greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Hericium erinaceus could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composit

Hericium erinaceus could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis.

Cancer represents a major disease burden worldwide .
Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently , resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure .
There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity , and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota .
In this study , we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus ( HEP ) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil ( 5-Fu ) , and we attempted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ auxiliary antitumor treatment .
There were 1,455 proteins identified from H. erinaceus .
In a xenografted mouse model of cancer , HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth , inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon ( IFN ) -γ , interleukin ( IL ) -1β , IL-2 , IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α , and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) , and regulated the expression of Akt , CCDN1 , CKD4 , FOXM1 , MMP7 , MYC , PPAR-α , and PPAR-γ .
16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides , Flavobacteriaceae , Christensenellaceae , Anoxybacillus , Aggregatibacter , Comamonadaceae , Planococcaceae , Desulfovibrionaceae , Sporosarcina , Staphylococcus , Aerococcaceae , and Bilophila in the xenografted mice , and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium , Gemellales , Blautia , Sutterella , Anaerostipes , Roseburia , Lachnobacterium , Lactobacillus , and Desulfovibrio .
This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition , the immune inflammatory response , and homeostasis .

Cancer represents a major disease burden worldwide. Despite continuous advances obtained in medical therapies recently, resistance to standard drugs and adverse effects still represent important causes of therapeutic failure. There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota can affect the response to chemo- and immunotherapeutic drugs by modulating efficacy and/or toxicity, and diet is the most important factor affecting the gut microbiota. In this study, we assessed the auxiliary antitumor effects of immunomodulatory fungal proteins from Hericium erinaceus (HEP) administered with the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and we attempted to identify new potential prebiotic bacteria for auxiliary antitumor treatment. There were 1,455 proteins identified from H. erinaceus. In a xenografted mouse model of cancer, HEP with 5-Fu significantly suppressed tumor growth, inhibited inflammatory markers such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and regulated the expression of Akt, CCDN1, CKD4, FOXM1, MMP7, MYC, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HEP ameliorated the dysbacteriosis induced by 5-Fu, as it inhibited certain aerobic and microaerobic bacteria including Parabacteroides, Flavobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, Aerococcaceae, and Bilophila in the xenografted mice, and increase some probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio. This demonstrates that HEP could promote the antitumor efficacy of 5-Fu by improving the microbiota composition, the immune inflammatory response, and homeostasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Effects of Hericium erinaceus mycelium extracts on the functional activity of purinoceptors and neur

Effects of Hericium erinaceus mycelium extracts on the functional activity of purinoceptors and neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain is a serious clinical problem that is difficult to treat .
Purinoceptors ( P2Rs ) transduce pain perception from the peripheral to the central nervous system and play an important role in the transmission of neuropathic pain signals .
We previously found that the crude extracts ofmycelium ( HE-CE ) inhibited P2R-mediated signaling in cells and reduced heat-induced pain in mice .
The present study explored the effects of HE-CE on neuropathic pain .
We used adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) as a P2R agonist to generate Casignaling and neuronal damage in a cell line .
We also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ spinal nerve ligation ( L5-SNL ) to examine neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation .
Neuropathic pain was recorded using the von Frey test .
Neuroinflammation was evaluated based on immunohistofluorescence observation of glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) levels in astrocytes , ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule1 ( iba1 ) levels in microglia , and IL-6 levels in plasma .
The results show that HE-CE and erinacine-S , but not erinacine-A , totally counteracted Casignaling and cytotoxic effects upon P2R stimulation by ATP in human osteosarcoma HOS cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the withdrawal pressure of the ipsilateral hind paw , indicating neuropathic pain .
It also raised the GFAP level in astrocytes , the iba1 level in microglia , and the IL-6 level in plasma , indicating neuroinflammation .
HE-CE significantly counteracted the SNL-induced decrease in withdrawal pressure , illustrating that it could relieve neuropathic pain .
It also reduced SNL-induced increases in astrocyte GFAP levels , microglial iba1 levels , and plasma IL-6 levels , suggesting that HE-CE reduces neuroinflammation .
Erinacine-S relieved neuropathic pain better than HE-CE .
The present study demonstrated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , that it can relieve neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation .

Neuropathic pain is a serious clinical problem that is difficult to treat. Purinoceptors (P2Rs) transduce pain perception from the peripheral to the central nervous system and play an important role in the transmission of neuropathic pain signals. We previously found that the crude extracts ofmycelium (HE-CE) inhibited P2R-mediated signaling in cells and reduced heat-induced pain in mice. The present study explored the effects of HE-CE on neuropathic pain. We used adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a P2R agonist to generate Casignaling and neuronal damage in a cell line. We also established a neuropathic mouse model of L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5-SNL) to examine neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation. Neuropathic pain was recorded using the von Frey test. Neuroinflammation was evaluated based on immunohistofluorescence observation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in astrocytes, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule1 (iba1) levels in microglia, and IL-6 levels in plasma. The results show that HE-CE and erinacine-S, but not erinacine-A, totally counteracted Casignaling and cytotoxic effects upon P2R stimulation by ATP in human osteosarcoma HOS cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. SNL induced a decrease in the withdrawal pressure of the ipsilateral hind paw, indicating neuropathic pain. It also raised the GFAP level in astrocytes, the iba1 level in microglia, and the IL-6 level in plasma, indicating neuroinflammation. HE-CE significantly counteracted the SNL-induced decrease in withdrawal pressure, illustrating that it could relieve neuropathic pain. It also reduced SNL-induced increases in astrocyte GFAP levels, microglial iba1 levels, and plasma IL-6 levels, suggesting that HE-CE reduces neuroinflammation. Erinacine-S relieved neuropathic pain better than HE-CE. The present study demonstrated that HE inhibits P2R and, thus, that it can relieve neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Gut microbiome dysbiosis and depression: a comprehensive review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW : The human gut microbiome is involved in a bi-directional communication pathway with the central nervous system ( CNS ) , termed the microbiota-gut-brain axis .
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is believed to mediate or modulate various central processes through the vagus nerve .
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved with the production of microbial metabolites and immune mediators which trigger changes in neurotransmission , neuroinflammation , and behavior .
Little is understood about the utilization of microbiome manipulation to treat disease .
RECENT FINDINGS : Though studies exploring the role of the microbiome in various disease processes have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidence-based treatments for most illnesses have not yet been developed .
The animal studies reviewed in the present investigation include an array of basic science studies that clarify mechanisms by which the microbiome may affect mental health .
More evidence is needed , particularly as it relates to translating this work to humans .
The studies presented in this review demonstrate encouraging results in the treatment of depression .
Limitations include small sample sizes and heterogeneous methodology .
The exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota causes or alters neuropsychiatric disease states is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , we focus on recent studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of depression .

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The human gut microbiome is involved in a bi-directional communication pathway with the central nervous system (CNS), termed the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is believed to mediate or modulate various central processes through the vagus nerve. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved with the production of microbial metabolites and immune mediators which trigger changes in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and behavior. Little is understood about the utilization of microbiome manipulation to treat disease.
RECENT FINDINGS: Though studies exploring the role of the microbiome in various disease processes have shown promise, mechanisms remain unclear and evidence-based treatments for most illnesses have not yet been developed. The animal studies reviewed in the present investigation include an array of basic science studies that clarify mechanisms by which the microbiome may affect mental health. More evidence is needed, particularly as it relates to translating this work to humans. The studies presented in this review demonstrate encouraging results in the treatment of depression. Limitations include small sample sizes and heterogeneous methodology. The exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota causes or alters neuropsychiatric disease states is not fully understood. In this review, we focus on recent studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of depression.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--A review of the effects of natural compounds, medicinal plants, and mushrooms on the gut microbiota

A review of the effects of natural compounds, medicinal plants, and mushrooms on the gut microbiota in colitis and cancer.

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse array of microorganisms that play fundamental roles in health and disease .
Imbalance @ @ @ @ @ namely dysbiosis , can lead to various diseases , including cancer and gastrointestinal tract disorders @ @ @ @ @ dysbiosis , such as dietary intervention , intake of probiotics , and fecal microbiota transplantation @ @ @ @ @ these diseases .
Various medicinal botanicals have reported anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory properties .
Preclinical studies @ @ @ @ @ these natural products are also capable to modulate the gut microbiota , suggesting their use @ @ @ @ @ improve gut dysbiosis and thereby assist diseases treatment .
In this review article , we @ @ @ @ @ on the effects of natural compounds , medicinal plants , and mushrooms on the gut @ @ @ @ @ colitis in preclinical animal models .
Challenges towards the clinical use of these medicinal botanicals @ @ @ @ @ microbiota in cancer and colitis treatment are also discussed .

