both sexes .
A 7.5 mm calibrated vacuum corneal trephine was used to induce a defect of 100 micron depth in center of both the corneas .
The right eye of rabbits was selected as the control eye and the left eye as the trial eye , which received eyedrops as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Group 2-3 % acetylcysteine eye drops , and Group 3-1 % Vitamin E eye drops .
Control eyes received ringer lactate .
Evaluation was done for fluorescein stain positivity , epithelial defect size , and corneal haze on Day 2 , Day 7 , and Day 14 post induction of the epithelial defect .
Results : On day 14 , three eyes of control group , all Vitamin C and acetylcysteine treated eyes , and four Vitamin E treated eyes were fluorescein stain negative .
The mean defect area on day 14 was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1.86 mmin Vitamin C , Vitamin E , acetylcysteine , and control eyes , respectively .
Vitamin C and Vitamin E control corneal haze better than acetylcysteine in experimentally induced corneal wounds in rabbits .
Conclusion : The three trial drugs with different mechanism of action showed similar effect on healing of the experimentally created corneal wounds in rabbits , with comparison showing statistical insignificance .

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate wound healing abilities and efficacy of topical Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and acetylcysteine for their possible clinical use.
Methods: The study was conducted on 36 eyes of 18 single-breed rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, of both sexes. A 7.5 mm calibrated vacuum corneal trephine was used to induce a defect of 100 micron depth in center of both the corneas. The right eye of rabbits was selected as the control eye and the left eye as the trial eye, which received eyedrops as Group 1-10% Vitamin C eyedrops, Group 2-3% acetylcysteine eye drops, and Group 3-1% Vitamin E eye drops. Control eyes received ringer lactate. Evaluation was done for fluorescein stain positivity, epithelial defect size, and corneal haze on Day 2, Day 7, and Day 14 post induction of the epithelial defect.
Results: On day 14, three eyes of control group, all Vitamin C and acetylcysteine treated eyes, and four Vitamin E treated eyes were fluorescein stain negative. The mean defect area on day 14 was 0, 0, 0.13, and 1.86 mmin Vitamin C, Vitamin E, acetylcysteine, and control eyes, respectively. Vitamin C and Vitamin E control corneal haze better than acetylcysteine in experimentally induced corneal wounds in rabbits.
Conclusion: The three trial drugs with different mechanism of action showed similar effect on healing of the experimentally created corneal wounds in rabbits, with comparison showing statistical insignificance.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--The COVID-19 RT-PCR Test: How to Mislead All Humanity - Using a "Test" to Lock Down Society

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greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C improve T cell commitment to memory and long-term mainte

Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C improve T cell commitment to memory and long-term maintenance of immunological memory in old mice.

Aging is characterized by reduced immune responses , a process known as immunosenescence .
Shortly after their generation , antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells , such as CD8and CD4T cells , migrate into the bone marrow ( BM ) , in which they can be maintained for long periods of time within survival niches .
Interestingly , we recently observed how oxidative stress may negatively support the maintenance of immunological memory in the BM in old age .
To assess whether the generation and maintenance of immunological memory could be improved by scavenging oxygen radicals , we vaccinated 18-months ( old @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with alum-OVA , in the presence/absence of antioxidants vitamin C ( Vc ) and/or N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) .
To monitor the phenotype of the immune cell population , blood was withdrawn at several time-points , and BM and spleen were harvested 91 days after the first alum-OVA dose .
Only in old mice , memory T cell commitment was boosted with some antioxidant treatments .
In addition , oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules decreased in old mice .
Finally , changes in the phenotype of dendritic cells , important @ @ @ @ @ @ @ additionally observed .
Taken together , our data show that the generation and maintenance of memory T cells in old age may be improved by targeting oxidative stress .

Aging is characterized by reduced immune responses, a process known as immunosenescence. Shortly after their generation, antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells, such as CD8and CD4T cells, migrate into the bone marrow (BM), in which they can be maintained for long periods of time within survival niches. Interestingly, we recently observed how oxidative stress may negatively support the maintenance of immunological memory in the BM in old age. To assess whether the generation and maintenance of immunological memory could be improved by scavenging oxygen radicals, we vaccinated 18-months (old) and 3-weeks (young) mice with alum-OVA, in the presence/absence of antioxidants vitamin C (Vc) and/or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). To monitor the phenotype of the immune cell population, blood was withdrawn at several time-points, and BM and spleen were harvested 91 days after the first alum-OVA dose. Only in old mice, memory T cell commitment was boosted with some antioxidant treatments. In addition, oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules decreased in old mice. Finally, changes in the phenotype of dendritic cells, important regulators of T cell activation, were additionally observed. Taken together, our data show that the generation and maintenance of memory T cells in old age may be improved by targeting oxidative stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-30--Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of peppermint peel soft peeling for skin ageing.

Turning to peeling in a dermatological sphere is extensively common and has been used for a long time .
From the use of single acids moving on to the so-called compound peelings ( associations of more than one substance in the same product ) and the combined peelings which take advantage of the action of different substances in a synergistic manner ( different products are applied sequentially ) in order to best guarantee a greater effectiveness of the treatment for the recommended target .
Superficial peelings , combined and not , have led to a drastic reduction in the percentage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ medium and deep peels .
Nevertheless , it has been demonstrated that superficial peels bring about a rejuvenating effect through the mechanical stimulation of the Skin Stress Response System ( SSRS ) , system designated to repairing the damaged tissue and restoring of the normal homeostasis .
Clinical trials aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the peppermint peel ( PMP ) medical device in subjects with different ageing expressions both in qualitative terms ( different blemishes such as discolouration , fine wrinkles , elastosis , atony and skin inelasticity , laxity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ quantitative terms ( degree , extension and number of lesions ) .
A non-controlled multi-centric clinical trial was done in 121 subjects .
The use protocol calls for a session every 2 weeks for a total of 4 sessions .
Subjects were evaluated before each subsequent session at the first and at 2-4-8 weeks of the fourth and last treatment .
During the study there were no adverse events .
Only a minimal scurfy flaking and a very slight redness were reported .
From an effectiveness point of view , the percentage of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ equal to or greater than 4 or 5 in Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale ( GAIS ) scale was 0 % .
Best score was obtained in subjects ranging in ages between 38 and 57 ( 2.02 ) and in women ( 2.02 ) years , while the less satisfactory one was obtained in males ( 2.14 ) .
The study has demonstrated that PMP and the proposed protocol are effective and safe to treat subject with skin signs of chrono and photo ageing , thanks to its capabilities of carrying out a mechanic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment of the dermoepidermic revitalisation through chemical exfoliation and hydration .

Turning to peeling in a dermatological sphere is extensively common and has been used for a long time. From the use of single acids moving on to the so-called compound peelings (associations of more than one substance in the same product) and the combined peelings which take advantage of the action of different substances in a synergistic manner (different products are applied sequentially) in order to best guarantee a greater effectiveness of the treatment for the recommended target. Superficial peelings, combined and not, have led to a drastic reduction in the percentage of incidence of adverse events typical of medium and deep peels. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that superficial peels bring about a rejuvenating effect through the mechanical stimulation of the Skin Stress Response System (SSRS), system designated to repairing the damaged tissue and restoring of the normal homeostasis. Clinical trials aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the peppermint peel (PMP) medical device in subjects with different ageing expressions both in qualitative terms (different blemishes such as discolouration, fine wrinkles, elastosis, atony and skin inelasticity, laxity, scarce superficial hydration) and in quantitative terms (degree, extension and number of lesions). A non-controlled multi-centric clinical trial was done in 121 subjects. The use protocol calls for a session every 2 weeks for a total of 4 sessions. Subjects were evaluated before each subsequent session at the first and at 2-4-8 weeks of the fourth and last treatment. During the study there were no adverse events. Only a minimal scurfy flaking and a very slight redness were reported. From an effectiveness point of view, the percentage of therapeutic failure, judged with a score equal to or greater than 4 or 5 in Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scale was 0%. Best score was obtained in subjects ranging in ages between 38 and 57 (2.02) and in women (2.02) years, while the less satisfactory one was obtained in males (2.14). The study has demonstrated that PMP and the proposed protocol are effective and safe to treat subject with skin signs of chrono and photo ageing, thanks to its capabilities of carrying out a mechanic action indicated as a coadjuvant in the treatment of the dermoepidermic revitalisation through chemical exfoliation and hydration.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-02--Three-Spice Combo Improves Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--What Is the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine?

