greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Protective role of berberine on ulcerative colitis through modulating enteric glial cells-intestinal

Protective role of berberine on ulcerative colitis through modulating enteric glial cells-intestinal epithelial cells-immune cells interactions.

Ulcerative colitis ( UC ) manifests as an etiologically complicated and relapsing gastrointestinal disease .
The enteric nervous system ( ENS ) plays a pivotal role in rectifying and orchestrating the inflammatory responses in gut tract .
Berberine , an isoquinoline alkaloid , is known as its anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects in experimental colitis .
However , little research focused on its regulatory function on ENS .
Therefore , we set out to explore the pathological role of neurogenic inflammation in UC and the modulating effects of berberine on neuro-immune interactions .
Functional defects of enteric glial cells ( EGCs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protein ( GFAP ) and increased substance P expression , were observed in DSS-induced murine UC .
Administration of berberine can obviously ameliorate the disease severity and restore the mucosal barrier homeostasis of UC , closely accompanying by maintaining the residence of EGCs and attenuating inflammatory infiltrations and immune cells overactivation.
, berberine showed direct protective effects on monoculture of EGCs , bone marrow-derived dendritic cells ( BMDCs ) , T cells , and intestinal epithelial cells ( IECs ) in the simulated inflammatory conditions .
Furthermore , berberine could modulate gut EGCs-IECs-immune @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In summary , our study indicated the EGCs-IECs-immune cell interactions might function as a crucial paradigm in mucosal inflammation and provided an infusive mechanism of berberine in regulating enteric neurogenic inflammation .

Ulcerative colitis (UC) manifests as an etiologically complicated and relapsing gastrointestinal disease. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a pivotal role in rectifying and orchestrating the inflammatory responses in gut tract. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is known as its anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects in experimental colitis. However, little research focused on its regulatory function on ENS. Therefore, we set out to explore the pathological role of neurogenic inflammation in UC and the modulating effects of berberine on neuro-immune interactions. Functional defects of enteric glial cells (EGCs), with decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased substance P expression, were observed in DSS-induced murine UC. Administration of berberine can obviously ameliorate the disease severity and restore the mucosal barrier homeostasis of UC, closely accompanying by maintaining the residence of EGCs and attenuating inflammatory infiltrations and immune cells overactivation., berberine showed direct protective effects on monoculture of EGCs, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), T cells, and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the simulated inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, berberine could modulate gut EGCs-IECs-immune cell interactions in the co-culture systems. In summary, our study indicated the EGCs-IECs-immune cell interactions might function as a crucial paradigm in mucosal inflammation and provided an infusive mechanism of berberine in regulating enteric neurogenic inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--These results found a significant reduction in waist-hip ratio following berberine consumption in ad

These results found a significant reduction in waist-hip ratio following berberine consumption in adults.

OBJECTIVE : Despite controversies , no study has systematically summarized findings from earlier studies on the effect of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures .
Therefore , the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the effect of berberine and barberry on body mass index ( BMI ) , body weight ( BW ) , waist circumference ( WC ) and waist-hip ratio ( WHR ) in adults .
METHODS : Relevant studies , published up to August 2019 , were searched through PubMed/Medline , Scopus , ISI Web of Science , Embase and Google Scholar .
All randomized @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and barberry on the anthropometric measures including BMI , BW , WC or/and WHR were included .
RESULTS : Out of 252 citations , 12 trials that enrolled 849 subjects were included .
Berberine and barberry resulted in no significant change in BMI ( Weighted mean differences ( WMD ) : -0.16 kg/m ; 95 % CI : -0.43 to 0.11 , P = 0.247 ) , BW ( WMD : -0.11 kg ; 95 % CI : -0.13 to 0.91 , P = 0.830 ) , and berberine resulted in not significant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; 95 % CI : -1.89 to 0.72 , P = 0.379 ) and significant reduction in WHR ( WMD : -0.03 ; 95 % CI : -0.04 to -0.01 , P < 0.0001 ) .
CONCLUSION : We found a significant reduction in WHR following berberine consumption in adults .
Further clinical trials with high quality according to challenges mentioned seem to be helpful to use berberine and barberry as a supplement for certain health conditions , efficiently .

OBJECTIVE: Despite controversies, no study has systematically summarized findings from earlier studies on the effect of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the effect of berberine and barberry on body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in adults.
METHODS: Relevant studies, published up to August 2019, were searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar. All randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of berberine and barberry on the anthropometric measures including BMI, BW, WC or/and WHR were included.
RESULTS: Out of 252 citations, 12 trials that enrolled 849 subjects were included. Berberine and barberry resulted in no significant change in BMI (Weighted mean differences (WMD): -0.16 kg/m; 95 % CI: -0.43 to 0.11, P = 0.247), BW (WMD: -0.11 kg; 95 % CI: -0.13 to 0.91, P = 0.830), and berberine resulted in not significant in WC (WMD: -0.58 cm; 95 % CI: -1.89 to 0.72, P = 0.379) and significant reduction in WHR (WMD: -0.03; 95 % CI: -0.04 to -0.01, P<0.0001).
CONCLUSION: We found a significant reduction in WHR following berberine consumption in adults. Further clinical trials with high quality according to challenges mentioned seem to be helpful to use berberine and barberry as a supplement for certain health conditions, efficiently.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Berberine alleviates pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH ) is closely associated with profound vascular remodeling , especially pulmonary arterial medial hypertrophy and muscularization , due to aberrant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells ( PASMCs ) .
Berberine , a drug commonly used to treat inflammation , may be a novel therapeutic option for PAH by improving pulmonary artery remodeling .
The present study investigated whether berberine affected Trx1/β-catenin expression and/or activity and whether it could reduce the development of pulmonary hypertension in an experimental rat model and proliferation in human PASMCs ( HPASMCs ) .
The results showed that increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PASMCs was associated with asignificant increase in Trx1 and β-catenin expression .
Treatment with the Trx1-specific inhibitor PX-12 significantly reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular remodeling , as well as improved in vivo cardiac function and right ventricular hypertrophy , in Su/Hox-induced PAH rats .
Berberine reversed right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling in the rats .
Furthermore , berberine had an antiproliferative effect on hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation in a manner likely mediated by inhibiting Trx1 and its target gene β-catenin expression .
Our work will @ @ @ @ @ @ @ involving the traditional Chinese medicine berberine , and Trx1/β-catenin may be a promising therapeutic target .

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is closely associated with profound vascular remodeling, especially pulmonary arterial medial hypertrophy and muscularization, due to aberrant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Berberine, a drug commonly used to treat inflammation, may be a novel therapeutic option for PAH by improving pulmonary artery remodeling. The present study investigated whether berberine affected Trx1/β-catenin expression and/or activity and whether it could reduce the development of pulmonary hypertension in an experimental rat model and proliferation in human PASMCs (HPASMCs). The results showed that increased proliferation in hypoxia-induced healthy PASMCs or PAH PASMCs was associated with asignificant increase in Trx1 and β-catenin expression. Treatment with the Trx1-specific inhibitor PX-12 significantly reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular remodeling, as well as improved in vivo cardiac function and right ventricular hypertrophy, in Su/Hox-induced PAH rats. Berberine reversed right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling in the rats. Furthermore, berberine had an antiproliferative effect on hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation in a manner likely mediated by inhibiting Trx1 and its target gene β-catenin expression. Our work will help elucidate novel strategies for PAH treatment involving the traditional Chinese medicine berberine, and Trx1/β-catenin may be a promising therapeutic target.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-16--These findings indicate that Z-ajoene from garlic may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent.

Aberrant activation of a Wnt/β-catenin pathway results in nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in colon cancer .
Inhibiting β-catenin is one @ @ @ @ @ .
Here , we identified Z-ajoene , a sulfur containing compound isolated from crushed garlic @ @ @ @ @ colon cancer cell growth .
Z-Ajoene repressedβ-catenin response transcriptional activity , intracellular β-catenin levels , @ @ @ @ @ levels ( c-Myc and cyclin D1 ) in SW480 colon cancer cells .
To clarify @ @ @ @ @ β-catenin levels , we examined the effect of Z-ajoene on β-catenin phosphorylation , which is @ @ @ @ @ Z-Ajoene promoted the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser45 in a casein kinase 1α ( CK1α @ @ @ @ @ is an essential step in β-catenin degradation in the cytosol .
These findings indicate that @ @ @ @ @ a potential chemotherapeutic agent by modulating CK1α activity and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway .