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse array of microorganisms that play fundamental roles in health and disease. Imbalance in the gut microbiota, namely dysbiosis, can lead to various diseases, including cancer and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Approaches to improve gut dysbiosis, such as dietary intervention, intake of probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation are emerging strategies to treat these diseases. Various medicinal botanicals have reported anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory properties. Preclinical studies have illustrated that some of these natural products are also capable to modulate the gut microbiota, suggesting their use as possible alternative approach to improve gut dysbiosis and thereby assist diseases treatment. In this review article, we have summarized the current knowledge on the effects of natural compounds, medicinal plants, and mushrooms on the gut microbiota in various cancers and colitis in preclinical animal models. Challenges towards the clinical use of these medicinal botanicals as modulators of the gut microbiota in cancer and colitis treatment are also discussed.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Inonotus obliquus attenuates histamine-induced microvascular inflammation.

Cell-to-cell communication is a key element of microvascular blood flow control , including rapidly carrying signals through the vascular endothelium in response to local stimuli .
This cell-to-cell communication is negatively impacted during inflammation through the disruption of junctional integrity .
Such disruption is associated with promoting the onset of cardiovascular diseases as a result of altered microvascular blood flow regulation .
Therefore , understanding the mechanisms how inflammation drives microvascular dysfunction and compounds that mitigate such inflammation and dysfunction are of great interest for development .
As such we aimed to investigate extracts of mushrooms as potential novel compounds @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mushroom , Inonotus obliquus was observed , to attenuate histamine-induced inflammation conducted vasodilation in second-order arterioles in the gluteus maximus muscle of C57BL/6 mice .
Mast cell activation by C48/80 similarly disrupted endothelial junctions and conducted vasodilation but only histamine was blocked by the histamine antagonist , pyrilamine not C48/80 suggesting the importance of mast cell activation .
Data presented here supports that histamine induced inflammation is a major disruptor of junctional integrity , and highlights the important anti-inflammatory properties of Inonotus obliquus focusing future assessment of mast cells as putative target for @ @ @

Cell-to-cell communication is a key element of microvascular blood flow control, including rapidly carrying signals through the vascular endothelium in response to local stimuli. This cell-to-cell communication is negatively impacted during inflammation through the disruption of junctional integrity. Such disruption is associated with promoting the onset of cardiovascular diseases as a result of altered microvascular blood flow regulation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms how inflammation drives microvascular dysfunction and compounds that mitigate such inflammation and dysfunction are of great interest for development. As such we aimed to investigate extracts of mushrooms as potential novel compounds. Using intravital microscopy, the medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus was observed, to attenuate histamine-induced inflammation conducted vasodilation in second-order arterioles in the gluteus maximus muscle of C57BL/6 mice. Mast cell activation by C48/80 similarly disrupted endothelial junctions and conducted vasodilation but only histamine was blocked by the histamine antagonist, pyrilamine not C48/80 suggesting the importance of mast cell activation. Data presented here supports that histamine induced inflammation is a major disruptor of junctional integrity, and highlights the important anti-inflammatory properties of Inonotus obliquus focusing future assessment of mast cells as putative target for Inonotus obliquus.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Simultaneous use of stimulatory agents to enhance the production and hypoglycaemic activity of polys

Simultaneous use of stimulatory agents to enhance the production and hypoglycaemic activity of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus.

This study aimed to determine the effect of applying stimulatory agents to liquid culturedon the simultaneous accumulation of exo-polysaccharides ( EPS ) and their monosaccharide composition .
Different stimulatory agents ( VB , VB , betulin and birch extract ) were investigated for their effects on active exo-polysaccharides by submerged fermentation of .
The mycelial biomass , reducing sugar content , EPS yield andα-glucosidase inhibition rate were determined , and the EPS obtained was analyzed for monosaccharide composition .
The results showed that the addition of all the four stimulatory agents could significantly increase the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from 4 μg/mL VB-containing medium had the best effect with an estimated ICvalue 24.34μg/mL .
Among the four stimulatory agents , VBgave maximum production of mycelial biomass and EPS at the concentration of 4μg/mL with a increase of 50.79 % and 114.46 % , respectively .
In addition , betulin had a significant effect on increasing the EPS yield and activity , and birch extract had a significantly stimulatory effect on the mycelial growth and the polysaccharides activity , only slightly worse than VBand VB .
Moreover , the addition of different stimulatory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , which had a correlation with polysaccharide activity .

This study aimed to determine the effect of applying stimulatory agents to liquid culturedon the simultaneous accumulation of exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and their monosaccharide composition. Different stimulatory agents (VB, VB, betulin and birch extract) were investigated for their effects on active exo-polysaccharides by submerged fermentation of. The mycelial biomass, reducing sugar content, EPS yield andα-glucosidase inhibition rate were determined, and the EPS obtained was analyzed for monosaccharide composition. The results showed that the addition of all the four stimulatory agents could significantly increase the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase of EPS than the control, whereas EPS from 4 μg/mL VB-containing medium had the best effect with an estimated ICvalue 24.34μg/mL. Among the four stimulatory agents, VBgave maximum production of mycelial biomass and EPS at the concentration of 4μg/mL with a increase of 50.79% and 114.46%, respectively. In addition, betulin had a significant effect on increasing the EPS yield and activity, and birch extract had a significantly stimulatory effect on the mycelial growth and the polysaccharides activity, only slightly worse than VBand VB. Moreover, the addition of different stimulatory agents changed the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides, which had a correlation with polysaccharide activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Spatial structure and anti-fatigue of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial structure and potential antifatigue activity of polysaccharide fractions which was extracted from Inonotus obliquus .
The first polysaccharide fractions of Inonotus obliquus ( PIO-1 ) were obtained after hot-water extraction and purification by DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography .
Results of the forced swimming test showed that the doses ( 50 mg/kg ) of PIO-1 could increase the climbing duration and swimming time as well as reduced the immobility time in the PIO treated mice .
The fatigue related metabolic parameters showed that PIO-1 decreased the level of blood lactic acid ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and lactic dehydrogenase ( LDH ) .
Additionally , PIO-1 significantly decreased the 5-HT concentrations in the mice brain .
The results of monosaccharide analysis showed that the molar ratio of mannose , glucose , galactose , xylose and arabinose with the molar ratio of 1.0:1.9:3.5:18.5:5.7 .
The molecular morphology of the PIO-1 observed under atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) .
There were many spherical and heterogeneous clumps existed in the images .
Therefore , current study indicated polysaccharide PIO-1 not only has great potential to postpone physical fatigue but also @ @ @ @ @ @ @

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial structure and potential antifatigue activity of polysaccharide fractions which was extracted from Inonotus obliquus. The first polysaccharide fractions of Inonotus obliquus (PIO-1) were obtained after hot-water extraction and purification by DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography. Results of the forced swimming test showed that the doses (50 mg/kg) of PIO-1 could increase the climbing duration and swimming time as well as reduced the immobility time in the PIO treated mice. The fatigue related metabolic parameters showed that PIO-1 decreased the level of blood lactic acid (BLA), urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, PIO-1 significantly decreased the 5-HT concentrations in the mice brain. The results of monosaccharide analysis showed that the molar ratio of mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose with the molar ratio of 1.0:1.9:3.5:18.5:5.7. The molecular morphology of the PIO-1 observed under atomic force microscopy (AFM). There were many spherical and heterogeneous clumps existed in the images. Therefore, current study indicated polysaccharide PIO-1 not only has great potential to postpone physical fatigue but also shown potential to improve mental fatigue.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates impaired reproductive function caused by toxoplasma gon

Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates impaired reproductive function caused by toxoplasma gondii infection.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ( IOP ) on impaired reproductive function and its mechanisms in Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) -infected male mice .
Results showed that IOP significantly improved the spermatogenic capacity and ameliorated pathological damage of testis , increased serum testosterone ( T ) , luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicular-stimulating hormone ( FSH ) levels in T. gondii-infected male mice .
IOP effectively up-regulated testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ( StAR ) , P450scc and 17β-HSD expressions .
IOP also significantly decreased the levels of malondialdehyde @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NO ) , but increased the activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and glutathione ( GSH ) .
Furthermore , IOP up-regulated the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) , heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) and NADPH quinoneoxidoreductase-1 ( NQO-1 ) , and suppressed the apoptosis of testicular cells by decreasing Bcl-2 associated x protein ( Bax ) and cleaved caspase-3 expressions .
IOP further enhanced testicular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) , phospho-protein kinase B ( p-AKT ) and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the beneficial effects of IOP on impaired reproductive function in T. gondii-infected male mice due to its anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis via regulating Nrf2-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway .

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) on impaired reproductive function and its mechanisms in Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)-infected male mice. Results showed that IOP significantly improved the spermatogenic capacity and ameliorated pathological damage of testis, increased serum testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in T. gondii-infected male mice. IOP effectively up-regulated testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450scc and 17β-HSD expressions. IOP also significantly decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), but increased the activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, IOP up-regulated the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH quinoneoxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and suppressed the apoptosis of testicular cells by decreasing Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3 expressions. IOP further enhanced testicular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression levels. It demonstrates the beneficial effects of IOP on impaired reproductive function in T. gondii-infected male mice due to its anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis via regulating Nrf2-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity of various solvent fractions of I. obliquus.

Inonotus obliquus is a traditional mushroom well known for its therapeutic value .
In this study , various solvent fractions of I. obliquus were preliminarily screened for their antioxidant , α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties .
To improve the drug delivery , the active fraction ( ethyl acetate fraction ) of I. obliquus was synthesized into fungisome ( ethyl acetate phophotidyl choline complex , EAPC ) and its physical parameters were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ) , High performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , Scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) , and ς potential analysis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of EAPC .
The results showed that EA fraction possesses significant free radical scavenging , α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties .
FTIR , SEM , and HPLC analysis confirmed the fungisome formation .
The particle size of EAPC was 102.80 ± 0.42 nm and the ς potential was -54.30 ± 0.61 mV .
The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency was 97.13 % and the drug release rates of EAPC in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid were 75.04 ± 0.29 % and 93.03 ± 0.36 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ L02 cells , however it could selectively fight against the HOinduced oxidative damage in L02 cells .
This is the first study to provide scientific information to utilize the active fraction of I. obliquus as fungisome .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Inonotus obliquus ( IO ) is a traditional medicinal fungus .
The extracts of IO have obvious antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities .
Ethyl acetate ( EA ) fraction of IO was encapsulated in liposomes to form EAPC .
EAPC has a sustained-release effect .
It has nontoxic to L02 cells and could protect @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hydrogen peroxide .
This study could provide new ideas for the treatment of diabetes .

Inonotus obliquus is a traditional mushroom well known for its therapeutic value. In this study, various solvent fractions of I. obliquus were preliminarily screened for their antioxidant,α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. To improve the drug delivery, the active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) of I. obliquus was synthesized into fungisome (ethyl acetate phophotidyl choline complex, EAPC) and its physical parameters were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ς potential analysis. Then normal human hepatic L02 cells was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of EAPC. The results showed that EA fraction possesses significant free radical scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. FTIR, SEM, and HPLC analysis confirmed the fungisome formation. The particle size of EAPC was 102.80 ± 0.42 nm and the ς potential was -54.30 ± 0.61 mV. The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency was 97.13% and the drug release rates of EAPC in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid were 75.04 ± 0.29% and 93.03 ± 0.36%, respectively. EAPC was nontoxic to L02 cells, however it could selectively fight against the HOinduced oxidative damage in L02 cells. This is the first study to provide scientific information to utilize the active fraction of I. obliquus as fungisome. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Inonotus obliquus (IO) is a traditional medicinal fungus. The extracts of IO have obvious antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of IO was encapsulated in liposomes to form EAPC. EAPC has a sustained-release effect. It has nontoxic to L02 cells and could protect L02 cells from oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. This study could provide new ideas for the treatment of diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--The data show Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibiting ability on pro-inflammatory mediators' release an

The data show Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibiting ability on pro-inflammatory mediators' release and suggest a potential role in neurodegenerative disease.

Ganoderma lucidum extract ( GLE ) is a potent ancient Asian remedy for the treatment of various diseases .
This @ @ @ @ @ on LPS-stimulated inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells .
The results show that pre-treatment with GLE @ @ @ @ @ : G-CSF , IL1-α , MCP-5 , MIP3α , and , with a higher effect @ @ @ @ @ assays , pre-treatment with GLE decreased mRNA expression of CHUK , NFκB1/p150 , and IKBKE @ @ @ @ @ which may be associated with the neuropathology of Alzheimer 's disease .
The data show @ @ @ @ @ mediators ' release and suggest a potential role of GLE in neurodegenerative disease prevention .

Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) is a potent ancient Asian remedy for the treatment of various diseases. This study investigated GLE preventive effects on LPS-stimulated inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells. The results show that pre-treatment with GLE decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: G-CSF, IL1-α, MCP-5, MIP3α, and, with a higher effect in MIP3α. In RT-PCR assays, pre-treatment with GLE decreased mRNA expression of CHUK, NFκB1/p150, and IKBKE (NFƙB signaling), which may be associated with the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. The data show GLE inhibiting ability on pro-inflammatory mediators' release and suggest a potential role of GLE in neurodegenerative disease prevention.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide enzymatic hydrolysate suppresses the growth of human colon cancer c

Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide enzymatic hydrolysate suppresses the growth of human colon cancer cells.

is a popular traditional Chinese medicine used in China to improve health .
Previous researches have revealed that the polysaccharide @ @ @ @ @ including immunomodulation , antioxidant , and antitumor effects .
However , the effect of enzymatically @ @ @ @ @ colorectal cancer ( CRC ) progression remains unknown .
The present research aimed to investigate @ @ @ @ @ in human colon cancer cells .
For this purpose , the cytotoxic effects of EGLP @ @ @ @ @ 3- ( 4,5 ) -dimethylthiahiazo ( -z-y1 ) -3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide ( MTT ) method .
The @ @ @ @ @ treatment , which was assayed using flow cytometry .
The results indicated that EGLP may @ @ @ @ @ cancer cell ( HCT-116 ) cells via the upregulation of BCL-2 associated X protein ( @ @ @ @ @ protein kinases ( P-ERK ) , and cleaved caspase-3 expression and downregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 @ @ @ @ @ kinase 1 ( p-Akt1 ) , and cyclo-oxygen-ase ( COX-2 ) expression .
The obtained @ @ @ @ @ new therapeutic agent in fighting CRC .

is a popular traditional Chinese medicine used in China to improve health. Previous researches have revealed that the polysaccharide fromcould exert diversity activities, including immunomodulation, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. However, the effect of enzymatically hydrolyzedpolysaccharide (EGLP) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression remains unknown. The present research aimed to investigate the antitumor mechanism of EGLP in human colon cancer cells. For this purpose, the cytotoxic effects of EGLP were measured by the (3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) method. The apoptosis was evoked upon EGLP treatment, which was assayed using flow cytometry. The results indicated that EGLP may induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cell (HCT-116) cells via the upregulation of BCL-2 associated X protein (Bax), phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (P-ERK), and cleaved caspase-3 expression and downregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), phospho-serine/threonine kinase 1 (p-Akt1), and cyclo-oxygen-ase (COX-2) expression. The obtained findings indicated EGLP as a new therapeutic agent in fighting CRC.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Ganoderma lucidum: a rational pharmacological approach to surmount the cancer.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) has been broadly used for health endorsement as well as longevity for over 2000 years in Asian countries .
It is an example of an ancient remedy and known as immortality mushroom .
It has been employed as a health promoting agent owing to its broad pharmacological and therapeutical approaches .
It has been confirmed that G. lucidum exhibits significant potency to prevent and treat different types of cancers such as breast , prostate , colon , lung and cervical .
AIM OF THE STUDY : To explore anticancer effects of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lucidum and their possible mechanism of action .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : A literature search was conducted using PubMed , Goggle Scholar , Saudi Digital Library and Cochrane Library until October 11 , 2019 .
Search was made by using keywords such as anticancer evidence , mechanism of action , pharmacology , antioxidant , toxicity , chemotherapy , triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum .
RESULTS : Various chemical compounds from G. lucidum exhibit anticancer properties mainly through diverse mechanism such as cytotoxic properties , host immunomodulators , metabolizing enzymes induction , prohibit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ uPA ) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor ( uPAR ) in cancer cells .
Among the various compounds of G. lucidum triterpenoids and polysaccharides are under the major consideration of studies due to their several evidence of preclinical and clinical studies against cancer .
CONCLUSION : Natural alternatives associated with mild side effects are the basic human need of present therapy to eradicate the new emerging disorders .
This review is an attempt to compile pharmacologically active compounds of G. lucidum those exhibit anti cancer effects either alone or along with chemotherapy and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ clinical trials , chemotherapy induced toxicity challenges with limitations .
It acts as a possible substitute to combat cancer growth with advance and conventional combination therapies as natural alternatives .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been broadly used for health endorsement as well as longevity for over 2000 years in Asian countries. It is an example of an ancient remedy and known as immortality mushroom. It has been employed as a health promoting agent owing to its broad pharmacological and therapeutical approaches. It has been confirmed that G. lucidum exhibits significant potency to prevent and treat different types of cancers such as breast, prostate, colon, lung and cervical.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore anticancer effects of various pharmacologically active compounds obtained from G. lucidum and their possible mechanism of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Goggle Scholar, Saudi Digital Library and Cochrane Library until October 11, 2019. Search was made by using keywords such as anticancer evidence, mechanism of action, pharmacology, antioxidant, toxicity, chemotherapy, triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum.
RESULTS: Various chemical compounds from G. lucidum exhibit anticancer properties mainly through diverse mechanism such as cytotoxic properties, host immunomodulators, metabolizing enzymes induction, prohibit the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in cancer cells. Among the various compounds of G. lucidum triterpenoids and polysaccharides are under the major consideration of studies due to their several evidence of preclinical and clinical studies against cancer.
CONCLUSION: Natural alternatives associated with mild side effects are the basic human need of present therapy to eradicate the new emerging disorders. This review is an attempt to compile pharmacologically active compounds of G. lucidum those exhibit anti cancer effects either alone or along with chemotherapy and anticancer mechanisms against various cancer cells, clinical trials, chemotherapy induced toxicity challenges with limitations. It acts as a possible substitute to combat cancer growth with advance and conventional combination therapies as natural alternatives.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Ganoderma lucidum immune modulator protein rLZ-8 could prevent and reverse bone loss in glucocortico

Ganoderma lucidum immune modulator protein rLZ-8 could prevent and reverse bone loss in glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis model.

