greenmedinfo--2020-07-08--Herbal medicines and children

Herbal medicines and children

Part of the movement of self-empowerment in personal and family health care is the use of herbal medicines , many of which are invasive plants that are readily available .
There is no reason not to treat children with herbal medicines , as long as some basic guidelines are followed .
Dosage To state the obvious , children are smaller than adults .
It stands to reason then that we adjust the adult dosage down , but how much ?
Do we just guess , wing it , or take a stab in the dark ?
Of course not !
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ determining the child dose of a herbal medicine , and one of these will best suit the way each individual ’ s head deals with numbers , and whether or not their child is typical or atypical in body mass for their age .
For children who are much larger or smaller than is typical for their age , use the first rule ( determines by weight ) .
For average kids , the other two rules using age are fine .
Clark ’ s Rule The weight of the child in pounds @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.4535 kilogram , to find the weight you know in kilograms in pounds , simply doubling the figure will give a rough but slightly lower figure ( not so bad underestimating here ) , or you can take the kilogram weight and divide by 0.4535 .
So for a 50 lb child , Clark ’ s rule is 50/150 = 0.33 , or one third the adult dose ( adult dose divided by 3 ) .
Example : Due to stress and malnutrition from years in refugee camps and internment centres , Aziz @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is 14 years old and 34 kg , and has developed a golden staph ( MRSA ) infection in his gastro-intestinal tract that antibiotics have failed to resolve .
Upon consulting the literature you decide to use a tincture of Usnea barbata ( Old man ’ s beard ) , and have obtained ( or made ) a 1:5 tincture , the adult dosage of which for acute systemic infections is 30 – 60 drops up to 4 times a day .
34/0.4535 = 74.9 , round up to 75 lbs .
75/150 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ half the adult dose , lots of TLC , and some good fermented food or probiotic supplements to restore balance to his gut .
Cowling ’ s Rule This rule is for children more or less typical in size for their age .
Take the age of the child at their next birthday , then divide by 24 .
For a child 7 , turning 8 , divide 8 by 24 which gives us 0.33 , or one third of the adult dose .
Example : Kofi lives in Ghana , and is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ trip to a part of Nigeria notorious for malaria .
He consults a local nurse who advises him to start Ruby ( and himself ) on a prophylactic treatment of powdered Sida ( Sida acuta ) leaves .
The adult dose is 2 tsp of leaf powder in 6 oz of water just off the boil , steep for 15 minutes , have 1 to 2 cups per day .
Ruby is 12 on her next birthday , 12/24 = 0.5 , or half the adult dose .
Kofi starts himself on the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ day , and gives Ruby a half cup twice a day also .
Happily , they return home malaria free , perhaps the Sida played a part there , and Kofi gives his nurse friend a present by way of thanks .
Young ’ s Rule Again , for children of typical size for age .
The age the child is now is divided by ( 12 + the age of the child ) .
Assuming again a 7 year old child , we have 7 divided by 7 + 12 ( 19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ close enough to one third the adult dose that we would just use one third for ease of measurement .
Example : Jonnie had seemingly recovered from a virus that targeted the mucous membranes of his respiratory tract , but he keeps relapsing , getting well under care , then relapsing again .
A naturopath recommends Bidens tincture to Jonnie ’ s mother , adding that in his book ‘ Herbal Antivirals ’ , renowned herbalist Stephen Buhner recommends this remedy for the healing and protective action of compounds within Bidens pilosa on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are so important there .
The adult dose in Buhner ’ s book is ¼ - ½ tsp of tincture , up to 6x daily .
Jonnie is 9 years old , 9/9 + 12 = 0.42 , a little under half the adult dose .
Jonnie has lost some weight during the illness , so his mother drops the dosage slightly again , giving him a quarter of a teaspoon 4 times a day for 2 weeks .
When treatment stops , the infection does not return .
Contraindications Contraindications are reasons @ @ @ @ @ @ @ avoid a herbal remedy altogether , and each plant and person will be different here , so some consultation or research is needed .
Let ’ s look at our three case studies to see what they might potentially be .
Usnea There are 3 potential contraindications for Usnea .
One applies to use of the powdered lichen to treat skin infections , where it may rarely cause contact dermatitis .
This is not relevant here .
Internally , Usnea is not recommended for use during pregnancy , again , not relevant here @ @ @ @ @ @ @ collected well away from sources of industrial pollution , as it will uptake and store heavy metals readily .
A good quality tincture from a reputable supplier will be safe , and if you collect it yourself , you now know where not to collect .
Sida Kofi was concerned when a friend remarked that he had heard Sida contains ephedrine .
He contacted his nurse friend for reassurance .
Certainly , very low levels of ephedrine are found in Sida acuta she replied .
The only times this would be an issue @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with similar effects , or if she was of an extremely nervous disposition .
Being a professional , she could also add some more detailed information .
Sida is hypoglycaemic , so may interact with medication for , and blood glucose levels in , diabetics .
The herb is used to prevent pregnancy in bush medicine she advised , and so also must be considered a potential abortifacient .
As Ruby is not diabetic , pregnant , or trying to become pregnant , none of these apply .
Bidens Bidens may alter blood @ @ @ @ @ @ @ long term use , so care must be taken with diabetics .
The fresh leaves contain silicate hairs , and when eaten fresh ( as it is in many parts of Africa ) , moderation must be exercised to avoid silicosis .
Bidens also stores heavy metals , so harvest away from pollution .
A note for Bidens , relating to the first example .
If Aziz had a MRSA infection of the blood , a systemic , rather than non-systemic natural anti-bacterial remedy would be called for .
Systemic remedy simply means @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is supplied by blood .
In this case , since Bidens is a systemic remedy , Usnea would be replaced by Bidens .
Children are precious , and we want to be confident that we know what we are doing if we treat them at home .
If you are ever in any doubt , then please contact your accredited practitioner of choice .
When collecting plants for your own medicine making , be 100 % certain of your plant ID , and collect from clean , uncontaminated sites .
When conducting your @ @ @ @ @ @ @ source material ( peer-reviewed scientific papers published in reputable journals ) , and sound secondary source material including books and other publications that reference primary material .
Obtaining information from websites can be hit and miss , so double and triple check the information from different platforms , being careful to spot cut and pasted text blocks that indicate you are fundamentally checking the same source in different places .
This information is for research purposes only .
It is not intended to be used or construed as medical advice in any way @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 2002 ) Investigation on the hypoglycaemic effects of extracts of four Mexican medicinal plants in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice .
Phytotherapy Research 16 ( 4 ) :383-86 .
Buhner , Stephen Harrod ( 2012 ) Herbal Antibiotics : natural alternatives for treating drug resistant bacteria ( 2nd ed. )
.
Storey Publishing , MASS .
Buhner , Stephen Harrod ( 2013 ) Herbal Antivirals : natural remedies for emerging and resistant viral infections .
Storey Publishing , MASS .
Cao JH et al .
( 1993 ) Studies of the chemical constituents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Burm .
f. ) .
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 18 ( 11 ) :681-703 .
Elo H et al .
( 2007 ) Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic ( + ) -usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus .
Naturwissenschaften 94 ( 6 ) :465-68 .
Karou D et al .
( 2003 ) Antimalarial activity of Sida acuta Burm .
f ( Malvaceae ) and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir .
( Fabaceae ) .
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89:291-4 .
Karou SD et al .
( 2007 ) Sida acuta @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with numerous potencies .
African Journal of Biotechnology 6 ( 25 ) :2953-59 .
Khatoon S et al .
( 2005 ) HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine .
Journal of Planar Chromatography 18:364-67 .
Londonkar RL ( 2009 ) Phytochemical and contraceptive property of Sida acuta Burm .
f. Ind .
In albino rats .
International Journal of PharmTech Research 1 ( 4 ) :1260-66 .
Njume C et al .
( 2016 ) Studies on bioactivity and secondary metabolites of crude extracts of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A medicinal plant used in the Transkei region of South Africa .
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 29 ( 3 ) :877-885 .
Silva JJ et al .
( 2014 ) In vitro screening antibacterial activity of Bidens pilosa Linn .
And Annona crassiflora Mart .
Against oxacyillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( ORSA ) from the aerial environment at the dental clinic .
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 56 ( 4 ) :333-340 .