What Is the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine?


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--What is the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine?

What is the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine?

Did you know that black pepper , with its potent compound called piperine , can positively affect your health ?
Black pepper , one of the most commonly used spices in the world , may be underappreciated for its health benefits .
Piperine , a powerful compound found in black pepper , has gastroprotective , antioxidant , cardioprotective , neuroprotective , anti-inflammatory , immunomodulatory and anticancer properties that keep you healthier .
[ i ] , [ ii ] Five Advantages of the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine Grinding fresh peppercorns is the best way to gain the health advantages of piperine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ efficiency , enzymes and gut health .
[ iii ] , [ iv ] In a mouse study , black pepper showed effectiveness for treating gastrointestinal disorders .
[ v ] In addition , piperine increased the small intestine 's absorptive surface in a rat model , which suggests eating pepper may help more nutrients be released from the food you eat .
[ vi ] In a mouse model , piperine reduced colon inflammation , a precursor to inflammatory bowel disease .
[ vii ] Chronic inflammation plays a major role in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , multiple sclerosis , epilepsy and depression .
Piperine protects your brain by targeting inflammatory pathways .
[ viii ] , [ ix ] Dementia is often associated with age-related lapses in memory , selective attention and emotional processing , [ x ] extensive neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain .
[ xi ] Piperine dramatically improved these factors in an aging mouse research study , within four weeks .
[ xii ] Quercetin ( 25 milligrams ( mg ) ) combined with piperine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly enhanced antioxidant , anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in an experimental Parkinson 's rat model when compared to quercetin alone .
[ xiii ] In a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer 's rat model , piperine enhanced cognition .
The rats increased their maze performance and path memory after taking piperine daily for two to three at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg .
The improvements were similar to those achieved via 10 mg/kg of daily memantine , an Alzheimer 's drug .
[ xiv ] A similar Alzheimer 's mouse study showed piperine ( 2.5 to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reversed oxidative stress , restored neurotransmissions , improved cognitive performance and reduced neuroinflammation .
[ xv ] In another animal model , in addition to cognitive improvements , piperine restored the acetylcholinesterase enzyme balance affecting brain and muscle functions .
[ xvi ] In epilepsy research , piperine improved awareness , senses and mood .
This chronic neurologic condition is characterized by seizures involving abnormal electrical discharges in the brain .
[ xvii ] Antioxidant piperine inhibited monoamine oxidase , which lowers dopamine , norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters , all linked to depression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ outperformed the antidepressant fluoxetine .
[ xix ] Cancer emerges from a microenvironment , where tumors and host cells evolve together , cells proliferate , grow and metabolize , and cause angiogenesis ( growth of new blood vessels ) and hypoxia ( low blood oxygen ) .
[ xx ] In their research reviews , scientists found that piperine was chemopreventive , antioxidant ( detoxified enzymes and suppressed cancer stem cells ) , inhibited cancer cells ( stemmed blood and oxygen flow ) and lowered multidrug resistance .
[ xxi ] , [ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , piperine effectively blocked voltage gated K channels , which regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis ( cell death ) .
[ xxiii ] In another human in vitro study , piperine was an antitumor agent in lung cancer without host toxicity .
[ xxiv ] Piperine demonstrated strong antitumor and antimetastatic effects through in vitro studies of human breast , [ xxv ] liver and lung cancer cells by inhibiting important signaling pathways and disrupting tumor progression .
[ xxvi ] In a colorectal cancer animal study , piperine enhanced curcumin 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ curcumin but sixfold with piperine and curcumin together , achieving a 50 % cancer cell reduction .
[ xxvii ] Combined piperine-curcumin positively affected breast cancer cell growth too .
[ xxviii ] Targeting metabolic syndrome which involves the combined risks of obesity , high blood pressure , imbalanced cholesterol and diabetes , is one approach to preventing coronary heart disease .
[ xxix ] Research on piperine shows strong cardioprotective , antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties .
[ xxx ] Modelling human metabolic syndrome , scientists fed rats a high carbohydrate , high @ @ @ @ @ @ @ animals developed high blood pressure , elevated oxidative stress and inflammation-induced cardiac changes , along with reduced responsiveness of aortic rings , impaired glucose tolerance and abdominal obesity together with liver fibrosis , fat deposits and increased plasma liver enzymes .
Piperine ( 30 mg ) treatment improved all of these markers .
[ xxxi ] , [ xxxii ] In a human trial of 117 metabolic syndrome subjects , a daily curcuminoid ( 1 gram ) -piperine ( 10 mg ) combination for eight weeks significantly improved oxidative stress and inflammatory status @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Type 2 diabetes rat model , piperine and quercetin were significant bioavailability enhancers of curcumin as a treatment to reduce plasma glucose and lipid profile and improve diabetic control over curcumin alone or the diabetes drug glibenclamide .
[ xxxiv ] Previous animal and in vitro studies showed piperine as an effective treatment for obesity , high cholesterol and Type 2 diabetes .
[ xxxv ] , [ xxxvi ] , [ xxxvii ] In a randomized trial of 118 Type 2 diabetic patients , curcumin ( 1,000 mg ) combined with piperine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weeks significantly improved adipokine levels ( a measure of obesity ) and decreased inflammation compared to the control group .
[ xxxviii ] A strong immune system helps your body fight infections and diseases , oxidative stress from environmental toxins and chemicals , or effects of chemotherapy , radiation and other drug treatments .
[ xxxix ] Piperine has been shown to prevent and mitigate autoimmune diseases [ xl ] like rheumatoid arthritis , [ xli ] , [ xlii ] lupus , [ xliii ] thyroid disorders [ xliv ] and psoriasis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ comparing piperine with curcumin in cell-damaged rats given a pesticide , piperine was better than curcumin under immunocompromised conditions due to its increased antioxidative , anti-apoptotic and chemoprotective properties .
[ xlvi ] Bacterial sepsis , a serious infection , decreased with piperine due to its significant inhibition of pyrotosis ( proinflammatory programmed cell death ) [ xlvii ] and systemic inflammation .
[ xlviii ] Black pepper should remain a dining staple and be valued for its many health advantages .
As a strong fighter for your brain , gut , heart @ @ @ @ @ @ @ immune system and inhibits inflammation .
For scientific studies about this powerhouse , see GreenMedInfo.com 's piperine database .
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[ xxxiii ] Yunes Panahi , Mahboobeh Sadat Hosseini , Nahid Khalili , Effat Naimi , Muhammed Majeed , Amirhossein Sahebkar .
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcuminoid-piperine combination in subjects with metabolic syndrome : A randomized controlled trial and an updated meta-analysis .
Clin Nutr .
2015 Jan 7 .
Epub 2015 Jan 7 .
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, Oh , D.H. , Choi , H.M. et al .
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Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Did you know that black pepper, with its potent compound called piperine, can positively affect your health?
Black pepper, one of the most commonly used spices in the world, may be underappreciated for its health benefits. Piperine, a powerful compound found in black pepper, has gastroprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties that keep you healthier.[i],[ii]
Five Advantages of the Pepper Powerhouse Piperine
1. Improves Gut Health
Grinding fresh peppercorns is the best way to gain the health advantages of piperine. Recent research shows piperine increases digestive efficiency, enzymes and gut health.[iii],[iv] In a mouse study, black pepper showed effectiveness for treating gastrointestinal disorders.[v]
In addition, piperine increased the small intestine's absorptive surface in a rat model, which suggests eating pepper may help more nutrients be released from the food you eat.[vi] In a mouse model, piperine reduced colon inflammation, a precursor to inflammatory bowel disease.[vii]
2. Protects Your Brain
Chronic inflammation plays a major role in the development of various neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and depression. Piperine protects your brain by targeting inflammatory pathways.[viii], [ix]
Dementia is often associated with age-related lapses in memory, selective attention and emotional processing,[x] extensive neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.[xi] Piperine dramatically improved these factors in an aging mouse research study, within four weeks.[xii]
Quercetin (25 milligrams (mg)) combined with piperine (2.5 mg) for 28 days significantly enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in an experimental Parkinson's rat model when compared to quercetin alone.[xiii]
In a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's rat model, piperine enhanced cognition. The rats increased their maze performance and path memory after taking piperine daily for two to three at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The improvements were similar to those achieved via 10 mg/kg of daily memantine, an Alzheimer's drug.[xiv]
A similar Alzheimer's mouse study showed piperine (2.5 to 10 mg/kg daily for 15 days) reversed oxidative stress, restored neurotransmissions, improved cognitive performance and reduced neuroinflammation.[xv] In another animal model, in addition to cognitive improvements, piperine restored the acetylcholinesterase enzyme balance affecting brain and muscle functions.[xvi]
In epilepsy research, piperine improved awareness, senses and mood. This chronic neurologic condition is characterized by seizures involving abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.[xvii] Antioxidant piperine inhibited monoamine oxidase, which lowers dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters, all linked to depression and anxiety,[xviii] and outperformed the antidepressant fluoxetine.[xix]
3. Anticancer
Cancer emerges from a microenvironment, where tumors and host cells evolve together, cells proliferate, grow and metabolize, and cause angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels) and hypoxia (low blood oxygen).[xx]
In their research reviews, scientists found that piperine was chemopreventive, antioxidant (detoxified enzymes and suppressed cancer stem cells), inhibited cancer cells (stemmed blood and oxygen flow) and lowered multidrug resistance. [xxi], [xxii]
Studying human prostate cancer cells, piperine effectively blocked voltage gated K channels, which regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell death).[xxiii] In another human in vitro study, piperine was an antitumor agent in lung cancer without host toxicity.[xxiv]
Piperine demonstrated strong antitumor and antimetastatic effects through in vitro studies of human breast, [xxv] liver and lung cancer cells by inhibiting important signaling pathways and disrupting tumor progression.[xxvi]
In a colorectal cancer animal study, piperine enhanced curcumin's effectiveness. Cancer-fighting enzymes increased fourfold with curcumin but sixfold with piperine and curcumin together, achieving a 50% cancer cell reduction.[xxvii] Combined piperine-curcumin positively affected breast cancer cell growth too.[xxviii]
4. Helps Prevent Heart Disease
Targeting metabolic syndrome , which involves the combined risks of obesity, high blood pressure, imbalanced cholesterol and diabetes, is one approach to preventing coronary heart disease.[xxix] Research on piperine shows strong cardioprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[xxx]
Modelling human metabolic syndrome, scientists fed rats a high carbohydrate, high fat diet for 16 weeks and the animals developed high blood pressure, elevated oxidative stress and inflammation-induced cardiac changes, along with reduced responsiveness of aortic rings, impaired glucose tolerance and abdominal obesity together with liver fibrosis, fat deposits and increased plasma liver enzymes.
Piperine (30 mg) treatment improved all of these markers.[xxxi],[xxxii] In a human trial of 117 metabolic syndrome subjects, a daily curcuminoid (1 gram)-piperine (10 mg) combination for eight weeks significantly improved oxidative stress and inflammatory status.[xxxiii]
In a chemically-induced Type 2 diabetes rat model, piperine and quercetin were significant bioavailability enhancers of curcumin as a treatment to reduce plasma glucose and lipid profile and improve diabetic control over curcumin alone or the diabetes drug glibenclamide.[xxxiv]
Previous animal and in vitro studies showed piperine as an effective treatment for obesity, high cholesterol and Type 2 diabetes.[xxxv],[xxxvi],[xxxvii] In a randomized trial of 118 Type 2 diabetic patients, curcumin (1,000 mg) combined with piperine (10 mg) daily over 12 weeks significantly improved adipokine levels (a measure of obesity) and decreased inflammation compared to the control group.[xxxviii]
5. Boosts Immune System
A strong immune system helps your body fight infections and diseases, oxidative stress from environmental toxins and chemicals, or effects of chemotherapy, radiation and other drug treatments.[xxxix] Piperine has been shown to prevent and mitigate autoimmune diseases[xl] like rheumatoid arthritis,[xli],[xlii] lupus,[xliii] thyroid disorders[xliv] and psoriasis.[xlv]
In a study comparing piperine with curcumin in cell-damaged rats given a pesticide, piperine was better than curcumin under immunocompromised conditions due to its increased antioxidative, anti-apoptotic and chemoprotective properties.[xlvi]
Bacterial sepsis, a serious infection, decreased with piperine due to its significant inhibition of pyrotosis (proinflammatory programmed cell death)[xlvii] and systemic inflammation.[xlviii]
Power of Piperine in Black Pepper
Black pepper should remain a dining staple and be valued for its many health advantages. As a strong fighter for your brain, gut, heart and entire body, piperine boosts your immune system and inhibits inflammation. For scientific studies about this powerhouse, see GreenMedInfo.com's piperine database.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Beneficial effects of olive oil and Mediterranean diet on cancer physio-pathology and incidence.