Aberrant activation of a Wnt/β-catenin pathway results in nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in colon cancer. Inhibiting β-catenin is one strategy for treating colon cancer. Here, we identified Z-ajoene, a sulfur containing compound isolated from crushed garlic, as an inhibitor of colon cancer cell growth. Z-Ajoene repressedβ-catenin response transcriptional activity, intracellular β-catenin levels, and its representative target protein levels (c-Myc and cyclin D1) in SW480 colon cancer cells. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of decreased β-catenin levels, we examined the effect of Z-ajoene on β-catenin phosphorylation, which is involved in β-catenin degradation. Z-Ajoene promoted the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser45 in a casein kinase 1α (CK1α)-dependent manner, which is an essential step in β-catenin degradation in the cytosol. These findings indicate that Z-ajoene from garlic may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent by modulating CK1α activity and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-16--Modulation of allicin-free garlic on gut microbiome

The allicin diallyldisulfid -- oxide , a major garlic organosulfur compound ( OSC ) in crushed garlic ( L. ) , possesses antibacterial effects , and influences gut bacteria .
In this study , we made allicin-free garlic ( AFG ) extract and investigated its effects on gut microbiome .
C57BL/6N male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and fed normal diet ( ND ) and high-fat diet ( HFD ) supplemented with or without AFG in concentrations of 1 % and 5 % for 11 weeks .
The genomic DNAs of feces were used to identify the gut @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The results revealed that the ratio of p-to p-increased by aging and HFD was reduced by AFG .
In particular , the f- , g- , and g-decreased by aging and HFD was enhanced by AFG .
The g-increased by aging and HFD decreased by AFG .
In addition , the ratio of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase to glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase ( GPT/GOT ) in serum was significantly increased in the HFD group and decreased by AFG .
In summary , our data demonstrated that dietary intervention with AFG is a potential way to balance the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

The allicin diallyldisulfid--oxide, a major garlic organosulfur compound (OSC) in crushed garlic (L.), possesses antibacterial effects, and influences gut bacteria. In this study, we made allicin-free garlic (AFG) extract and investigated its effects on gut microbiome. C57BL/6N male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and fed normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with or without AFG in concentrations of 1% and 5% for 11 weeks. The genomic DNAs of feces were used to identify the gut microbiome by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. The results revealed that the ratio of p-to p-increased by aging and HFD was reduced by AFG. In particular, the f-, g-, and g-decreased by aging and HFD was enhanced by AFG. The g-increased by aging and HFD decreased by AFG. In addition, the ratio of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase to glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GPT/GOT) in serum was significantly increased in the HFD group and decreased by AFG. In summary, our data demonstrated that dietary intervention with AFG is a potential way to balance the gut microbiome disturbed by a high-fat diet.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Ultrasound acupuncture for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal can

Ultrasound acupuncture for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND : Oxaliplatin is frequently used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer .
However , peripheral neuropathy is a severe adverse effect of oxaliplatin that may persist and impact quality of life .
OBJECTIVE : To assess the potential effects of ultrasound acupuncture for the alleviation of symptoms related to oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy ( OIPN ) among metastatic colorectal cancer patients .
PARTICIPANTS : Patients with a diagnosis of stages II-IV colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin-based treatment regimens and with the presence of OIPN symptoms ( n = 17 ) .
INTERVENTIONS : Pulsed therapeutic ultrasound ( 1 MHz @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , PC7 , BL60 and KI1 were administered for 5 min/point daily for 12 d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Pain Quality Assessment Scale ( PQAS ) , Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity Questionnaire ( CINQ ) , quantitative touch-detection threshold , cold-trigger pain withdrawal latency and quality of life ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) were measured at baseline ( day 0 ) , pre-intervention ( day 12 , post wash-out period ) , post-intervention ( day 24 ) and final follow-up ( day 54 ) .
A P values of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CINQ significantly improved post ultrasound acupuncture at post-intervention and follow up compare to both base-line and pre-intervention .
Similar trends were also observed for the Quantitative Sensory Testing where touch-detection threshold significantly decreased and cold-trigger pain withdrawal latency significantly increased post ultrasound acupuncture .
Patients also showed an improvement on Quality of Life outcomes as measured by QLQ-C30 post-intervention and at follow up .
CONCLUSIONS : Ultrasound acupuncture could potentially be an effective intervention for OIPN symptoms for colorectal cancer patients .
However , larger and randomized clinical trials with placebo controls are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ article is protected by copyright .
All rights reserved .

BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin is frequently used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, peripheral neuropathy is a severe adverse effect of oxaliplatin that may persist and impact quality of life.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential effects of ultrasound acupuncture for the alleviation of symptoms related to oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) among metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
DESIGN: A prospective cohort pilot study.
SETTING: Education and research hospital.
PARTICIPANTS: Patients with a diagnosis of stages II-IV colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin-based treatment regimens and with the presence of OIPN symptoms (n = 17).
INTERVENTIONS: Pulsed therapeutic ultrasound (1 MHz) at bilateral acupuncture points of PC6, PC7, BL60 and KI1 were administered for 5 min/point daily for 12 d.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain Quality Assessment Scale (PQAS), Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity Questionnaire (CINQ), quantitative touch-detection threshold, cold-trigger pain withdrawal latency and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) were measured at baseline (day 0), pre-intervention (day 12, post wash-out period), post-intervention (day 24) and final follow-up (day 54). A P values of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: Scores of PQAS and CINQ significantly improved post ultrasound acupuncture at post-intervention and follow up compare to both base-line and pre-intervention. Similar trends were also observed for the Quantitative Sensory Testing where touch-detection threshold significantly decreased and cold-trigger pain withdrawal latency significantly increased post ultrasound acupuncture. Patients also showed an improvement on Quality of Life outcomes as measured by QLQ-C30 post-intervention and at follow up.
CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound acupuncture could potentially be an effective intervention for OIPN symptoms for colorectal cancer patients. However, larger and randomized clinical trials with placebo controls are needed to confirm such effect. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Acupuncture attenuates postoperative inflammation in patients after craniotomy.

BACKGROUND : It is important to manage inflammation after craniotomy .
It may be prudent to reduce the excessive usage of antibiotics and to add supplementary treatments like acupuncture , which would be effective and safe .
However , there are only a few studies available to date on the effects of acupuncture on anti-inflammatory response after craniotomy .
The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture in patients after a craniotomy .
METHODS : This study was a single-center , prospective , open-label , controlled trial .
Forty-four subjects who underwent craniotomy for an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ brain tumor were allocated to either an acupuncture group or a control group .
Both groups received postoperative routine care in the Department of Neurosurgery .
The subjects in the acupuncture group also received a total of 6 acupuncture treatments sessions within 8 days after craniotomy .
Acupuncture treatments included acupuncture , electroacupuncture , and intradermal acupuncture .
The serum interleukin ( IL ) -1β and IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were assessed four times within 7 days @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , use of additional antibiotics , presence of infection including pneumonia or urinary tract infection , and safety were also reviewed .
RESULTS : The IL-1β levels of subjects who underwent aneurysmal clipping were significantly lower in the acupuncture group ( P = .02 ) .
TNF-α levels of subjects who underwent aneurysmal clipping at the seventh postoperative day were also significantly lower in the acupuncture group ( P = .03 ) .
Six cases of fever of unknown origin were observed in the control group , while none were seen in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of fever was significantly lower in the acupuncture group ( P = .02 ) .
No adverse events occurred during the trial .
CONCLUSION : Acupuncture showed a possibility of alleviating inflammation by attenuating the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and significantly reduced the incidence of fever of unknown origin in patients after craniotomy .
Acupuncture would be suitable as an adjunctive therapy to alleviate inflammation after craniotomy .

BACKGROUND: It is important to manage inflammation after craniotomy. It may be prudent to reduce the excessive usage of antibiotics and to add supplementary treatments like acupuncture, which would be effective and safe. However, there are only a few studies available to date on the effects of acupuncture on anti-inflammatory response after craniotomy. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture in patients after a craniotomy.
METHODS: This study was a single-center, prospective, open-label, controlled trial. Forty-four subjects who underwent craniotomy for an unruptured aneurysm, facial spasm, or brain tumor were allocated to either an acupuncture group or a control group. Both groups received postoperative routine care in the Department of Neurosurgery. The subjects in the acupuncture group also received a total of 6 acupuncture treatments sessions within 8 days after craniotomy. Acupuncture treatments included acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and intradermal acupuncture. The serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were assessed four times within 7 days after surgery. The presence of fever, use of additional antibiotics, presence of infection including pneumonia or urinary tract infection, and safety were also reviewed.
RESULTS: The IL-1β levels of subjects who underwent aneurysmal clipping were significantly lower in the acupuncture group (P = .02). TNF-α levels of subjects who underwent aneurysmal clipping at the seventh postoperative day were also significantly lower in the acupuncture group (P = .03). Six cases of fever of unknown origin were observed in the control group, while none were seen in the acupuncture group, revealing that the incidence of fever was significantly lower in the acupuncture group (P = .02). No adverse events occurred during the trial.
CONCLUSION: Acupuncture showed a possibility of alleviating inflammation by attenuating the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and significantly reduced the incidence of fever of unknown origin in patients after craniotomy. Acupuncture would be suitable as an adjunctive therapy to alleviate inflammation after craniotomy.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Absolute humidity as a deterministic factor affecting seasonal influenza epidemics in Japan.

Influenza epidemics occur periodically during the winter season in temperate areas .
Characteristic features of winter include low temperature and low humidity .
Humidity is expressed in two different ways : absolute humidity ( AH ) defined as absolute amount of water in the air , and relative humidity ( RH ) defined as the relative proportion of water in the air in comparison to the maximum water vapor .
There have been many arguments for RH as a determinant factor for influenza epidemics .
On the other hand , we have been putting emphasis on AH on the basis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ context , a recent experimental and theoretical study by other investigators has shown that AH correlates with influenza survival , transmission , and seasonality .
Accordingly , we collected meteorological and influenza epidemiological data from 46 prefectures in temperate Japan for 1991-1995 and 1999-2009 , and analyzed 2,392 sets of weekly compiled data for each season year by using multiple linear regression analysis , in which the numbers of influenza cases were regarded as a function of AH and RH .
We found that the standardized partial regression coefficient for AH was consistently @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significance .
In addition , AH increased and decreased significantly at the time of the epidemic onset and subsidence in seven and twelve out of fourteen influenza seasons , respectively , whereas RH did so in none and two out of fourteen influenza seasons .
Thus , we have substantiated our quarter-century-old assertion that AH strongly correlates with the onset and subsidence of influenza epidemics .

