greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Omega-3 fatty acid and iron supplementation lower inflammation and anemia of infection in Mycobacter

Omega-3 fatty acid and iron supplementation lower inflammation and anemia of infection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis ( TB ) and linked to poor clinical outcomes .
Eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) have inflammation-resolving properties , whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth .
We investigated effects of iron and EPA/DHA supplementation , alone and in combination , on inflammation , anemia , iron status markers and clinical outcomes in-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice .
One week post-infection , mice received the AIN-93 diet without ( control ) or with supplemental iron ( Fe ) , EPA/DHA , or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with Fe or EPA/DHA had lower soluble transferrin receptor , ferritin and hepcidin than controls , but these effects were attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice .
EPA/DHA increased inflammation-resolving lipid mediators and lowered lung IL-1α , IFN-γ , plasma IL-1β , and TNF-α .
Fe lowered lung IL-1α , IL-1β , plasma IL-1β , TNF-α , and IL-6 .
However , the cytokine-lowering effects in the lungs were attenuated with Fe+EPA/DHA .
Mice supplemented with EPA/DHA had lower lung bacterial loads than controls , but this effect was attenuated inFe+EPA/DHA mice .
Thus , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lowered systemic and lung inflammation and mitigated anemia of infection in TB , but not when combined .
EPA/DHA also enhanced bactericidal effects and could support inflammation resolution and management of anemia .

Progressive inflammation and anemia are common in tuberculosis (TB) and linked to poor clinical outcomes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have inflammation-resolving properties, whereas iron supplementation in TB may have limited efficacy and enhance bacterial growth. We investigated effects of iron and EPA/DHA supplementation, alone and in combination, on inflammation, anemia, iron status markers and clinical outcomes in-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. One week post-infection, mice received the AIN-93 diet without (control) or with supplemental iron (Fe), EPA/DHA, or Fe+EPA/DHA for 3 weeks. Mice supplemented with Fe or EPA/DHA had lower soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin and hepcidin than controls, but these effects were attenuated in Fe+EPA/DHA mice. EPA/DHA increased inflammation-resolving lipid mediators and lowered lung IL-1α, IFN-γ, plasma IL-1β, and TNF-α. Fe lowered lung IL-1α, IL-1β, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. However, the cytokine-lowering effects in the lungs were attenuated with Fe+EPA/DHA. Mice supplemented with EPA/DHA had lower lung bacterial loads than controls, but this effect was attenuated inFe+EPA/DHA mice. Thus, individually, post-infection EPA/DHA and iron supplementation lowered systemic and lung inflammation and mitigated anemia of infection in TB, but not when combined. EPA/DHA also enhanced bactericidal effects and could support inflammation resolution and management of anemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Bayberry Leaf Offers Hope Against Growing Antibiotic Resistance

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greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Modulation of chronic inflammation by quercetin: The beneficial effects on obesity.

Obesity has become a major risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as insulin resistance , type 2 @ @ @ @ @ disease .
Moreover , obesity induces chronic inflammation in adipose tissue , liver , skeletal @ @ @ @ @ system .
Quercetin is the major representative of the flavonoid subclass of flavonols , which @ @ @ @ @ plants such as green tea , and vegetables , including onions and apples .
Researchers @ @ @ @ @ the beneficial physiological roles of quercetin , which has anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory , and anti-fibrotic @ @ @ @ @ atherosclerosis in obesity-related diseases .
Also , the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin on intestinal microbiota @ @ @ @ @ .
In addition , there is increasing evidence that quercetin is associated with epigenetic activities @ @ @ @ @ maternal undernutrition during gestation and lactation .
In this review , we focus on the @ @ @ @ @ its dietary sources in obesity , and its anti-inflammatory effects on insulin resistance , atherosclerosis @ @ @ @ @ maternal under-nutrition with epigenetic activity .

Obesity has become a major risk factor for the development of chronic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, obesity induces chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and the vascular system. Quercetin is the major representative of the flavonoid subclass of flavonols, which is ubiquitously contained within natural plants such as green tea, and vegetables, including onions and apples. Researchers have focused greater attention to the beneficial physiological roles of quercetin, which has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects on insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in obesity-related diseases. Also, the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin on intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated in obesity. In addition, there is increasing evidence that quercetin is associated with epigenetic activities in cancer, and in maternal undernutrition during gestation and lactation. In this review, we focus on the chemical properties of quercetin, its dietary sources in obesity, and its anti-inflammatory effects on insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, intestinal microbiota, and maternal under-nutrition with epigenetic activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Lyophilized onion powder may be protective against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia arising from diab

Objective : This study aims to evaluate the effects of onion ( L. ) against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia and determine possible changes in these effects due to different heat treatments applied to onion .
Materials and Methods : 32 male Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups as follows : the groups C and DC were fed with standard rat diet ; the DLO group was fed with rat diet including 5 % onion powder dried at -76°C in a lyophilizator , and the DFO group was fed with rat diet including 5 % onion powder dried at 80°C in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DC , DLO and DFO groups by injection of streptozotocin ( 45 mg/kg ) .
Results : A decreasing tendency was observed in fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) values of DLO group during the experiment period and it was found that the 6th and 8th weeks values were significantly lower than the 1st and 2nd weeks values ( p < 0.05 ) .
On the other hand , no statistical difference was observed in the FBG values measured at different weeks in the DFO group .
Significant differences were also observed among @ @ @ @ @ @ @ values .
DLO group was determined to have lower levels of triglyceride ( p < 0.001 ) , LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol and higher levels of HDL cholesterol ( p < 0.05 for all cases ) compared to the DC group whereas no significant difference in these values was found between the DFO and DC groups .
Conclusion : Lyophilized onion powder may be protective against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia arising from diabetes .
However , the heat treatments applied to onion affect this protective role negatively .

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of onion (L.) against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia and determine possible changes in these effects due to different heat treatments applied to onion.
Materials and Methods: 32 male Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: the groups C and DC were fed with standard rat diet; the DLO group was fed with rat diet including 5% onion powder dried at -76°C in a lyophilizator, and the DFO group was fed with rat diet including 5% onion powder dried at 80°C in a furnace. Diabetes was induced in DC, DLO and DFO groups by injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg).
Results: A decreasing tendency was observed in fasting blood glucose (FBG) values of DLO group during the experiment period and it was found that the 6th and 8th weeks values were significantly lower than the 1st and 2nd weeks values (p<0.05). On the other hand, no statistical difference was observed in the FBG values measured at different weeks in the DFO group. Significant differences were also observed among the groups in terms of plasma lipid values. DLO group was determined to have lower levels of triglyceride (p<0.001), LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol and higher levels of HDL cholesterol (p<0.05 for all cases) compared to the DC group whereas no significant difference in these values was found between the DFO and DC groups.
Conclusion: Lyophilized onion powder may be protective against hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia arising from diabetes. However, the heat treatments applied to onion affect this protective role negatively.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Allium flavonols: Health benefits, molecular targets, and bioavailability.

species are revered worldwide as vegetables , condiments , and spices as well as the therapeutic agents in traditional medicine @ @ @ @ @ alliums mainly include organosulfur compounds , polyphenols , dietary fibers , and saponins .
Flavonoids @ @ @ @ @ , have been demonstrated to have the antioxidant , anticancer , hypolipidemic , anti-diabetic , @ @ @ @ @ antimicrobial activities .
However , flavonols are mostly characterized from onions and have not been @ @ @ @ @ .
This article therefore focuses on flavonol profiles from differentspecies , their health effects , @ @ @ @ @ bioavailability .
Intriguingly , the functional health effects of flavonols were mainly ascribed to their @ @ @ @ @ a cascade of multiple signaling pathways .
Although the-derived flavonols offer tremendous potential in preventing @ @ @ @ @ studies are needed to translate their clinical application .

species are revered worldwide as vegetables, condiments, and spices as well as the therapeutic agents in traditional medicine. The bioactive compounds in alliums mainly include organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, dietary fibers, and saponins. Flavonoids, particularly flavonols from alliums, have been demonstrated to have the antioxidant, anticancer, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, flavonols are mostly characterized from onions and have not been comprehensively reviewed across different species. This article therefore focuses on flavonol profiles from differentspecies, their health effects, underlying molecular mechanisms, and bioavailability. Intriguingly, the functional health effects of flavonols were mainly ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities involving a cascade of multiple signaling pathways. Although the-derived flavonols offer tremendous potential in preventing chronic disease risks, in-depth studies are needed to translate their clinical application.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Suppressive effects of mioga ginger and ginger constituents on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Suppressive effects of mioga ginger and ginger constituents on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, and the expression of inducible pro-inflammatory genes in macrophages.