Virgin olive oil is a characteristic component and the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet .
It is @ @ @ @ @ compounds , including monounsaturated fatty acids ( mainly oleic acid ) , simple phenols ( @ @ @ @ @ ) , secoiridoids ( such as oleuropein , oleocanthal ) , flavonoids , and terpenoids @ @ @ @ @ .
Olive oil consumption has been shown to improve different aspects of human health and @ @ @ @ @ lower risk of cancer .
However , the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in such effects @ @ @ @ @ but seem to be related to a promotion of apoptosis , modulation of epigenetic patterns @ @ @ @ @ , and angiogenesis regulation .
The aim of this review is to update the current @ @ @ @ @ the Mediterranean diet , olive oil consumption and its main components .
In addition , @ @ @ @ @ oil components involved in anticarcinogenic mechanisms and pathways according to experimental models is also addressed @

Virgin olive oil is a characteristic component and the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet. It is a mix of high-value health compounds, including monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid), simple phenols (such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol), secoiridoids (such as oleuropein, oleocanthal), flavonoids, and terpenoids (such as squalene). Olive oil consumption has been shown to improve different aspects of human health and has been associated with a lower risk of cancer. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in such effects are still poorly defined, but seem to be related to a promotion of apoptosis, modulation of epigenetic patterns, blockade of cell cycle, and angiogenesis regulation. The aim of this review is to update the current associations of cancer risk with the Mediterranean diet, olive oil consumption and its main components. In addition, the identification of key olive oil components involved in anticarcinogenic mechanisms and pathways according to experimental models is also addressed.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--This is the first report on the promotion of abdominal pain relief in a rat model obtained administe

This is the first report on the promotion of abdominal pain relief in a rat model obtained administering extra virgin olive oil.

Management of abdominal pain , a common symptom of IBDs and IBS , is still a clinical problem .
Extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) , a main component of the Mediterranean diet , shows positive effects on chronic inflammation in IBDs .
In this study , the effect of the oral administration of EVOO ( 3 mL ) and two olive milling by-products , DPA ( 300 mg kg-1 ) and DRF ( 300 mg kg-1 ) , on preventing the development of abdominal pain in a DNBS-induced colitis model in rats was evaluated .
The doses were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ plausible daily intake in humans .
DPA and EVOO treatments significantly reduced the abdominal viscero-motor response to colon-rectal distension at 2 and 3 mL of balloon distension volume , both 7 and 14 days after the DNBS-injection .
DRF showed efficacy in the reduction of visceral hypersensitivity only with 3 mL balloon inflation .
In awake animals , DPA and DRF reduced pain perception ( evaluated as abdominal withdrawal reflex ) with all balloon distension volumes , while EVOO was effective only with higher distension volumes .
Fourteen days after the DNBS-injection , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( quantified as the macroscopic damage score ) also showing , at the microscopic level , a reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate ( quantified by hematoxylin and eosin analysis ) , fibrosis ( highlighted by picrosirius red staining ) , the increase in mast cells and their degranulation ( analyzed by triptase immunohistochemistry ) .
This is the first report on the promotion of abdominal pain relief in a rat model obtained administering EVOO and two derived by-products .
Our results suggest a protective role of phenol-rich EVOO and milling by-products , which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ novel functional foods .