Influenza epidemics occur periodically during the winter season in temperate areas. Characteristic features of winter include low temperature and low humidity. Humidity is expressed in two different ways: absolute humidity (AH) defined as absolute amount of water in the air, and relative humidity (RH) defined as the relative proportion of water in the air in comparison to the maximum water vapor. There have been many arguments for RH as a determinant factor for influenza epidemics. On the other hand, we have been putting emphasis on AH on the basis of our epidemiological observations. In this context, a recent experimental and theoretical study by other investigators has shown that AH correlates with influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Accordingly, we collected meteorological and influenza epidemiological data from 46 prefectures in temperate Japan for 1991-1995 and 1999-2009, and analyzed 2,392 sets of weekly compiled data for each season year by using multiple linear regression analysis, in which the numbers of influenza cases were regarded as a function of AH and RH. We found that the standardized partial regression coefficient for AH was consistently stronger than that for RH with statistical significance. In addition, AH increased and decreased significantly at the time of the epidemic onset and subsidence in seven and twelve out of fourteen influenza seasons, respectively, whereas RH did so in none and two out of fourteen influenza seasons. Thus, we have substantiated our quarter-century-old assertion that AH strongly correlates with the onset and subsidence of influenza epidemics.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Inactivation of avian influenza viruses on porous and non-porous surfaces is enhanced by elevating a

Inactivation of avian influenza viruses on porous and non-porous surfaces is enhanced by elevating absolute humidity.

This study was to evaluate the effect of absolute humidity ( AH ) , a combined factor of temperature and relative humidity ( RH ) , on inactivation of avian influenza viruses ( AIVs ) on surfaces .
Suspensions of the H9N2 or H6N2 AIV were deposited onto carrier surfaces that were either porous ( pine wood ) or non-porous ( stainless steel , synthetic rubber and glass ) .
The inoculated carriers were incubated at 23 , 35 or 45°C with 25 % or 55 % RH for up to 28 days .
After incubation , virus was recovered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The time required to obtain a logreduction in virus infectivity ( D-value ) was estimated using a linear regression model .
At AH of 5.2 g/m ( 23°C & 25 % RH ) , both viruses survived up to 14 days on the porous surface and for at least 28 days on the non-porous surfaces .
The corresponding D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 were 1.49 and 6.90 days on the porous surface and 7.81 and 12.5 days on the non-porous surfaces , respectively .
In comparison , at AH of 9.9 g/m ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 11.3 g/m ( 23°C & 55 % RH ) , the D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 dropped to≤0.76 day on the porous surface and to ≤1.81 days on the non-porous surfaces .
As the AH continued to rise from 11.3 to 36.0 g/m , the D-value for both viruses decreased further .
The relationship between D-value and AH followed a form of y = axfor both viruses .
The D-values for H9N2 virus were significantly lower ( P

This study was to evaluate the effect of absolute humidity (AH), a combined factor of temperature and relative humidity (RH), on inactivation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on surfaces. Suspensions of the H9N2 or H6N2 AIV were deposited onto carrier surfaces that were either porous (pine wood) or non-porous (stainless steel, synthetic rubber and glass). The inoculated carriers were incubated at 23, 35 or 45°C with 25% or 55% RH for up to 28 days. After incubation, virus was recovered and quantified by chicken embryo assays. The time required to obtain a logreduction in virus infectivity (D-value) was estimated using a linear regression model. At AH of 5.2 g/m(23°C&25% RH), both viruses survived up to 14 days on the porous surface and for at least 28 days on the non-porous surfaces. The corresponding D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 were 1.49 and 6.90 days on the porous surface and 7.81 and 12.5 days on the non-porous surfaces, respectively. In comparison, at AH of 9.9 g/m(35°C&25% RH) or 11.3 g/m(23°C&55% RH), the D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 dropped to≤0.76 day on the porous surface and to ≤1.81 days on the non-porous surfaces. As the AH continued to rise from 11.3 to 36.0 g/m, the D-value for both viruses decreased further. The relationship between D-value and AH followed a form of y = axfor both viruses. The D-values for H9N2 virus were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those for H6N2 virus. Exposure to ammonia gas at concentrations of 86 and 173 ppm did not significantly alter test results. The findings give evidence that increasing the AH in poultry buildings following an outbreak of disease could greatly reduce the length of time required for theirdecontamination.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade sc

Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade schools.

BACKGROUND : Low absolute humidity ( AH ) has been associated with increased influenza virus survival and transmissibility and the onset of seasonal influenza outbreaks .
Humidification of indoor environments may mitigate viral transmission and may be an important control strategy , particularly in schools where viral transmission is common and contributes to the spread of influenza in communities .
However , the variability and predictors of AH in the indoor school environment and the feasibility of classroom humidification to levels that could decrease viral survival have not been studied .
METHODS : Automated sensors were used to measure temperature @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Minnesota grade schools without central humidification during two successive winters .
Outdoor AH measurements were derived from the North American Land Data Assimilation System .
Variability in indoor AH within classrooms , between classrooms in the same school , and between schools was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients ( CCC ) .
Predictors of indoor AH were examined using time-series Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models .
Classroom humidifiers were used when school was not in session to assess the feasibility of increasing indoor AH to levels associated with decreased influenza virus survival , as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RESULTS : AH varied little within classrooms ( CCC > 0.90 ) but was more variable between classrooms in the same school ( CCC 0.81 for School 1 , 0.88 for School 2 ) and between schools ( CCC 0.81 ) .
Indoor AH varied widely during the winter ( range 2.60 to 10.34 millibars [ mb ] ) and was strongly associated with changes in outdoor AH ( p CONCLUSIONS : During winter , indoor AH in non-humidified grade schools varies substantially and often to levels that are very low .
Indoor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a season and CO2 levels ( which likely reflects human activity ) during individual school days .
Classroom humidification may be a feasible approach to increase indoor AH to levels that may decrease influenza virus survival and transmission .

BACKGROUND: Low absolute humidity (AH) has been associated with increased influenza virus survival and transmissibility and the onset of seasonal influenza outbreaks. Humidification of indoor environments may mitigate viral transmission and may be an important control strategy, particularly in schools where viral transmission is common and contributes to the spread of influenza in communities. However, the variability and predictors of AH in the indoor school environment and the feasibility of classroom humidification to levels that could decrease viral survival have not been studied.
METHODS: Automated sensors were used to measure temperature, humidity and CO2 levels in two Minnesota grade schools without central humidification during two successive winters. Outdoor AH measurements were derived from the North American Land Data Assimilation System. Variability in indoor AH within classrooms, between classrooms in the same school, and between schools was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Predictors of indoor AH were examined using time-series Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models. Classroom humidifiers were used when school was not in session to assess the feasibility of increasing indoor AH to levels associated with decreased influenza virus survival, as projected from previously published animal experiments.
RESULTS: AH varied little within classrooms (CCC>0.90) but was more variable between classrooms in the same school (CCC 0.81 for School 1, 0.88 for School 2) and between schools (CCC 0.81). Indoor AH varied widely during the winter (range 2.60 to 10.34 millibars [mb]) and was strongly associated with changes in outdoor AH (p < 0.001). Changes in indoor AH on school weekdays were strongly associated with CO2 levels (p < 0.001). Over 4 hours, classroom humidifiers increased indoor AH by 4 mb, an increase sufficient to decrease projected 1-hour virus survival by an absolute value of 30% during winter months.
CONCLUSIONS: During winter, indoor AH in non-humidified grade schools varies substantially and often to levels that are very low. Indoor results are predicted by outdoor AH over a season and CO2 levels (which likely reflects human activity) during individual school days. Classroom humidification may be a feasible approach to increase indoor AH to levels that may decrease influenza virus survival and transmission.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--This demonstrates the potential benefit of residential humidifiers in reducing the survival of aeros

This demonstrates the potential benefit of residential humidifiers in reducing the survival of aerosolized influenza virus by controlling humidity indoors.

BACKGROUND : Laboratory research studies indicate that aerosolized influenza viruses survive for longer periods at low relative humidity ( RH ) conditions .
Further analysis has shown that absolute humidity ( AH ) may be an improved predictor of virus survival in the environment .
Maintaining airborne moisture levels that reduce survival of the virus in the air and on surfaces could be another tool for managing public health risks of influenza .
METHODS : A multi-zone indoor air quality model was used to evaluate the ability of portable humidifiers to control moisture content of the air and the potential @ @ @ @ @ @ @ viruses in single-family residences .
We modeled indoor AH and influenza virus concentrations during winter months ( Northeast US ) using the CONTAM multi-zone indoor air quality model .
A two-story residential template was used under two different ventilation conditions - forced hot air and radiant heating .
Humidity was evaluated on a room-specific and whole house basis .
Estimates of emission rates for influenza virus were particle-size specific and derived from published studies and included emissions during both tidal breathing and coughing events .
The survival of the influenza virus was determined @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and virus survival .
RESULTS : The presence of a portable humidifier with an output of 0.16 kg water per hour in the bedroom resulted in an increase in median sleeping hours AH/RH levels of 11 to 19 % compared to periods without a humidifier present .
The associated percent decrease in influenza virus survival was 17.5 - 31.6 % .
Distribution of water vapor through a residence was estimated to yield 3 to 12 % increases in AH/RH and 7.8-13.9 % reductions in influenza virus survival .
CONCLUSION : This modeling analysis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ humidifiers in reducing the survival of aerosolized influenza virus by controlling humidity indoors .