We previously conducted screening tests of the chloroform extracts from a total of 89 species of Japanese plant food items for their suppressive effects on superoxide ( O ( 2 ) ( ) ) generation through both NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase , and reported that mioga ginger ( Zingiber mioga Roscoe ) indicated the strongest suppressive activities .
In this study , the suppressive effects of mioga ginger constituents , aframodial , and galanal B , together with [ 6 ] -gingerol and galanolactone occurring in ginger , on free radical generation and inducible proinflammatory gene expressions were investigated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 20 microM ) exhibited marked suppressive effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced O ( 2 ) ( ) generation in HL-60 cells and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) /interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide ( NO ) generation in RAW264.7 cells ( inhibition rates [ IRs ] =84.6 % and 95.9 % , respectively ) .
Aframodial also strongly suppressed the stimulated HL-60 cell-induced mutagenicity in AS52 cells ( IR=95.9 % ) .
The LPS-induced expression of inducible proinflammatory genes such as inducible NO synthase , interleukin ( IL ) -1beta , IL-6 , and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 74.0 % , and 64.4 % , respectively ) by aframodial .
In addition , degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB was suppressed by this compound ( IR=100 % ) , suggesting that the suppression of nuclear factor kappaB activation , at least in part , is involved .
Taken together , these results suggest that aframodial has potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials , and may be a promising candidate in prevention and/or therapy for chronic inflammationassociated carcinogenesis .

We previously conducted screening tests of the chloroform extracts from a total of 89 species of Japanese plant food items for their suppressive effects on superoxide (O(2) ()) generation through both NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase, and reported that mioga ginger (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) indicated the strongest suppressive activities. In this study, the suppressive effects of mioga ginger constituents, aframodial, and galanal B, together with [6]-gingerol and galanolactone occurring in ginger, on free radical generation and inducible proinflammatory gene expressions were investigated. Of these constituents, aframodial (20 microM) exhibited marked suppressive effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced O(2) () generation in HL-60 cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in RAW264.7 cells (inhibition rates [IRs]=84.6% and 95.9%, respectively). Aframodial also strongly suppressed the stimulated HL-60 cell-induced mutagenicity in AS52 cells (IR=95.9%). The LPS-induced expression of inducible proinflammatory genes such as inducible NO synthase, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was significantly abolished (IRs=99.1%, 74.6%, 74.0%, and 64.4%, respectively) by aframodial. In addition, degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB was suppressed by this compound (IR=100%), suggesting that the suppression of nuclear factor kappaB activation, at least in part, is involved. Taken together, these results suggest that aframodial has potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials, and may be a promising candidate in prevention and/or therapy for chronic inflammationassociated carcinogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Zingiber mioga attenuates allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin challenge.

Zingiber mioga ( Thunb . )
Roscoe ( ZM ) is a traditional medicine , used to treat inflammatory diseases .
The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ZM on the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) ‑stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and in a mouse model of ovalbumin ( OVA ) ‑induced allergic asthma .
Mice received OVA sensitization on day 0 and 14 , and were challenged with OVA between days 21 and 23 .
ZM was administered to the mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg , 1 h prior to OVA challenge @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly decreased nitric oxide ( NO ) and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) ‑α production in a concentration‑dependent manner , and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase ( iNOS ) , TNF‑α and matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) ‑9 was reduced .
In addition , treatment with ZM decreased the inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the mice , and reduced the expression of interleukin ( IL ) ‑4 , IL‑5 , IL‑13 , eotaxin and immunoglobulin E. ZM also reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in OVA‑challenged mice , and attenuated the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the airways , with a decrease in the expression of iNOS and MMP‑9 in lung tissue .
In conclusion , the results of the present study indicate that ZM effectively inhibits inflammatory responses .
Therefore , it may be that ZM has potential as a therapeutic agent for use in inflammatory diseases .

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe (ZM) is a traditional medicine, used to treat inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ZM on the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)‑induced allergic asthma. Mice received OVA sensitization on day 0 and 14, and were challenged with OVA between days 21 and 23. ZM was administered to the mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 1 h prior to OVA challenge. In LPS‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells, ZM significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α production in a concentration‑dependent manner, and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF‑α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9 was reduced. In addition, treatment with ZM decreased the inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the mice, and reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13, eotaxin and immunoglobulin E. ZM also reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in OVA‑challenged mice, and attenuated the infiltration ofinflammatory cells and mucus production in the airways, with a decrease in the expression of iNOS and MMP‑9 in lung tissue. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that ZM effectively inhibits inflammatory responses. Therefore, it may be that ZM has potential as a therapeutic agent for use in inflammatory diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Zingiber mioga reduces weight gain, insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis in diet-induced o

Zingiber mioga reduces weight gain, insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis in diet-induced obese mice.

is a perennial herb belonging to the ginger family ( Zingiberaceae ) that is used medicinally to treat cough and rheumatism in China and consumed throughout Japan .
The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects offollowing extraction with distilled water or 70 % ethanol .
In 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells , water extract ( ZMW ) markedly inhibited adipogenesis , whereas the ethanol extract had no effect .
In addition , we conducted ZMW feeding experiments ( 0.25 or 0.5 % ZMW ) in high-fat diet ( HFD ) -fed mice to examine the anti-obesity effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the HFD + ZMW 0.5 % group .
Notably , ZMW decreased liver weight but not adipose tissue weight .
Furthermore , insulin resistance and hepatic mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes , such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and G6Pase , were improved in the HFD + ZMW 0.5 % group .
Furthermore , ZMW treatment decreased hepatic lipogenic gene expression ; however , it did not alter adipogenesis in fat tissue , suggesting that ZMW inhibits hepatosteatosis through the suppression of lipogenesis .
ZMW improved HFD-induced hepatic inflammation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that ZMW may serve as a new and promising strategy for the treatment of hepatosteatosis .

is a perennial herb belonging to the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) that is used medicinally to treat cough and rheumatism in China and consumed throughout Japan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects offollowing extraction with distilled water or 70% ethanol. In 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells,water extract (ZMW) markedly inhibited adipogenesis, whereas the ethanol extract had no effect. In addition, we conducted ZMW feeding experiments (0.25 or 0.5% ZMW) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice to examine the anti-obesity effects of. Body weight and serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the HFD + ZMW 0.5% group. Notably, ZMW decreased liver weight but not adipose tissue weight. Furthermore, insulin resistance and hepatic mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and G6Pase, were improved in the HFD + ZMW 0.5% group. Furthermore, ZMW treatment decreased hepatic lipogenic gene expression; however, it did not alter adipogenesis in fat tissue, suggesting that ZMW inhibits hepatosteatosis through the suppression of lipogenesis. ZMW improved HFD-induced hepatic inflammation. Collectively, the present findings suggest that ZMW may serve as a new and promising strategy for the treatment of hepatosteatosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Synergistic lipid-lowering effects of Zingiber mioga and Hippophae rhamnoides extracts.

The effects of a mixture of ( HR ) and ( ZM ) extract ( ZH ) on intracellular lipid @ @ @ @ @ effects of ZH evaluated in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity .
The results revealed that @ @ @ @ @ 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Huh-7 cells by suppressing adipogenic and lipogenic gene and protein expression .
@ @ @ @ @ of ZH , mice fed a high-fat diet were orally administered low and high doses @ @ @ @ @ ZM 400 mg/kg + HR 100 mg/kg ; high , ZM 800 mg/kg + HR @ @ @ @ @ weeks .
ZH significantly reduced body weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation with no reduction @ @ @ @ @ to control treatment .
Furthermore , ZH reduced hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels , @ @ @ @ @ size , in the liver and epididymal fat pads , respectively , through inhibition of @ @ @ @ @ .
These results suggested that ZH inhibits lipid accumulation , thereby indicating its potential for @ @ @ @ @ strategy for obesity .