Management of abdominal pain, a common symptom of IBDs and IBS, is still a clinical problem. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a main component of the Mediterranean diet, shows positive effects on chronic inflammation in IBDs. In this study, the effect of the oral administration of EVOO (3 mL) and two olive milling by-products, DPA (300 mg kg-1) and DRF (300 mg kg-1), on preventing the development of abdominal pain in a DNBS-induced colitis model in rats was evaluated. The doses were chosen with the aim of simulating a plausible daily intake in humans. DPA and EVOO treatments significantly reduced the abdominal viscero-motor response to colon-rectal distension at 2 and 3 mL of balloon distension volume, both 7 and 14 days after the DNBS-injection. DRF showed efficacy in the reduction of visceral hypersensitivity only with 3 mL balloon inflation. In awake animals, DPA and DRF reduced pain perception (evaluated as abdominal withdrawal reflex) with all balloon distension volumes, while EVOO was effective only with higher distension volumes. Fourteen days after the DNBS-injection, all samples reduced the macroscopic intestinal damage (quantified as the macroscopic damage score) also showing, at the microscopic level, a reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate (quantified by hematoxylin and eosin analysis), fibrosis (highlighted by picrosirius red staining), the increase in mast cells and their degranulation (analyzed by triptase immunohistochemistry). This is the first report on the promotion of abdominal pain relief in a rat model obtained administering EVOO and two derived by-products. Our results suggest a protective role of phenol-rich EVOO and milling by-products, which may be proposed as food ingredients for novel functional foods.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--A diet with more pro-inflammatory potential was associated with a greater odds of sarcopenia.

BACKGROUND : Despite a large body of evidence on the link between dietary inflammatory index ( DII ) and several chronic conditions , limited data are available about the association of DII and sarcopenia .
This study aimed to examine the relationship between inflammatory potential of the diet ( as measured by DII ) and sarcopenia and its components among community-dwelling elderly population .
METHODS : This population-based cross-sectional study was performed in 2011 among 300 elderly people ( 150 men and 150 women ) aged≥55 years , who were selected using cluster random sampling method .
Dietary assessment was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Energy-adjusted DII was calculated based on earlier studies .
Sarcopenia and its components were determined based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia ( EWGSOP ) definition .
RESULTS : Mean age of study participants was 66.7 ± 7.7 y .
Subjects in the highest tertile of DII score ( i.e .
those with a more pro-inflammatory diet ) were more likely to be older ( P = 0.02 ) .
The prevalence of sarcopenia ( P = 0.016 ) and low muscle mass ( P = 0.041 ) was significantly higher @ @ @ @ @ @ @ those in the bottom tertile of DII .
After adjustment for potential confounders , those with the highest DII were 2.18 times ( 95 % CI : 1.01-4.74 ) more likely to have sarcopenia than those with the lowest DII .
With regard to components of sarcopenia , subjects in the top tertile of DII had not significantly greater odds of low muscle mass ( OR : 1.38 ; 95 % CI : 0.72-2.63 ) , abnormal handgrip strength ( OR : 0.97 ; 95 % CI : 0.49-1.89 ) , and abnormal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 95 % CI : 0.84-3.08 ) than those in the bottom tertile .
CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion , a diet with more pro-inflammatory potential was associated with a greater odds of sarcopenia .
Further studies are required to confirm these findings .

BACKGROUND: Despite a large body of evidence on the link between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and several chronic conditions, limited data are available about the association of DII and sarcopenia. This study aimed to examine the relationship between inflammatory potential of the diet (as measured by DII) and sarcopenia and its components among community-dwelling elderly population.
METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study was performed in 2011 among 300 elderly people (150 men and 150 women) aged≥55 years, who were selected using cluster random sampling method. Dietary assessment was done using a pre-tested food frequency questionnaire. Energy-adjusted DII was calculated based on earlier studies. Sarcopenia and its components were determined based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) definition.
RESULTS: Mean age of study participants was 66.7 ± 7.7 y. Subjects in the highest tertile of DII score (i.e. those with a more pro-inflammatory diet) were more likely to be older (P = 0.02). The prevalence of sarcopenia (P = 0.016) and low muscle mass (P = 0.041) was significantly higher among subjects in the top tertile comparedwith those in the bottom tertile of DII. After adjustment for potential confounders, those with the highest DII were 2.18 times (95% CI: 1.01-4.74) more likely to have sarcopenia than those with the lowest DII. With regard to components of sarcopenia, subjects in the top tertile of DII had not significantly greater odds of low muscle mass (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.72-2.63), abnormal handgrip strength (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.49-1.89), and abnormal gait speed (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 0.84-3.08) than those in the bottom tertile.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a diet with more pro-inflammatory potential was associated with a greater odds of sarcopenia. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Dietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk.

BACKGROUND : Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) development .
Diet modulates inflammation ; however , it remains unknown whether dietary patterns with higher inflammatory potential are associated with long-term CVD risk .
OBJECTIVES : This study sought to examine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased CVD risk .
METHODS : We prospectively followed 74,578 women from the Nurses ' Health Study ( NHS ) ( 1984-2016 ) , 91,656 women from the NHSII ( 1991-2015 ) , and 43,911 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1986-2016 ) who were free of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was assessed by food frequency questionnaires every 4 years .
The inflammatory potential of diet was evaluated using a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern ( EDIP ) score that was pre-defined based on levels of 3 systemic inflammatory biomarkers .
RESULTS : During 5,291,518 person-years of follow-up , we documented 15,837 incident CVD cases , including 9,794 coronary heart disease ( CHD ) cases and 6,174 strokes .
In pooled analyses of the 3 cohorts , after adjustment for use of anti-inflammatory medications and CVD risk factors including body mass index , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by higher EDIP scores , was associated with an increased risk of CVD ( hazard ratio [ HR ] comparing the highest to lowest quintiles : 1.38 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1.31 to 1.46 ; p for trend < 0.001 ) , CHD ( HR : 1.46 ; 95 % CI : 1.36 to 1.56 ; p for trend < 0.001 ) , and stroke ( HR : 1.28 ; 95 % CI : 1.17- to 1.39 ; p for trend < 0.001 ) .
These associations were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and they remained significant after further adjustment for other dietary quality indices .
In a subset of study participants ( n = 33,719 ) , a higher EDIP was associated with a higher circulating profile of proinflammatory biomarkers , lower levels of adiponectin , and an unfavorable blood lipid profile ( p CONCLUSIONS : Dietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk .
Reducing the inflammatory potential of the diet may potentially provide an effective strategy for CVD prevention .

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diet modulates inflammation; however, it remains unknown whether dietary patterns with higher inflammatory potential are associated with long-term CVD risk.
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased CVD risk.
METHODS: We prospectively followed 74,578 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1984-2016), 91,656 women from the NHSII (1991-2015), and 43,911 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. The inflammatory potential of diet was evaluated using a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score that was pre-defined based on levels of 3 systemic inflammatory biomarkers.
RESULTS: During 5,291,518 person-years of follow-up, we documented 15,837 incident CVD cases, including 9,794 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and 6,174 strokes. In pooled analyses of the 3 cohorts, after adjustment for use of anti-inflammatory medications and CVD risk factors including body mass index, a higher dietary inflammatory potential, as indicated by higher EDIP scores, was associated with an increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] comparing the highest to lowest quintiles: 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31 to 1.46; p for trend <0.001), CHD (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.36 to 1.56; p for trend <0.001), and stroke (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17- to 1.39; p for trend <0.001). These associations were consistent across cohorts and between sexes, and they remained significant after further adjustment for other dietary quality indices. In a subset of study participants (n = 33,719), a higher EDIP was associated with a higher circulating profile of proinflammatory biomarkers, lower levels of adiponectin, and an unfavorable blood lipid profile (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk. Reducing the inflammatory potential of the diet may potentially provide an effective strategy for CVD prevention.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Effect of walnut oil on intestinal antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and gut microbiota modu

Effect of walnut oil on intestinal antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and gut microbiota modulation.