BACKGROUND: Laboratory research studies indicate that aerosolized influenza viruses survive for longer periods at low relative humidity (RH) conditions. Further analysis has shown that absolute humidity (AH) may be an improved predictor of virus survival in the environment. Maintaining airborne moisture levels that reduce survival of the virus in the air and on surfaces could be another tool for managing public health risks of influenza.
METHODS: A multi-zone indoor air quality model was used to evaluate the ability of portable humidifiers to control moisture content of the air and the potential related benefit of decreasing survival of influenza viruses in single-family residences. We modeled indoor AH and influenza virus concentrations during winter months (Northeast US) using the CONTAM multi-zone indoor air quality model. A two-story residential template was used under two different ventilation conditions - forced hot air and radiant heating. Humidity was evaluated on a room-specific and whole house basis. Estimates of emission rates for influenza virus were particle-size specific and derived from published studies and included emissions during both tidal breathing and coughing events. The survival of the influenza virus was determined based on the established relationship between AH and virus survival.
RESULTS: The presence of a portable humidifier with an output of 0.16 kg water per hour in the bedroom resulted in an increase in median sleeping hours AH/RH levels of 11 to 19% compared to periods without a humidifier present. The associated percent decrease in influenza virus survival was 17.5 - 31.6%. Distribution of water vapor through a residence was estimated to yield 3 to 12% increases in AH/RH and 7.8-13.9% reductions in influenza virus survival.
CONCLUSION: This modeling analysis demonstrates the potential benefit of portable residential humidifiers in reducing the survival of aerosolized influenza virus by controlling humidity indoors.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Maintaining a high indoor relative humidity and ventilation rate may help reduce chances of influenz

Maintaining a high indoor relative humidity and ventilation rate may help reduce chances of influenza A virus infection.

There is mounting evidence that the aerosol transmission route plays a significant role in the spread of influenza in temperate regions and that the efficiency of this route depends on humidity .
Nevertheless , the precise mechanisms by which humidity might influence transmissibility via the aerosol route have not been elucidated .
We hypothesize that airborne concentrations of infectious influenza A viruses ( IAVs ) vary with humidity through its influence on virus inactivation rate and respiratory droplet size .
To gain insight into the mechanisms by which humidity might influence aerosol transmission , we modeled the size distribution and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in typical residential and public settings over a relative humidity ( RH ) range of 10-90 % .
The model incorporates the size transformation of virus-containing droplets due to evaporation and then removal by gravitational settling , ventilation , and virus inactivation .
The predicted concentration of infectious IAVs in air is 2.4 times higher at 10 % RH than at 90 % RH after 10 min in a residential setting , and this ratio grows over time .
Settling is important for removal of large droplets containing large amounts of IAVs , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ important for removal of IAVs associated with droplets < 5µm .
The inactivation rate increases linearly with RH ; at the highest RH , inactivation can remove up to 28 % of IAVs in 10 min .
Humidity is an important variable in aerosol transmission of IAVs because it both induces droplet size transformation and affects IAV inactivation rates .
Our model advancesa mechanistic understanding of the aerosol transmission route , and results complement recent studies on the relationship between humidity and influenza 's seasonality .
Maintaining a high indoor RH and ventilation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ infection .

There is mounting evidence that the aerosol transmission route plays a significant role in the spread of influenza in temperate regions and that the efficiency of this route depends on humidity. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which humidity might influence transmissibility via the aerosol route have not been elucidated. We hypothesize that airborne concentrations of infectious influenza A viruses (IAVs) vary with humidity through its influence on virus inactivation rate and respiratory droplet size. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which humidity might influence aerosol transmission, we modeled the size distribution and dynamics of IAVs emitted from a cough in typical residential and public settings over a relative humidity (RH) range of 10-90%. The model incorporates the size transformation of virus-containing droplets due to evaporation and then removal by gravitational settling, ventilation, and virus inactivation. The predicted concentration of infectious IAVs in air is 2.4 times higher at 10% RH than at 90% RH after 10 min in a residential setting, and this ratio grows over time. Settling is important for removal of large droplets containing large amounts of IAVs, while ventilation and inactivation are relatively more important for removal of IAVs associated with droplets<5µm. The inactivation rate increases linearly with RH; at the highest RH, inactivation can remove up to 28% of IAVs in 10 min. Humidity is an important variable in aerosol transmission of IAVs because it both induces droplet size transformation and affects IAV inactivation rates. Our model advancesa mechanistic understanding of the aerosol transmission route, and results complement recent studies on the relationship between humidity and influenza's seasonality. Maintaining a high indoor RH and ventilation rate may help reduce chances of IAV infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs.

BACKGROUND : The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins .
METHODS : Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols ( < 1µM , 1-4 µM , and > 4µM aerodynamic diameters ) adjacent to the breathing manikin 's mouth and also at other locations within the room .
At constant temperature , the RH was varied from 7-73 % and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay .
RESULTS : Total virus collected for 60 minutes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % but only 14.6-22.2 % at relative humidity ≥43 % .
Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions .
Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing .
Thereafter , losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing , however , the rate of decline at 45 % relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20 % regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed .
CONCLUSION : At low relative @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing .
Although virus carried on aerosol particles < 4µM have the potential for remaining suspended in air currents longer and traveling further distances than those on larger particles , their rapid inactivation at high humidity tempers this concern .
Maintaining indoor relative humidity > 40 % will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus .

BACKGROUND: The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins.
METHODS: Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (<1µM, 1-4 µM, and>4µM aerodynamic diameters) adjacent to the breathing manikin's mouth and also at other locations within the room. At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay.
RESULTS: Total virus collected for 60 minutes retained 70.6-77.3% infectivity at relative humidity≤23% but only 14.6-22.2% at relative humidity ≥43%. Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions. Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing. Thereafter, losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing, however, the rate of decline at 45% relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20% regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed.
CONCLUSION: At low relative humidity, influenza retains maximal infectivity and inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing. Although virus carried on aerosol particles<4µM have the potential for remaining suspended in air currents longer and traveling further distances than those on larger particles, their rapid inactivation at high humidity tempers this concern. Maintaining indoor relative humidity>40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Simulated sunlight could help lower the survival of influenza virus in aerosols.

BACKGROUND : Environmental parameters , including sunlight levels , are known to affect the survival of many microorganisms in aerosols @ @ @ @ @ of sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols has not been previously quantified @ @ @ @ @ study examined the influence of simulated sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols @ @ @ @ @ 70 % relative humidity using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber .
RESULTS : @ @ @ @ @ on the level of simulated sunlight , but they were not significantly different between the @ @ @ @ @ .
In darkness , the average decay constant was 0.02± 0.06 min-1 , equivalent to @ @ @ @ @ .
However , at full intensity simulated sunlight , the mean decay constant was 0.29 @ @ @ @ @ to a half-life of approximately 2.4 minutes .
CONCLUSIONS : These results are consistent with @ @ @ @ @ are inversely correlated with influenza transmission , and they can be used to better understand @ @ @ @ @ to spread under varied environmental conditions .

BACKGROUND: Environmental parameters, including sunlight levels, are known to affect the survival of many microorganisms in aerosols. However, the impact of sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols has not been previously quantified.
METHODS: The present study examined the influence of simulated sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols at both 20% and 70% relative humidity using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber.
RESULTS: Measured decay rates were dependent on the level of simulated sunlight, but they were not significantly different between the 2 relative humidity levels tested. In darkness, the average decay constant was 0.02± 0.06 min-1, equivalent to a half-life of 31.6 minutes. However, at full intensity simulated sunlight, the mean decay constant was 0.29 ± 0.09 min-1, equivalent to a half-life of approximately 2.4 minutes.
CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with epidemiological findings that sunlight levels are inversely correlated with influenza transmission, and they can be used to better understand the potential for the virus to spread under varied environmental conditions.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--In the 1918 influenza pandemic a combination of fresh air, sunlight and scrupulous standards of hygi

In the 1918 influenza pandemic a combination of fresh air, sunlight and scrupulous standards of hygiene appears to have substantially reduced deaths and infections among patients and medical staff.