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Part of the movement of self-empowerment in personal and family health care is the use of herbal medicines, many of which are invasive plants that are readily available. There is no reason not to treat children with herbal medicines, as long as some basic guidelines are followed.
Dosage
To state the obvious, children are smaller than adults. It stands to reason then that we adjust the adult dosage down, but how much? Do we just guess, wing it, or take a stab in the dark? Of course not! Thankfully, there are three rules for determining the child dose of a herbal medicine, and one of these will best suit the way each individual’s head deals with numbers, and whether or not their child is typical or atypical in body mass for their age. For children who are much larger or smaller than is typical for their age, use the first rule (determines by weight). For average kids, the other two rules using age are fine.
Clark’s Rule
The weight of the child in pounds divided by 150. One pound = 0.4535 kilogram, to find the weight you know in kilograms in pounds, simply doubling the figure will give a rough but slightly lower figure (not so bad underestimating here), or you can take the kilogram weight and divide by 0.4535. So for a 50 lb child, Clark’s rule is 50/150 = 0.33, or one third the adult dose (adult dose divided by 3).
Example: Due to stress and malnutrition from years in refugee camps and internment centres, Aziz is small for his age. He is 14 years old and 34 kg, and has developed a golden staph (MRSA) infection in his gastro-intestinal tract that antibiotics have failed to resolve. Upon consulting the literature you decide to use a tincture of Usnea barbata (Old man’s beard), and have obtained (or made) a 1:5 tincture, the adult dosage of which for acute systemic infections is 30 – 60 drops up to 4 times a day. 34/0.4535 = 74.9, round up to 75 lbs. 75/150 = 0.5, so Aziz will need half the adult dose, lots of TLC, and some good fermented food or probiotic supplements to restore balance to his gut.
Cowling’s Rule
This rule is for children more or less typical in size for their age. Take the age of the child at their next birthday, then divide by 24. For a child 7, turning 8, divide 8 by 24 which gives us 0.33, or one third of the adult dose.
Example: Kofi lives in Ghana, and is taking his daughter Ruby on a business trip to a part of Nigeria notorious for malaria. He consults a local nurse who advises him to start Ruby (and himself) on a prophylactic treatment of powdered Sida (Sida acuta) leaves. The adult dose is 2 tsp of leaf powder in 6 oz of water just off the boil, steep for 15 minutes, have 1 to 2 cups per day. Ruby is 12 on her next birthday, 12/24 = 0.5, or half the adult dose. Kofi starts himself on the high adult dose of 2 cups a day, and gives Ruby a half cup twice a day also. Happily, they return home malaria free, perhaps the Sida played a part there, and Kofi gives his nurse friend a present by way of thanks.
Young’s Rule
Again, for children of typical size for age. The age the child is now is divided by (12 + the age of the child). Assuming again a 7 year old child, we have 7 divided by 7 + 12 (19) which gives us 0.36, or close enough to one third the adult dose that we would just use one third for ease of measurement.
Example: Jonnie had seemingly recovered from a virus that targeted the mucous membranes of his respiratory tract, but he keeps relapsing, getting well under care, then relapsing again. A naturopath recommends Bidens tincture to Jonnie’s mother, adding that in his book ‘Herbal Antivirals’, renowned herbalist Stephen Buhner recommends this remedy for the healing and protective action of compounds within Bidens pilosa on the mucous membranes and ciliated cells that are so important there. The adult dose in Buhner’s book is ¼ - ½ tsp of tincture, up to 6x daily. Jonnie is 9 years old, 9/9 + 12 = 0.42, a little under half the adult dose. Jonnie has lost some weight during the illness, so his mother drops the dosage slightly again, giving him a quarter of a teaspoon 4 times a day for 2 weeks. When treatment stops, the infection does not return.
Contraindications
Contraindications are reasons to be careful with, or to avoid a herbal remedy altogether, and each plant and person will be different here, so some consultation or research is needed. Let’s look at our three case studies to see what they might potentially be.
Usnea
There are 3 potential contraindications for Usnea. One applies to use of the powdered lichen to treat skin infections, where it may rarely cause contact dermatitis. This is not relevant here. Internally, Usnea is not recommended for use during pregnancy, again, not relevant here. Lastly, the lichen must be collected well away from sources of industrial pollution, as it will uptake and store heavy metals readily. A good quality tincture from a reputable supplier will be safe, and if you collect it yourself, you now know where not to collect.
Sida
Kofi was concerned when a friend remarked that he had heard Sida contains ephedrine. He contacted his nurse friend for reassurance. Certainly, very low levels of ephedrine are found in Sida acuta she replied. The only times this would be an issue would be if Ruby were taking pharmaceuticals with similar effects, or if she was of an extremely nervous disposition. Being a professional, she could also add some more detailed information. Sida is hypoglycaemic, so may interact with medication for, and blood glucose levels in, diabetics. The herb is used to prevent pregnancy in bush medicine she advised, and so also must be considered a potential abortifacient. As Ruby is not diabetic, pregnant, or trying to become pregnant, none of these apply.
Bidens
Bidens may alter blood glucose and insulin levels with high or long term use, so care must be taken with diabetics. The fresh leaves contain silicate hairs, and when eaten fresh (as it is in many parts of Africa), moderation must be exercised to avoid silicosis. Bidens also stores heavy metals, so harvest away from pollution. A note for Bidens, relating to the first example. If Aziz had a MRSA infection of the blood, a systemic, rather than non-systemic natural anti-bacterial remedy would be called for. Systemic remedy simply means the active compounds are delivered everywhere that is supplied by blood. In this case, since Bidens is a systemic remedy, Usnea would be replaced by Bidens.
Children are precious, and we want to be confident that we know what we are doing if we treat them at home. If you are ever in any doubt, then please contact your accredited practitioner of choice. When collecting plants for your own medicine making, be 100% certain of your plant ID, and collect from clean, uncontaminated sites. When conducting your own research, give preference to primary source material (peer-reviewed scientific papers published in reputable journals), and sound secondary source material including books and other publications that reference primary material. Obtaining information from websites can be hit and miss, so double and triple check the information from different platforms, being careful to spot cut and pasted text blocks that indicate you are fundamentally checking the same source in different places.
This information is for research purposes only. It is not intended to be used or construed as medical advice in any way.
References
Alacorn-Aguilar FJ et al. (2002) Investigation on the hypoglycaemic effects of extracts of four Mexican medicinal plants in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. Phytotherapy Research 16(4):383-86.
Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2012) Herbal Antibiotics: natural alternatives for treating drug resistant bacteria (2nd ed.). Storey Publishing, MASS.
Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2013) Herbal Antivirals: natural remedies for emerging and resistant viral infections. Storey Publishing, MASS.
Cao JH et al. (1993) Studies of the chemical constituents of the herb huanghuaren (Sida acuta Burm. f.). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 18(11):681-703.
Elo H et al. (2007) Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Naturwissenschaften 94(6):465-68.
Karou D et al. (2003) Antimalarial activity of Sida acuta Burm. f (Malvaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89:291-4.
Karou SD et al. (2007) Sida acuta Barm. f: a medicinal plant with numerous potencies. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(25):2953-59.
Khatoon S et al. (2005) HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. Journal of Planar Chromatography 18:364-67.
Londonkar RL (2009) Phytochemical and contraceptive property of Sida acuta Burm. f. Ind. In albino rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research 1(4):1260-66.
Njume C et al. (2016) Studies on bioactivity and secondary metabolites of crude extracts of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): A medicinal plant used in the Transkei region of South Africa. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 29(3):877-885.
Silva JJ et al. (2014) In vitro screening antibacterial activity of Bidens pilosa Linn. And Annona crassiflora Mart. Against oxacyillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) from the aerial environment at the dental clinic. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 56(4):333-340.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Consumption of green coffee and the risk of chronic diseases.

Green coffee contains macro nutrients such as carbohydrates , protein , fat , as well as minor components such as @ @ @ @ @ acid .
Phenolics , chlorogenic acids and brown pigments are sources of natural antixodants .
@ @ @ @ @ green coffee and especially chlorogenic acid in it have an important place .
It is @ @ @ @ @ has effects on body mass , blood glucose and lipid levels , blood pressure , @ @ @ @ @ is based on chlorogenic acid consisting antioxidant activity .
However , many topics like toxicological @ @ @ @ @ , usage in the body , advantages and disadvantages , etc .
of these active @ @ @ @ @ .
For these reasons this article was rewieved to evaluate health effects of green coffee @

Green coffee contains macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, as well as minor components such as caffeine, trigonelin and chlorogenic acid. Phenolics, chlorogenic acids and brown pigments are sources of natural antixodants. High polypehonic materials found in green coffee and especially chlorogenic acid in it have an important place. It is considered that; green coffee has effects on body mass, blood glucose and lipid levels, blood pressure, prevention from cardiovascular diseases which is based on chlorogenic acid consisting antioxidant activity. However, many topics like toxicological effects, doses, amounts, usage in the body, advantages and disadvantages, etc. of these active molecules need to be examined. For these reasons this article was rewieved to evaluate health effects of green coffee.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--A parent-selected target symptom showed significant improvement in GI complaints on probiotic compar

A parent-selected target symptom showed significant improvement in GI complaints on probiotic compared with placebo.

A randomized pilot trial of gastrointestinal ( GI ) symptoms targeting probiotic for quality of life in autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) .Thirteen children , 3-12 years of age with ASD , anxiety , and GI symptoms , were randomized into a probiotic crossover trial of 8 weeks each on VISBIOME and placebo separated by a 3-week washout .
VISBIOME contains eight probiotic species , mostlyand .
Primary outcome was the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory ( PedsQL ) GI module .
Secondary outcomes included gut microbiota analysis , the Parent-Rated Anxiety Scale for ASD ( PRAS-ASD ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ analysis model was applied.Thirteen children were randomized , with 10 completing the study ( 77 % retention ) : 6 in probiotic/placebo sequence , 4 in placebo/probiotic sequence .
Adherence to study treatment was 96 % .
There were no serious adverse events ( AEs ) , and more nonserious AEs occurred with placebo than with probiotic , including those attributable to treatment .
Only 6 of the 10 guessed the correct treatment at the end of week 8 .
Over the 19-week trial , each outcome improved from baseline and PedsQL correlated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ microbiota composition/diversity .
Although probiotic showed more improvement than placebo , PedsQL and PRAS-ASD were not statistically significant , as expected at this sample size .
PedsQL effect size was = 0.49 by the general model and = 0.79 by simple comparison of week 8 changes .
A parent-selected target symptom showed significant improvement in GI complaints on probiotic compared with placebo ( = 0.02 , = 0.79 ) .
Probiotic effects carried over through the 3-week washout.The VISBIOME formulation was safe and suggested a health benefit in children with ASD and GI @ @ @ @ @ @ @ size compared with placebo warrants a larger trial using a parallel-group design .