Immune modulation has been recognized as an effective anti-osteoporosis strategy since the pivotal role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling in bone metabolism and remodeling was discovered .
To investigate the potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects of immune modulator protein Ling Zhi-8 ( LZ-8 ) on osteoporosis , the osteoporosis animal model was established in Wistar rats by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone ( DEX ) , namely glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis ( GIOP ) rat model .
To investigate the potential preventive effect of rLZ-8 on GIOP , we co-treated the rats with DEX and rLZ-8 intraperitoneally during the GIOP modeling stage and analyze @ @ @ @ @ @ @ content ( BMC ) and bone mineral density ( BMD ) , as well as levels of phosphorus ( Pi ) , calcium ( Ca ) and hydroxyproline ( HOP ) in femur of GIOP rats .
Consistently , all results suggested that rLZ-8 could prevent bone loss in the femurs of GIOP rats .
Through analyzing the trabeculae morphology and the trabeculae amount by H & E staining , we found rLZ-8 could also improve the structural deterioration in femurs of GIOP rats .
In order to further verify the results and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ multiple biomarkers , including minerals metabolism ( Pi and Ca ) , bone formation markers ( osteocalcin , ALP and IGF-1 ) , bone resorption markers ( TRACP5b , CTX-1 and HOP ) , cytokines ( IL-1β , IL-6 and TNF-α ) , oxidative stress indicators ( GSH-px , SOD and MDA ) and hormone molecules ( testosterone , estradiol , calcitonin and parathyroid hormone ) have been detected in serum or urine of rats .
Results of these biomarkers in serum or urine confirmed rLZ-8 's protective effect in GIOP .
Throughanalyzing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RANKL in femurswestern blot , we foundrLZ-8 could increase OPG/RANKL ratio which could impede osteoclastogenesis process .
To test the potential therapeutic effect of rLZ-8 on successfully generated GIOP rats , we administrated rLZ-8 to rats for three weeks starting from the ending day of 7 weeks treatment of DEX .
We found rLZ-8 could also reverse the bone loss in GIOP rats .
Through the BWs and organ coefficient analysis , we found rLZ-8 has little toxicity to the rats .
Our results suggested that rLZ-8 may be developed into promising anti-osteoporosis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Immune modulation has been recognized as an effective anti-osteoporosis strategy since the pivotal role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling in bone metabolism and remodeling was discovered. To investigate the potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects of immune modulator protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) on osteoporosis, the osteoporosis animal model was established in Wistar rats by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (DEX), namely glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) rat model. To investigate the potential preventive effect of rLZ-8 on GIOP, we co-treated the rats with DEX and rLZ-8 intraperitoneally during the GIOP modeling stage and analyze the bone mass measured by bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), as well as levels of phosphorus (Pi), calcium (Ca) and hydroxyproline (HOP) in femur of GIOP rats. Consistently, all results suggested that rLZ-8 could prevent bone loss in the femurs of GIOP rats. Through analyzing the trabeculae morphology and the trabeculae amount by H&E staining, we found rLZ-8 could also improve the structural deterioration in femurs of GIOP rats. In order to further verify the results and its mechanism obtained from bone analysis, multiple biomarkers, including minerals metabolism (Pi and Ca), bone formation markers (osteocalcin, ALP and IGF-1), bone resorption markers (TRACP5b, CTX-1 and HOP), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress indicators (GSH-px, SOD and MDA) and hormone molecules (testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone) have been detected in serum or urine of rats. Results of these biomarkers in serum or urine confirmed rLZ-8's protective effect in GIOP. Throughanalyzing the relative expression level of OPG and RANKL in femurswestern blot, we foundrLZ-8 could increase OPG/RANKL ratio which could impede osteoclastogenesis process. To test the potential therapeutic effect of rLZ-8 on successfully generated GIOP rats, we administrated rLZ-8 to rats for three weeks starting from the ending day of 7 weeks treatment of DEX. We found rLZ-8 could also reverse the bone loss in GIOP rats. Through the BWs and organ coefficient analysis, we found rLZ-8 has little toxicity to the rats. Our results suggested that rLZ-8 may be developed into promising anti-osteoporosis drug with both preventive and therapeutic properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-10--A novel oligosaccharide isolated from Hericium erinaceus and its protection against LPS-induced Caco

A novel oligosaccharide isolated from Hericium erinaceus and its protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells.

A novel oligosaccharide showed that protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells was purified from the mycelium of Hericium erinaceus ( HE @ @ @ @ @ composed of neutral monosaccharides with molecular weight of 4,010 Da and of mannose , glucose @ @ @ @ @ molar ratio of 1.2:16.9:1 .
The structure of WEP-1 includes α-D-Glc ( 1 → 3 @ @ @ @ @ → 3 ) as the backbone with β-D-Glc ( 1 → 3 ) as branches @ @ @ @ @ and β-D-Man as a terminal residue .
The oligosaccharide reducedacetic acid-induced colonic mucosa injury in @ @ @ @ @ significant protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : In @ @ @ @ @ from HE has the potential to be developed into functional foods or medicines for the @ @ @ @ @ The protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway may be a key target @ @ @ @ @ HE .

A novel oligosaccharide showed that protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells was purified from the mycelium of Hericium erinaceus (HE). WEP-1 is mainly composed of neutral monosaccharides with molecular weight of 4,010 Da and of mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.2:16.9:1. The structure of WEP-1 includes α-D-Glc (1 → 3) and β-D-Gal (1 → 3) as the backbone with β-D-Glc (1 → 3) as branches attached to the C-4 position and β-D-Man as a terminal residue. The oligosaccharide reducedacetic acid-induced colonic mucosa injury in rats. It also showed significant protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the study, the oligosaccharide from HE has the potential to be developed into functional foods or medicines for the treatment of intestinal diseases. The protection against LPS-induced Caco-2 cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway may be a key target for the pharmacological activity of HE.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--The evaluation of chemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sensory properties of Kombucha tea bevera

The evaluation of chemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sensory properties of Kombucha tea beverage.

The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition ( organic acids-acetic , tartaric , citric ; @ @ @ @ @ ; total acidity , alcohol content , pH-with FTIR instrument ; content of selected mineral @ @ @ @ @ activity , antimicrobial activity and sensory profiles of prepared kombucha tea beverage .
Black tea @ @ @ @ @ substrate for kombucha beverage was used as a control sample .
The dominant organic acid @ @ @ @ @ acetic acid ( 1.55 g/L ) , followed by tartaric and citric acids .
The @ @ @ @ @ was the dominant sugar from detected sugars .
Antioxidant activity of beverage tested by reducing @ @ @ @ @ TEAC/L ) was significantly higher (

The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition (organic acids-acetic, tartaric, citric; sugars-sucrose, glucose, fructose; total acidity, alcohol content, pH-with FTIR instrument; content of selected mineral compounds-AAS instrument), antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and sensory profiles of prepared kombucha tea beverage. Black tea with white sugar as a substrate for kombucha beverage was used as a control sample. The dominant organic acid in kombucha tea beverage was acetic acid (1.55 g/L), followed by tartaric and citric acids. The sucrose (17.81 g/L) was the dominant sugar from detected sugars. Antioxidant activity of beverage tested by reducing power method (1318.56 mg TEAC/L) was significantly higher (< ) in comparison with black tea (345.59 mg TEAC/L). The same tendency was observed for total polyphenol content which was significantly higher ( < 0.05) in kombucha beverage (412.25 mg GAE/L) than in black tea (180.17 mg GAE/L). Among mineral compounds, the amount of manganese (1.57 mg/L) and zinc (0.53 mg/L) was the highest in kombucha tea beverage. Results of antimicrobial activity of kombucha tea beverage showed strong inhibition ofCCM 8271 (15.81 mm),CCM 8270 (16 mm),CCM 8186 (12 mm),CCM 8223 (14 mm),CCM 4454 (10 mm) andCCM 3954 (4 mm). Sensory properties of prepared beverage were evaluated overall as good with the best score in a taste (pleasant fruity-sour taste). The consumption of kombucha tea beverage as a part of drinking mode of consumers due to health benefits is recommended.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Can zinc be a critical element in COVID-19 treatment?