The study investigated the anti-oxidant , anti-inflammatory , immunity , and gut microbiota modulation in mice ( n = 60 ; 15 mice/group ) after intragastric administration of walnut oil ( WO ; three groups ( low ( LD ) , medium ( MD ) , and high doses ( HD ) : 2.5 , 5 , and 10 ml/kg , respectively ) and normal control ( NC , saline ) .
WO significantly increased the median villous height/crypt depth ( VH/CD ) ratio , the activitiesof superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effects by decreasing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) in the duodenal mucosa .
All groups shared 157 operational taxonomic units ( OTUs ; 97 % similarity ) representing nine phyla .
The relative abundance in gut microbiota shifted from more pathogenic bacteria-Helicobacter ( NC : 22 % versus MD : 3 % ) toward probiotic-Lactobacillus ( NC : 19 % versus MD : 40 % ) .
The immune organ index ( spleen ) and contents of secretory immunoglobulin A ( S-IgA ) were increased from smallintestine .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , inflammation , and improved the immunity and beneficial gut microbiota in the mice .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Walnut oil ( WO ) is widely used in traditional medicine around the world and is prescribed as beneficial food oil in agro-industry .
However , the intestinal benefits of WO have not been explored extensively , and even its therapeutic mechanism still remains unknown in modern medicine .
In this study , WO from Juglans sigillata was investigated for its preventive and protective effects on the intestinal mucosa in mice including anti-oxidant , anti-inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
WO decreased the oxidative stress , inflammation , and improved immunity and beneficial gut microbiota in the mice .
WO has shown strong probiotic effect on the gut , and thus , can be considered as a potential candidate in food .
The study outcome would enhance utilization of WO for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases ( e.g.
, Helicobacter , etc . )
both in animals and human ( inflammatory bowel diseases , IBD ) and the formulation of functional foods .

The study investigated the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and gut microbiota modulation in mice (n = 60; 15 mice/group) after intragastric administration of walnut oil (WO; three groups (low (LD), medium (MD), and high doses (HD): 2.5, 5, and 10 ml/kg, respectively) and normal control (NC, saline). WO significantly increased the median villous height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio, the activitiesof superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in intestinal mucosa. WO exerted the anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the duodenal mucosa. All groups shared 157 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% similarity) representing nine phyla. The relative abundance in gut microbiota shifted from more pathogenic bacteria-Helicobacter (NC: 22% versus MD: 3%) toward probiotic-Lactobacillus (NC: 19% versus MD: 40%). The immune organ index (spleen) and contents of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) were increased from smallintestine. In conclusion, WO decreased the oxidative stress, inflammation, and improved the immunity and beneficial gut microbiota in the mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Walnut oil (WO) is widely used in traditional medicine around the world and is prescribed as beneficial food oil in agro-industry. However, the intestinal benefits of WO have not been explored extensively, and even its therapeutic mechanism still remains unknown in modern medicine. In this study, WO from Juglans sigillata was investigated for its preventive and protective effects on the intestinal mucosa in mice including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and gut microbiota modulation. WO decreased the oxidative stress, inflammation, and improved immunity and beneficial gut microbiota in the mice. WO has shown strong probiotic effect on the gut, and thus, can be considered as a potential candidate in food. The study outcome would enhance utilization of WO for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., Helicobacter, etc.) both in animals and human (inflammatory bowel diseases, IBD) and the formulation of functional foods.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Alpha-linolenic acid helped in controlling glycaemia in rats induced to T2DM.

The omega 3 fatty acids ( ω3FA ) have been recommended for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2DM ) and its complications , but there are studies questioning those beneficial effects .
In this research , we supplemented the short-chain ω3FA , alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , to a model of rats with T2DM and normoglycemic controls , for 5 months .
We were mainly interested in studying the effects of diabetes and ALA on the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes and the consequences on mitochondrial respiration .
We found that the Respiratory Control ( RC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lower than in control rats ; in diabetic rats with ALA supplement , it was only 23.9 % lower , but in control rats with ALA supplement , the RC was 29.5 % higher , apparently improving .
Diabetes also decreased the membrane fluidity , changed the thermotropic characteristics of membranes , and increased the proportion of saturated fattyacids .
ALA supplement partially kept regulated the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes in induced rats .
Our data indicate that diabetes decreased the membrane fluidity through changes in the fatty acids composition that simultaneously @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the mitochondrial respiration is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the membranes .
Simultaneously , it was followed the effects of ALA on the progress of diabetes and we found also that the supplementation of ALA helped in controlling glycaemia in rats induced to T2DM ; however , in control non-induced rats , the supplementation of ALA derived in characteristics of initial development of diabetes .

The omega 3 fatty acids (ω3FA) have been recommended for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, but there are studies questioning those beneficial effects. In this research, we supplemented the short-chain ω3FA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), to a model of rats with T2DM and normoglycemic controls, for 5 months. We were mainly interested in studying the effects of diabetes and ALA on the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes and the consequences on mitochondrial respiration. We found that the Respiratory Control (RC) of diabetic rats was 46% lower than in control rats;in diabetic rats with ALA supplement, it was only 23.9% lower, but in control rats with ALA supplement, the RC was 29.5% higher, apparently improving. Diabetes also decreased the membrane fluidity, changed the thermotropic characteristics of membranes, and increased the proportion of saturated fattyacids. ALA supplement partially kept regulated the physicochemical properties of mitochondrial membranes in induced rats. Our data indicate that diabetes decreased the membrane fluidity through changes in the fatty acids composition that simultaneously affected the RC, which means that the mitochondrial respiration is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the membranes. Simultaneously, it was followed the effects of ALA on the progress of diabetes and we found also that the supplementation of ALA helped in controlling glycaemia in rats induced to T2DM; however, in control non-induced rats, the supplementation of ALA derived in characteristics of initial development of diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Effects of nano-α-linolenic acid and miR-146 on mice with viral myocarditis.

Micro RNA-146 ( miR-146 ) is involved in mediating many innate and adaptive immune and inflammatory responses in the body .
It is associated with a variety of systemic inflammation or autoimmune diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , and type 2 diabetes .
In recent years , microRNAs ( miRNAs ) and nanotechnology have become research hotspots in cardiovascular pathology .
The close relationship between host miRNAs andhas gradually been discovered by scientists , which may provide new directions for the treatment and prevention of viral myocarditis .
At the same time , recent studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acid and its metabolites can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-and IL-17 ; At the same time , they also have anti-lipid peroxidation effects .
Therefore , in order to further explore the role of miR-146 and nano -- linolenic acid in the occurrence and development of viral myocarditis , in this study , a mouse model of viral myocarditis was used to establish a VMC mouse model using .
Intervention with different doses of nano -- linolenic acid , the control group was injected with the same amount of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in cardiac function and inflammation indexes were compared to evaluate the role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis .
The results showed that this study suggested that serum miR-146 concentration in viral myocarditis mice is increased and is positively correlated with serum IL-17 and TNF-concentrations .
This suggest that miR-146 in the circulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis through IL-17 and TNF- , providing a theoretical basis for the role of miR-146 in viral myocarditis , but its specific mechanism of action needs to be further studied .
At @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this experiment showed that nano -- linolenic acid significantly improves the survival rate of CVB3 infected mice and reduces myocardial damage .
And with the increase of the dosage of nano -- linolenic acid , the effect is more significant , showing a significant dose-effect relationship .