A randomized pilot trial of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms targeting probiotic for quality of life in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Thirteen children, 3-12 years of age with ASD, anxiety, and GI symptoms, were randomized into a probiotic crossover trial of 8 weeks each on VISBIOME and placebo separated by a 3-week washout. VISBIOME contains eight probiotic species, mostlyand. Primary outcome was the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) GI module. Secondary outcomes included gut microbiota analysis, the Parent-Rated Anxiety Scale for ASD (PRAS-ASD), and parent-selected target symptoms. A mixed analysis model was applied.Thirteen children were randomized, with 10 completing the study (77% retention): 6 in probiotic/placebo sequence, 4 in placebo/probiotic sequence. Adherence to study treatment was 96%. There were no serious adverse events (AEs), and more nonserious AEs occurred with placebo than with probiotic, including those attributable to treatment. Only 6 of the 10 guessed the correct treatment at the end of week 8. Over the 19-week trial, each outcome improved from baseline and PedsQL correlated significantly with abundance ofwithout discernable changes to microbiota composition/diversity. Although probiotic showed more improvement than placebo, PedsQL and PRAS-ASD were not statistically significant, as expected at this sample size. PedsQL effect size was = 0.49 by the general model and = 0.79 by simple comparison of week 8 changes. A parent-selected target symptom showed significant improvement in GI complaints on probiotic compared with placebo ( = 0.02, = 0.79). Probiotic effects carried over through the 3-week washout.The VISBIOME formulation was safe and suggested a health benefit in children with ASD and GI symptoms who retained. The moderate effect size compared with placebo warrants a larger trial using a parallel-group design.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--The association of post-stroke cognitive impairment and gut microbiota and its corresponding metabol

The association of post-stroke cognitive impairment and gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites.

BACKGROUND : Post-stroke cognitive impairment ( PSCI ) is an important factor causing disabilities after acute ischemic stroke ( AIS ) .
Emerging evidence suggested that gut microbiota play an important role in cognitive impairment .
OBJECTIVE : This study aimed to explore the association between PSCI and gut microbiota .
METHOD : 65 patients with newly diagnostic AIS finished the fecal collection on admission and cognitive assessment 3 months later in the clinic .
Fecal samples were subjected to 16SrRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis .
Additionally , we enrolled new 18 AIS patients , whose treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the potential of microbial treatment in PSCI .
RESULTS : PSCI patients were characterized by the significantly decreased alpha-diversity , disturbed microbial composition , and corresponding metabolites compared with non-PSCI patients .
Increased Fusobacterium and deficiency of microbial metabolized short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) were significantly associated with PSCI .
A model based on gut microbiota and SCFAs could predict 3 months or longer PSCI early and accurately after stroke onset .
While traditional probiotic administration had little effect on PSCI , it could ameliorate patients ' mood , including depression and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSION : Our study revealed the association between PSCI and gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites for the first time , suggesting the potential for applying microbiota and its corresponding metabolites to early clinical diagnosis and treatment of PSCI .

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is an important factor causing disabilities after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Emerging evidence suggested that gut microbiota play an important role in cognitive impairment.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between PSCI and gut microbiota.
METHOD: 65 patients with newly diagnostic AIS finished the fecal collection on admission and cognitive assessment 3 months later in the clinic. Fecal samples were subjected to 16SrRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Additionally, we enrolled new 18 AIS patients, whose treatment was supplemented by probiotics, to assess the potential of microbial treatment in PSCI.
RESULTS: PSCI patients were characterized by the significantly decreased alpha-diversity, disturbed microbial composition, and corresponding metabolites compared with non-PSCI patients. Increased Fusobacterium and deficiency of microbial metabolized short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly associated with PSCI. A model based on gut microbiota and SCFAs could predict 3 months or longer PSCI early and accurately after stroke onset. While traditional probiotic administration had little effect on PSCI, it could ameliorate patients' mood, including depression and anxiety in the 3 months after stroke.
CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the association between PSCI and gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites for the first time, suggesting the potential for applying microbiota and its corresponding metabolites to early clinical diagnosis and treatment of PSCI.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Longevity-promoting efficacies of rutin in high fat diet fed.

Composition of diet significantly impacts lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster .
Diet-composition becomes even more crucial while assessing a phytocompound for probable pro-longevity effects in flies .
Rutin is a flavonol glycoside present in apple , buckwheat , black tea and green tea .
Our previous study had reported hormetic efficacy of rutin to improve longevity and other physiological parameters in Drosophila melanogaster fed with standard diet .
This study aimed to understand whether rutin could exhibit similar longevity promoting effects in flies fed with a high fat diet ( HFD ) .
In this study , wild type Canton-S males @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diet ( HFD ) treated with or without rutin at different doses ( 100-800µM ) and assessed for survival , food intake , fecundity , locomotion , development , resistance to various forms of stresses and relative mRNA expression of specific genes associated with ageing , namely dFoxO , MnSod , Cat , dTsc1 , dTsc2 , Thor , dAtg1 , dAtg5 , dAtg7 and dTor .
Rutin at only 400 µM significantly improved survival in males fed with HFD ; while at 200 µM and 400 µM it significantly improved survival in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ detrimental for both sexes .
Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly reduced average food intake in both males and females fed with HFD .
A significant reduction in number of eggs laid per female per day was observed in females treated with rutin at 400 µM .
Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly improved climbing efficiency in males and females .
A significant reduction in eclosion time was observed in larvae fed with HFD and treated with rutin at 400 µM .
Rutin at 400 µM significantly improved resistance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ namely heat shock , cold shock and starvation stresses .
Interestingly , rutin at 400 µM significantly reduced survival of males and females exposed to oxidative stress .
In males fed with HFD , rutin at 200 µM showed significantly increased relative expression of dFoxo , MnSod , Cat , dAtg1 , dAtg5 and dAtg7 ; at 400 µM it significantly increased the relative expression of dFoxO , MnSod , Cat , dTsc1 , dTsc2 , Thor , dAtg1 , dAtg5 , dAtg7 while decreasing relative expression of dTor .
Thus , data @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 400 µM and to an extent 200 µM positively impacted lifespan and modulated other physiological parameters in males and females fed with HFD .

Composition of diet significantly impacts lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Diet-composition becomes even more crucial while assessing a phytocompound for probable pro-longevity effects in flies. Rutin is a flavonol glycoside present in apple, buckwheat, black tea and green tea. Our previous study had reported hormetic efficacy of rutin to improve longevity and other physiological parameters in Drosophila melanogaster fed with standard diet. This study aimed to understand whether rutin could exhibit similar longevity promoting effects in flies fed with a high fat diet (HFD). In this study, wild type Canton-S males and females were reared on high fat diet (HFD) treated with or without rutin at different doses (100-800µM) and assessed for survival, food intake, fecundity, locomotion, development, resistance to various forms of stresses and relative mRNA expression of specific genes associated with ageing, namely dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5, dAtg7 and dTor. Rutin at only 400 µM significantly improved survival in males fed with HFD; while at 200 µM and 400 µM it significantly improved survival in females. Doses beyond 400 µM proved detrimental for both sexes. Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly reduced average food intake in both males and females fed with HFD. A significant reduction in number of eggs laid per female per day was observed in females treated with rutin at 400 µM. Rutin at 200 µM and 400 µM significantly improved climbing efficiency in males and females. A significant reduction in eclosion time was observed in larvae fed with HFD and treated with rutin at 400 µM. Rutin at 400 µM significantly improved resistance of males and females to different stresses namely heat shock, cold shock and starvation stresses. Interestingly, rutin at 400 µM significantly reduced survival of males and females exposed to oxidative stress. In males fed with HFD,rutin at 200 µM showed significantly increased relative expression of dFoxo, MnSod, Cat, dAtg1, dAtg5 and dAtg7; at 400 µM it significantly increased the relative expression of dFoxO, MnSod, Cat, dTsc1, dTsc2, Thor, dAtg1, dAtg5, dAtg7 while decreasing relative expression of dTor. Thus, data fromthis study collectively showed that rutin at 400 µM and to an extent 200 µM positively impacted lifespan and modulated other physiological parameters in males and females fed with HFD.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Whey protein boosts the antioxidant profile.

Whey protein , a by-product of cheese industry , is harmful for the environment ( i.e.
, surface and subterranean waters , soil ) and , therefore , for humans due to its high polluting burden .
Concomitantly , it has been reported that it is a mixture with potent antioxidant action since it is rich in cysteine residues , which are necessary for glutathione synthesis in vivo .
On this basis , this study intended to examine the role of whey protein on the intensification of tissue antioxidant arsenal .
To this end , a dose of sheep/goat whey @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weight/day dissolved in drinking water was administered to rats for 28 consecutive days .
According to our findings , whey protein improved the antioxidant profile of liver , small intestine , lung and muscle whereas it did not affect the redox state of kidney .
Our results were based on the alterations found in the protein expression of glutamate cysteine ligase , catalase and superoxide dismutase-1 measured in all tissues and the activity of glutathione S-transferase evaluated in muscle .
Although tissue-specific , it is obvious that the action of whey protein is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ biofunctional constituent for foods able to improve redox profile when administered against redox-related diseases .