The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has prompted investigators worldwide to search for an effective anti-viral treatment .
A @ @ @ @ @ as ribavirin , remdesivir , lopinavir/ritonavir , antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline , and @ @ @ @ @ been recommended for COVID-19 treatment .
In addition , sufficient pre-clinical rationale and evidence have @ @ @ @ @ for the treatment of COVID-19 .
Furthermore , Zn has the ability to enhance innate @ @ @ @ @ course of a viral infection .
Besides , Zn supplement can favour COVID-19 treatment using @ @ @ @ @ .
Again , the effectiveness of Zn can be enhanced by using chloroquine as an @ @ @ @ @ infected cell can stop SARS-CoV-2 replication .
Given those benefits , this perspective paper describes @ @ @ @ @ be given due consideration as a complement to the prescribed treatment of COVID-19 .

The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has prompted investigators worldwide to search for an effective anti-viral treatment. A number of anti-viral drugs such as ribavirin, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline, and anti-parasite such as ivermectin have been recommended for COVID-19 treatment. In addition, sufficient pre-clinical rationale and evidence have been presented to use chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, Zn has the ability to enhance innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a viral infection. Besides, Zn supplement can favour COVID-19 treatment using those suggested and/or recommended drugs. Again, the effectiveness of Zn can be enhanced by using chloroquine as an ionophore while Zn inside the infected cell can stop SARS-CoV-2 replication. Given those benefits, this perspective paper describes how and why Zn could be given due consideration as a complement to the prescribed treatment of COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Selenium and zinc: antioxidants for healthy aging.

Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements and an inadequate dietary intake has been implicated in the decline of immune and cognitive functions in aged persons and in the pathogenesis of age-related disorders .
Both micronutrients are often marketed as '' antioxidants '' in mineral supplements ; however , neither selenium nor zinc are antioxidants per se but they may exert beneficial effects as components of enzymes and other proteins that catalyze redox reactions and/or are involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis .
According to epidemiological data older individuals have an increased risk of developing deficiencies in the selenium @ @ @ @ @ @ @ statistical correlations in epidemiological studies do not imply a causal association .
Intervention trials are scarce and have yielded inconsistent and sometimes even adverse results .
It should also be noted that the observed deficiencies in micronutrients may not necessarily be attributable to inadequate dietary intake as the absorption and distribution within the body might also be influenced by factors such as medications or interaction with other food ingredients .
Thus , any dietary supplementation should be implemented with caution and persons who wish to take mineral supplements should first seek medical advice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ selenium and zinc in biological antioxidant systems , summarizes findings on the supply and supplementation of aged persons with these trace elements and on the influence they may exert on aging-related health issues , such as cognitive decline and type 2 diabetes mellitus .

Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements and an inadequate dietary intake has been implicated in the decline of immune and cognitive functions in aged persons and in the pathogenesis of age-related disorders. Both micronutrients are often marketed as"antioxidants"in mineral supplements; however, neither selenium nor zinc are antioxidants per se but they may exert beneficial effects as components of enzymes and other proteins that catalyze redox reactions and/or are involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. According to epidemiological data older individuals have an increased risk of developing deficiencies in the selenium and zinc status; however, such statistical correlations in epidemiological studies do not imply a causal association. Intervention trials are scarce and have yielded inconsistent and sometimes even adverse results. It should also be noted that the observed deficiencies in micronutrients may not necessarily be attributable to inadequate dietary intake as the absorption and distribution within the body might also be influenced by factors such as medications or interaction with other food ingredients. Thus, any dietary supplementation should be implemented with caution and persons who wish to take mineral supplements should first seek medical advice. This article discusses the role of selenium and zinc in biological antioxidant systems, summarizes findings on the supply and supplementation of aged persons with these trace elements and on the influence they may exert on aging-related health issues, such as cognitive decline and type 2 diabetes mellitus.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--An optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, the

An optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.

The coronavirus-disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization .
Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population , especially under self-confinement .
An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay .
For example , sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production .
Low micronutrient status , such as of vitamin A or zinc , has been associated with increased infection risk .
Frequently , poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the immune system .
Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C , vitamin E , and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols .
Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2 , related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects , respectively .
Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors ( angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ) , ACE2 .
Dietary fiber , fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids , has also been shown to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress , thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis .

The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Zinc supplementation may be of potential benefit for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) represents the largest current health challenge for the society .
At the moment , the therapeutic strategies to deal with this disease are only supportive .
It is well known that zinc ( Zn ) possesses a variety of direct and indirect antiviral properties , which are realized through different mechanisms .
Administration of Zn supplement has a potential to enhance antiviral immunity , both innate and humoral , and to restore depleted immune cell function or to improve normal immune cell function @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients .
Zn may also act in a synergistic manner when co-administered with the standard antiviral therapy , as was demonstrated in patients with hepatitis C , HIV , and SARS-CoV-1 .
Effectiveness of Zn against a number of viral species is mainly realized through the physical processes , such as virus attachment , infection , and uncoating .
Zn may also protect or stabilize the cell membrane which could contribute to blocking of the virus entry into the cell .
On the other hand , it was demonstrated that Zn may inhibit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ processing of replicase polyproteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( RdRp ) in rhinoviruses , HCV , and influenza virus , and diminish the RNA-synthesizing activity of nidoviruses , for which SARS-CoV-2 belongs .
Therefore , it may be hypothesized that Zn supplementation may be of potential benefit for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 .

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents the largest current health challenge for the society. At the moment, the therapeutic strategies to deal with this disease are only supportive. It is well known that zinc (Zn) possesses a variety of direct and indirect antiviral properties, which are realized through different mechanisms. Administration of Zn supplement has a potential to enhance antiviral immunity, both innate and humoral, and to restore depleted immune cell function or to improve normal immune cell function, in particular in immunocompromised or elderly patients. Zn may also act in a synergistic manner when co-administered with the standard antiviral therapy, as was demonstrated in patients with hepatitis C, HIV, and SARS-CoV-1. Effectiveness of Zn against a number of viral species is mainly realized through the physical processes, such as virus attachment, infection, and uncoating. Zn may also protect or stabilize the cell membrane which could contribute to blocking of the virus entry into the cell. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that Zn may inhibit viral replication by alteration of the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in rhinoviruses, HCV, and influenza virus, and diminish the RNA-synthesizing activity of nidoviruses, for which SARS-CoV-2 belongs. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that Zn supplementation may be of potential benefit for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, and N-acetylcysteine have biologic plausibility for the prevention a

Ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, and N-acetylcysteine have biologic plausibility for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Several agents intended to supplement dietary intake or endogenous molecules may have a theoretical role in preventing or treating COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ to influence immune response , ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) , zinc , vitamin @ @ @ @ @ hypothesized to be useful for prevention or treatment of COVID-19 .
The authors outline the @ @ @ @ @ data , and potential role of each of these agents .

Several agents intended to supplement dietary intake or endogenous molecules may have a theoretical role in preventing or treating COVID-19. Because of their potential to influence immune response, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), zinc, vitamin D, and-acetylcysteine have been hypothesized to be useful for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. The authors outline the biologic plausibility, applicable clinical data, and potential role of each of these agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Long-term survival of a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer under adjunct treatment with Viscum

Long-term survival of a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer under adjunct treatment with Viscum album extracts: A case report.

BACKGROUND : Advanced pancreatic cancer ( aPC ) has a poor prognosis with limited survival benefit from current standard treatment.extracts ( VAE ) are used by many cancer patients , showing immune-stimulating effects , improved quality of life , and a survival benefit in patients with aPC .
CASE SUMMARY : A 59-year-old architect developed epigastric pain .
A cystic lesion of the pancreas of 45-mm diameter was detected .
In a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging , about one year later , multiple lesions were seen in the corpus and the tail of the pancreas ; CA-19-9 was elevated to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ splenectomy was performed , and a tumor of 7 cm× 5 cm × 3.5 cm was excised .
Histologic investigation showed an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm-associated invasive adenocarcinoma with invasion of the lymph vessels , perineural invasion , and positive nodes ( 2/27 ) ; surgical margins showed tumor cells , and the tumor was classified as pT3 N1M0 R1 .
The patient was treated with radiation of the tumor bed and capecitabine/oxaliplatin followed by gemcitabine and FOLFIRINOX .
Seven months after surgery , a liver metastasis was detected and treatment with FOLFIRINOX @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the metastasis , the patient optedfor additional treatment with VAE .
Another month later , the metastasis was treated with radiofrequency ablation ( RFA ) .
Eight months later , the hepatic lesion recurred and was again treated with RFA .
The continuous VAE treatment was increased in dose , and the patient stayed recurrence-free for the next 39 mo in good health and working full-time ( as of the time this case report was written ) .
CONCLUSION : We present the case of a patient with aPC with R1-resection with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of treatment who showed an overall survival of 63 mo and a relapse-free survival of 39 mo under increasing VAE therapy .
The possible synergistic effect on tumor control of RFA treatment and immune-stimulatory effects of VAE should be further investigated .