Micro RNA-146 (miR-146) is involved in mediating many innate and adaptive immune and inflammatory responses in the body. It is associated with a variety of systemic inflammation or autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) and nanotechnology have become research hotspots in cardiovascular pathology. The close relationship between host miRNAs andhas gradually been discovered by scientists, which may provide new directions for the treatment and prevention of viral myocarditis. At the same time, recent studies have also found that nano--linolenic acid and its metabolites can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-and IL-17; At the same time, they also have anti-lipid peroxidation effects. Therefore, in order to further explore the role of miR-146 and nano--linolenic acid in the occurrence and development of viral myocarditis, in this study, a mouse model of viral myocarditis was used to establish a VMC mouse model using. Intervention with different doses of nano--linolenic acid, the control group was injected with the same amount of sodium chloride buffer, and the changes in cardiac function and inflammation indexes were compared to evaluate the role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. The results showed that this study suggested that serum miR-146 concentration in viral myocarditis mice is increased and is positively correlated with serum IL-17 and TNF-concentrations. This suggest that miR-146 in the circulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis through IL-17 and TNF-, providing a theoretical basis for the role of miR-146 in viral myocarditis, but its specific mechanism of action needs to be further studied. At the same time, the research in this experiment showed that nano--linolenic acid significantly improves the survival rate of CVB3 infected mice and reduces myocardial damage. And with the increase of the dosage of nano--linolenic acid, the effect is more significant, showing a significant dose-effect relationship.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Dietary and plasma blood α-linolenic acid as modulators of fat oxidation and predictors of aerobic p

Dietary and plasma blood α-linolenic acid as modulators of fat oxidation and predictors of aerobic performance.

BACKGROUND : Among n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) , the most important isα-linolenic acid ( ALA ) .
The biological activity of ALA is not equivalent to that of the long-chain n-3 PUFAs , and it has pleiotropic effects , such as functioning as an energy substrate during long-term training when carbohydrate reserves are depleted .
The purpose of this investigation was to studythe link between the essential dietary and plasma ALA and aerobic performance , which is estimated via maximal fat oxidation ( MFO ) , among skiers .
METHODS : Twenty-four highly trained male athletes from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the study .
ALA intake was determined by an original program used to assess the actual amount and frequency of fat consumption .
The plasma level of ALA was determined using gas-liquid chromatography .
The skiers ' aerobic performance was estimated via MFO and determined by indirect calorimetry using the system '' Oxycon Pro '' .
RESULTS : The consumption of ALA in the diet in half of the skiers was below the recommended level at 0.5 ± 0.2 g/day .
The deficiency of plasma ALA levels was on average 0.2 ± 0.1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The consumption of ALA in the diet and its level in plasma were associated with MFO ( r = 0.507 , p = 0.011 ; r = 0.460 , p = 0.023 ) .
Levels of ALA in plasma ( p = 0.0523 ) and the consumption of ALA in the diet ( p = 0.0039 ) were associated with high aerobic performance .
CONCLUSIONS : ALA in the diet of the athletes may be used as nutritional support to increase MFO and aerobic performance .

BACKGROUND: Among n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the most important isα-linolenic acid (ALA). The biological activity of ALA is not equivalent to that of the long-chain n-3 PUFAs, and it has pleiotropic effects, such as functioning as an energy substrate during long-term training when carbohydrate reserves are depleted. The purpose of this investigation was to studythe link between the essential dietary and plasma ALA and aerobic performance, which is estimated via maximal fat oxidation (MFO), among skiers.
METHODS: Twenty-four highly trained male athletes from the Russian cross-country skiing team participated in the study. ALA intake was determined by an original program used to assess the actual amount and frequency of fat consumption. The plasma level of ALA was determined using gas-liquid chromatography. The skiers' aerobic performance was estimated via MFO and determined by indirect calorimetry using the system"Oxycon Pro".
RESULTS: The consumption of ALA in the diet in half of the skiers was below the recommended level at 0.5 ± 0.2 g/day. The deficiency of plasma ALA levels was on average 0.2 ± 0.1 Mol% for almost all participants. The consumption of ALA in the diet and its level in plasma were associated with MFO (r = 0.507, p = 0.011; r = 0.460, p = 0.023). Levels of ALA in plasma (p = 0.0523) and the consumption of ALA in the diet (p = 0.0039) were associated with high aerobic performance.
CONCLUSIONS: ALA in the diet of the athletes may be used as nutritional support to increase MFO and aerobic performance.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--NAC can effectively reduce the oxidative status and increase the pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels i

NAC can effectively reduce the oxidative status and increase the pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels in children with β-thalassemia major.

Background : β-Thalassemias are characterized by the presence of mutations in the globin gene that result in the absence or reduced synthesis of β-globin chains of the hemoglobin tetramer .
Several studies have reported increased oxidative stress in β-thalassemia major ( β-TM ) patients .
N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) , a derivative of L-cysteine amino acid , is commonly used as a mucolytic drug .
Numerous studies have reported efficient antioxidant activity of NAC .
Purpose : To evaluate the effects of NAC on oxidative stress status and hemoglobin levels in children withβ-TM .
Methods : This study was conducted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hundredβ-TM patients were divided into two groups : 50 received NAC 10 mg/kg orally for 3 months ( treatment group ) , while the other 50 received no treatment ( non-treatment group ) .
Total oxidant status ( TOS ) , total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , oxidative stress index ( OSI ) , and hemoglobin ( Hb ) and ferritin levels were measured and compared between groups .
Results : At the end of the study period , Hb and TAC levels were significantly higher in the treatment group than in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NAC can effectively reduce the oxidative status and increase the pre-transfusion Hb levels in children withβ-TM .
Furthermore , NAC could reduce iron overload in these patients .

Background: β-Thalassemias are characterized by the presence of mutations in the globin gene that result in the absence or reduced synthesis of β-globin chains of the hemoglobin tetramer. Several studies have reported increased oxidative stress in β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients. N-acetylcysteine (NAC),a derivative of L-cysteine amino acid, is commonly used as a mucolytic drug. Numerous studies have reported efficient antioxidant activity of NAC.
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of NAC on oxidative stress status and hemoglobin levels in children withβ-TM.
Methods: This study was conducted between June and December 2019. One hundredβ-TM patients were divided into two groups: 50 received NAC 10 mg/kg orally for 3 months (treatment group), while the other 50 received no treatment (non-treatment group). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), and hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin levels were measured and compared between groups.
Results: At the end of the study period, Hb and TAC levels were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the non-treatment group (P<.001 and .01, respectively). On the other hand, serum ferritin levels, TOS, and OSI were significantly lower (P = .004, .01, and .001, respectively) in the treatment group.
Conclusion: NAC can effectively reduce the oxidative status and increase the pre-transfusion Hb levels in children withβ-TM. Furthermore, NAC could reduce iron overload in these patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Emodin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effects of emodin on inflammation and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and reveal its underlying mechanism .
METHODS : 3- ( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -5- ( 3-carboxymethoxyphenyl ) -2- ( 4-sulfophenyl ) -2H-tetrazolium ( MTS ) assay was conducted to find the appropriate dose for emodin .
RAW264.7 cells pretreated with different concentrations ( 0-50μmol/L ) of emodin or vehicle for 2 h prior to exposure to LPS for 16 h. Cell morphology was examined and propidium iodide staining was used to examine cell cycle .
Expressions of inflammation-related proteins [ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ I-kappaB ( I κ B ) α ] and autophagy-related proteins [ light chain ( LC ) 3 , P62/sequestosome 1 , mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) , and p-mTOR ] were examined using Western blot analysis .
Expression of inflammation-related cytokines including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α , interleukin ( IL ) -1β and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Autophagy was examined with LC3B fluorescence intensity and aggregation .
The effect of emodin on autophagy was conducted with an autophagy inhibitor , 3-methyladenine ( 3-MA ) .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ in LPS-induced cells was significantly increased ( P < 0.01 ) and simultaneously Iκ B α decreased compared with the normal cell ( P < 0.05 ) .
The expressions of TNF-α , IL-β , and IL-6 proteins in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were significantly higher than in the normal cell ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 ) .
LPS increased the percentage of cells in the G/Gphase , which was recovered by emodin at different doses ( 12.5 , 25 , and 50μ mol/L , P < 0.05 or P @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 25μ ml/L ) emodin decreased the expressions of NF-κ B , P62 and p-mTOR ( P < 0.01 ) and increased Iκ B α expression , LC3B II/I ratio as well as LC3B fluorescence intensity ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 ) .
Meanwhile , the enhanced autophagic effects of emodin , such as the increment of LC3B II/ratio and the decrement of P62 expression , were suppressed by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA .
CONCLUSION : Emodin could inhibit inflammation of mice RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS , possibly through activating autophagy @