Whey protein, a by-product of cheese industry, is harmful for the environment (i.e., surface and subterranean waters, soil) and, therefore, for humans due to its high polluting burden. Concomitantly, it has been reported that it is a mixture with potent antioxidant action since it is rich in cysteine residues, which are necessary for glutathione synthesis in vivo. On this basis, this study intended to examine the role of whey protein on the intensification of tissue antioxidant arsenal. To this end, a dose of sheep/goat whey protein equal to 1 g/kg of body weight/day dissolved in drinking water was administered to rats for 28 consecutive days. According to our findings, whey protein improved the antioxidant profile of liver, small intestine, lung and muscle whereas it did not affect the redox state of kidney. Our results were based on the alterations found in the protein expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, catalase and superoxide dismutase-1 measured in all tissues and the activity of glutathione S-transferase evaluated in muscle. Although tissue-specific, it is obvious that the action of whey protein is biologically beneficial and could serve as a biofunctional constituent for foods able to improve redox profile when administered against redox-related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Whey protein isolate enhanced anti-inflammatory and intestinal barrier function properties.

Cheese whey contains bioactive compounds which have shown multiple health-promoting benefits .
This study aimed to assess the commercial whey products ( CWP ) whey protein isolate ( WPI ) , galacto-oligosaccharide-whey protein concentrate ( GOS-W ) and glycomacropeptide ( GMP ) for their potential to improve intestinal health in vitro using HT29-MTX intestinal goblet and Caco-2 epithelial cells .
Results from HT29-MTX culture showed that WPI mitigated reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) production at a higher extent compared to GOS-W or GMP .
However , GMP downregulated the lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced TLR-4 inflammatory pathway with the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Biomarkers of epithelial integrity assessed on both cell lines showed tight junction proteins claudin-1 , claudin-3 , occludin ( OCC ) , and zonula occludens-1 ( ZO-1 ) upregulation by GMP in HT29-MTX ( 1.33-1.93-fold of control ) and in Caco-2 cells ( 1.56-2.09-fold of control ) .
All CWP increased transepithelial electrical resistance ( TEER ) in TNF-α challenged Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture monolayer ( p < 0.05 ) , but only GMP was similar to the positive control TGF-β1 , known for its role in promoting epithelial barrier function .
The TNF-α-induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels by all CWP ( p < 0.05 ) .
In conclusion , CWP may be used as functional food ingredients to protect against intestinal disorders with emphasis on the GMP enhanced anti-inflammatory and intestinal barrier function properties .
Further in vivo studies are guaranteed to validate these findings .

Cheese whey contains bioactive compounds which have shown multiple health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to assess the commercial whey products (CWP) whey protein isolate (WPI), galacto-oligosaccharide-whey protein concentrate (GOS-W) and glycomacropeptide (GMP) for their potential to improve intestinal health in vitro using HT29-MTX intestinal goblet and Caco-2 epithelial cells. Results from HT29-MTX culture showed that WPI mitigated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at a higher extent compared to GOS-W or GMP. However, GMP downregulated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR-4 inflammatory pathway with the highest potency compared to the other CWP. Biomarkers of epithelial integrity assessed on both cell lines showed tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin (OCC), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) upregulation by GMP in HT29-MTX (1.33-1.93-fold of control) and in Caco-2 cells (1.56-2.09-fold of control). All CWP increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in TNF-α challenged Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture monolayer (p<0.05), but only GMP was similar to the positive control TGF-β1, known for its role in promoting epithelial barrier function. The TNF-α-induced co-culture monolayer permeability was prevented at similar levels by all CWP (p<0.05). In conclusion, CWP may be used as functional food ingredients to protect against intestinal disorders with emphasis on the GMP enhanced anti-inflammatory and intestinal barrier function properties. Further in vivo studies are guaranteed to validate these findings.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Sedentary behavior was validated as a risk factor of breast cancer through dose-response analysis, e

BACKGROUND : Emerging studies examined the association between sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer , however , the dose-response relationship remained unclear .
We aim to explore dose-response relationship of sedentary behavior and breast cancer risk based on relevant cohort studies .
METHODS : Online database ( PubMed , Web of Science , EMBASE and Cochrane Library ) were searched up to March 29 , 2019 .
Overall relative risk ( RR ) with 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) were pooled , and generalized least squares ( GLS ) method and restricted cubic splines were applied to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Attributable risk proportion ( ARP ) was used to assess the health hazards of sedentary behavior in different countries .
RESULTS : Eight prospective studies were included in the meta-analysis , containing 17 048 breast cancer cases and 426 506 participants .
The borderline statistical association was detected between prolonged sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer ( RR 1.08 , 95 % CI 0.99-1.19 ) .
Linear association between sedentary and breast cancer was observed ( P = 0.262 ) , and for 1 h/d increment of sedentary behavior , there was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( RR 1.01 , 95 % CI1.00-1.02 ) .
Similar results were also found between TV viewing and risk of breast cancer ( P = 0.551 ) , with 1 h/day increment of TV viewing daily attributing to 2 % increase of breast cancer risk ( RR 1.02 , 95 % CI 1.00-1.04 ) .
Moreover , sedentary behavior may statistically increase the risk of breast cancer by 21.6 % for Asian countries , 8.26 % for North America .
CONCLUSIONS : Sedentary behavior was validated as a risk factor of breast cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

BACKGROUND: Emerging studies examined the association between sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer, however, the dose-response relationship remained unclear. We aim to explore dose-response relationship of sedentary behavior and breast cancer risk based on relevant cohort studies.
METHODS: Online database (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library) were searched up to March 29, 2019. Overall relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled, and generalized least squares (GLS) method and restricted cubic splines were applied to evaluate the linear or nonlinear relation. Attributable risk proportion (ARP) was used to assess the health hazards of sedentary behavior in different countries.
RESULTS: Eight prospective studies were included in the meta-analysis, containing 17 048 breast cancer cases and 426 506 participants. The borderline statistical association was detected between prolonged sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.99-1.19). Linear association between sedentary and breast cancer was observed (P = 0.262), and for 1 h/d increment of sedentary behavior, there was 1% increase of breast cancer risk (RR 1.01, 95% CI1.00-1.02). Similar results were also found between TV viewing and risk of breast cancer (P = 0.551), with 1 h/day increment of TV viewing daily attributing to 2% increase of breast cancer risk (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04). Moreover, sedentary behavior may statistically increase the risk of breast cancer by 21.6% for Asian countries, 8.26% for North America.
CONCLUSIONS: Sedentary behavior was validated as a risk factor of breast cancer through dose-response analysis, especially TV viewing.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Ameliorative effects of echinacoside against spinal cord injury.

AIMS : The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome , which initiates an inflammatory cascade and triggers inflammatory death , plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury ( SCI ) .
Echinacoside ( ECH ) is a phenylethanoid glycoside possessing prominent anti-inflammatory effects and various neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system , but the effect of ECH on SCI was rarely studied .
Therefore , the purpose of this experiment was to look into the therapeutic effects of ECH on SCI and the underlying mechanisms .
MAIN METHODS : Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan ( BBB ) locomotion scale , Nissl @ @ @ @ @ @ @ staining was employed to examine the therapeutic effects of ECH on SCI .
In addition , reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation , mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP ) in BV-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and adenosine 5'-triphosphate were examined .
The expression levels of proteins involving NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathway were measured .
KEY FINDINGS : The in vivo experiment indicated that administration of ECH significantly enhanced the BBB scores , reduced the neuron loss , and ameliorated the tissue architecture after SCI .
Additionally , ECH dramatically inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vitro study indicated that ECH significantly reduced ROS level , improved the MMP , blocked activation of NF-κB , and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway .
The effect of ECH on inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway was partially governed by suppression of the generation of ROS and activation of NF-κB .
SIGNIFICANCE : ECH can accelerate motor function recovery in rats following SCI by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-related signaling pathway , suggesting that ECH may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating SCI .

AIMS: The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which initiates an inflammatory cascade and triggers inflammatory death, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Echinacoside (ECH) is a phenylethanoid glycoside possessing prominent anti-inflammatory effects and various neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system, but the effect of ECH on SCI was rarely studied. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to look into the therapeutic effects of ECH on SCI and the underlying mechanisms.
MAIN METHODS: Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale, Nissl staining, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to examine the therapeutic effects of ECH on SCI. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in BV-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and adenosine 5'-triphosphate were examined. The expression levels of proteins involving NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathway were measured.
KEY FINDINGS: The in vivo experiment indicated that administration of ECH significantly enhanced the BBB scores, reduced the neuron loss, and ameliorated the tissue architecture after SCI. Additionally, ECH dramatically inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the rat SCI model. In vitro study indicated that ECH significantly reduced ROS level, improved the MMP, blocked activation of NF-κB, and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. The effect of ECH on inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway was partially governed by suppression of the generation of ROS and activation of NF-κB.
SIGNIFICANCE: ECH can accelerate motor function recovery in rats following SCI by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-related signaling pathway, suggesting that ECH may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating SCI.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Echinacoside attenuates inflammatory response in a model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy ( CSM ) is a leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction with few treatment options .
Although mitochondrial dynamics are linked to a wide range of pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases , a connection between aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and CSM remains to be illuminated .
In addition , mechanisms underlying the emerging anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of echinacoside ( ECH ) , the main active ingredient of Cistanche salsa , are poorly understood .
We hypothesized that excessive mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses in CSM , and ECH might alleviate such responses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ end , we assessed the effects of ECH and Mdivi-1 , a selective inhibitor of dynamin-related protein ( Drp1 ) , in a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression and activated BV2 cells .
Our results showed that rats with Mdivi-1 intervention had improved motor function compared with vehicle-treated rats .
Indeed , Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression , as well as activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 ( NLRP3 ) inflammasome , nuclear transcription factor-κB ( NF-κB ) , and Drp1 in lesions .
Compared with vehicle-treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies and reduced reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) .
Similarly , ECH-treated rats exhibited neurological recovery and suppression of inflammatory response or related signals in the lesion area after treatment .
Interestingly , ECH treatment partly reversed aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation and oxidative stress within the lesion area .
In vitro data suggested that ECH suppressed activated microglia by modulating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling .
Furthermore , we observed that ECH markedly inhibited Drp1 translocation onto mitochondria , whereby it regulated mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling .
Thus , our findings reveal that mitochondrial dynamics modulate inflammatory responses during CSM .
Moreover , ECH may attenuate neuroinflammation in rats subjected to chronic cervical cord compression by regulating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and activation of downstream signaling .