The H1N1 '' Spanish flu '' outbreak of 1918-1919 was the most devastating pandemic on record , killing between 50 @ @ @ @ @ .
Should the next influenza pandemic prove equally virulent , there could be more than @ @ @ @ @ The conventional view is that little could have been done to prevent the H1N1 virus @ @ @ @ @ those infected ; however , there is evidence to the contrary .
Records from an @ @ @ @ @ Boston , Massachusetts , suggest that some patients and staff were spared the worst of @ @ @ @ @ of fresh air , sunlight , scrupulous standards of hygiene , and reusable face masks @ @ @ @ @ deaths among some patients and infections among medical staff .
We argue that temporary hospitals @ @ @ @ @ emergency planning .
Equally , other measures adopted during the 1918 pandemic merit more attention @ @ @ @ @

The H1N1"Spanish flu"outbreak of 1918-1919 was the most devastating pandemic on record, killing between 50 million and 100 million people. Should the next influenza pandemic prove equally virulent, there could be more than 300 million deaths globally. The conventional view is that little could have been done to prevent the H1N1 virus from spreading or to treat those infected; however, there is evidence to the contrary. Records from an"open-air"hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, suggest that some patients and staff were spared the worst of the outbreak. A combination of fresh air, sunlight, scrupulous standards of hygiene, and reusable face masks appears to have substantially reduced deaths among some patients and infections among medical staff. We argue that temporary hospitals should be a priority in emergency planning. Equally, other measures adopted during the 1918 pandemic merit more attention than they currently receive.


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greenmedinfo--2020-03-17--Op-Ed: COVID-19 and COVID-19 PSYOPS

Op-Ed: COVID-19 and COVID-19 PSYOPS


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Bisphenol A: an emerging threat to female fertility.

Bisphenol-A ( BPA ) has been reported to be associated to female infertility .
Indeed , BPA has been found to be more frequently detected in infertile women thus leading to hypothesize a possible effect of BPA on natural conception and spontaneous fecundity .
In addition , in procedures of medically assisted reproduction BPA exposure has been found to be negatively associated with peak serum estradiol levels during gonadotropin stimulation , number of retrieved oocytes , number of normally fertilized oocytes and implantation .
BPA deleterious effects are more critical during perinatal exposure , causing dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ maturation of the axis through a damage of GnRH pulsatility , gonadotropin signaling and sex steroid hormone production .
Further , BPA exposure during early lifestage may have a transgenerational effect predisposing the subsequent generations to the risk of developing BPA related disease .
Experimental studies suggested that prenatal , perinatal and postnatal exposure to BPA can impair several steps of ovarian development , induce ovarian morphology rearrangement and impair ovarian function , particularly folliculogenesis , as well as can impair uterus morphology and function , in female adult animal and offspring .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ models have been reported the occurrence of endometriosis-like lesions after BPA exposure .
Moreover , BPA exposure has been described to encourage the genesis of PCOS-like abnormalities through the impairment of the secretion of sex hormones affecting ovarian morphology and functions , particularly folliculogenesis .
The current manuscript summarizes the evidence regarding the association between BPA exposure and female infertility , reviewing both clinical and preclinical studies .

Bisphenol-A (BPA) has been reported to be associated to female infertility. Indeed, BPA has been found to be more frequently detected in infertile women thus leading to hypothesize a possible effect of BPA on natural conception and spontaneous fecundity. In addition, in procedures of medically assisted reproduction BPA exposure has been found to be negatively associated with peak serum estradiol levels during gonadotropin stimulation, number of retrieved oocytes, number of normally fertilized oocytes and implantation. BPA deleterious effects are more critical during perinatal exposure, causing dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in pups and adults, with a precocious maturation of the axis through a damage of GnRH pulsatility, gonadotropin signaling and sex steroid hormone production. Further, BPA exposure during early lifestage may have a transgenerational effect predisposing the subsequent generations to the risk of developing BPA related disease. Experimental studies suggested that prenatal, perinatal and postnatal exposure to BPA can impair several steps of ovarian development, induce ovarian morphology rearrangement and impair ovarian function, particularly folliculogenesis, as well as can impair uterus morphology and function, in female adult animal and offspring. Finally, studies carried out in animal models have been reported the occurrence of endometriosis-like lesions after BPA exposure. Moreover, BPA exposure has been described to encourage the genesis of PCOS-like abnormalities through the impairment of the secretion of sex hormones affecting ovarian morphology and functions, particularly folliculogenesis. The current manuscript summarizes the evidence regarding the association between BPA exposure and female infertility, reviewing both clinical and preclinical studies.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Naringin protects against Bisphenol-A induced oculopathy as implication of cataract in hypertensive

Naringin protects against Bisphenol-A induced oculopathy as implication of cataract in hypertensive rat model.

People who have experienced high blood pressure are at greater risk of susceptibility to other health problems including oculopathy .
The patients with these experiences do not have adequate treatment and those who do ; spend much funds on the drug purchase .
The study examines the protective effect of naringin ( NRG ) against ocular impairment in-NAME induced hypertensive rat on exposure to a cellular disruptor .
Fifty-six adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight ( n = 7 ) groups .
Group I : control animals , Group II was treated with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treated with 50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A , Group IV was treated with-NAME +50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A .
Group V was administered with-NAME +80 mg/kg NRG .
Group VI was administered with 50 Mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG .
Group VII was administered with-NAME+50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A +80 mg/kg NRG .
Lastly , group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NRG alone for 14 days .
Naringin prevented hypertension and ocular dysfunction by depleting the activities of angiotensin-converting enzymes , arginase , aldose-reductase and phosphodiesterase-5 ( PDE-5 ) with corresponding down-regulation of inflammatory markers including TNF-α @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was remarkably reduced by NRG as manifested by the decreased activities of AChE , BuChE , MAO-A and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis ( ATPase , ADPase , AMPase ) and adenosine deaminase with resultant increased NO level .
Also , ocular expression of CD43 transcript , caspaace-9 and tumor suppressor P53 proteins were suppressed on treatment with NRG .
This study corroborates the view that NRG may be a useful therapy in alleviating inflammatory markers , apoptosis and metabolic nucleotides disorders via the NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in hypertensive rat model on exposure to @ @ @ @

People who have experienced high blood pressure are at greater risk of susceptibility to other health problems including oculopathy. The patients with these experiences do not have adequate treatment and those who do; spend much funds on the drug purchase. The study examines the protective effect of naringin (NRG) against ocular impairment in-NAME induced hypertensive rat on exposure to a cellular disruptor. Fifty-six adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight (n = 7) groups. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (-NAME), Group III was treated with 50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A, Group IV was treated with-NAME +50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A. Group V was administered with-NAME +80 mg/kg NRG. Group VI was administered with 50 Mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG. Group VII was administered with-NAME+50 mg/kg Bisphenol-A +80 mg/kg NRG. Lastly, group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NRG alone for 14 days. Naringin prevented hypertension and ocular dysfunction by depleting the activities of angiotensin-converting enzymes, arginase, aldose-reductase and phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) with corresponding down-regulation of inflammatory markers including TNF-α and IL-B. Moreover, ocular impairment was remarkably reduced by NRG as manifested by the decreased activities of AChE, BuChE, MAO-A and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, ADPase, AMPase) and adenosine deaminase with resultant increased NO level. Also, ocular expression of CD43 transcript, caspaace-9 and tumor suppressor P53 proteins were suppressed on treatment with NRG. This study corroborates the view that NRG may be a useful therapy in alleviating inflammatory markers, apoptosis and metabolic nucleotides disorders via the NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in hypertensive rat model on exposure to a cellular disruptor.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Bisphenol S in food causes hormonal and obesogenic effects comparable to or worse than bisphenol A.

In recent years , bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S ( BPS ) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers , since bisphenol A ( BPA ) has been shown to leach into food and water , causing numerous negative health effects .
Unfortunately , little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative .
The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity , metabolic disorders , cancer , and reproductive defects ; among others .
It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects , such as activating preadipocytes , and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders , such as gestational diabetes , that BPA was not correlated with .
BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ same rate as BPA .
Therefore , a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA .

In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers, since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Unfortunately, little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative. The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations. This article used a literature survey to investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and reproductive defects; among others. It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects, such as activating preadipocytes, and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders, such as gestational diabetes, that BPA was not correlated with. BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to hormonally promote certain breast cancers at the same rate as BPA. Therefore, a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--The results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviour

The results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviours.

Bisphenol S ( BPS ) , considered to be a safe alternative to Bisphenol A , is increasingly used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products .
However , mounting evidence suggests that BPS can act as a xenoestrogen targeting a wide range of neuro-endocrine functions in animals .
At present , very little is known about the impacts of BPS on social behaviors and/or the potential underlying mechanisms .
To this end , we exposed adult male and female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS ( 0 ( control ) , 1 , 10 , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to 17β-estradiol ( E2 ; 1 μg/L ; as positive control ) for 75 days .
Subsequently , alterations in social behaviors were evaluated by measuring shoal cohesion , group preferences , and locomotor activity .
Furthermore , to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying the neuro-behavioral effects of BPS , we also quantified the changes in the mRNA abundance of arginine vasotocin ( AVT ) , isotocin ( IT ) , and their corresponding receptors in the zebrafish brain .
The results showed that E2 and BPS ( 30 μg/L ) decreased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Moreover , a markeddecline in group preferences was observed in all treatment groups , while locomotor activity remained unaffected .
Alterations in the social behaviors were associated with sex-specific changes in the mRNA expression of genes involved in IT and AVT signaling .
Taken together , the results of this studysuggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviors via disruption of isotocinergic and vasotocinergic neuro-endocrine systems .