The effects of a mixture of(HR) and(ZM) extract (ZH) on intracellular lipid accumulation were investigatedand the anti-obesity effects of ZH evaluated in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. The results revealed that ZH inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Huh-7 cells by suppressing adipogenic and lipogenic gene and protein expression. To evaluate the anti-obesity effects of ZH, mice fed a high-fat diet were orally administered low and high doses of ZH (low, ZM 400 mg/kg + HR 100 mg/kg; high, ZM 800 mg/kg + HR 200 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. ZH significantly reduced body weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation with no reduction in food intake when compared to control treatment. Furthermore, ZH reduced hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, as well as adipose cell size, in the liver and epididymal fat pads, respectively, through inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related gene expression. These results suggested that ZH inhibits lipid accumulation, thereby indicating its potential for use as a new therapeutic strategy for obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and dermatological effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L.: A review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Hippophae rhamnoides L. ( family- Elaeagnaceae , common name- Sea buckthorn ) is a flowering shrub native to cold temperate regions of Eurasia .
Berries , seeds , and leaves of the plant are widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension , oedema , inflammation , tissue-regeneration , skin-grafts , burns/injury , wounds , and ulcers .
AIM OF THE REVIEW : This article reviews geographical distribution , botanical description , phytochemistry , ethnomedicinal uses , and dermatological activities including , cosmeceuticals of H. rhamnoides available in the market .
MATERIALS AND METHODS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the various search engines like Science Direct , Pub Med , Google , Google Scholar , EBSCO , SCOPUS , and SciVal .
RESULTS : and discussion : H. rhamnoides is primarily found in cold-temperate regions of Eurasia and was first located in China .
Berries are the most prominent feature of the plant .
Phytochemical studies reveal the presence of a wide variety of compounds like flavonoids , carotenoids , polyunsaturated fatty acids , minerals , vitamins , Omega 3 , 6 , 9 and rarest Omega 7 and about 190 bioactive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sea buckthorn to exhibit antibacterial , anti-sebum , antifungal , anti-psoriasis , anti-atopic dermatitis and wound healing activities .
Besides , it has also been included in various cosmeceuticals for its use in skin-eventone , smoothening , rejuvenation , removal of wrinkles , scars , and pigmentation , and also in hair related problems .
CONCLUSION : Pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed biological actions and other beneficial effects on the skin of H. rhamnoides using scientifically accepted protocols and controls , although some of the studies require more elaborative studies .
Its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ attributed to the presence of a variety of flavonoids , vitamins , and unsaturated fatty acids .
Great use of plant in the traditional system for dermatological aspect , demands further comprehensive phytochemical work based on its actual use by the traditional population .
Demonstration of the plant in the traditional system , pharmacology , cosmeceuticals not only demands its further therapeutic studies but also warrants focus towards its cultivation and propagation across the globe .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hippophae rhamnoides L. (family- Elaeagnaceae, common name- Sea buckthorn) is a flowering shrub native to cold temperate regions of Eurasia. Berries, seeds, and leaves of the plant are widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, oedema, inflammation, tissue-regeneration, skin-grafts, burns/injury, wounds, and ulcers.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This article reviews geographical distribution, botanical description, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and dermatological activities including, cosmeceuticals of H. rhamnoides available in the market.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data has been compiled employing the various search engines like Science Direct, Pub Med, Google, Google Scholar, EBSCO, SCOPUS, and SciVal.
RESULTS: and discussion: H. rhamnoides is primarily found in cold-temperate regions of Eurasia and was first located in China. Berries are the most prominent feature of the plant. Phytochemical studies reveal the presence of a wide variety of compounds like flavonoids, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, Omega 3, 6, 9 and rarest Omega 7 and about 190 bioactive compounds. The pharmacological studies demonstrated, sea buckthorn to exhibit antibacterial, anti-sebum, antifungal, anti-psoriasis, anti-atopic dermatitis and wound healing activities. Besides, it has also been included in various cosmeceuticals for its use in skin-eventone, smoothening, rejuvenation, removal of wrinkles, scars, and pigmentation, and also in hair related problems.
CONCLUSION: Pharmacological evaluation confirmed the ethnomedically claimed biological actions and other beneficial effects on the skin of H. rhamnoides using scientifically accepted protocols and controls, although some of the studies require more elaborative studies. Its full application in the dermatology may be attributed to the presence of a variety of flavonoids, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. Great use of plant in the traditional system for dermatological aspect, demands further comprehensive phytochemical work based on its actual use by the traditional population. Demonstration of the plant in the traditional system, pharmacology, cosmeceuticals not only demands its further therapeutic studies but also warrants focus towards its cultivation and propagation across the globe.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa Elliot induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells.

Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world .
In this study @ @ @ @ @ cell model was used to study the effect and mechanism of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins @ @ @ @ @ cancer .
The experimental results showed that the binding energy of anthocyanins on β-Catenin was @ @ @ @ @ to 4.95 kcal/mol , with good low energy parameters and binding positions .
AMA can @ @ @ @ @ cell cycle arrest .
RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that AMA can reduce cytolpasmic @ @ @ @ @ of related proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway .
This study revealed the AMA inhibitory effect @ @ @ @ @ behavior of Caco-2 cells , in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and @ @ @ @ @ Aronia melanocarpa Elliot .

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. In this study, the Caco-2 in vitro cell model was used to study the effect and mechanism of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins (AMA) on colon cancer. The experimental results showed that the binding energy of anthocyanins on β-Catenin was in the range of -5.92 to 4.95 kcal/mol, with good low energy parameters and binding positions. AMA can inhibit cell proliferation and cause cell cycle arrest. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that AMA can reduce cytolpasmic β-Catenin and inhibit the expression of related proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study revealed the AMA inhibitory effect and mechanism of malignant biological behavior of Caco-2 cells, in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer by Aronia melanocarpa Elliot.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Intake of chokeberry products may be effective in prevention from this xenobiotic-induced disturbanc

Intake of chokeberry products may be effective in prevention from this xenobiotic-induced disturbance in collagen homeostasis in the liver.

This study examined whether a polyphenol-rich extract from the berries ofL .
( AE ; chokeberries ) may protect from the impact of cadmium ( Cd ) on the metabolism of collagen in the liver .
The study was conducted in an experimental model ( rats that were fed a diet containing 1 or 5 mg Cd/kg for 3-24 months ) of human exposure to this xenobiotic during a lifetime .
The concentration of total collagen and the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels , as well as the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tissue inhibitors ( TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 ) , were assayed .
The administration of Cd and/or AE had only a slight and temporary impact on the concentration of total collagen in the liver .
The supplementation with AE significantly prevented Cd-mediated changes in the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels and their ratio ( collagen III/collagen I ) , as well as a rise in the concentrations of MMPs and TIMPs in this organ .
The results allow the conclusion that the intake of chokeberry products @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be effective in prevention from this xenobiotic-induced disturbance in collagen homeostasis in the liver .

This study examined whether a polyphenol-rich extract from the berries ofL. (AE; chokeberries) may protect from the impact of cadmium (Cd) on the metabolism of collagen in the liver. The study was conducted in an experimental model (rats that were fed a diet containing 1 or 5 mg Cd/kg for 3-24 months) of human exposure to this xenobiotic during a lifetime. The concentration of total collagen and the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), were assayed. The administration of Cd and/or AE had only a slight and temporary impact on the concentration of total collagen in the liver. The supplementation with AE significantly prevented Cd-mediated changes in the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels and their ratio (collagen III/collagen I), as well as a rise in the concentrations of MMPs and TIMPs in this organ. The results allow the conclusion that the intake of chokeberry products in the case of Cd intoxication may be effective in prevention from this xenobiotic-induced disturbance in collagen homeostasis in the liver.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Ameliorative effects of sea buckthorn oil on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis model.

BACKGROUND : Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is a worldwide chronic skin disease which burden public health .
Sea buckthorn ( SBT ) ( Hippophae rhamnoides L. , Elaeagnaceae ) oil , as a traditional herbal medicine , has been used for disease treatment for many years .
The effects of SBT oil on AD mouse model induced by repeated administration of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene ( DNCB ) in BALB/c mice was evaluated in this study .
METHODS : Mice were divided into four groups including the normal control group , AD model group , AD model group treated with SBT oil @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group treated with SBT oil ( 10 ml/kg ) .
Same volume at different concentrations of SBT oil was applied daily on the latter two groups by gavage for 15 days following AD model induction .
The function of skin barrier and the production of IL-4 , IFN-γ , TNF-α and TSLP were examined after animal sacrifice .
The migration and mature of langerhans cell ( LCs ) in lymph node was further assessed by flow cytometry .
RESULTS : SBT oil alleviated dermatitis scores , decreased ear thickness , prevented infiltration of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and depressed activity of Th2 cells .
SBT oil also reduced the expression of IL-4 , IFN-γ , TNF-α and TSLP in ear tissue , IgE level in serum and mRNA relative expression of IL-4 , IFN-γ , TNF-α in lymph node .
Moreover , SBT oil inhibited the migration of LCs cells from local lesions to lymph node and it 's mature in lymph node .
CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest SBT oil had a beneficial effect either systemic or regional on DNCB-induced AD mice via maintain the balance of Th1/Th2 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AD treatment .

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a worldwide chronic skin disease which burden public health. Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae) oil, as a traditional herbal medicine, has been used for disease treatment for many years. The effects of SBT oil on AD mouse model induced by repeated administration of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice was evaluated in this study.
METHODS: Mice were divided into four groups including the normal control group, AD model group, AD model group treated with SBT oil (5 ml/kg) and AD model group treated with SBT oil (10 ml/kg). Same volume at different concentrations of SBT oil was applied daily on the latter two groups by gavage for 15 days following AD model induction. The function of skin barrier and the production of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TSLP were examined after animal sacrifice. The migration and mature of langerhans cell (LCs) in lymph node was further assessed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: SBT oil alleviated dermatitis scores, decreased ear thickness, prevented infiltration of mast cell, reduced lymph node weight and depressed activity of Th2 cells. SBT oil also reduced the expression of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TSLP in ear tissue, IgE level in serum and mRNA relative expression of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α in lymph node. Moreover, SBT oil inhibited the migration of LCs cells from local lesions to lymph node and it's mature in lymph node.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest SBT oil had a beneficial effect either systemic or regional on DNCB-induced AD mice via maintain the balance of Th1/Th2 and may be a potential complementary candidate for AD treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 ce

Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells.