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction with few treatment options. Although mitochondrial dynamics are linked to a wide range of pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases, a connection between aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and CSM remains to be illuminated. In addition, mechanisms underlying the emerging anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of echinacoside (ECH), the main active ingredient of Cistanche salsa, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that excessive mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses in CSM, and ECH might alleviate such responses by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. To this end, we assessed the effects of ECH and Mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of dynamin-related protein (Drp1), in a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression and activated BV2 cells. Our results showed that rats with Mdivi-1 intervention had improved motor function compared with vehicle-treated rats. Indeed, Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, as well as activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), and Drp1 in lesions. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, compression sites of Mdivi-1-treated animals exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, ECH-treated rats exhibited neurological recovery and suppression of inflammatory response or related signals in the lesion area after treatment. Interestingly, ECH treatment partly reversed aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation and oxidative stress within the lesion area. In vitro data suggested that ECH suppressed activated microglia by modulating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we observed that ECH markedly inhibited Drp1 translocation onto mitochondria, whereby it regulated mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production, which act as regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling. Thus, our findings reveal that mitochondrial dynamics modulate inflammatory responses during CSM. Moreover, ECH may attenuate neuroinflammation in rats subjected to chronic cervical cord compression by regulating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and activation of downstream signaling.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--The combined use of echinacea with azithromycin produced favourable outcome than azithromycin alone

The combined use of echinacea with azithromycin produced favourable outcome than azithromycin alone in pediatric patients with recurrent tonsillitis.

PURPOSE : Recurrent tonsillitis in children is a common disease affecting children quality of life and extends to their families .
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined use of oral Azithromycin ( AZT ) plus Echinacea compared to exclusive use of AZT in children with recurrent tonsillitis .
MATERIAL AND METHODS : A prospective comparative study including three groups of children with recurrent tonsillitis .
Group 1 : ( 100 patients ) had no prophylactic treatment .
Group 2 ( 100 patients ) received [ 60 mg/kg ] prophylactic dose of AZT divided as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ days every month for 6 consecutive months .
Group 3 ( 100 patients ) received AZT as in group 2 plus commercially available Echinacea in a dose of 5 ml oral suspension ; 3 times daily for 10 consecutive days every monthfor 6 consecutive months .
Number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of tonsillitis symptoms were assessed and compared in different groups .
RESULTS : Group 2 and group 3 had significant less number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of assessed symptoms during 6 months of prophylactic treatment with significant better results in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Echinacea ) compared to group 2 ( I.e .
AZT alone ) .
However ; there was no significant difference in patients with any prophylaxis .
CONCLUSION : The combined use of Echinacea with Azithromycin produced favorable outcome than Azithromycin alone in pediatric patients with recurrent tonsillitis .

PURPOSE: Recurrent tonsillitis in children is a common disease affecting children quality of life and extends to their families. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined use of oral Azithromycin (AZT) plus Echinacea compared to exclusive use of AZT in children with recurrent tonsillitis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective comparative study including three groups of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Group 1: (100 patients) had no prophylactic treatment. Group 2 (100 patients) received [60 mg/kg] prophylactic dose of AZT divided as (10 mg/kg/day) over 6 consecutive days every month for 6 consecutive months. Group 3 (100 patients) received AZT as in group 2 plus commercially available Echinacea in a dose of 5 ml oral suspension; 3 times daily for 10 consecutive days every monthfor 6 consecutive months. Number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of tonsillitis symptoms were assessed and compared in different groups.
RESULTS: Group 2 and group 3 had significant less number of tonsillitis attacks and severity of assessed symptoms during 6 months of prophylactic treatment with significant better results in group 3 (i.e. AZT plus Echinacea) compared to group 2 (I.e. AZT alone). However; there was no significant difference in patients with any prophylaxis.
CONCLUSION: The combined use of Echinacea with Azithromycin produced favorable outcome than Azithromycin alone in pediatric patients with recurrent tonsillitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--S platensis benefits health by inhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and modulating gut

Recent research suggested that taking a high-fat diet ( HFD ) may lead to a gut microbiota imbalance and colon tissue damage .
This would lead to increased intestinal permeability and consequent constant circulation of low-grade inflammatory cytokines .
Spirulina platensis can protect against HFD-induced metabolic inflammation and can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in in vitro stool cultures .
However , it is unknown whether this beneficial effect acts on intestinal tissues .
In this study , rats were fed a high-fat diet fed with 3 % S platensis for 14 weeks .
We analysed endotoxin , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gut permeability .
We found that S platensis decreased the bodyweight and visceral fat pads weight of the HFD-fed rats .
In addition , it lowered the levels of lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatorycytokines in serum .
Our results showed that S platensis could largely reduce the relative amount of Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in faecal samples from HFD-fed rats .
S platensis significantly reduced intestinal inflammation , as shown by decreased expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( MyD88 ) , toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) , NF-κB ( p65 ) and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the increased permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa , such as ZO-1 , Occludin and Claudin-1 .
Therefore , in HFD-inducedgut dysbiosis rats , S platensis benefits health by inhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis , and modulating gut permeability .

Recent research suggested that taking a high-fat diet (HFD) may lead to a gut microbiota imbalance and colon tissue damage. This would lead to increased intestinal permeability and consequent constant circulation of low-grade inflammatory cytokines. Spirulina platensis can protect against HFD-induced metabolic inflammation and can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in in vitro stool cultures. However, it is unknown whether this beneficial effect acts on intestinal tissues. In this study, rats were fed a high-fat diet fed with 3% S platensis for 14 weeks. We analysed endotoxin, the composition of the microbiota, inflammation and gut permeability. We found that S platensis decreased the bodyweight and visceral fat pads weight of the HFD-fed rats. In addition, it lowered the levels of lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatorycytokines in serum. Our results showed that S platensis could largely reduce the relative amount of Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in faecal samples from HFD-fed rats. S platensis significantly reduced intestinal inflammation, as shown by decreased expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB (p65) and inflammatory cytokines. S platensis also ameliorated the increased permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa, such as ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1. Therefore, in HFD-inducedgut dysbiosis rats, S platensis benefits health by inhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and modulating gut permeability.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Red beetroot has a protective role in silver nanoparticle-induced nephrotoxicity.

The present study was designed to investigate the nephrotoxicity of silver nanoparticles ( AgNPs ; 80 mg/kg ; > 100 @ @ @ @ @ the protective effect exercised by Beta vulgaris ( beetroot ) juice ( RBR ; 200 @ @ @ @ @ ' kidney .
Serum-specific parameters ( urea , creatinine , electrolytes and histopathology of kidney @ @ @ @ @ assess the AgNPs nephrotoxicity effect .
Moreover , thisstudy analysed oxidative stress ( lipid peroxidation @ @ @ @ @ and catalase ) and anti-apoptotic markers ( Bcl-2 ) .
AgNPs intoxication increased kidney function @ @ @ @ @ and decreased the glutathione , superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in kidney tissue .
Additionally @ @ @ @ @ following AgNPs intoxication .
Moreover , AgNPs induced a significant increase in renal DNA damage @ @ @ @ @ tail length , tail DNA percentage and tail moment .
Interestingly , RBR post-treatment restored @ @ @ @ @ induced by AgNPs exposure , reflecting its nephroprotective effect .
Collectively , the present data @ @ @ @ @ used as a potential therapeutic intervention to prevent AgNPs-induced nephrotoxicity .

The present study was designed to investigate the nephrotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 80 mg/kg;> 100 nm) and to evaluate the protective effect exercised by Beta vulgaris (beetroot) juice (RBR; 200 mg/kg) on male rats' kidney. Serum-specific parameters (urea, creatinine, electrolytes and histopathology of kidney tissue) were examined to assess the AgNPs nephrotoxicity effect. Moreover, thisstudy analysed oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2). AgNPs intoxication increased kidney function marker levels and lipid peroxidation and decreased the glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in kidney tissue. Additionally, Bcl-2 expression was downregulated following AgNPs intoxication. Moreover, AgNPs induced a significant increase in renal DNA damage displayed as an elevation in tail length, tail DNA percentage and tail moment. Interestingly, RBR post-treatment restored the biochemical and histological alterations induced by AgNPs exposure, reflecting its nephroprotective effect. Collectively, the present data suggest that RBR could be used as a potential therapeutic intervention to prevent AgNPs-induced nephrotoxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Surface modification of silver nanoparticle by liposomal encapsulation mitigates Silver nanoparticle

Surface modification of silver nanoparticle by liposomal encapsulation mitigates Silver nanoparticles-induced inflammation.