Bisphenol S (BPS), considered to be a safe alternative to Bisphenol A, is increasingly used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. However, mounting evidence suggests that BPS can act as a xenoestrogen targeting a wide range of neuro-endocrine functions in animals. At present, very little is known about the impacts of BPS on social behaviors and/or the potential underlying mechanisms. To this end, we exposed adult male and female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS (0 (control), 1, 10, and 30 μg/L), as well as to 17β-estradiol (E2; 1 μg/L; as positive control) for 75 days. Subsequently, alterations in social behaviors were evaluated by measuring shoal cohesion, group preferences, and locomotor activity. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying the neuro-behavioral effects of BPS, we also quantified the changes in the mRNA abundance of arginine vasotocin (AVT), isotocin (IT), and their corresponding receptors in the zebrafish brain. The results showed that E2 and BPS (30 μg/L) decreased shoal cohesion in both males and females. Moreover, a markeddecline in group preferences was observed in all treatment groups, while locomotor activity remained unaffected. Alterations in the social behaviors were associated with sex-specific changes in the mRNA expression of genes involved in IT and AVT signaling. Taken together, the results of this studysuggest that chronic exposure to BPS can impair zebrafish social behaviors via disruption of isotocinergic and vasotocinergic neuro-endocrine systems.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic effects of the combination of liposomal resveratrol and

Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic effects of the combination of liposomal resveratrol and carvedilol against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.

The use of the cytotoxic antibiotic doxorubicin ( DOXR ) is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity .
The aim of @ @ @ @ @ the cardioprotective effect of the combination of carvedilol ( CARD ) and liposomal resveratrol ( @ @ @ @ @ cardiomyopathy in rats .
The results of the present study showed that DOXR administration significantly @ @ @ @ @ by 35.6 % , creatine kinase-MB ( CK-MB ) by 40.6 % , troponin-I levels @ @ @ @ @ decreased reduced glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity by 47 % and 52 % , @ @ @ @ @ group .
Moreover , cardiac caspase-3 protein expression was upregulated by 51.6 % vs the @ @ @ @ @ , treatment of DOXR-administered rats with CARD , RESV , or LIPO RESV and their @ @ @ @ @ all the above-mentioned measured parameters .
In conclusion , concomitant administration of CARD and LIPO @ @ @ @ @ in some measured parameters against DOXR-induced cardiomyopathy and this may be a useful cardioprotective strategy @

The use of the cytotoxic antibiotic doxorubicin (DOXR) is limited by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of the combination of carvedilol (CARD) and liposomal resveratrol (LIPO RESV) against DOXR-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. The results of the present study showed that DOXR administration significantly increased heart weight/body weight ratio by 35.6%, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) by 40.6%, troponin-I levels by 85%, and decreased reduced glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity by 47% and 52%, respectively compared to the control group. Moreover, cardiac caspase-3 protein expression was upregulated by 51.6% vs the control group. In contrast, treatment of DOXR-administered rats with CARD, RESV, or LIPO RESV and their combination for 6 weeks improved all the above-mentioned measured parameters. In conclusion, concomitant administration of CARD and LIPO RESV exerted additive pharmacological effects in some measured parameters against DOXR-induced cardiomyopathy and this may be a useful cardioprotective strategy.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Ozone exerts cardioprotective and dermatoprotective effects during incubation with doxorubicin.

Introduction : Skin reactions and cardiotoxicity are one of the most common side effects of doxorubicin in cancer patients .
The main mechanisms based on the etiopathogenesis of these reactions are mediated by the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines , metalloproteases , and the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis .
Ozone therapy demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in several preclinical and clinical studies .
The aim of this research is based on the evaluation of cardioprotective and dermatoprotective effects of ozone during incubation with doxorubicin , giving preliminary evidences for further studies in the field of cardio-oncology .
Methods : Human skin fibroblast cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ doxorubicin at subclinical concentration ( 100 nM ) alone or combined with ozone concentrated from 10 up to 50 g/mL .
Cell viability and multiple anti-inflammatory studies were performed in both cell lines , with particular attention on the quantification of interleukins , leukotriene B4 , NF-B , and Nrf2 expressions during treatments .
Results : Ozone decreased significantly the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in skin fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes after 24 h of incubation .
The best cytoprotective effect of ozone was reached to 30 g/mL with a plateau phase at higher concentration .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the interleukins and proinflammatory mediators in both cells .
Conclusion : Ozone exerts cardioprotective and dermatoprotective effects during incubation with doxorubicin , and the involved mechanisms are mediated by its anti-inflammatory effects .
The overall picture described herein is a pilot study for preclinical studies in oncology .

Introduction: Skin reactions and cardiotoxicity are one of the most common side effects of doxorubicin in cancer patients. The main mechanisms based on the etiopathogenesis of these reactions are mediated by the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, metalloproteases, and the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis. Ozone therapy demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in several preclinical and clinical studies. The aim of this research is based on the evaluation of cardioprotective and dermatoprotective effects of ozone during incubation with doxorubicin, giving preliminary evidences for further studies in the field of cardio-oncology.
Methods: Human skin fibroblast cells and human fetal cardiomyocytes were exposed to doxorubicin at subclinical concentration (100 nM) alone or combined with ozone concentrated from 10 up to 50 g/mL. Cell viability and multiple anti-inflammatory studies were performed in both cell lines, with particular attention on the quantification of interleukins, leukotriene B4, NF-B, and Nrf2 expressions during treatments.
Results: Ozone decreased significantly the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in skin fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes after 24 h of incubation. The best cytoprotective effect of ozone was reached to 30 g/mL with a plateau phase at higher concentration. Ozone also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects decreasing significantly the interleukins and proinflammatory mediators in both cells.
Conclusion: Ozone exerts cardioprotective and dermatoprotective effects during incubation with doxorubicin, and the involved mechanisms are mediated by its anti-inflammatory effects. The overall picture described herein is a pilot study for preclinical studies in oncology.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Photobiomodulation therapy by light-emitting diode has beneficial effects on osteoarthritis treatmen

Photobiomodulation therapy by light-emitting diode has beneficial effects on osteoarthritis treatment in the knees.

OBJECTIVE : The present study aimed to evaluate the effectivenesses of photobiomodulation therapy ( PBMT ) by light-emitting diode ( @ @ @ @ @ OA ) treatment in the knees of rats .
DESIGN : Twenty male Wistar rats @ @ @ @ @ experimental groups : Animals subjected to induction of OA , without therapeutic intervention ( OAC @ @ @ @ @ induction of OA treated with LED PBMT ( 850 nm , 200 mW , 6 @ @ @ @ @ .
RESULTS : The results of gait analysis showed no statistical difference between the groups @ @ @ @ @ that the OAL group presented abnormal chondrocyte orientation , yet with less irregularities along fibrillation @ @ @ @ @ Thus , it presented a lower degenerative process when evaluated by the OARSI .
Likewise @ @ @ @ @ , the OAL group showed higher collagen 2 and TGF-β immunoexpression when compared to the @ @ @ @ @ Given the above , it is possible to suggest that the PBMT by LED had @ @ @ @ @ of ECM proteins responsible for synthesis of articular tissue .

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectivenesses of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) by light-emitting diode (LED) on osteoarthritis (OA) treatment in the knees of rats.
DESIGN: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two experimental groups: Animals subjected to induction of OA, without therapeutic intervention (OAC); animals subjected to induction of OA treated with LED PBMT (850 nm, 200 mW, 6 J) (OAL).
RESULTS: The results of gait analysis showed no statistical difference between the groups. The histological findings showed that the OAL group presented abnormal chondrocyte orientation, yet with less irregularities along fibrillation and the joint tissue. Thus, it presented a lower degenerative process when evaluated by the OARSI. Likewise, in the immunohistochemical analysis, the OAL group showed higher collagen 2 and TGF-β immunoexpression when compared to the OAC group.
CONCLUSION: Given the above, it is possible to suggest that the PBMT by LED had positive effects on the expression of ECM proteins responsible for synthesis of articular tissue.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Effects of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy on muscle repair following a peripheral n

Effects of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy on muscle repair following a peripheral nerve injury.

INTRODUCTION : Peripheral nerve injury ( PNI ) can lead to sensory and/or motor impairment .
As a treatment photobiomodulation @ @ @ @ @ positive effects in terms of the maintenance of muscle activation and trophism .
METHODS : @ @ @ @ @ five groups : control , injury , injury+PBM , injury+PBMn ( irradiation over injured nerve @ @ @ @ @ over affected muscle ) and injury+PBMnm ( irradiation over nerve and muscle ) .
The @ @ @ @ @ to a crushing injury .
Treatment was administered with low-level laser ( 780 nm , @ @ @ @ @ , 3.2 J ) over the injured nerve and/or the tibialis anterior muscle .
RESULTS @ @ @ @ @ were favorable on muscle morphology and gene expression of calcineurin , myogenin and acetylcholine receptors @ @ @ @ @ to an acceleration on muscle repair process and effects were more evident in two weeks @ @ @ @ @ PBM is indicated for the area over both the injured nerve and the affected muscle @

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) can lead to sensory and/or motor impairment. As a treatment photobiomodulation (PBM) has demonstrated positive effects in terms of the maintenance of muscle activation and trophism.
METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, injury, injury+PBM, injury+PBMn (irradiation over injured nerve), injury+PBMm (irradiation over affected muscle) and injury+PBMnm (irradiation over nerve and muscle). The left sciatic nerve was submitted to a crushing injury. Treatment was administered with low-level laser (780 nm, 0.04 cm, 1 W/cm, 3.2 J) over the injured nerve and/or the tibialis anterior muscle.
RESULTS: The effects of PBM were favorable on muscle morphology and gene expression of calcineurin, myogenin and acetylcholine receptors.
CONCLUSION: PBM led to an acceleration on muscle repair process and effects were more evident in two weeks after PNI. Thus, PBM is indicated for the area over both the injured nerve and the affected muscle.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Low temperature and low UV indexes correlated with peaks of influenza virus activity in northern Eur

Low temperature and low UV indexes correlated with peaks of influenza virus activity in northern Europe during 2010-2018.