BACKGROUND: Advanced pancreatic cancer (aPC) has a poor prognosis with limited survival benefit from current standard treatment.extracts (VAE) are used by many cancer patients, showing immune-stimulating effects, improved quality of life, and a survival benefit in patients with aPC.
CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old architect developed epigastric pain. A cystic lesion of the pancreas of 45-mm diameter was detected. In a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, about one year later, multiple lesions were seen in the corpus and the tail of the pancreas; CA-19-9 was elevated to 58.5 U/mL. A distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed, and a tumor of 7 cm× 5 cm × 3.5 cm was excised. Histologic investigation showed an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm-associated invasive adenocarcinoma with invasion of the lymph vessels, perineural invasion, and positive nodes (2/27); surgical margins showed tumor cells, and the tumor was classified as pT3 N1M0 R1. The patient was treated with radiation of the tumor bed and capecitabine/oxaliplatin followed by gemcitabine and FOLFIRINOX. Seven months after surgery, a liver metastasis was detected and treatment with FOLFIRINOX was started. Four months after detection of the metastasis, the patient optedfor additional treatment with VAE. Another month later, the metastasis was treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Eight months later, the hepatic lesion recurred and was again treated with RFA. The continuous VAE treatment was increased in dose, and the patient stayed recurrence-free for the next 39 mo in good health and working full-time (as of the time this case report was written).
CONCLUSION: We present the case of a patient with aPC with R1-resection with development of liver metastasis during the course of treatment who showed an overall survival of 63 mo and a relapse-free survival of 39 mo under increasing VAE therapy. The possible synergistic effect on tumor control of RFA treatment and immune-stimulatory effects of VAE should be further investigated.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Mistletoe and immunomodulation: insights and implications for anticancer therapies.

In early tumor development , cancer cells develop a plethora of strategies to escape surveillance from the adaptive and innate @ @ @ @ @ , in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors , are becoming a highly promising cancer therapeutic approach @ @ @ @ @ in combating various cancer types .
Unfortunately , their mechanisms of action induce some complications @ @ @ @ @ and immune-related adverse events .
In the management of side effects during anticancer therapy , @ @ @ @ @ are becoming of growing interest .
Particularly , mistletoe , L .
( VA ) @ @ @ @ @ history of about 100 years as an add-on therapy of cancer treatment in German-speaking countries @ @ @ @ @ of life-promoting activities , VA applications reduce side effects of modern conventional anticancer therapies and @ @ @ @ @ these properties may provide a good basis for a combination with modern oncological therapies , @ @ @ @ @ applications and mechanisms involved have to be understood .
In this review , the impact @ @ @ @ @ cellular pathways and immunological reactions in the fight against cancerous cells is discussed .

In early tumor development, cancer cells develop a plethora of strategies to escape surveillance from the adaptive and innate immune system. Cancer immunotherapies, in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors, are becoming a highly promising cancer therapeutic approach that has remarkable increased progress in combating various cancer types. Unfortunately, their mechanisms of action induce some complications, such as inflammatory reactions and immune-related adverse events. In the management of side effects during anticancer therapy, complementary and integrative therapy approaches are becoming of growing interest. Particularly, mistletoe,L. (VA), has a long traditional history of about 100 years as an add-on therapy of cancer treatment in German-speaking countries. Besides antitumoral and quality of life-promoting activities, VA applications reduce side effects of modern conventional anticancer therapies and exert immunomodulatory characteristics. As these properties may provide a good basis for a combination with modern oncological therapies, the biological activities of VA applications and mechanisms involved have to be understood. In this review, the impact of VA compounds on different cellular pathways and immunological reactions in the fight against cancerous cells is discussed.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Mistletoe-based drugs work in synergy with radio-chemotherapy in the treatment of glioma.

Background : Extracts from ( VE ) are used in the complementary cancer therapy in Europe for decades .
VE contain several compounds like the mistletoe lectins ( MLs ) 1-3 and viscotoxins and also several minor ingredients .
Since mistletoe lectin 1 ( ML-1 ) has been described as the main component of VE harboring antitumor activity , purified native or recombinant ML-1 has been recently used in clinical trials .
MLs stimulate the immune system , induce cytotoxicity , are able to modify the expression of cancer-associated genes , and influence the proliferation and motility of tumor cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ goal was to determine anticancer effects of the VE ISCADOR Qu , of recombinant ML-1 ( Aviscumine ) , and of native ML-1 in the treatment of glioblastoma ( GBM ) , the most common and highly malignant brain tumor in adults .
Additionally we were interested whether these drugs , used in combination with a temozolomide- ( TMZ ) -based radio-chemotherapy , provide synergistic effects .
Methods : Cell culture assays , murine hippocampal brain slice cultures , human GBM cryosections , and a xenograft orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model were used .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the ML receptor CD75s , which is also expressed in GBM specimen , but not in normal brain , correlates with the drug-induced cytotoxicity .
In GBM cells , the drugs induce cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and reduce cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G/M phase .
The cell cycle arrest was paralleled by modifications in the expression of cell cycle regulating genes .
ML containing drugs , if combined with glioma standard therapy , provide synergistic and additive anticancer effects .
Despite not reaching statistical significance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prolonged the median survival of GBM mice longer than tumor irradiation .
Moreover , intratumorally applied Aviscumine prolonged the survival of GBM-bearing mice if used in combination with irradiation and TMZ for further 6.5 days compared to the radio-chemotherapy .
Conclusion : Our results suggest that an adjuvant treatment of glioma patients with ML-containing drugs might be beneficial .

Background: Extracts from(VE) are used in the complementary cancer therapy in Europe for decades. VE contain several compounds like the mistletoe lectins (MLs) 1-3 and viscotoxins and also several minor ingredients. Since mistletoe lectin 1 (ML-1) has been described as the main component of VE harboring antitumor activity, purified native or recombinant ML-1 has been recently used in clinical trials. MLs stimulate the immune system, induce cytotoxicity, are able to modify the expression of cancer-associated genes, and influence the proliferation and motility of tumor cells.
Objective: In this study our goal was to determine anticancer effects of the VE ISCADOR Qu, of recombinant ML-1 (Aviscumine), and of native ML-1 in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and highly malignant brain tumor in adults. Additionally we were interested whether these drugs, used in combination with a temozolomide-(TMZ)-based radio-chemotherapy, provide synergistic effects.
Methods: Cell culture assays,murine hippocampal brain slice cultures, human GBM cryosections, and a xenograft orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model were used.
Results: In cells, the expression of the ML receptor CD75s, which is also expressed in GBM specimen, but not in normal brain, correlates with the drug-induced cytotoxicity. In GBM cells, the drugs induce cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and reduce cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G/M phase. The cell cycle arrest was paralleled by modifications in the expression of cell cycle regulating genes. ML containing drugs, if combined with glioma standard therapy, provide synergistic and additive anticancer effects. Despite not reaching statistical significance, a single intratumoral application of Aviscumine prolonged the median survival of GBM mice longer than tumor irradiation. Moreover, intratumorally applied Aviscumine prolonged the survival of GBM-bearing mice if used in combination with irradiation and TMZ for further 6.5 days compared to the radio-chemotherapy.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that an adjuvant treatment of glioma patients with ML-containing drugs might be beneficial.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Preclinical evaluation of antitumoral and cytotoxic properties of Viscum album fraxini extract on pe

Preclinical evaluation of antitumoral and cytotoxic properties of Viscum album fraxini extract on pediatric tumor cells.