Early weaning can cause intestinal disorders and dysfunction in piglets , and may induce intestinal diseases .
Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide ( HRP ) has anti-inflammatory and immune promotion function .
However , few studies have explored the change of differentially protein expression by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced porcine intestinal epithelial cell ( IPEC-J2 ) after HRP pre-treatment .
In this study , proteomic analysis was used to explore the essential proteins and immune-related pathways that can be regulated by LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells after HRP pre-treatment .
The results indicate that by searching the Sus scrofa database , a total @ @ @ @ @ @ @ recognized proteins , there are 2052 ( 1720 up-regulated and 332 down-regulated ) , 358 ( 262 up-regulated and 96 down-regulated ) and1532 ( 314 up-regulated and 1218 down-regulated ) proteins expressed differently in C vs. L , C vs. H6-L and L vs. H6-L , respectively .
The Cluster of Orthologous Groups ( COG ) analysis divided the identified proteins into 23 categories .
Gene Ontology ( GO ) enrichment analysis revealed that cellular process , cell , cell part , organelle and binding were the most enriched pathways for differentially expressed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the top 20 pathways in the L-vs-H6-L group related to immunity were the Tight junction , MAPK signaling pathway , PI3K-Akt signaling pathway , rap1 signaling pathway , HIF-1 signaling pathway , Ras signaling pathway and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis .
Moreover , we also found 42 key proteins related to these immune pathways in this study .
Additionally , western blotting analyses confirmed that LPS reduced the levels of claudin2 ( CLDN2 ) , insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) and increased phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 ( MAPK7 ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , phosphorylated nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit ( NF-κB1 ) and phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 ( NF-κB2 ) .
Pre-treatment with HRP increased the levels of CLDN2 , IGF2 and reduced the levels of the phosphorylated MAPK7 , phosphorylated RELA , phosphorylated NF-κB1 and phosphorylated NF-κB2 in cells .
These results also showed that HRP alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and its related differentially expressed proteins .

Early weaning can cause intestinal disorders and dysfunction in piglets, and may induce intestinal diseases. Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide (HRP) has anti-inflammatory and immune promotion function. However, few studies have explored the change of differentially protein expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) after HRP pre-treatment. In this study, proteomic analysis was used to explore the essential proteins and immune-related pathways that can be regulated by LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells after HRP pre-treatment. The results indicate that by searching the Sus scrofa database, a total of 18,768 proteins was identified. Among recognized proteins, there are 2052 (1720 up-regulated and 332 down-regulated), 358 (262 up-regulated and 96 down-regulated) and1532 (314 up-regulated and 1218 down-regulated) proteins expressed differently in C vs. L, C vs. H6-L and L vs. H6-L, respectively. The Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) analysis divided the identified proteins into 23 categories. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that cellular process, cell, cell part, organelle and binding were the most enriched pathways for differentially expressed proteins. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the top 20 pathways in the L-vs-H6-L group related to immunity were the Tight junction, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, rap1 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis. Moreover, we also found 42 key proteins related to these immune pathways in this study. Additionally, western blotting analyses confirmed that LPS reduced the levels of claudin2 (CLDN2), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and increased phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7), phosphorylated transcription factor p65 (RELA), phosphorylated nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NF-κB1) and phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (NF-κB2). Pre-treatment with HRP increased the levels of CLDN2, IGF2 and reduced the levels of the phosphorylated MAPK7, phosphorylated RELA, phosphorylated NF-κB1 and phosphorylated NF-κB2 in cells. These results also showed that HRP alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and its related differentially expressed proteins.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with chokeberry extract could be used to prevent hypercholesterolemia

Sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with chokeberry extract could be used to prevent hypercholesterolemia.

Dietary supplementation based on sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract was studied .
We added the dietary supplement to the feed mixtures for laboratory animals .
The possible toxicological effects and hypocholesterolemic , hepatoprotective activity of the dietary supplement in vivo were studied .
After the observation period ( 6 weeks ) , no significant changes were found in the mass of organs and blood serum of laboratory animals ( > 0.05 ) .
However , there was a decrease in hypercholesterolemic indicators .
Regular consumption of sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ laboratory animals inhibited the activity of liver enzymes and increased the antioxidant activity of blood serum ( after the subcutaneous injection of sunflower oil/oil solution of carbon tetrachloride ) but was not sufficient to bring them to physiological standards .
The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of our dietary supplement already allow us to consider it a component of functional food products or a dietary supplement base .
However , the full range of its biologically active properties , including the hepatoprotective function and regulation of metabolic disorders , has not been studied yet @ @ @ @ @ @ @ research in vivo models and clinical practice to confirm its effectiveness in humans .

Dietary supplementation based on sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract was studied. We added the dietary supplement to the feed mixtures for laboratory animals. The possible toxicological effects and hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective activity of the dietary supplement in vivo were studied. After the observation period (6 weeks), no significant changes were found in the mass of organs and blood serum of laboratory animals (>0.05). However, there was a decrease in hypercholesterolemic indicators. Regular consumption of sea buckthorn and rosehip oils with added chokeberry extract (dietary supplement"ESB-1") by laboratory animals inhibited the activity of liver enzymes and increased the antioxidant activity of blood serum (after the subcutaneous injection of sunflower oil/oil solution of carbon tetrachloride) but was not sufficient to bring them to physiological standards. The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of our dietary supplement already allow us to consider it a component of functional food products or a dietary supplement base. However, the full range of its biologically active properties, including the hepatoprotective function and regulation of metabolic disorders, has not been studied yet, which sets the direction of further research in vivo models and clinical practice to confirm its effectiveness in humans.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Common garlic has potent anti-bacillus anthracis activity.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Gastrointestinal anthrax , a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis , remains an important but relatively neglected endemic disease of animals and humans in remote areas of the Indian subcontinent and some parts of Africa .
Its initial symptoms include diarrhea and stomachache .
In the current study , several common plants indicated for diarrhea , dysentery , stomachache or as stomachic as per traditional knowledge in the Indian subcontinent , i.e.
, Aegle marmelos ( L. ) Correa ( Bael ) , Allium cepa L. ( Onion ) , Allium sativum L. ( Garlic ) , Azadirachta @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Berberis asiatica Roxb .
ex DC .
( Daruharidra ) , Coriandrum sativum L. ( Coriander ) , Curcuma longa L. ( Turmeric ) , Cynodon dactylon ( L. ) Pers .
( Bermuda grass ) , Mangifera indica L. ( Mango ) , Morus indica L. ( Black mulberry ) , Ocimum tenuiflorum L. ( Ocimum sanctum L. , Holy Basil ) , Ocimum gratissimum L. ( Ram Tulsi ) , Psidium guajava L. ( Guava ) , Zingiber officinale Roscoe ( Ginger ) , were evaluated for their anti-Bacillus anthracis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A. Juss .
and Curcuma longa L. by Santals ( India ) , and Allium sp .
by biblical people to alleviate anthrax-like symptoms is well documented , but the usage of other plants is traditionally only indicated for different gastrointestinal disturbances/conditions .
AIM OF THE STUDY : Evaluate the above listed commonly available edible plants from the Indian subcontinent that are used in the traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases including those also indicated for anthrax-like symptoms for the presence of potent anti-B .
anthracis activity in a form amenable to use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ areas .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Aqueous extracts made from fourteen plants indicated above were screened for their anti-B .
anthracis activity using agar-well diffusion assay ( AWDA ) and broth microdilution methods .
The Aqueous Garlic Extract ( AGE ) that displayed most potent anti-B .
anthracis activity was assessed for its thermostability , stability under pH extremes encountered in the gastrointestinal tract , and potential antagonistic interaction with bile salts as well as the FDA-approved antibiotics used for anthrax control .
The bioactive fractions from the AGE were isolated by TLC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ GC-MS .
RESULTS : Garlic ( Allium sativum L. ) extract was identified as the most promising candidate with bactericidal activity against B. anthracis .
It consistently inhibited the growth of B. anthracis in AWDA and decreased the viable colony-forming unit counts in liquid-broth cultures by 6-logs within 6-12 h. The AGE displayed acceptable thermostability ( > 80 % anti-B .
anthracis activity retained on incubation at 50C for 12 h ) and stability in gastric pH range ( 2-8 ) .
It did not antagonize the activity of FDA-approved antibiotics used for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ TLC separated bioactive fractions of AGE indicated the presence of previously unreported constituents such as phthalic acid derivatives , acid esters , phenyl group-containing compounds , steroids etc .
CONCLUSION : The Aqueous Garlic Extract ( AGE ) displayed potent anti-B .
anthracis activity .
It was better than that displayed by Azadirachta indica A. Juss .
( Neem ) and Mangifera indica L. while Curcuma longa L. ( Turmeric ) did not show any activity under the assay conditions used .
Further work should be undertaken to explore the possible application of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ areas .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gastrointestinal anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, remains an important but relatively neglected endemic disease of animals and humans in remote areas of the Indian subcontinent and some parts of Africa. Its initial symptoms include diarrhea and stomachache. In the current study, several common plants indicated for diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache or as stomachic as per traditional knowledge in the Indian subcontinent, i.e., Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael), Allium cepa L. (Onion), Allium sativum L. (Garlic), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem), Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. (Daruharidra), Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander), Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass), Mangifera indica L. (Mango), Morus indica L. (Black mulberry), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Ocimum sanctum L., Holy Basil), Ocimum gratissimum L. (Ram Tulsi), Psidium guajava L. (Guava), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger), were evaluated for their anti-Bacillus anthracis property. The usage of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Curcuma longa L. by Santals (India), and Allium sp. by biblical people to alleviate anthrax-like symptoms is well documented, but the usage of other plants is traditionally only indicated for different gastrointestinal disturbances/conditions.
AIM OF THE STUDY: Evaluate the above listed commonly available edible plants from the Indian subcontinent that are used in the traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases including those also indicated for anthrax-like symptoms for the presence of potent anti-B. anthracis activity in a form amenable to use by the general population in the endemic areas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous extracts made from fourteen plants indicated above were screened for their anti-B. anthracis activity using agar-well diffusion assay (AWDA) and broth microdilution methods. The Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) that displayed most potent anti-B. anthracis activity was assessed for its thermostability, stability under pH extremes encountered in the gastrointestinal tract, and potential antagonistic interaction with bile salts as well as the FDA-approved antibiotics used for anthrax control. The bioactive fractions from the AGE were isolated by TLC coupled bioautography followed by their characterization using GC-MS.
RESULTS: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract was identified as the most promising candidate with bactericidal activity against B. anthracis. It consistently inhibited the growth of B. anthracis in AWDA and decreased the viable colony-forming unit counts in liquid-broth cultures by 6-logs within 6-12 h. The AGE displayed acceptable thermostability (>80% anti-B. anthracis activity retained on incubation at 50C for 12 h) and stability in gastric pH range (2-8). It did not antagonize the activity of FDA-approved antibiotics used for anthrax control. GC-MS analysis of the TLC separated bioactive fractions of AGE indicated the presence of previously unreported constituents such as phthalic acid derivatives, acid esters, phenyl group-containing compounds, steroids etc. CONCLUSION: The Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) displayed potent anti-B. anthracis activity. It was better than that displayed by Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) and Mangifera indica L. while Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) did not show any activity under the assay conditions used. Further work should be undertaken to explore the possible application of AGE in preventing anthrax incidences in endemic areas.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--T. cordifolia might be used as a nutritional supplement to combat the arsenic led toxicity among the