With the increasing pace of global warming , it is important to understand the role of meteorological factors in influenza @ @ @ @ @ .
In this study , we investigated the impact of temperature , UV index , @ @ @ @ @ atmospheric pressure , and precipitation on IV activity in Norway , Sweden , Finland , @ @ @ @ @ during 2010⁻2018 .
Both correlation and machine learning analyses revealed that low temperature and UV @ @ @ @ @ meteorological factors for IV epidemics in Northern Europe .
Our in vitro experiments confirmed that @ @ @ @ @ preserved IV infectivity .
Associations between these meteorological factors and IV activity could improve surveillance @ @ @ @ @ predictive models for future influenza outbreaks in the region .

With the increasing pace of global warming, it is important to understand the role of meteorological factors in influenza virus (IV) epidemics. In this study, we investigated the impact of temperature, UV index, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on IV activity in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during 2010⁻2018. Both correlation and machine learning analyses revealed that low temperature and UV indexes were the most predictive meteorological factors for IV epidemics in Northern Europe. Our in vitro experiments confirmed that low temperature and UV radiation preserved IV infectivity. Associations between these meteorological factors and IV activity could improve surveillance and promote development of accurate predictive models for future influenza outbreaks in the region.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--This systematic review showed that the 10 mg lutein per day for twelve months can lead to improvemen

This systematic review showed that the 10 mg lutein per day for twelve months can lead to improvement of cognitive functions.

BACKGROUND : Fruits and vegetables are generally rich in antioxidants such as carotenoids .
Consumption of carotenoids is expected to have benefits on cognitive functions in humans .
However , previous randomized controlled trials ( RCT ) using carotenoids have reported inconsistent results .
Therefore , this systematic review ( SR ) aimed to summarize the effect of carotenoid intake on cognitive functions in humans .
METHOD : PubMed , Cochrane Library , Web of Science , and PsychoINFO were searched for research papers on carotenoid intake with the criteria that 1 ) oral carotenoid intake was evaluated using RCTs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , middle-aged , or older , and 3 ) cognitive functions were measured using RCTs .
RESULTS : Five studies using lutein and two studies using astaxanthin met the inclusion criteria .
Consumption of lutein and its isomer showed consistent results in selective improvement of visual episodic memory in young and middle-aged adults while inhibition was observed in middle-aged and older adults .
One of the two included astaxanthin studies reported a significant improvement of verbal episodic memory performance in middle-aged adults .
CONCLUSION : This SR showed that the 10 mg lutein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to improvement of cognitive functions .
Due to the small number of studies , it is difficult to conclude whether astaxanthin would have a positive effect on cognitive functions .

BACKGROUND: Fruits and vegetables are generally rich in antioxidants such as carotenoids. Consumption of carotenoids is expected to have benefits on cognitive functions in humans. However, previous randomized controlled trials (RCT) using carotenoids have reported inconsistent results. Therefore, this systematic review (SR) aimed to summarize the effect of carotenoid intake on cognitive functions in humans.
METHOD: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsychoINFO were searched for research papers on carotenoid intake with the criteria that 1) oral carotenoid intake was evaluated using RCTs, 2) participants were healthy young, middle-aged, or older, and 3) cognitive functions were measured using RCTs.
RESULTS: Five studies using lutein and two studies using astaxanthin met the inclusion criteria. Consumption of lutein and its isomer showed consistent results in selective improvement of visual episodic memory in young and middle-aged adults while inhibition was observed in middle-aged and older adults. One of the two included astaxanthin studies reported a significant improvement of verbal episodic memory performance in middle-aged adults.
CONCLUSION: This SR showed that the 10 mg lutein per day for twelve months can lead to improvement of cognitive functions. Due to the small number of studies, it is difficult to conclude whether astaxanthin would have a positive effect on cognitive functions.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Daily consumption of an anthocyanin-rich extract made from New Zealand blackcurrants for 5 weeks sup

Daily consumption of an anthocyanin-rich extract made from New Zealand blackcurrants for 5 weeks supports exercise recovery.

Regular exercise is essential to a healthy lifestyle but evokes an oxidative and inflammatory stress .
Depending upon its intensity and duration this can result in either beneficial adaptive changes or underlying tissue damage that impacts upon long-term health and individual sporting training schedules .
Functional foods containing plant bioactives have potential to support exercise through management of the detrimental aspects of exercise and complement ergonomic adaptive benefits.Previously we reported that a single consumption of a 3.2 mg/kg New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin-rich extract ( BAE ) 1 h before a 30 min rowing exercise attenuated moderate exercise-mediated oxidative stress and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ whether the efficacy of a single consumption of BAE 1 h prior to exercise is changed after extended daily BAE consumption for 5 weeks.On week 1 , a single consumption of BAE 1 h before a 30 min row mediated a significant ( < 0.05 ) 46 % reduction in post-exercise-induced malondialdehyde ( MDA ) by 2 h compared to a 30 % reduction in the placebo group .
Similar efficacy was observed 5 weeks later after daily consumption of BAE .
In addition , daily BAE consumption for 5 weeks improved the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inflammation , and ( b ) increased plasma IL-10 , salivary beta-defensin 2 ( BD2 ) and secretory IgA .
Although no change in plasma antioxidant capacity was detected , a significant ( < 0.009 ) positive correlation between plasma IL-10 and plasma antioxidant capacity ( = 0.35 ) was observed on week 6 after 5 week BAE consumption suggesting IL-10 influences antioxidant properties .
Using a differentiated myotubule cell-line revealed that whilst IL-10 had no direct antioxidant neutralizing action , longer-term exposure ( 24 h ) attenuated 2,2'-Azobis ( 2-amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , supporting a putative role for IL-10 in the modulation of cellular antioxidant systems.Daily consumption of BAE for 5 weeks serves to enhance the exercise recovery effectiveness of a single consumption of BAE and promotes beneficial/protective antioxidant/anti-inflammatory cellular events that facilitate exercise recovery .

Regular exercise is essential to a healthy lifestyle but evokes an oxidative and inflammatory stress. Depending upon its intensity and duration this can result in either beneficial adaptive changes or underlying tissue damage that impacts upon long-term health and individual sporting training schedules. Functional foods containing plant bioactives have potential to support exercise through management of the detrimental aspects of exercise and complement ergonomic adaptive benefits.Previously we reported that a single consumption of a 3.2 mg/kg New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanin-rich extract (BAE) 1 h before a 30 min rowing exercise attenuated moderate exercise-mediated oxidative stress and supported innate immunity. Here we evaluate whether the efficacy of a single consumption of BAE 1 h prior to exercise is changed after extended daily BAE consumption for 5 weeks.On week 1, a single consumption of BAE 1 h before a 30 min row mediated a significant (<0.05) 46% reduction in post-exercise-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) by 2 h compared to a 30% reduction in the placebo group. Similar efficacy was observed 5 weeks later after daily consumption of BAE. In addition, daily BAE consumption for 5 weeks improved the efficacy to (a) resolve acute inflammation, and (b) increased plasma IL-10, salivary beta-defensin 2 (BD2) and secretory IgA. Although no change in plasma antioxidant capacity was detected, a significant (<0.009) positive correlation between plasma IL-10 and plasma antioxidant capacity (= 0.35) was observed on week 6 after 5 week BAE consumption suggesting IL-10 influences antioxidant properties. Using a differentiated myotubule cell-line revealed that whilst IL-10 had no direct antioxidant neutralizing action, longer-term exposure (24 h) attenuated 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced myotubule oxidative stress, supporting a putative role for IL-10 in the modulation of cellular antioxidant systems.Daily consumption of BAE for 5 weeks serves to enhance the exercise recovery effectiveness of a single consumption of BAE and promotes beneficial/protective antioxidant/anti-inflammatory cellular events that facilitate exercise recovery.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Eugenol restricts cancer stem cell population.

Eugenol a phenylpropanoid , predominantly found in clove is a very common spice in daily cuisine .
It already reported to have anti-breast cancer activity .
In this study , the effect of eugenol on CSC ( Cancer Stem Cell ) markers and its main regulatorβ-catenin both in vivo Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ( EAC ) cell line and in vitro MCF-7 cell line was investigated with that of the untreated group .
The therapeutic doses were found to significantly induce apoptosis leaving normal mice and cells unaffected .
The in-depth analysis revealed the downregulation of β-catenin thereby facilitating its degradation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Significant downregulation of various CSC markers was also observed in vivo after eugenol treatment those are regulated by the intracellular status of β-catenin .
These findings were validated bythe effect of eugenol on the formation of the secondary sphere in vitro .
Notable downregulation of the enriched stemness of secondary mammosphere was detected by the significantly decreased percentage of CD44/CD24population after eugenol treatment along with their distorted morphology and smaller the number of spheres .
The underlying mechanism revealed significant downregulation ofβ-catenin and the set of CSC markers along with their reduced mRNA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , it can be concluded from the study that eugenol exerts its chemotherapeutic potential by impeding β-catenin nuclear translocation thereby promoting its cytoplasmic degradation as aresult stemness is being suppressed potentially even if in the enriched state .
Therefore the study contributes to reduce the cancer-induced complications associated with the CSC population .
This will ultimately confer the longer and improved patient 's life .