In Europe , especially in German-speaking countries , administration of mistletoe extracts is the most common and popular complementary and alternative therapy approach reported in oncology .
Mistletoe therapy is applied to children with cancer for curative and palliative therapeutic regimes with increasing frequency , but at the same time , there are only a few studies on the effectiveness of this therapy .
Therefore , we have investigated the response of various pediatric cell lines ( acute myeloid leukemia , Ewing 's sarcoma , hepatocellular carcinoma , medulloblastoma , neuroblastoma , and osteosarcoma ) to mistletoe extract , abnobaVISCUM @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell cycle distribution as well as on mitochondrial integrity and caspase-mediated apoptosis were investigated in neuroblastoma cell lines , SH-SY5Y and Kelly .
Additionally , tumor cell migration and invasion were studied.effects of the mistletoe extract were investigated in a syngeneic neuroblastoma mouse model .
We could show that tumor cell lines were from 5- to 640-fold more sensitive to abnobaVISCUM Fraxini treatment than non-tumorigenic fibroblasts , whereby neuroblastoma cell lines were the most sensitive .
For two neuroblastoma cell lines , SH-SY5Y and Kelly , induction of caspase-9-mediated apoptosis , a decrease @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of migration and invasion were observed.experiments revealed a reduction of tumor growth and a prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals .
In summary , we can state that these results provide the first preclinical data for cytotoxic activities of abnobaVISCUM Fraxini for a broad panel of pediatric tumor cell lines , in particular , neuroblastoma cells .
Thus , it might be a potential remedy for the supportive treatment of neuroblastoma .

In Europe, especially in German-speaking countries, administration of mistletoe extracts is the most common and popular complementary and alternative therapy approach reported in oncology. Mistletoe therapy is applied to children with cancer for curative and palliative therapeutic regimes with increasing frequency, but at the same time, there are only a few studies on the effectiveness of this therapy. Therefore, we have investigated the response of various pediatric cell lines (acute myeloid leukemia, Ewing's sarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma) to mistletoe extract, abnobaVISCUM Fraxini. Effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution as well as on mitochondrial integrity and caspase-mediated apoptosis were investigated in neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and Kelly. Additionally,tumor cell migration and invasion were studied.effects of the mistletoe extract were investigated in a syngeneic neuroblastoma mouse model. We could show that tumor cell lines were from 5- to 640-fold more sensitive to abnobaVISCUM Fraxini treatment than non-tumorigenic fibroblasts, whereby neuroblastoma cell lines were the most sensitive. For two neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and Kelly, induction of caspase-9-mediated apoptosis, a decrease of mitochondrial integrity as well as attenuation of migration and invasion were observed.experiments revealed a reduction of tumor growth and a prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals. In summary, we can state that these results provide the first preclinical data for cytotoxic activities of abnobaVISCUM Fraxini for a broad panel of pediatric tumor cell lines, in particular, neuroblastoma cells. Thus, it might be a potential remedy for the supportive treatment of neuroblastoma.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Panax ginseng C.A .
Mey .
( Korean ginseng ) has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus for thousands of years .
It also plays a key role in health maintenance owing to its anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties , and is quite popular as a dietary supplement .
AIM OF THE STUDY : This study was designed to offer a complementary and alternative medicine to manage the diabetic kidney disease ( DKD ) , which causes long-term damage to the renal structure .
We also investigated the regulation of the autophagy mechanism , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DKD .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : The effect of Korean red ginseng ( KRG ) on DKD was evaluated using human kidney proximal tubular cells and streptozotocin ( STZ ) -treated Sprague-Dawley rat models .
In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the proteins related to fibrosis and autophagy .
This was followed by in vivo experiments involving rats treated with single intraperitoneal administration of STZ ( 60 mg/kg ) and then with KRG solution orally for 4 weeks .
Proteins related to renal injury , fibrosis , and autophagy were determined by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ & E ) , Periodic acid-Schiff ( PAS ) , Sirius red , and immunostaining were processed for histological studies .
RESULTS : KRG diminished the levels of metabolic measurements and blood parameters .
Western blotting showed a decreased expression of proteins , such as TGF-β1 , KIM1 , and AGE , which are responsible for renal inflammation , injury , and fibrosis .
Histological studies also supported these results and revealed that the KRG-treated groups recovered from renal injury and fibrosis .
Furthermore , the autophagy marker , LC3 , was upregulated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels of proteins related to the autophagy mechanism , such as ATG7 , increased , while mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) decreased with the KRG treatment and exhibited accelerated autophagy compared to the STZ alone group .
CONCLUSIONS : KRG can suppress renal inflammation , injury , and fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1 activation and can induce cellular autophagy .
Therefore , this study strongly suggests that KRG exhibits a renoprotective effect against the STZ-induced DKD .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Korean ginseng) has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus for thousands of years. It also plays a key role in health maintenance owing to its anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties, and is quite popular as a dietary supplement.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to offer a complementary and alternative medicine to manage the diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which causes long-term damage to the renal structure. We also investigated the regulation of the autophagy mechanism, which is the underlying the pathogenesis of DKD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on DKD was evaluated using human kidney proximal tubular cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Sprague-Dawley rat models. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the proteins related to fibrosis and autophagy. This was followed by in vivo experiments involving rats treated with single intraperitoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg) and then with KRG solution orally for 4 weeks. Proteins related to renal injury, fibrosis, and autophagy were determined by immunoblotting. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Sirius red, and immunostaining were processed for histological studies.
RESULTS: KRG diminished the levels of metabolic measurements and blood parameters. Western blotting showed a decreased expression of proteins, such as TGF-β1, KIM1, and AGE, which are responsible for renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. Histological studies also supported these results and revealed that the KRG-treated groups recovered from renal injury and fibrosis. Furthermore, the autophagy marker, LC3, was upregulated, whereas p62 was downregulated. The levels of proteins related to the autophagy mechanism, such as ATG7, increased, while mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) decreased with the KRG treatment and exhibited accelerated autophagy compared to the STZ alone group.
CONCLUSIONS: KRG can suppress renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1 activation and can induce cellular autophagy. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that KRG exhibits a renoprotective effect against the STZ-induced DKD.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Inhibitory effect of Korean red ginseng extract on DNA damage response and apoptosis in Helicobacter

Inhibitory effect of Korean red ginseng extract on DNA damage response and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells.

Background : increases reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and induces oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells .
DNA damage activates DNA damage response ( DDR ) which includes ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated ( ATM ) activation .
ATM increases alternative reading frame ( ARF ) but decreases mouse double minute 2 ( Mdm2 ) .
Because p53 interacts with Mdm2 , -induced loss of Mdm2 stabilizes p53 and induces apoptosis .
Previous study showed that Korean Red Ginseng extract ( KRG ) reduces ROS and prevents cell death in-infected gastric epithelial cells .
Methods : We determined whether KRG @ @ @ @ @ @ @ indices in-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells .
The infected cells were treated with or without KRG or an ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933 .
ROS levels , apoptotic indices ( cell death , DNA fragmentation , Bax/Bcl-2 ratio , caspase-3 activity ) and DDRs ( activation and levels of ATM , checkpoint kinase 2 , Mdm2 , ARF , and p53 ) were determined .
Results : induced apoptosis by increasing apoptotic indices and ROS levels.activated DDRs ( increased p-ATM , p-checkpoint kinase 2 , ARF , p-p53 , and p53 , but decreased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ KRG reduced ROS and inhibited increase in apoptotic indices and DDRs in-infected gastric epithelial cells .
KU-55933 suppressed DDRs and apoptosis in-infected gastric epithelial cells , similar to KRG .
Conclusion : KRG suppressed ATM-mediated DDRs and apoptosis by reducing ROS in-infected gastric epithelial cells .
Supplementation with KRG may prevent the oxidative stress-mediated gastric impairment associated withinfection .

Background: increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. DNA damage activates DNA damage response (DDR) which includes ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) activation. ATM increases alternative reading frame (ARF) but decreases mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2). Because p53 interacts with Mdm2,-induced loss of Mdm2 stabilizes p53 and induces apoptosis. Previous study showed that Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRG) reduces ROS and prevents cell death in-infected gastric epithelial cells.
Methods: We determined whether KRG inhibits apoptosis by suppressing DDRs and apoptotic indices in-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. The infected cells were treated with or without KRG or an ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933. ROS levels, apoptotic indices (cell death, DNA fragmentation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity) and DDRs (activation and levels of ATM, checkpoint kinase 2, Mdm2, ARF, and p53) were determined.
Results: induced apoptosis by increasing apoptotic indices and ROS levels.activated DDRs (increased p-ATM, p-checkpoint kinase 2, ARF, p-p53, and p53, but decreased Mdm2) in gastric epithelial cells. KRG reduced ROS and inhibited increase in apoptotic indices and DDRs in-infected gastric epithelial cells. KU-55933 suppressed DDRs and apoptosis in-infected gastric epithelial cells, similar to KRG.
Conclusion: KRG suppressed ATM-mediated DDRs and apoptosis by reducing ROS in-infected gastric epithelial cells. Supplementation with KRG may prevent the oxidative stress-mediated gastric impairment associated withinfection.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts, JP5 and BG1, prevent hepatic oxidative stress

Korean red ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts, JP5 and BG1, prevent hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation.