Arsenic poisoning is one of the most serious health hazards of recent times .
It has been estimated that more than 200 million people of about 105 countries in the world are affected due to arsenic poisoning .
Except mitigation , there is no such mode by which the population can be prevented from being exposed to arsenic .
Tinospora cordifolia ( T. cordifolia ) is widely used in the folk medicine system for the treatment of various diseases .
Hence , the aim of the present study was to investigate the antidote effects of ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rat model .
Twenty-four male Charles Foster rats ( weighing 160-180 g ) were randomly divided into two groups , where six rats were used as control group .
Eighteen rats were orally treated with arsenic at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight for 90 days daily and then further divided into three sub groups ( n = 6 each ) .
Sub group I-arsenic treated rats , were sacrificed after treatment ; sub group II rats were used as arsenic control and the sub group III rats were administrated with T. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ body weight/day for 90 days .
After the completion of dose duration , all the control and treatment group rats were sacrificed to evaluate thevarious parameters .
Arsenic induced rats had significantly ( p

Arsenic poisoning is one of the most serious health hazards of recent times. It has been estimated that more than 200 million people of about 105 countries in the world are affected due to arsenic poisoning. Except mitigation, there is no such mode by which the population can be prevented from being exposed to arsenic. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is widely used in the folk medicine system for the treatment of various diseases. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antidote effects of ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem against arsenic induced hepato-renal toxicity in rat model. Twenty-four male Charles Foster rats (weighing 160-180 g) were randomly divided into two groups, where six rats were used as control group. Eighteen rats were orally treated with arsenic at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight for 90 days daily and then further divided into three sub groups (n = 6 each). Sub group I-arsenic treated rats, were sacrificed after treatment; sub group II rats were used as arsenic control and the sub group III rats were administrated with T. cordifolia at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. After the completion of dose duration, all the control and treatment group rats were sacrificed to evaluate thevarious parameters. Arsenic induced rats had significantly (p < 0.0001) altered biochemical serum levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin, urea, uric acid, creatinine and albumin; But, after the administration of T. cordifolia there was significant (p < 0.0001) restoration observed in these liver and kidney function parameters. The T. cordifolia administration also significantly (p < 0.0001) restored the serum MDA levels and arsenic concentration in blood, liver and kidney tissues, as well as significant (p < 0.0001) improvement in haematological variables. In histopathological study, the arsenic treated rats showed degenerative changes in the liver and kidney tissues such as lesions and vacuolizations in hepatocytes and nephrocytes respectively. However, after the administration with T. cordifolia rats, there was considerably significant restoration in liver and kidney tissues. The entire study suggests that arsenic caused severe damage to the liver and kidney at haematological, biochemical and histopathological levels in rats. However, T. cordifolia played the vital role to combat the arsenicinduced toxicity in rats. Hence, T. cordifolia might be used as a nutritional supplement to combat the arsenic led toxicity among the exposed population.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Dietary intake, Mediterranean diet adherence and caloric intake in Huntington's disease.

Decades of research and experimental studies have investigated Huntington 's disease ( HD ) , a rare neurodegenerative disease .
Similarly , several studies have investigated whether high/moderate adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and specific macro and micronutrients can decrease cognitive loss and provide a neuroprotective function to neurons .
This review systematically identifies and examines studies that have investigated Mediterranean Diet adherence , micro- and macronutrients , supplementation and caloric intake in people with HD , in order to identify if dietary exposures resulted in improvement of disease symptoms , a delay in age of onset or if they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in people with HD .
A systematic search of PubMed , Directory of open access journal and HubMed was performed independently by two reviewers using specific search terms criteria for studies .
The identified abstracts were screened and the studies were included in the review if they satisfied predetermined inclusion criteria .
Reference screening of included studies was also performed .
A total of 18 studies were included in the review .
A few studies found that patients who had high/moderate adherence to Mediterranean Diet showed a slight improvement in their Unified Huntington @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Capacity .
In addition , people with HD who had high Mediterranean Diet adherence showed an improvement in both cognitive and motor scores and had a better quality of life compared to patients who had low Mediterranean Diet adherence .
Furthermore , a few studies showed that supplementation with specific nutrients , such as triheaptanoin , L-acetyl-carnitine and creatine , had no beneficial effect on the patients ' Unified Huntington 's Disease Rating Scale score .
A few studies suggest that the Mediterranean Diet may confer a motor and cognitive benefit to people @ @ @ @ @ @ @ little consistency among study findings .
It is important for more research to be conducted to have a better understanding of which dietary exposures are beneficial and may result delaying age of onset or disease progression in people with HD .

Decades of research and experimental studies have investigated Huntington's disease (HD), a rare neurodegenerative disease. Similarly, several studies have investigated whether high/moderate adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and specific macro and micronutrients can decrease cognitive loss and provide a neuroprotective function to neurons. This review systematically identifies and examines studies that have investigated Mediterranean Diet adherence, micro- and macronutrients, supplementation and caloric intake in people with HD, in order to identify if dietary exposures resulted in improvement of disease symptoms, a delay in age of onset or if they contributed to an earlier age of onset in people with HD. A systematic search of PubMed, Directory of open access journal and HubMed was performed independently by two reviewers using specific search terms criteria for studies. The identified abstracts were screened and the studies were included in the review if they satisfied predetermined inclusion criteria. Reference screening of included studies was also performed. A total of 18 studies were included in the review. A few studies found that patients who had high/moderate adherence to Mediterranean Diet showed a slight improvement in their Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale and Total Functional Capacity. In addition, people with HD who had high Mediterranean Diet adherence showed an improvement in both cognitive and motor scores and had a better quality of life compared to patients who had low Mediterranean Diet adherence. Furthermore, a few studies showed that supplementation with specific nutrients, such as triheaptanoin, L-acetyl-carnitine and creatine, had no beneficial effect on the patients' Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale score. A few studies suggest that the Mediterranean Diet may confer a motor and cognitive benefit to people with HD. Unfortunately, there was little consistency among study findings. It is important for more research to be conducted to have a better understanding of which dietary exposures are beneficial and may result delaying age of onset or disease progression in people with HD.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Mediterranean diet as tool to manage obesity in menopause: A narrative review.

Menopause is a physiological event in a woman 's life characterized by the cessation of spontaneous menstrual cycles caused by a reduction in the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and a consequent increase of gonadotropins , which occurs when the stocks of ovarian follicles end .
Weight gain is a common phenomenon in menopause and age of onset is influenced by several factors .
Among modifiable risk factors are sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy nutritional patterns , which often result in obesity that in turn contributes to an increase in cardiovascular risk in menopause , mostly through low-grade inflammation .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ healthy dietary pattern characterized by an adequate consumption of vegetables , fruits , whole grains , and legumes with a reduction of saturated animal fats in favor of unsaturated vegetable fats and a high intake of bioactive compounds including polyphenols andω-3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency .
Because of its palatability and long-term sustainability , the MedD , especially if hypocaloric , combined with physical activity , has shown promising results in terms of weight loss in individuals with obesity , as well as similar beneficial effects in menopause-related obesity .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the MedD in menopause is associated with reduced risk for becoming overweight/obese , better cardiometabolic profile , and an improvement in menopausal symptoms .
Although it is necessary to confirm these data withfuture large intervention trials , the MedD can be considered a safe and healthy approach in the management of menopause-related obesity and its cardiometabolic complications .