Silver nanoparticles ( AgNP ) are widely used in a variety of consumable products as antibacterial to prevent or treat @ @ @ @ @ exits that AgNP induces inflammation which can worsen with repeated human exposure .
However , @ @ @ @ @ research on how to mitigate these adverse effects due to AgNP induced-toxicity .
Here , @ @ @ @ @ of AgNP by liposomal encapsulation suppresses AgNP-mediated inflammatory responses in THP1 monocytes and THP1 differentiated @ @ @ @ @ AgNP was encapsulated in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline- ( DPPC ) /cholesterol-based liposome by extrusion @ @ @ @ @ to form Lipo-AgNP .
It was found as expected that AgNP induced significant release of @ @ @ @ @ and TNF-α in THP1 monocytes more than the basal level .
Interestingly , release of @ @ @ @ @ Lipo-AgNP .
In TDMs , AgNP and Lipo-AgNP induced IL-8 release ( p

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used in a variety of consumable products as antibacterial to prevent or treat infection. Unfortunately, evidence exits that AgNP induces inflammation which can worsen with repeated human exposure. However, there is little or no research on how to mitigate these adverse effects due to AgNP induced-toxicity. Here, we investigated if surface modification of AgNP by liposomal encapsulation suppresses AgNP-mediated inflammatory responses in THP1 monocytes and THP1 differentiated macrophages (TDM). AgNP was encapsulated in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline- (DPPC)/cholesterol-based liposome by extrusion through a 100-nm polycarbonate membrane to form Lipo-AgNP. It was found as expected that AgNP induced significant release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in THP1 monocytes more than the basal level. Interestingly, release of these cytokines was suppressed by Lipo-AgNP. In TDMs, AgNP and Lipo-AgNP induced IL-8 release (p < .0001), but Lipo-AgNP maintained IL-8 release at levels significantly lower than that of AgNP (p < .01). However, both AgNP and Lipo-AgNP suppressed IL-1β and TNF-α release in LPS-stimulated THP1 monocytes and LPS-stimulated or unstimulated TDM respectively. We finally showed that Lipo-AgNP inhibits STAT-3 and this may be responsible for regulating the uncontrolled inflammation induced by AgNP likely mediated STAT-3 protein expression in LPS stimulated THP1 monocytes and TDMs, both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated. This data showed that Lipo-AgNP suppressed AgNP induced inflammation, making Lipo-AgNP particularly useful in treatment of bacteria induced inflammatory diseases and inflammatory cancers.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: structural effects.

The increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases @ @ @ @ @ decades , significant progress has been achieved on the development of nanotechnology-based medicines for combating @ @ @ @ @ Among this , silver nanoparticles ( AgNPs ) hold great promise in addressing this challenge @ @ @ @ @ robust antimicrobial properties .
This review illustrates the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and further @ @ @ @ @ including surface chemistry , size , and shape , impact their antibacterial activities , which @ @ @ @ @ future development of more potent silver nanoparticle-based antibacterial agents .

The increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a major concern for successful diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been achieved on the development of nanotechnology-based medicines for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. Among this, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hold great promise in addressing this challenge due to their broad-spectrum and robust antimicrobial properties. This review illustrates the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles and further elucidates how different structural factors including surface chemistry, size, and shape, impact their antibacterial activities, which are expected to promote the future development of more potent silver nanoparticle-based antibacterial agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Beetroot extract acutely improves heart rate variability recovery following strength exercise.

We assessed the acute effect of beetroot extract intake on cardiovascular and autonomic recovery subsequent to strength exercise.This is a @ @ @ @ @ and placebo-controlled trial .
We assessed 16 subjects but only 12 healthy male adults completed @ @ @ @ @ randomized days : Beetroot extract ( 600 mg in capsule ) and placebo ( 600 @ @ @ @ @ .
Beetroot extract or placebo was ingested , the subjects endured 120 minutes seated at @ @ @ @ @ 75 % 1RM strength exercise and then remained seated for 60 minutes at rest .
@ @ @ @ @ ( HR ) variability ( HRV ) ( SDNN , rMSSD , pNN50 , SD1 @ @ @ @ @ ] ) were estimated before , during exercise and during recovery from exercise.ingestion of beetroot @ @ @ @ @ the recovery of SBP following physical effort ; improves HR recovery to baseline resting levels @ @ @ @ @ in∼62 % vs. placebo protocol : change in ∼80 % ) , and intensifies the @ @ @ @ @ during recovery after exercise.Beetroot extract acutely improved cardiovascular and autonomic recovery after exercise .

We assessed the acute effect of beetroot extract intake on cardiovascular and autonomic recovery subsequent to strength exercise.This is a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. We assessed 16 subjects but only 12 healthy male adults completed the two protocols in two randomized days: Beetroot extract (600 mg in capsule) and placebo (600 mg starch in capsule). Beetroot extract or placebo was ingested, the subjects endured 120 minutes seated at rest, followed by a 75% 1RM strength exercise and then remained seated for 60 minutes at rest. Cardiorespiratory parameters, heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50, SD1, SD2 HF [ms]) were estimated before, during exercise and during recovery from exercise.ingestion of beetroot extract before exercise: accelerates the recovery of SBP following physical effort; improves HR recovery to baseline resting levels (beetroot protocol: change in∼62% vs. placebo protocol: change in ∼80%), and intensifies the return of vagal HR control during recovery after exercise.Beetroot extract acutely improved cardiovascular and autonomic recovery after exercise.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-09--Silver nanoparticle deposited implants to treat osteomyelitis

In this study , electrolytically deposited strongly adherent silver nanoparticles on stainless-steel ( SS ) implants were used for in @ @ @ @ @ were heat treated to enhance adhesion of silver on 316 L SS .
Ex vivo @ @ @ @ @ silver-release profiles from the 316 L SS screws inserted in equine cadaver bones .
No @ @ @ @ @ of silver ions were observed in vitro between the implanted screws and the control .
@ @ @ @ @ using osteomyelitic rabbit model with 3 mm diameter silver-deposited 316 L SS pins at two @ @ @ @ @ high and low .
Infection control ability of the pins for treating osteomyelitis in a @ @ @ @ @ bacteriologic , radiographic , histological , and scanning electron microscopic studies .
Silver-coated pins , @ @ @ @ @ a promising result to treat infection in animal osteomyelitis model without any toxicity to major @ @ @ @ @ Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B : Appl Biomater , 106B : 1073-1083 , @ @

In this study, electrolytically deposited strongly adherent silver nanoparticles on stainless-steel (SS) implants were used for in situ osteomyelitis treatment. Samples were heat treated to enhance adhesion of silver on 316 L SS. Ex vivo studies were performed to measure silver-release profiles from the 316 L SS screws inserted in equine cadaver bones. No change in the release profiles of silver ions were observed in vitro between the implanted screws and the control. In vivo studies were performed using osteomyelitic rabbit model with 3 mm diameter silver-deposited 316 L SS pins at two different doses of silver: high and low. Infection control ability of the pins for treating osteomyelitis in a rabbit model was measured using bacteriologic, radiographic, histological, and scanning electron microscopic studies. Silver-coated pins, especially high dose, offered a promising result to treat infection in animal osteomyelitis model without any toxicity to major organs.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1073-1083, 2018.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-10--Synergistic evaluation of ginger and licorice extracts in a mouse model of colorectal cancer.

Herbal medicine can be used to overcome the side effects of conventional treatments .
This study aimed to evaluate the @ @ @ @ @ licorice extracts , as well as the synergistic effects of their combination .
Ginger ethanolic @ @ @ @ @ licorice methanolic extract ( LME ) were isolated by a Soxhlet extractor .
Next , @ @ @ @ @ extracts , apoptosis induction , tumor growth inhibition , and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes were investigated @ @ @ @ @ [ 4 , 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ] -2 , five diphenyl tetrazolium bromide ) assay showed that @ @ @ @ @ CT26 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner ; however , the GEE + LME combination @ @ @ @

Herbal medicine can be used to overcome the side effects of conventional treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activities of ginger and licorice extracts, as well as the synergistic effects of their combination. Ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) and licorice methanolic extract (LME) were isolated by a Soxhlet extractor. Next, the anti-proliferative activity of the extracts, apoptosis induction, tumor growth inhibition, and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes were investigated. The MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, five diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed that GEE and LME decreased the CT26 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner; however, the GEE + LME combination was more effective ( < 0.05). The CT26 cells treated with each extract showed a significant increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 gene expression, especially in the GEE + LME group ( < 0.001). Tumor volume significantly reduced in the GEE + LME group, compared to the negative controls. Finally, mice treated with GEE + LME showed a significant increase in the CTL/Treg cell ratio ( < 0.001) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio ( < 0.05). The study results revealed that GEE + LME can suppress cancer cell growth, increase apoptosis, and improve CTL infiltrating to the tumor site in a synergetic manner in-vivo and in-vitro. Therefore, the prepared mixture can be used in future clinical trials.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-10--Prenatal exposure to the probiotic Lactococcus lactis decreases anxiety-like behaviour.

Development of the cerebral cortex may be influenced by the composition of the maternal gut microbiota .
To test this possibility , we administered probiotic Lactococcus lactis in drinking water to mouse dams from day 10.5 of gestation until pups reached postnatal day 1 ( P1 ) .
Pups were assessed in a battery of behavioral tests starting at 10 weeks old .
We found that females , but not males , exposed to probiotic during prenatal development spent more time in the center of the open field and displayed decreased freezing time in cue associated learning , compared to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ probiotic exposure changed the density of cortical neurons and increased the density of blood vessels in the cortical plate of P1 pups .
Sex-specific differences were observed in the number of mitotic neural progenitor cells , which were increased in probiotic exposed female pups .
In addition , we found that probiotic treatment in the latter half of pregnancy significantly increased plasma oxytocin levels in mouse dams , but not in the offspring .
These results suggest that exposure of naïve , unstressed dams to probiotic may exert sex-specific long-term effects on cortical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ offspring .