Eugenol a phenylpropanoid, predominantly found in clove is a very common spice in daily cuisine. It already reported to have anti-breast cancer activity. In this study, the effect of eugenol on CSC (Cancer Stem Cell) markers and its main regulatorβ-catenin both in vivo Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell line and in vitro MCF-7 cell line was investigated with that of the untreated group. The therapeutic doses were found to significantly induce apoptosis leaving normal mice and cells unaffected. The in-depth analysis revealed the downregulation of β-catenin thereby facilitating its degradation by N-terminal phosphorylation of Ser37 residue. Significant downregulation of various CSC markers was also observed in vivo after eugenol treatment those are regulated by the intracellular status of β-catenin. These findings were validated bythe effect of eugenol on the formation of the secondary sphere in vitro. Notable downregulation of the enriched stemness of secondary mammosphere was detected by the significantly decreased percentage of CD44/CD24population after eugenol treatment along with their distorted morphology and smaller the number of spheres. The underlying mechanism revealed significant downregulation ofβ-catenin and the set of CSC markers along with their reduced mRNA expression in secondary sphere culture. Therefore, it can be concluded from the study that eugenol exerts its chemotherapeutic potential by impeding β-catenin nuclear translocation thereby promoting its cytoplasmic degradation as aresult stemness is being suppressed potentially even if in the enriched state. Therefore the study contributes to reduce the cancer-induced complications associated with the CSC population. This will ultimately confer the longer and improved patient's life.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat

Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells.

Glioma is the prime cause of cancer allied mortality in adolescent people and it accounts about 80 % of all malignant tumours .
Eugenol is a major bioactive constituent present in the essential oils with numerous pharmacological benefits including nueroprotective activity .
The major drawback of eugenol is its extreme volatile property and oxygen sensitivity therefore we increased the efficacy of drug ; eugenol by encapsulating with chitosan polymer .
Eugenol loaded chitosan polymer ( EuCs ) was characterized using FTIR , XRD , SEM , HR-TEM analysis and the encapsulation , drug release efficacy was assessed at in vitro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anticancer efficacy of EuCs on glioma cells was evaluated with rat C6 glioma cells using MTT assay , acridine orange staining , immunocytochemical analysis of NFκβ protein expression and FLOW cytometric analysis .
The anti-metastatic property of Eu-CS was assessed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis of epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in EuCs treated rat C6 glioma cells .
Our characterization analysis proves that EuCs possess essentialphysical and functional properties of copolymer to be utilized as a drug .
Further the MTT analysis and AO staining confirms even in the presence of oncogenic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ apoptotic potency on rat C6 glioma cells .
The result of immunocytochemical studies depicts the inhibition of NFκβ protein expression and flow cytometry studies confirm apoptosis induction by EuCs .
The inhibition of metastasis by EuCs was proven by the decrease in epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in Eu-Cs treated rat C6 glioma cells .
Over all our results authenticallyconfirms eugenol loaded chitosan nanopolymer persuasively induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in rat C6 glioma cells .

Glioma is the prime cause of cancer allied mortality in adolescent people and it accounts about 80% of all malignant tumours. Eugenol is a major bioactive constituent present in the essential oils with numerous pharmacological benefits including nueroprotective activity. The major drawback of eugenol is its extreme volatile property and oxygen sensitivity therefore we increased the efficacy of drug; eugenol by encapsulating with chitosan polymer. Eugenol loaded chitosan polymer (EuCs) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM analysis and the encapsulation, drug release efficacy was assessed at in vitro condition. The induction of autophagy and anticancer efficacy of EuCs on glioma cells was evaluated with rat C6 glioma cells using MTT assay, acridine orange staining, immunocytochemical analysis of NFκβ protein expression and FLOW cytometric analysis. The anti-metastatic property of Eu-CS was assessed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis of epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in EuCs treated rat C6 glioma cells. Our characterization analysis proves that EuCs possess essentialphysical and functional properties of copolymer to be utilized as a drug. Further the MTT analysis and AO staining confirms even in the presence of oncogenic inducer and autophagic inhibitors, EuCs exhibits apoptotic potency on rat C6 glioma cells. The result of immunocytochemical studies depicts the inhibition of NFκβ protein expression and flow cytometry studies confirm apoptosis induction by EuCs. The inhibition of metastasis by EuCs was proven by the decrease in epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in Eu-Cs treated rat C6 glioma cells. Over all our results authenticallyconfirms eugenol loaded chitosan nanopolymer persuasively induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in rat C6 glioma cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation ameliorated liver injury induced by chlorpyrifos.

The primary metabolize of chlorpyrifos ( CPF ) is in the liver tissue , which it can cause oxidative damage and apoptosis in liver cells .
The use of exercise with antioxidant supplements could have a protective effects in the liver tissue especially by improve mitochondria function .
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol ( Eu ) supplementation on destructive effects of CPF in liver tissue .
Sixty-four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups ( eight rats in each group ) .
Four experimental groups @ @ @ @ @ @ @ body weight CPF in dimethyl sulfoxide for six consecutive weeks .
Aerobic exercise was performed 5 days per week over 4 weeks for exercise groups .
Finally , the animals were sacrificed for the histomorphometric analysis and biochemical measurement in the liver tissue .
The result of this study show that consumption of CPF alone , caused collagen deposition , increased apoptosis , tumor necrosis factor α , malondialdehyde , and decreased catalase , superoxide dismutase , acetylcholinesterase ( AChE ) compared to control and exercise groups ( healthy groups ) in liver @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Prescription of exercises and Eu supplements in CPF consumer groups , neutralized this destructive effects of CPF.However , concomitant administration of Eu with exercise had better effects on liver tissue ( P ˂ .05 ) .
It seems that consumption of Eu with aerobic exercise have a protective role in tissue destruction , inflammatory damage by improving antioxidant defense and modulating AChE activity in hepatocytes .

The primary metabolize of chlorpyrifos (CPF) is in the liver tissue, which it can cause oxidative damage and apoptosis in liver cells. The use of exercise with antioxidant supplements could have a protective effects in the liver tissue especially by improve mitochondria function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol (Eu) supplementation on destructive effects of CPF in liver tissue. Sixty-four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups (eight rats in each group). Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection of either 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in dimethyl sulfoxide for six consecutive weeks. Aerobic exercise was performed 5 days per week over 4 weeks for exercise groups. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for the histomorphometric analysis and biochemical measurement in the liver tissue. The result of this study show that consumption of CPF alone, caused collagen deposition, increased apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor α, malondialdehyde, and decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) compared to control and exercise groups (healthy groups) in liver tissue (P ˂ .05). Prescription of exercises and Eu supplements in CPF consumer groups, neutralized this destructive effects of CPF.However, concomitant administration of Eu with exercise had better effects on liver tissue (P ˂ .05). It seems that consumption of Eu with aerobic exercise have a protective role in tissue destruction, inflammatory damage by improving antioxidant defense and modulating AChE activity in hepatocytes.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Antioxidant activity of eugenol in Piper betel leaf extract.

Background : Extracts of Piper betel are used for the treatment of various ailments since ages due to its essential properties like antioxidant , anticancer , anti-allergic etc .
In the present study antioxidant activity for Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol was assessed .
Eugenol was taken as marker compound .
Methods : Nitric oxide , Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay methods were carried out for assessment of antioxidant activity of Piper betel .
Results : The antioxidant activity for Nitric oxide , Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay at 1000 to 62.5μg/ml was performed .
The antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the IC50 value for Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical > 1000 whereas Eugenol exhibited the IC50 value 114.34± 0.46 and 306.44 ± 5.28 respectively , for reducing power assay ( RPA ) Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol revealed the RPA value ranging from 0.44-0.08 and 0.53-0.12 .
Conclusion : The benefits of Piper betel have been mentioned in our ancient texts .
Keeping in view the emergence of various diseases and the benefits of Piper betei , there is need that every effort should be made to revive this treasure of nature @ @ @ @ @

Background: Extracts of Piper betel are used for the treatment of various ailments since ages due to its essential properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-allergic etc. In the present study antioxidant activity for Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol was assessed. Eugenol was taken as marker compound.
Methods: Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay methods were carried out for assessment of antioxidant activity of Piper betel.
Results: The antioxidant activity for Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radical and Reducing power assay at 1000 to 62.5μg/ml was performed. The antioxidant activity of Piper betel leaf extract exhibited the IC50 value for Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical>1000 whereas Eugenol exhibited the IC50 value 114.34± 0.46 and 306.44 ± 5.28 respectively, for reducing power assay (RPA) Piper betel leaf extract and Eugenol revealed the RPA value ranging from 0.44-0.08 and 0.53-0.12.
Conclusion: The benefits of Piper betel have been mentioned in our ancient texts. Keeping in view the emergence of various diseases and the benefits of Piper betei, there is need that every effort should be made to revive this treasure of nature into our daily supplement.