Menopause is a physiological event in a woman's life characterized by the cessation of spontaneous menstrual cycles caused by a reduction in the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and a consequent increase of gonadotropins, which occurs when the stocks of ovarian follicles end. Weight gain is a common phenomenon in menopause and age of onset is influenced by several factors. Among modifiable risk factors are sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy nutritional patterns, which often result in obesity that in turn contributes to an increase in cardiovascular risk in menopause, mostly through low-grade inflammation. The Mediterranean diet (MedD) is a healthy dietary pattern characterized by an adequate consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes with a reduction of saturated animal fats in favor of unsaturated vegetable fats and a high intake of bioactive compounds including polyphenols andω-3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency. Because of its palatability and long-term sustainability, the MedD, especially if hypocaloric, combined with physical activity, has shown promising results in terms of weight loss in individuals with obesity, as well as similar beneficial effects in menopause-related obesity. It has been observed that greater adherence to the MedD in menopause is associated with reduced risk for becoming overweight/obese, better cardiometabolic profile, and an improvement in menopausal symptoms. Although it is necessary to confirm these data withfuture large intervention trials, the MedD can be considered a safe and healthy approach in the management of menopause-related obesity and its cardiometabolic complications.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Omega n-3 supplementation: exploring the cardiovascular benefits beyond lipoprotein reduction.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW : Hypertriglyceridaemia is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide .
Genetic and Mendelian randomization studies have suggested that triglyceride ( TG ) -rich lipoproteins are causal risk factors for coronary heart disease and contribute to the residual cardiovascular risk observed in patients optimally treated with statins .
However , clinical trials failed to show cardiovascular benefits of TG-lowering ; in this context , trials with omega-3 fatty acids provided contrasting results .
Few trials have tested the supplementation of EPA alone rather than the combination of EPA + DHA .
The JELIS study showed that EPA 1.8 g/day @ @ @ @ @ @ @ given statins , an effect that was independent on lipid reduction .
RECENT FINDINGS : The REDUCE-IT trial showed that high-dose ( 4 g/day ) EPA significantly reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular events compared with placebo in patients with elevated TG levels .
The clinical benefit was higher than expected by the reduction of TG-rich lipoprotein levels .
Recent data support the efficacy of high-dose EPA supplementation on a background of optimal LDL-C-lowering therapy as a key approach to achieve a further and significant reduction of CV events in very-high CV risk @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on lipids does not appear to fully explain the CV benefit , and additional mechanisms of action of EPA likely contribute to the cardiovascular protection , including the reduction of inflammation and platelet aggregation .
Current guidelines recommend using high-dose EPA in combination with a statin in high/very-high CV risk patients with mild-to-moderate elevation of plasma TG to reduce the residual CV risk .

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypertriglyceridaemia is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide. Genetic and Mendelian randomization studies have suggested that triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins are causal risk factors for coronary heart disease and contribute to the residual cardiovascular risk observed in patients optimally treated with statins. However, clinical trials failed to show cardiovascular benefits of TG-lowering; in this context, trials with omega-3 fatty acids provided contrasting results. Few trials have tested the supplementation of EPA alone rather than the combination of EPA + DHA. The JELIS study showed that EPA 1.8 g/day significantly reduced CV events in hypercholesterolaemic patients given statins, an effect that was independent on lipid reduction.
RECENT FINDINGS: The REDUCE-IT trial showed that high-dose (4 g/day) EPA significantly reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular events compared with placebo in patients with elevated TG levels. The clinical benefit was higher than expected by the reduction of TG-rich lipoprotein levels. Recent data support the efficacy of high-dose EPA supplementation on a background of optimal LDL-C-lowering therapy as a key approach to achieve a further and significant reduction of CV events in very-high CV risk patients with persistent hypertriglyceridaemia. The effect on lipids does not appear to fully explain the CV benefit, and additional mechanisms of action of EPA likely contribute to the cardiovascular protection, including the reduction of inflammation and platelet aggregation. Current guidelines recommend using high-dose EPA in combination with a statin in high/very-high CV risk patients with mild-to-moderate elevation of plasma TG to reduce the residual CV risk.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--Effect of Omega-3 supplements on quality of life among children on dialysis.

Children with end stage renal disease ( ESRD ) are liable to various health disorders that possibly impair their quality @ @ @ @ @ .
Low dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids also called marine n-3 fatty acid ( @ @ @ @ @ associated with health problems which are among the leading causes of impaired QoL.The objective of @ @ @ @ @ the effect of omega-3 Fatty acid ( n-3 FA ) supplements on quality of life @ @ @ @ @ to evaluate its use regarding adequacy of dialysis and inflammatory markers.A prospective cohort study was @ @ @ @ @ .
Quality of life was measured for patients and an equal number of matched controls @ @ @ @ @ the higher the score the poorer is the quality of life .
n-3FA supplementation had @ @ @ @ @ for 3 months to study its effects on QoL .
Laboratory investigations like hemoglobin , @ @ @ @ @ , and tests for adequacy of dialysis had been carried out.Patients had significantly higher QoL @ @ @ @ @ ) than controls ( 22.70 ± 1.31 ) ( P

Children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are liable to various health disorders that possibly impair their quality of life (QoL). Low dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids also called marine n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) may be associated with health problems which are among the leading causes of impaired QoL.The objective of this study was to assess the effect of omega-3 Fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplements on quality of life among children on dialysis and to evaluate its use regarding adequacy of dialysis and inflammatory markers.A prospective cohort study was conducted on 31 hemodialysis children. Quality of life was measured for patients and an equal number of matched controls using the PedsQL Inventory where the higher the score the poorer is the quality of life. n-3FA supplementation had been given to the patients for 3 months to study its effects on QoL. Laboratory investigations like hemoglobin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and tests for adequacy of dialysis had been carried out.Patients had significantly higher QoL scores (42.22 ± 13.31) than controls (22.70 ± 1.31) (P < .001). Young ages showed higher score of physical functioning (18.23 ± 4.22) than older ones (13.92 ± 6.84) (P = .049). Females had significantly higher total QoL score (25.53 ± 6.61) than males (20.06 ± 7.09) (P = .010). The total QoL score was significantly lower post than pre administration of n-3FA (35.41 ± 10.36 vs 42.22 ± 13.31) (P < .001). Triglycerides and CRP were significantly lower post than pre n-3FA supplementation (160.64 ± 32.55 vs 169.35 ± 31.82) (P < .001) and (10.29 ± 4.39 vs 11.19 ± 4.83) (P = .006) respectively. Means of Kt/V and urea reduction ratio (URR) were significantly higher post (1.37 ± 0.09, 70.0 ± 5.99 respectively) than pre n-3FA (1.31 ± 0.07 and 65.25 ± 6.06 respectively) (P = .005, .001 respectively).Quality of life and adequacy of dialysis get improved after n-3FA supplementation among children on dialysis which encourages its testing for more patients to evaluate its long term effects and support its routine use.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-08--The use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of oral diseases.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ω-3 PUFAs ) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response .
There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases .
The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases .
The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis , periodontal diseases , apical periodontitis , stomatitis and orthodontic tooth movement .
The results indicate that ω-3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis .
In apical periodontitis , the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats .
During orthodontic movement , the supplementation showeda decrease of bone resorption in rats .
It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients .
In conclusion , the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity .
However , morestudies are required to elucidate the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cavity inflammatory processes .

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response. There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases. The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis, periodontal diseases, apical periodontitis, stomatitis and orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that ω-3 PUFAs decreased thenumber of pro-inflammatory mediators in the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis. In apical periodontitis, the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats. During orthodontic movement, the supplementation showeda decrease of bone resorption in rats. It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients. In conclusion, the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity. However, morestudies are required to elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in decreasing oral cavity inflammatory processes.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Brain Benefits of Yoga Comparable to Aerobic Exercise

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greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--A possible underlying mechanism behind the cardioprotective efficacy of tangeretin on isoproterenol

A possible underlying mechanism behind the cardioprotective efficacy of tangeretin on isoproterenol triggered cardiotoxicity.