Development of the cerebral cortex may be influenced by the composition of the maternal gut microbiota. To test this possibility, we administered probiotic Lactococcus lactis in drinking water to mouse dams from day 10.5 of gestation until pups reached postnatal day 1 (P1). Pups were assessed in a battery of behavioral tests starting at 10 weeks old. We found that females, but not males, exposed to probiotic during prenatal development spent more time in the center of the open field and displayed decreased freezing time in cue associated learning, compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that probiotic exposure changed the density of cortical neurons and increased the density of blood vessels in the cortical plate of P1 pups. Sex-specific differences were observed in the number of mitotic neural progenitor cells, which were increased in probiotic exposed female pups. In addition, we found that probiotic treatment in the latter half of pregnancy significantly increased plasma oxytocin levels in mouse dams, but not in the offspring. These results suggest that exposure of naïve, unstressed dams to probiotic may exert sex-specific long-term effects on cortical development and anxiety related behavior in the offspring.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-10--Dietary pectic oligosaccharide supplementation improves rat reproductive performance.

As a kind of green additive , pectic oligosaccharide ( POS ) may regulate some physiological functions of animals , @ @ @ @ @ antioxidant capacity , immunity and lipid metabolism .
This study aimed to identify whether POS @ @ @ @ @ , and to determine the possible metabolism .
A total of 48 pregnant Wistar rats @ @ @ @ @ , and each group was fed a diet supplemented with 0 or 800 mg/kg of @ @ @ @ @ increased rat born number (

As a kind of green additive, pectic oligosaccharide (POS) may regulate some physiological functions of animals, such as gut health, antioxidant capacity, immunity and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to identify whether POS administration can improve maternal reproduction, and to determine the possible metabolism. A total of 48 pregnant Wistar rats randomly allotted into 2 groups, and each group was fed a diet supplemented with 0 or 800 mg/kg of POS. Pectic oligosaccharide administration increased rat born number ( < 0.05), did not affect rat embryo number on d 7 of gestation, but increased rat fetus number on d 14 of gestation ( < 0.05). On d 14 of gestation, POS treatment improvedandpopulations and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal digesta ( < 0.05), hormone (progesterone and nitric oxide) and cytokine (interleukin 2) concentrations of serum ( < 0.05), and antioxidant capacity of serum (increased total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde) and placenta (increased total superoxide dismutase, decreased malondialdehyde) ( < 0.05) in pregnant rats. These results suggest that POS administration improved rat reproduction via decreasing fetus loss in middle gestation. This was due to the increased volatile fatty acid concentrations in rat gut improving hormone and inflammatory-cytokine productions, and antioxidant capacity.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Sulforaphane alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity on mice ulcerative colitis induced b

Sulforaphane alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity on mice ulcerative colitis induced by DSS.

Sulforaphane ( SFN ) is a kind of natural isothiocyanate , which exists in cruciferous plants .
Only few studies were about the anti-inflammatory effects of sulforaphane in ulcerative colitis .
In this study , our purpose is to explore the effects of sulforaphane on the intestinal microbial community of UC mice .
The severity of mice colitis were measured by colon length , survial rate , body weight and disease activity index ( DAI ) score .
Histological and morphological evaluation of colon tissues were performed by HE .
16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was used to analyza the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of flora expression were explored using quantitative PCR .
Sulforaphane treated mice had larger body weight and longer colon length than DSS-induced mice .
The colon tissues of DSS group showed congestion and edema .
Meanwhile , treatment with sulforaphane effectively reducted the damage scores and MPO activity .
Sulforaphane reversed DSS-induced gut dysbiosis .
Sulforaphane would shift the balance to Butyricicoccus on inflammation .
The possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulforaphane is to coordinate with the probiotics such as Butyricicoccus .
In summary , these findings proved that sulforaphane might be a useful @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the treatment of UC .

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a kind of natural isothiocyanate, which exists in cruciferous plants. Only few studies were about the anti-inflammatory effects of sulforaphane in ulcerative colitis. In this study, our purpose is to explore the effects of sulforaphane on the intestinal microbial community of UC mice. The severity of mice colitis were measured by colon length, survial rate, body weight and disease activity index (DAI) score. Histological and morphological evaluation of colon tissues were performed by HE. 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was used to analyza the changes of mouse flora. The variety of flora expression were explored using quantitative PCR. Sulforaphane treated mice had larger body weight and longer colon length than DSS-induced mice. The colon tissues of DSS group showed congestion and edema. Meanwhile, treatment with sulforaphane effectively reducted the damage scores and MPO activity. Sulforaphane reversed DSS-induced gut dysbiosis. Sulforaphane would shift the balance to Butyricicoccus on inflammation. The possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulforaphane is to coordinate with the probiotics such as Butyricicoccus. In summary, these findings proved that sulforaphane might be a useful content and serve as a potential therapy in the treatment of UC.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Cordyceps sinensis attenuates hepatitis B virus induced cell apoptosis in HK 2 cells.

The authors ' previous studies demonstrated that the major renal damage from hepatitis B virus infection is HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells .
Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable of traditional Chinese medicines and is extensively used to treat chronic renal diseases .
However , there is no research on the potential renal protective effect of C. sinensis on HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells .
The protective effect and underlying mechanism of C. sinensis were examined using a renal tubular epithelial cell line stably overexpressing HBx .
HK‑2 cells were stably transfected with pCMV‑HBx to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ model and HK‑2 cells transfected with an empty vector were generated as a control .
The effect of C. sinensis on cell proliferation and apoptosis , the phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase ( PI3K ) /protein kinase B ( Akt ) signaling pathway , and the enzyme activity of caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 was measured .
The present study demonstrated that HBx transfection inhibited cell proliferation ; increased apoptosis , caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activity ; and increased the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway .
Treatment with C. sinensis attenuated all of these HBx‑induced responses .
HBx triggered apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HK‑2 cells .
C. sinensis treatment significantly attenuated the effect of HBx , at least in part by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway .

The authors' previous studies demonstrated that the major renal damage from hepatitis B virus infection is HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable of traditional Chinese medicines and is extensively used to treat chronic renal diseases. However, there is no research on the potential renal protective effect of C. sinensis on HBx‑induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells. The protective effect and underlying mechanism of C. sinensis were examined using a renal tubular epithelial cell line stably overexpressing HBx. HK‑2 cells were stably transfected with pCMV‑HBx to establish HBx‑overexpression in an in vitro cell model and HK‑2 cells transfected with an empty vector were generated as a control. The effect of C. sinensis on cell proliferation and apoptosis, the phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, and the enzyme activity of caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 was measured. The present study demonstrated that HBx transfection inhibited cell proliferation; increased apoptosis, caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activity; and increased the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Treatment with C. sinensis attenuated all of these HBx‑induced responses. HBx triggered apoptosis and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HK‑2 cells. C. sinensis treatment significantly attenuated the effect of HBx, at least in part by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Polyphenols from Toona sinensiss seeds alleviate neuroinflammation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.

Polyphenols from Toona sinensis seeds ( PTSS ) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases , while the anti-neuroinflammatory effects still remain to be investigated .
We aimed to investigate the effects of PTSS on Parkinson 's disease and underlying mechanisms using a rat model .
We employed 6-hydroxydopamine ( 6-OHDA ) to male Sprague Dawley ( SD ) rats and PC12 cells to construct the in vivo and vitro models of PD and dopaminergic ( DA ) neuron injury , respectively .
Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 ( CCK-8 ) assay and protein levels of inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses .
The results showed that 6-OHDA significantly increased protein levels of inflammatory mediators , such as cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , and tumor necrosis factorα ( TNF-α ) , which could be reversed by PTSS through suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway .
The anti-inflammatory effects of PTSS were significantly enhanced by the specific p38 inhibitor of SB203580 in vitro .
The present work suggests that PTSS can exert anti-inflammatory effects on PD models , which maybe attributed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pathway .

Polyphenols from Toona sinensis seeds (PTSS) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases, while the anti-neuroinflammatory effects still remain to be investigated. We aimed to investigate the effects of PTSS on Parkinson's disease and underlying mechanisms using a rat model. We employed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and PC12 cells to construct the in vivo and vitro models of PD and dopaminergic (DA) neuron injury, respectively. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and protein levels of inflammatory mediators and some p38 MAPK pathway molecules were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. The results showed that 6-OHDA significantly increased protein levels of inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α), which could be reversed by PTSS through suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway. The anti-inflammatory effects of PTSS were significantly enhanced by the specific p38 inhibitor of SB203580 in vitro. The present work suggests that PTSS can exert anti-inflammatory effects on PD models, which maybe attributed to the suppression of p38 MAPK signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Toona sinensis modulates autophagy and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

Toona sinensis modulates autophagy and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Toona sinensis ( TS ) is a medicinal herb possessing anti-apoptotic , anti-oxidant , and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat diabetes , cancer , and inflammatory diseases .
In traditional Chinese medicine theory , TS clears dampness and heat , strengthens the stomach function , and regulates vital energy flow .
TS is also used as an astringent and a pesticide .
In this study , we aimed to evaluate how TS influences autophagy and cytokines during the inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages .
The treatment groups were pre-supplemented with TS leaf extract ; rapamycin was used @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) was used to induce inflammation .
The expression of autophagy-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting .
The survival rate of , and chemokine expression and oxidative stress in the cells were also assessed .
TS leaf extract inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) phosphorylation at site S2448 in the macrophages .
At relatively higher concentrations ( 50 and 75 μg/mL ) , TS elevated the expression of light chain 3 II ( LC3-II ) , which further modulated autophagy .
Pre-supplementation with TS leaf extract elevated the total glutathione @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( GSSG ) ratio , but it decreased the GSSG , total nitric oxide , nitrate , nitrite , malondialdehyde , and superoxide anion levels .
TS reversed the effects of LPS-induced cytokines , including interleukin ( IL ) -6 and IL-10 .
TS did not induce significant toxicity at the studied concentrations .
In conclusion , TS leaf extract may modulate autophagy during inflammation .
Furthermore , it may prevent cell damage via anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation .
Thus , this study supports the ethnomedical use of TS in the prevention of inflammation-related @ @