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of emodin on inflammation and autophagy in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and reveal its underlying mechanism.
METHODS: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was conducted to find the appropriate dose for emodin. RAW264.7 cells pretreated with different concentrations (0-50μmol/L) of emodin or vehicle for 2 h prior to exposure to LPS for 16 h. Cell morphology was examined and propidium iodide staining was used to examine cell cycle. Expressions of inflammation-related proteins [nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κ B) and I-kappaB (I κ B)α] and autophagy-related proteins [light chain (LC)3, P62/sequestosome 1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-mTOR] were examined using Western blot analysis. Expression of inflammation-related cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Autophagy was examined with LC3B fluorescence intensity and aggregation. The effect of emodin on autophagy was conducted with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA).
RESULTS: The expression of NF-κ B in LPS-induced cells was significantly increased (P<0.01) and simultaneously Iκ B α decreased compared with the normal cell (P<0.05). The expressions of TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6 proteins in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells were significantly higher than in the normal cell (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LPS increased the percentage of cells in the G/Gphase, which was recovered by emodin at different doses (12.5, 25, and 50μ mol/L, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The medium-dose (25μ ml/L) emodin decreased the expressions of NF-κ B, P62 and p-mTOR (P<0.01) and increased Iκ B α expression, LC3B II/I ratio as well as LC3B fluorescence intensity (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, the enhanced autophagic effects of emodin, such as the increment of LC3B II/ratio and the decrement of P62 expression, were suppressed by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA.
CONCLUSION: Emodin could inhibit inflammation of mice RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, possibly through activating autophagy.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--N-Acetylcysteine could be used in the management of bacterial spot of tomato caused by copper-resist

N-Acetylcysteine could be used in the management of bacterial spot of tomato caused by copper-resistant Xanthomonas perforans.

Bacterial spot caused byspp .
is one of the major diseases in tomato.is the main pathogen of bacterial spot on tomato in Florida .
Currently , application of copper fungicides is the primary measure used to manage this disease .
However , the development of copper resistance inand accumulation of copper in the environment are major concerns for excessive use of copper-based products in agriculture .
Due to its antibacterial properties and low environmental impact , N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) , a small molecule commonly used in medicine for human bacterial diseases , has been studied in agriculture for the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
This study evaluated the effect of NAC alone and in combination with copper on a copper-resistantstrain in vitro and its ability to control bacterial spot of tomato under greenhouse and field conditions .
In vitro , the minimum inhibitory concentration of NAC against thestrain was 2,048 mg liter .
NAC increased sensitivity of the copper-resistantto copper in vitro when application of NAC was followed by copper application after 6 h. In greenhouse assays , NAC applied alone or in combination with copper significantly ( < 0.05 ) reduced the disease severity of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ untreated control .
NAC at 100 mg liter+ copper at 300 mg literconsistently exhibited synergistic effects against bacterial spot .
In the field trials , NAC at 1,000 mg liter+ copper at 150 mg litersignificantly reduced disease severity compared with the untreated control .
Results from this study demonstrated that NAC significantly reduced the disease severity of bacterial spot of tomato and enhanced the efficacy of copper against copper-resistant , indicating that NAC could be applied for the effective management of bacterial spot of tomato .

Bacterial spot caused byspp. is one of the major diseases in tomato.is the main pathogen of bacterial spot on tomato in Florida. Currently, application of copper fungicides is the primary measure used to manage this disease. However, the development of copper resistance inand accumulation of copper in the environment are major concerns for excessive use of copper-based products in agriculture. Due to its antibacterial properties and low environmental impact, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a small molecule commonly used in medicine for human bacterial diseases, has been studied in agriculture for the control of plant bacterial pathogens, includingand. This study evaluated the effect of NAC alone and in combination with copper on a copper-resistantstrain in vitro and its ability to control bacterial spot of tomato under greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration of NAC against thestrain was 2,048 mg liter. NAC increased sensitivity of the copper-resistantto copper in vitro when application of NAC was followed by copper application after 6 h. In greenhouse assays, NAC applied alone or in combination with copper significantly (<0.05) reduced the disease severity of bacterial spot on tomato compared with the untreated control. NAC at 100 mg liter+ copper at 300 mg literconsistently exhibited synergistic effects against bacterial spot. In the field trials, NAC at 1,000 mg liter+ copper at 150 mg litersignificantly reduced disease severity compared with the untreated control. Results from this study demonstrated that NAC significantly reduced the disease severity of bacterial spot of tomato and enhanced the efficacy of copper against copper-resistant, indicating that NAC could be applied for the effective management of bacterial spot of tomato.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--N-acetylcysteine to combat COVID-19: An evidence review.

The novel coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) is caused by a virus ( SARS-Cov-2 ) and is known for inducing @ @ @ @ @ significant morbidity and mortality .
Current therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 have failed to effectively reduce @ @ @ @ @ elderly patients .
A newly developed vaccine against SARS-Cov-2 has been reported to induce the @ @ @ @ @ young volunteers .
However , the vaccine has shown limited benefit in the elderly , @ @ @ @ @ .
As a result , exploring new applications of existing medications could potentially provide valuable @ @ @ @ @ ( NAC ) has been used in clinical practice to treat critically ill septic patients @ @ @ @ @ COVID-19 patients .
NAC has antioxidant , anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating characteristics that may prove beneficial @ @ @ @ @ of SARS-Cov-2 .
This review offers a thorough analysis of NAC and discusses its potential @ @ @ @ @ .

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a virus (SARS-Cov-2) and is known for inducing multisystem organ dysfunction associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 have failed to effectively reduce mortality rate, especially for elderly patients. A newly developed vaccine against SARS-Cov-2 has been reported to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies in young volunteers. However, the vaccine has shown limited benefit in the elderly, suggesting an age-dependent immune response. As a result, exploring new applications of existing medications could potentially provide valuable treatments for COVID-19. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used in clinical practice to treat critically ill septic patients, and more recently for COVID-19 patients. NAC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating characteristics that may prove beneficial in the treatment and prevention of SARS-Cov-2. This review offers a thorough analysis of NAC and discusses its potential use for treatment of COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-01--Three-Spice Combo Improves Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis

Turmeric extract , when combined with gingerols in ginger and piperine in black pepper , shows promise for addressing osteoarthritis , with results similar to those achieved by a common anti-inflammatory medication Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder that is the leading cause of disability in the elderly and a major contributor to chronic , debilitating pain .
[ i ] It is a challenging disease with limited treatment options .
While medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , acetaminophen and opioids are widely used to relieve osteoarthritis pain , they usually come with side effects and are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ underlies this condition .
This has positioned curcumin , the active ingredient in the spice turmeric , as a strategic way to address the inflammation and protect the joints .
A study further investigated curcumin and its effectiveness for knee osteoarthritis when paired with beneficial ingredients in ginger and black pepper , with promising results .
[ ii ] Spice Combo Works as Well as Drug Treatment An August 2020 study investigated curcumin when combined with gingerols in ginger and piperine in black pepper , which may enhance and sustain its effect against @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Naproxen .
[ iii ] The study subjects were randomly assigned to receive turmeric extract , ginger and black pepper together or Naproxen for four weeks .
The results indicate that taking the three-spice combo twice daily for four weeks improved prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) , a primary inflammatory mediator in osteoarthritis , levels similar to Naproxen .
PGE2 decreased significantly in both groups , without any substantial difference between them .
A previous study found that over half of osteoarthritis pain studies and more than 80 % of industry-funded ones used @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
[ iv ] This despite the fact that the disorder and resulting chronic pain are progressive and represent a long-term burden on patients and health care systems .
Previous studies have also explored the role of curcumin in treating osteoarthritis .
In one study involving patients with moderately severe symptoms that required treatment with an NSAID , the subjects were given the NSAID diclofenac -- 50 milligrams ( mg ) twice daily -- or curcumin , 500 mg three times daily .
[ v ] Both treatments relieved arthritis symptoms and helped @ @ @ @ @ @ @ users reporting fewer side effects .
There has been growing public awareness of the adverse effects linked to synthetic painkillers , thus providing the need for natural and evidence-based alternatives .
Here are four clinically validated , natural alternatives that are worth considering for osteoarthritis and other sources of chronic pain : • Arnica -- In a 2007 study , topically applied arnica was found to be as effective as ibuprofen for relieving symptoms due to osteoarthritis of the wrist .
[ vi ] It also led to fewer side effects .
• @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thyme extract worked as effectively as ibuprofen in decreasing pain and spasm symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea , or menstrual cramps .
[ vii ] • Omega-3 fatty acids -- In a 2006 study , omega-3 supplementation reduced neck and back pain patients ’ need for pain medications , along with improving their overall pain and joint pain .
[ viii ] The subjects saw results consistent with previous research , indicating outcomes at least as effective as ibuprofen .
• Cinnamon -- A 2015 study concluded that cinnamon was as effective as ibuprofen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The GreenMedInfo.com database offers more than 3,000 abstracts related to turmeric research , as well as databases on natural anti-inflammatories and analgesics .
[ i ] Zhang W et al `` Current research on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for osteoarthritis '' Bone Res .
2016 ; 4 : 15040 .
Epub 2016 Mar 1 .
[ ii ] Heidari-Beni M et al `` Herbal formulation '' turmeric extract , black pepper , and ginger versus Naproxen for chronic knee osteoarthritis : A randomized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial '' Phytother Res .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ :2067-2073 .
Epub 2020 Mar 16 .
[ iii ] Heidari-Beni M et al `` Herbal formulation '' turmeric extract , black pepper , and ginger versus Naproxen for chronic knee osteoarthritis : A randomized , double-blind , controlled clinical trial '' Phytother Res .
2020 Aug ; 34 ( 8 ) :2067-2073 .
Epub 2020 Mar 16 .
[ iv ] Losina E et al `` Studies of Pain Management in Osteoarthritis : Bedside to Policy '' Osteoarthr Cartil .
2013 Sep ; 21 ( 9 ) : 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.013 .
[ v @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and efficacy of curcumin versus diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis : a randomized open-label parallel-arm study '' Trials .
2019 ; 20 ( 214 ) .
https : //trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-019-3327-2 [ vi ] Widrig R et al `` Choosing between NSAID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis in a randomised , double-blind study '' Rheumatol Int .
2007 Apr ; 27 ( 6 ) :585-91 .
Epub 2007 Feb 22 .
[ vii ] Salmalian H et al `` Comparative effect of thymus vulgaris and ibuprofen on primary dysmenorrhea : A triple-blind clinical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2014 ; 5 ( 2 ) :82-8 .
[ viii ] Maroon J et al `` Omega-3 fatty acids ( fish oil ) as an anti-inflammatory : an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain '' Surg Neurol .
2006 Apr ; 65 ( 4 ) :326-31 .
[ ix ] Jaafarpour M et al `` Comparative Effect of Cinnamon and Ibuprofen for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea : A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial '' J Clin Diagn Res .
2015 Apr ; 9 ( 4 ) : QC04–QC07 .
Epub 2015 Apr @ @

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Turmeric extract, when combined with gingerols in ginger and piperine in black pepper, shows promise for addressing osteoarthritis, with results similar to those achieved by a common anti-inflammatory medication
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder that is the leading cause of disability in the elderly and a major contributor to chronic, debilitating pain.[i] It is a challenging disease with limited treatment options.
While medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen and opioids are widely used to relieve osteoarthritis pain, they usually come with side effects and are unable to reverse the cartilage damage that underlies this condition. This has positioned curcumin, the active ingredient in the spice turmeric, as a strategic way to address the inflammation and protect the joints.
A study further investigated curcumin and its effectiveness for knee osteoarthritis when paired with beneficial ingredients in ginger and black pepper, with promising results.[ii]
Spice Combo Works as Well as Drug Treatment
An August 2020 study investigated curcumin when combined with gingerols in ginger and piperine in black pepper, which may enhance and sustain its effect against the disorder, compared with the drug Naproxen.[iii]
The study subjects were randomly assigned to receive turmeric extract, ginger and black pepper together or Naproxen for four weeks. The results indicate that taking the three-spice combo twice daily for four weeks improved prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a primary inflammatory mediator in osteoarthritis, levels similar to Naproxen. PGE2 decreased significantly in both groups, without any substantial difference between them.
A previous study found that over half of osteoarthritis pain studies and more than 80% of industry-funded ones used trial durations of less than six months.[iv] This despite the fact that the disorder and resulting chronic pain are progressive and represent a long-term burden on patients and health care systems.
Previous studies have also explored the role of curcumin in treating osteoarthritis. In one study involving patients with moderately severe symptoms that required treatment with an NSAID, the subjects were given the NSAID diclofenac -- 50 milligrams (mg) twice daily -- or curcumin, 500 mg three times daily.[v] Both treatments relieved arthritis symptoms and helped to a similar degree, with curcumin users reporting fewer side effects.
Sound Alternatives to Painkillers
There has been growing public awareness of the adverse effects linked to synthetic painkillers, thus providing the need for natural and evidence-based alternatives. Here are four clinically validated, natural alternatives that are worth considering for osteoarthritis and other sources of chronic pain:
Arnica -- In a 2007 study, topically applied arnica was found to be as effective as ibuprofen for relieving symptoms due to osteoarthritis of the wrist.[vi] It also led to fewer side effects. Thyme -- A 2004 study found that thyme extract worked as effectively as ibuprofen in decreasing pain and spasm symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea, or menstrual cramps.[vii] Omega-3 fatty acids -- In a 2006 study, omega-3 supplementation reduced neck and back pain patients’ need for pain medications, along with improving their overall pain and joint pain.[viii] The subjects saw results consistent with previous research, indicating outcomes at least as effective as ibuprofen. Cinnamon -- A 2015 study concluded that cinnamon was as effective as ibuprofen for menstrual pain.[ix]
The GreenMedInfo.com database offers more than 3,000 abstracts related to turmeric research, as well as databases on natural anti-inflammatories and analgesics.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-02--(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate derivatives combined with cisplatin exhibit synergistic inhibitory ef

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate derivatives combined with cisplatin exhibit synergistic inhibitory effects on non-small-cell lung cancer cells.

Background : Non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide .
The inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) signaling by tyrosine kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies plays a key role in NSCLC treatment .
Unfortunately , these treatment strategies are limited by eventual resistance and cell lines with differential EGFR status .
Therefore , new therapeutic strategies for NSCLC are urgently required .
Methods : To improve the stability and absorption of ( - ) -epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) , we synthesized a series of EGCG derivatives .
The antitumor activities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were investigated in vitro and vivo .
Cell proliferation , cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured in NSCLC cell lines and in vivo in a NCI-H441 xenograft model .
Results : We found that the EGCG derivatives inhibited cell viability and colony formation , caused cell cycle redistribution , and induced apoptosis .
More importantly , the combination of the EGCG derivative and cisplatin led to increased growth inhibition , caused cell cycle redistribution , and enhanced the apoptosis rate compared to either compound alone .
Consistent with the experiments in vitro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tumor growth .
Conclusions : The combination treatment was found to inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway and decrease the expression of p-EGFR , p-AKT , and p-ERK in vitro and vivo .
Our results suggest that compoundis a novel potential compound for NSCLC patients .

Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by tyrosine kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies plays a key role in NSCLC treatment. Unfortunately, these treatment strategies are limited by eventual resistance and cell lines with differential EGFR status. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies for NSCLC are urgently required.
Methods: To improve the stability and absorption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), we synthesized a series of EGCG derivatives. The antitumor activities of EGCG derivatives with or without cisplatin were investigated in vitro and vivo. Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured in NSCLC cell lines and in vivo in a NCI-H441 xenograft model.
Results: We found that the EGCG derivatives inhibited cell viability and colony formation, caused cell cycle redistribution, and induced apoptosis. More importantly, the combination of the EGCG derivative and cisplatin led to increased growth inhibition, caused cell cycle redistribution, and enhanced the apoptosis rate compared to either compound alone. Consistent with the experiments in vitro, EGCG derivatives plus cisplatin significantly reduced tumor growth.
Conclusions: The combination treatment was found to inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway and decrease the expression of p-EGFR, p-AKT, and p-ERK in vitro and vivo. Our results suggest that compoundis a novel potential compound for NSCLC patients.