This study was aimed to examine the possible underlying cardioprotective efficacy of tangeretin ( TAN ) in rats exposed to @ @ @ @ @ Forty male SD rats were separated into four equal groups as the control group , @ @ @ @ @ MI group ) group rats which were injected intraperitoneally ( ip ) with 85 mg/kg @ @ @ @ @ groups ( TAN 50 and TAN 100 ) rats were orally pretreated with TAN ( @ @ @ @ @ for 28 days before ISP exposure .
Pretreatment with TAN ( 50/100 ) significantly reduced @ @

This study was aimed to examine the possible underlying cardioprotective efficacy of tangeretin (TAN) in rats exposed to isoproterenol (ISP). Forty male SD rats were separated into four equal groups as the control group, ISP (myocardial infarction; MI group) group rats which were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 85 mg/kg of ISP. Treatment TAN groups (TAN 50 and TAN 100) rats were orally pretreated with TAN (50 or 100 mg/kg) for 28 days before ISP exposure. Pretreatment with TAN (50/100) significantly reduced (p < .05/0.01) the infarct size, levels of inflammatory markers, cardiac marker enzymes, apoptotic markers along with improved antioxidants. Histo-morphological results also well-supported the results of the above biochemical parameters by displaying normal myofibrillar arrangement in TAN pretreated rats. Moreover, the protein expressions of pPI3K and pAkt were considerably elevated in rats administered with TAN. Collectively, TAN pretreatment (especially TAN 100) display better cardioprotective activity against ISP-induced MI rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Tangeretin (TAN) has been reported to exhibit an array of biological functions including cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective activities. However, the in-depth mechanism is still lacking, which results in this study. Our results indicate that TAN could effectively reduce cardiac infarct size, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, apoptotic markers, by modulating (upregulating) the protein expressions of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, demonstrating that TAN could be a strong contender for developing a cardioprotective agent and can recommend along with conventional cardioprotective drugs for abolishing MI-related complications/symptoms. Nevertheless, further human studies are needed to confirm the above suggestion.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Prospects of Tangeretin as a modulator of cancer targets/pathways.

To date , cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiac arrest .
A large number of synthetic drugs are available for the treatment of different types of cancer ; however , a major problem associated with these drugs is its toxicity towards the normal cells .
To overcome these problems , researchers explore plants derived phytochemicals because of their pleiotropic action and least toxicity towards the normal cells .
Tangeretin is a polymethoxylated flavone found extensively in citrus fruits and has shown potent anti-cancer activity in different types of cancer cells .
Hence , this review @ @ @ @ @ @ @ different molecular targets/pathways .
Tangeretin induces apoptosis via intrinsic as well as extrinsic pathways and arrest the cell cycle .
It also suppresses cell proliferation by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR , Notch , and MAPK signalling pathways .
Besides , it induces autophagic cell death , suppresses migration , invasion , and angiogenesis .
Further , the role of tangeretin in multi-drug resistance and combination therapy , different biological sources of tangeretin , its derivatives , and pharmacokinetics profile and toxicity studies are also discussed .
Towards the end , the challenges associated with tangeretin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ been discussed .
Tangeretin , like a pandora 's box , needs to be explored further , and more research is warranted to improve its usefulness for better human health .

To date, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiac arrest. A large number of synthetic drugs are available for the treatment of different types of cancer; however, a major problem associated with these drugs is its toxicity towards the normal cells. To overcome these problems, researchers explore plants derived phytochemicals because of their pleiotropic action and least toxicity towards the normal cells. Tangeretin is a polymethoxylated flavone found extensively in citrus fruits and has shown potent anti-cancer activity in different types of cancer cells. Hence, this review examines the anti-cancer activity of tangeretin via different molecular targets/pathways. Tangeretin induces apoptosis via intrinsic as well as extrinsic pathways and arrest the cell cycle. It also suppresses cell proliferation by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Notch, and MAPK signalling pathways. Besides, it induces autophagic cell death, suppresses migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Further, the role of tangeretin in multi-drug resistance and combination therapy, different biological sources of tangeretin, its derivatives, and pharmacokinetics profile and toxicity studies are also discussed. Towards the end, the challenges associated with tangeretin usage as potential anti-cancer phytochemicals have also been discussed. Tangeretin, like a pandora's box, needs to be explored further, and more research is warranted to improve its usefulness for better human health.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Rutin treats myocardial damage caused by pirarubicin.

Our experiments have previously demonstrated that rutin ( RUT ) can improve myocardial damage caused by pirarubicin ( THP ) @ @ @ @ @ molecular mechanisms remain uncertain .
In this study , we developed an microRNA ( miRNA @ @ @ @ @ rat model of THP-induced myocardial injury and identified miR-22-5p and the RAP1-member of RAS oncogene @ @ @ @ @ RAP1/ERK ) signaling pathway as an object of study .
Also , in vivo experiments @ @ @ @ @ changes in the electrocardiogram , cardiac function , and histomorphology in rats ( P

Our experiments have previously demonstrated that rutin (RUT) can improve myocardial damage caused by pirarubicin (THP). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain uncertain. In this study, we developed an microRNA (miRNA) chip by replicating the rat model of THP-induced myocardial injury and identified miR-22-5p and the RAP1-member of RAS oncogene family/extracellular regulated protein kinases (RAP1/ERK) signaling pathway as an object of study. Also, in vivo experiments demonstrated that THP caused abnormal changes in the electrocardiogram, cardiac function, and histomorphology in rats (P < .01). THP also reduces the expression of miR-22-5p (P < .01) and increases the levels of RAP1/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins (P < .01, P < .05). RUT significantly improved THP-induced myocardial damage (P < .01), increased the expression of miR-22-5p (P < .01), and decreased the levels of RAP1/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins (P < .01, P < .05). In vitro studies confirmed that Rap1a is one of the target genes of miR-22-5p. miR-22-5p overexpression in cardiomyocytes can affect the RAP1/ERK pathway and reduce reactive oxygen species production and cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by THP (P < .01), which is consistent with the effect of RUT. Our results indicate that RUT treats THP-induced myocardial damage, which may be achieved by upregulating miR-22-5p, causing changes in its target gene Rap1a and the RAP1/ERK pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Rutin ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments.

Objectives The brain 's cholinergic system occupies a central role in normal cognition and age-related cognitive decline , including Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) .
This study sought to investigate the role of antioxidant defense and cholinergic systems on rutin-induced antiamnesia in mice .
Methods Rutin ( 1 , 5 , or 50 mg/kg , p.o . )
or vehicle ( 10 ml/kg , p.o . )
was administered for three consecutive days .
One hour post-treatment on day 3 , scopolamine ( 3 mg/kg , i.p ) was given , 5 min post-scopolamine injection , open field , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MWM ) ( five days consecutive training sessions ) tasks was carried out .
The mice were sacrificed on day 7 to assays for biomarkers of oxidative stress and cholinergic system .
Results Scopolamine significantly reduced spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-maze and prolonged escape latency in MWM tasks when compared to vehicle-treated control indicative of working memory and spatial learning deficits .
However , the pretreatment of mice with rutin ( 1 , 5 , or 50 mg/kg ) prevented scopolamine-induced working memory and spatial learning impairments without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of mice with rutin .
Conclusions rutin restored cognitive function in scopolamine-induced amnesia through enhancement of antioxidant defense and cholinergic systems .

Objectives The brain's cholinergic system occupies a central role in normal cognition and age-related cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study sought to investigate the role of antioxidant defense and cholinergic systems on rutin-induced antiamnesia in mice. Methods Rutin (1, 5, or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.) was administered for three consecutive days. One hour post-treatment on day 3, scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p) was given, 5 min post-scopolamine injection, open field, Y-maze, or Morris water maze (MWM) (five days consecutive training sessions) tasks was carried out. The mice were sacrificed on day 7 to assays for biomarkers of oxidative stress and cholinergic system. Results Scopolamine significantly reduced spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-maze and prolonged escape latency in MWM tasks when compared to vehicle-treated control indicative of working memory and spatial learning deficits. However, the pretreatment of mice with rutin (1, 5, or 50 mg/kg) prevented scopolamine-induced working memory and spatial learning impairments without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. Scopolamine-induced nitrosative/oxidative stress and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of mice with rutin. Conclusions rutin restored cognitive function in scopolamine-induced amnesia through enhancement of antioxidant defense and cholinergic systems.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Rutin prevents cisplatin-induced ovarian damage.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the protective effects of rutin during cisplatin-induced ovarian toxicity in mice and to verify the possible involvement of the phosphatase and tension homolog ( PTEN ) /Forkhead box O3a ( FOXO3a ) pathway in the rutin actions .
Mice received saline solution ( control , 0.15 M , i.p . )
or cisplatin ( 5 mg/Kg body weight , i.p . )
or they were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine ( positive control ; 150 mg/Kg of body weight [ p.o . ]
) or with rutin ( 10 , 30 or 50 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ before cisplatin ( 5 mg/Kg body weight , i.p . )
once daily for 3 days .
Next , the ovaries were harvested and destined to histological ( follicular morphology and activation ) , immunohistochemical ( cell proliferation and apoptosis ) and fluorescence ( reactive oxygen species [ ROS ] , glutathione [ GSH ] and mitochondrial activity ) analyses .
Moreover , the expression of phosphorylated PTEN ( p-PTEN ) and FOXO3a ( p-FOXO3a ) were evaluated to investigate a molecular mechanism by which rutin would prevent the cisplatin-induced ovarian damage .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ or 10 mg/Kg rutin before cisplatin preserved the percentage of normal follicles and cell proliferation , reduced apoptosis and ROS levels and increased active mitochondria and GSH levels compared to the cisplatin treatment ( P