Toona sinensis (TS) is a medicinal herb possessing anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine theory, TS clears dampness and heat, strengthens the stomach function, and regulates vital energy flow. TS is also used as an astringent and a pesticide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate how TS influences autophagy and cytokines during the inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The treatment groups were pre-supplemented with TS leaf extract; rapamycin was used to enhance autophagy and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting. The survival rate of, and chemokine expression and oxidative stress in the cells were also assessed. TS leaf extract inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation at site S2448 in the macrophages. At relatively higher concentrations (50 and 75 μg/mL), TS elevated the expression of light chain 3 II (LC3-II), which further modulated autophagy. Pre-supplementation with TS leaf extract elevated the total glutathione (GSH) level and GSH/oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio, but it decreased the GSSG, total nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite, malondialdehyde, and superoxide anion levels. TS reversed the effects of LPS-induced cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. TS did not induce significant toxicity at the studied concentrations. In conclusion, TS leaf extract may modulate autophagy during inflammation. Furthermore, it may prevent cell damage via anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Thus, this study supports the ethnomedical use of TS in the prevention of inflammation-related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Hesperidin: The Citrus Bioflavonoid Powerhouse You Haven't Heard Of

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greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Cordycepin exhibits a suppressive effect on T cells through inhibiting TCR signalling cascade in CFA

Cordycepin exhibits a suppressive effect on T cells through inhibiting TCR signalling cascade in CFA-induced inflammation Mice model.

Cordycepin has been shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities , such as antitumor , antifungi , antivirus , and immune-regulation activities , and is involved in the regulation of T cells .
However , cordycepin that affects T cell activity is still not clear , and the molecular mechanism of cordycepin in regulation of TCR signaling has not yet been elucidated .
In this study , the potential effect of cordycepin on T cells was observed in CFA-induced inflammation mice model , and the function of cordycepin in regulating TCR signaling cascade was investigated.A CFA-induced inflammation mice model was established @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the thymus and spleen swellings , and T cell infiltration in paw tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry .
The protein expression or phosphorilation was detected by western blotting , and the NFAT1 nuclear translocation was determined by fluorescence imaging .
The cell proliferation , apoptosis , and IL-2 production were analyzed by CCK-8 method , flow cytometry , and ELISA.In the mice model , the thymus and spleen swellings were suppressed and the T cell infiltration in paw tissue was inhibited by cordycepin at a concentration of 10 mg/kg .
Although the expressions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ changed in the human T cell line Jurkat with cordycepin pretreatment , the CD3-antibody-induced phosphorylations of ZAP70 and PLCγ1 were markedly blocked .
The protein level of p85 decreased when Jurkat cells were pretreated with cordycepin , and cordycepin blocked TCR downstream molecule Erk phosphorylation and NFAT1 nuclear translocation .
Further investigation revealed that cordycepin inhibited T cell proliferation , reduced IL-2 production , and induced T cell apoptosis.These findings suggest that cordycepin regulates TCR signaling to inhibit excessive T cell activation in inflammation .
Thus , cordycepin may be a potential therapeutic @ @ @ @ @

Cordycepin has been shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, antifungi, antivirus, and immune-regulation activities, and is involved in the regulation of T cells. However, cordycepin that affects T cell activity is still not clear, and the molecular mechanism of cordycepin in regulation of TCR signaling has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the potential effect of cordycepin on T cells was observed in CFA-induced inflammation mice model, and the function of cordycepin in regulating TCR signaling cascade was investigated.A CFA-induced inflammation mice model was established for observing the effect of cordycepin on the thymus and spleen swellings, and T cell infiltration in paw tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression or phosphorilation was detected by western blotting, and the NFAT1 nuclear translocation was determined by fluorescence imaging. The cell proliferation, apoptosis, and IL-2 production were analyzed by CCK-8 method, flow cytometry, and ELISA.In the mice model, the thymus and spleen swellings were suppressed and the T cell infiltration in paw tissue was inhibited by cordycepin at a concentration of 10 mg/kg. Although the expressions of ZAP70 and PLCγ1 were not significantly changed in the human T cell line Jurkat with cordycepin pretreatment, the CD3-antibody-induced phosphorylations of ZAP70 and PLCγ1 were markedly blocked. The protein level of p85 decreased when Jurkat cells were pretreated with cordycepin, and cordycepin blocked TCR downstream molecule Erk phosphorylation and NFAT1 nuclear translocation. Further investigation revealed that cordycepin inhibited T cell proliferation, reduced IL-2 production, and induced T cell apoptosis.These findings suggest that cordycepin regulates TCR signaling to inhibit excessive T cell activation in inflammation. Thus, cordycepin may be a potential therapeutic application in inflammation-associated diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Cordycepin effectively resensitizes cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells to cisplatin.

Tumor cell resistance to anti-cancer drugs is a major obstacle in tumor therapy .
In this study , we investigated the mechanism of cordycepin-mediated resensitization to cisplatin in T24R2 cells , a T24-derived cell line .
Treatment with cordycepin or cisplatin ( 2μg/mL ) alone failed to induce cell death in T24R2 cells , but combination treatment with these drugs significantly induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways , including depolarization of mitochondrial membranes , decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 , Bcl-xL , and Mcl-1 , and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax .
High expression levels of MDR1 were the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and cordycepin significantly reduced MDR1 expression through inhibition of MDR1 promoter activity .
MDR1 promoter activity was dependent on transcription factor Ets-1 in T24R2 cells.Although correlation exists between MDR1 and Ets-1 expression in bladder cancer patients , active Ets-1 , Thr38 phosphorylated form ( pThr38 ) , was critical to induce MDR1 expression .
Cordycepin decreased pThr-38 Ets-1 levels and reduced MDR1 transcription , probably through its effects on PI3K signaling , inducing the resensitization of T24R2 cells to cisplatin .
The results suggest that cordycepin effectively resensitizes cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potential strategy for treatment of cancer in patients with resistance to anti-cancer drugs .

Tumor cell resistance to anti-cancer drugs is a major obstacle in tumor therapy. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cordycepin-mediated resensitization to cisplatin in T24R2 cells, a T24-derived cell line. Treatment with cordycepin or cisplatin (2μg/mL) alone failed to induce cell death in T24R2 cells, but combination treatment with these drugs significantly induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathways, including depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax. High expression levels of MDR1 were the cause of cisplatin resistance in T24R2 cells, and cordycepin significantly reduced MDR1 expression through inhibition of MDR1 promoter activity. MDR1 promoter activity was dependent on transcription factor Ets-1 in T24R2 cells.Although correlation exists between MDR1 and Ets-1 expression in bladder cancer patients, active Ets-1, Thr38 phosphorylated form (pThr38), was critical to induce MDR1 expression. Cordycepin decreased pThr-38 Ets-1 levels and reduced MDR1 transcription, probably through its effects on PI3K signaling, inducing the resensitization of T24R2 cells to cisplatin. The results suggest that cordycepin effectively resensitizes cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells to cisplatin, thus serving as a potential strategy for treatment of cancer in patients with resistance to anti-cancer drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-11--Cordycepin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth.

Cordycepin ( 3'-deoxyadenosine ) from Cordyceps militaris has been reported to have anti-tumor effects .
However , the molecular target @ @ @ @ @ pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo remain vague .
In this study @ @ @ @ @ molecule of cordycepin which inhibited pancreatic cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo .
@ @ @ @ @ apoptosis by activating caspase-3 , caspase-9 and cytochrome c. Further studies suggested that MAPK pathway @ @ @ @ @ inhibiting the expression of Ras and the phosphorylation of Erk .
Moreover , cordycepin caused @ @ @ @ @ associated with activating Chk2 ( checkpoint kinase 2 ) pathway and downregulating cyclin A2 and @ @ @ @ @ , we showed that cordycepin could bind to FGFR2 ( K= 7.77× 10 ) very @ @ @ @ @ cells growth by blocking Ras/ErK pathway .
These results suggest that cordycepin could potentially be @ @ @ @ @ FGFR2 to inhibit pancreatic cells growth by inducing cell apoptosis and causing cell cycle arrest @ @ @ @ @ anti-pancreatic cancer new drug development .

Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) from Cordyceps militaris has been reported to have anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular target and mechanism underlying cordycepin impeding pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo remain vague. In this study, we reported functional target molecule of cordycepin which inhibited pancreatic cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo. Cordycepin was confirmed to induce apoptosis by activating caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c. Further studies suggested that MAPK pathway was blocked by cordycepin via inhibiting the expression of Ras and the phosphorylation of Erk. Moreover, cordycepin caused S-phase arrest and DNA damage associated with activating Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) pathway and downregulating cyclin A2 and CDK2 phosphorylation. Very interestingly, we showed that cordycepin could bind to FGFR2 (K= 7.77× 10) very potently to inhibit pancreatic cancer cells growth by blocking Ras/ErK pathway. These results suggest that cordycepin could potentially be a leading compound which targeted FGFR2 to inhibit pancreatic cells growth by inducing cell apoptosis and causing cell cycle arrest via blocking FGFR/Ras/ERK signaling for anti-pancreatic cancer new drug development.