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the protective effects of rutin during cisplatin-induced ovarian toxicity in mice and to verify the possible involvement of the phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN)/Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) pathway in the rutin actions. Mice received saline solution (control, 0.15 M, i.p.) or cisplatin (5 mg/Kg body weight, i.p.) or they were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (positive control; 150 mg/Kg of body weight [p.o.]) or with rutin (10, 30 or 50 mg/Kg body weight, p.o.) before cisplatin (5 mg/Kg body weight, i.p.) once daily for 3 days. Next, the ovaries were harvested and destined to histological (follicular morphology and activation), immunohistochemical (cell proliferation and apoptosis) and fluorescence (reactive oxygen species [ROS], glutathione [GSH] and mitochondrial activity) analyses. Moreover, the expression of phosphorylated PTEN (p-PTEN) and FOXO3a (p-FOXO3a) were evaluated to investigate a molecular mechanism by which rutin would prevent the cisplatin-induced ovarian damage. The results showed that pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine or 10 mg/Kg rutin before cisplatin preserved the percentage of normal follicles and cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis and ROS levels and increased active mitochondria and GSH levels compared to the cisplatin treatment (P < 0.05). Cisplatin treatment increased p-PTEN and decreased p-FOXO3a expression in follicles, which was prevented by 10 mg/kg rutin. In conclusion, treatment with 10 mg/Kg rutin has the potential to protect the ovarian follicles against cisplatin-induced toxicity through its antioxidant effectsand PTEN/FOXO3a pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Evaluation of wound healing effect of chitosan-based gel formulation containing vitexin.

Acute or chronic wounds are one of the most common health problems worldwide and medicinal drugs or traditional remedies are @ @ @ @ @ .
Further studies regarding wound treatment are rapidly continuing .
Vitexin is a phenolic compound @ @ @ @ @ many medicinal plants , has different pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory , analgesic and antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ , it is aimed to investigate the wound healing effect of formulation prepared as chitosan-based @ @ @ @ @ and wound healing assays were used forand excisional wound model is used forstudies .
Extracted @ @ @ @ @ histologically examined .
Wound healing process was monitored on 7 , 14 and 21st days @ @ @ @ @ evaluated , chitosan-based gel formulation containing vitexin demonstrated significant effect compared to control group .
@ @ @ @ @ regeneration was promoted by vitexin formulation .
Significant cell proliferation was observed with vitexin/chitosan dispersion @ @ @ @ @ performed with NIH 3T3 and HaCaT cells .
In conclusion , our test substance chitosan-based @ @ @ @ @ accelerated wound healing bothand .

Acute or chronic wounds are one of the most common health problems worldwide and medicinal drugs or traditional remedies are often used in wound healing. Further studies regarding wound treatment are rapidly continuing. Vitexin is a phenolic compound, which is found in many medicinal plants, has different pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant. In the present study, it is aimed to investigate the wound healing effect of formulation prepared as chitosan-based gel with vitexinand. Cytotoxicity and wound healing assays were used forand excisional wound model is used forstudies. Extracted tissues from wound area were histologically examined. Wound healing process was monitored on 7, 14 and 21st days. When wound construction was evaluated, chitosan-based gel formulation containing vitexin demonstrated significant effect compared to control group. Histological examinations demonstrated that skin regeneration was promoted by vitexin formulation. Significant cell proliferation was observed with vitexin/chitosan dispersion in the wound healing assay performed with NIH 3T3 and HaCaT cells. In conclusion, our test substance chitosan-based gel formulation containing vitexin significantly accelerated wound healing bothand.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Possible epigenetic role of vitexin in regulating neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) has been clinically characterized by a progressive degeneration of neurons which resulted in a @ @ @ @ @ .
The accumulation of Aandproteins in the brain contribute to the severity of the disease @ @ @ @ @ has been the talk amongst researchers due to its pharmacological properties as anti-inflammation and anti-AD @ @ @ @ @ mechanism of the compound in regulating the neuroinflammation activity is yet to be fully elucidated @ @ @ @ @ discusses the potential of vitexin compound to have the pharmacoepigenetic property in regulating the neuroinflammation @ @ @ @ @ .
It is with hope that the review would unveil the potential of vitexin as @ @ @ @ @ .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been clinically characterized by a progressive degeneration of neurons which resulted in a gradual and irreversible cognitive impairment. The accumulation of Aandproteins in the brain contribute to the severity of the disease. Recently, vitexin compound has been the talk amongst researchers due to its pharmacological properties as anti-inflammation and anti-AD. However, the epigenetic mechanism of the compound in regulating the neuroinflammation activity is yet to be fully elucidated. Hence, this review discusses the potential of vitexin compound to have the pharmacoepigenetic property in regulating the neuroinflammation activity in relation to AD. It is with hope that the review would unveil the potential of vitexin as the candidate in treating AD.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Topical use of passion fruit purple variant seeds extract improves acne vulgaris with reduction in l

Topical use of passion fruit purple variant seeds extract improves acne vulgaris with reduction in lesion counts.

BACKGROUND : Purple variant of passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis Sims var .
edulis ) is a tropical plant commonly used in the beverage industry .
The seeds have high content of linoleic acid and piceatannol which has been reported and showed antibacterial , anti-inflammatory , and antioxidant activities .
However , there is no report regarding its effect on acne vulgaris .
OBJECTIVE : To determine the efficacy of topical use of Passiflora edulis Sims var .
edulis seeds extract on acne vulgaris .
METHODS : In this open-label uncontrolled trial , 45 subjects with acne vulgaris were given @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % cream for 8 weeks .
Noninflammatory , inflammatory , and total acne lesions count along with ultraviolet-induced red fluorescence ( UVRF ) measurement were done at weeks 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 .
All reported adverse events were documented , and patient satisfaction rates were determined at week 8 .
Paired T-test and Wilcoxon test were done with P ≤ 0.05 indicating significance .
RESULTS : There were significant reductions in noninflammatory ( 80.9 % ) , inflammatory ( 71.1 % ) , and total ( 73 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the cream application ( P CONCLUSION : Topical use of passion fruit purple variant seeds extract improves acne vulgaris with reduction in lesion counts and UVRF , minimal adverse events , and good satisfaction rate .
Additional prospective studies are required .

BACKGROUND: Purple variant of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis) is a tropical plant commonly used in the beverage industry. The seeds have high content of linoleic acid and piceatannol which has been reported and showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, there is no report regarding its effect on acne vulgaris.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of topical use of Passiflora edulis Sims var. edulis seeds extract on acne vulgaris.
METHODS: In this open-label uncontrolled trial, 45 subjects with acne vulgaris were given passion fruit purple variant seeds extract 10% cream for 8 weeks. Noninflammatory, inflammatory, and total acne lesions count along with ultraviolet-induced red fluorescence (UVRF) measurement were done at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. All reported adverse events were documented, and patient satisfaction rates were determined at week 8. Paired T-test and Wilcoxon test were done with P ≤ 0.05 indicating significance.
RESULTS: There were significant reductions in noninflammatory (80.9%), inflammatory (71.1%), and total (73%) lesion count after 8 weeks of the cream application (P < 0.001). Significant reduction in UVRF spot quantity (36%) and percentage area (45.9%) were found at week 8 (P < 0.001). Only 2.2% of subjects experienced an adverse event of mild and transient peeling. Most of the subjects (77.8%) noticed significant improvement in their acne vulgaris and expressed good satisfaction rate.
CONCLUSION: Topical use of passion fruit purple variant seeds extract improves acne vulgaris with reduction in lesion counts and UVRF, minimal adverse events, and good satisfaction rate. Additional prospective studies are required.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-09--Review of the effects of vitexin in oxidative stress-related diseases.

Vitexin is an apigenin flavone glycoside found in food and medicinal plants .
It has a variety of pharmacological effects @ @ @ @ @ , anticancer , antinociceptive , and neuroprotective effects .
This review study summarizes all the @ @ @ @ @ an antioxidant against reactive oxygen species , lipid peroxidation , and other oxidative damages in @ @ @ @ @ diseases , including seizure , memory impairment , cerebral ischemia , neurotoxicity , myocardial and @ @ @ @ @ dysfunction , with possible molecular and cellular mechanisms .
This review describes any activation or @ @ @ @ @ that depend on the antioxidant activity of vitexin .
More basic research is needed on @ @ @ @ @ in vivo , and carrying out clinical trials for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases @ @ @ @

Vitexin is an apigenin flavone glycoside found in food and medicinal plants. It has a variety of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antinociceptive, and neuroprotective effects. This review study summarizes all the protective effects of vitexin as an antioxidant against reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and other oxidative damages in a variety of oxidative stress-related diseases, including seizure, memory impairment, cerebral ischemia, neurotoxicity, myocardial and respiratory injury, and metabolic dysfunction, with possible molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review describes any activation or inhibition of the signaling pathways that depend on the antioxidant activity of vitexin. More basic research is needed on the antioxidative effects of vitexin in vivo, and carrying out clinical trials for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases is also recommended.