Background : Continuous exposure to high temperatures can lead to heat stress .
This stress response alters the expression of multiple genes and can contribute to the onset of various diseases .
In particular , heat stress induces oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species .
The liver is an essential organ that plays a variety of roles , such as detoxification and protein synthesis .
Therefore , it is importantto protect the liver from oxidative stress caused by heat stress .
Korean ginseng has a variety of beneficial biological properties , and our previous studies showed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ heat stress .
Methods : We investigated the ability of Korean Red Ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts ( JP5 and BG1 ) to protect against heat stress using a rat model .
We then confirmed the active ingredients and mechanism of action using a cell-based model .
Results : Heat stress significantly increased gene and protein expression of oxidative stress-related factors such as catalase and SOD2 , but treatment with JP5 ( Korean Red Ginseng extract ) and BG1 ( Korean black ginseng extract ) abolished this response in both liver tissue @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JP5 and BG1 inhibited the expression of inflammatory proteins such as p-NF-κB and tumor necrosis factor alpha-α .
In particular , JP5 and BG1 decreased the expression of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome , a key inflammatory signaling factor .
Thus , JP5 and BG1 inhibited both oxidative stress and inflammation .
Conclusions : JP5 and BG1 protect against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by heat stress and help maintain liver function by preventing liver damage .

Background: Continuous exposure to high temperatures can lead to heat stress. This stress response alters the expression of multiple genes and can contribute to the onset of various diseases. In particular, heat stress induces oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. The liver is an essential organ that plays a variety of roles, such as detoxification and protein synthesis. Therefore, it is importantto protect the liver from oxidative stress caused by heat stress. Korean ginseng has a variety of beneficial biological properties, and our previous studies showed that it provides an effective defense against heat stress.
Methods: We investigated the ability of Korean Red Ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts (JP5 and BG1) to protect against heat stress using a rat model. We then confirmed the active ingredients and mechanism of action using a cell-based model.
Results: Heat stress significantly increased gene and protein expression of oxidative stress-related factors such as catalase and SOD2, but treatment with JP5 (Korean Red Ginseng extract) and BG1 (Korean black ginseng extract) abolished this response in both liver tissue and HepG2 cells. In addition, JP5 and BG1 inhibited the expression of inflammatory proteins such as p-NF-κB and tumor necrosis factor alpha-α. In particular, JP5 and BG1 decreased the expression of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key inflammatory signaling factor. Thus, JP5 and BG1 inhibited both oxidative stress and inflammation.
Conclusions: JP5 and BG1 protect against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by heat stress and help maintain liver function by preventing liver damage.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng attenuates type 2 diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction.

Extracts of ginseng species show antihyperglycemic activity .
We evaluated the inhibitory effects of diabetic complications for Korean Red Ginseng @ @ @ @ @ is enriched in ginsenosides using Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty ( OLETF ) rats .
The @ @ @ @ @ of four groups ( n = 6∼9 ) : Long-Evans-Tokushima-Otsuka rats ( control rats ) @ @ @ @ @ given 200 mg/kg KRG , and rats given 400 mg/kg KRG .
We examined the @ @ @ @ @ type 2 diabetic illnesses .
The results exhibited that KRG showed significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidative @ @ @ @ @ .
And , our results proposed the amelioration of cardiac function through normalized ejection fraction @ @ @ @ @ vascular reactivity .
Furthermore , histopathological abnormalities in the OLETF rats were prevented by KRG @ @

Extracts of ginseng species show antihyperglycemic activity. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of diabetic complications for Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), which is enriched in ginsenosides using Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. The animals were divided into one of four groups (n = 6∼9): Long-Evans-Tokushima-Otsuka rats (control rats), OLETF rats, rats given 200 mg/kg KRG, and rats given 400 mg/kg KRG. We examined the protective potential of KRG against type 2 diabetic illnesses. The results exhibited that KRG showed significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects in KRG-treated OLETF rats. And, our results proposed the amelioration of cardiac function through normalized ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and vascular reactivity. Furthermore, histopathological abnormalities in the OLETF rats were prevented by KRG treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND : Cancer-related fatigue ( CRF ) is a common symptom and has a negative impact on prognosis in cancer patients .
CRF could be improved by Korean red ginseng ( KRG ) .
PATIENTS AND METHODS : For this randomised and double-blinded trial , colorectal cancer patients who received mFOLFOX-6 were randomly assigned to either KRG 2000 mg/day ( n = 219 ) or placebo ( n = 219 ) for 16 weeks .
CRF was evaluated using the mean area under the curve ( AUC ) change from baseline of brief fatigue inventory ( BFI ) as the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , stress , and adverse events were evaluated as secondary endpoints .
RESULTS : In the full analysis group , KRG up to 16 weeks improved CRF by the mean AUC change from baseline of BFI compared to placebo , particularly in '' Mood '' and '' Walking ability '' ( P = 0.038 , P = 0.023 , respectively ) .
In the per-protocol group , KRG led to improved CRF in the global BFI score compared with the placebo ( P = 0.019 ) .
Specifically , there were improvements in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mood , '' '' Relations with others , '' '' Walking ability , '' and '' Enjoyment of life '' at 16 weeks ( P = 0.045 , P = 0.006 , P = 0.028 , P = 0.003 , P = 0.036 , respectively ) .
In subgroups of female patients , ≥60 years old , with high compliance ( ≥80 % ) or more baseline fatigue , the beneficial effects of KRG were more enhanced than that of placebo .
Although neutropenia was more frequent in KRG than placebo , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSIONS : KRG could be safely combined with mFOLFOX-6 chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients , and reduced CRF compared with placebo .

BACKGROUND: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom and has a negative impact on prognosis in cancer patients. CRF could be improved by Korean red ginseng (KRG).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: For this randomised and double-blinded trial, colorectal cancer patients who received mFOLFOX-6 were randomly assigned to either KRG 2000 mg/day (n = 219) or placebo (n = 219) for 16 weeks. CRF was evaluated using the mean area under the curve (AUC) change from baseline of brief fatigue inventory (BFI) as the primary endpoint. Fatigue-related quality of life, stress, and adverse events were evaluated as secondary endpoints.
RESULTS: In the full analysis group, KRG up to 16 weeks improved CRF by the mean AUC change from baseline of BFI compared to placebo, particularly in"Mood"and"Walking ability"(P = 0.038, P = 0.023, respectively). In the per-protocol group, KRG led to improved CRF in the global BFI score compared with the placebo (P = 0.019). Specifically, there were improvements in"Fatigue right now,""Mood,""Relations with others,""Walking ability,"and"Enjoyment of life"at 16 weeks (P = 0.045, P = 0.006, P = 0.028, P = 0.003, P = 0.036, respectively). In subgroups of female patients, ≥60 years old, with high compliance (≥80%) or more baseline fatigue, the beneficial effects of KRG were more enhanced than that of placebo. Although neutropenia was more frequent in KRG than placebo, the incidence of all adverse events was similar.
CONCLUSIONS: KRG could be safely combined with mFOLFOX-6 chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients, and reduced CRF compared with placebo.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng plays an anti-aging role by modulating expression of aging-related genes and immu

Korean red ginseng plays an anti-aging role by modulating expression of aging-related genes and immune cell subsets.

Despite previous reports of anti-aging effects of Korean red ginseng ( KRG ) , the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood @ @ @ @ @ investigated possible mechanisms of KRG-mediated anti-aging effects in aged mice .
KRG significantly inhibited thymic @ @ @ @ @ Interestingly , KRG only increased protein expression , but not mRNA expression , of aging-related @ @ @ @ @ Sirt1 , IL-2 , and IL-17 in the thymocytes of old mice .
KRG also @ @ @ @ @ types of immune cells in old mice .
KRG increased the population of regulatory T @ @ @ @ @ ) -expressing natural killer ( NK ) cells in the spleen of old mice , @ @ @ @ @ T cell-specific cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were unaffected .
Finally , KRG recovered mRNA expression @ @ @ @ @ and Sirt1 artificially decreased by concanavalin A ( Con A ) in both thymocytes and @ @ @ @ @ cytotoxicity .
These results suggest that KRG exerts anti-aging effects by preventing thymic involution , @ @ @ @ @ expression of aging-related genes and immune cell subsets .

Despite previous reports of anti-aging effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated possible mechanisms of KRG-mediated anti-aging effects in aged mice. KRG significantly inhibited thymic involution in old mice. Interestingly, KRG only increased protein expression, but not mRNA expression, of aging-related genes Lin28a, GDF-11, Sirt1, IL-2, and IL-17 in the thymocytes of old mice. KRG also modulated the population of some types of immune cells in old mice. KRG increased the population of regulatory T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-expressing natural killer (NK) cells in the spleen of old mice, but serum levels of regulatory T cell-specific cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were unaffected. Finally, KRG recovered mRNA expression of Lin28a, GDF-11, and Sirt1 artificially decreased by concanavalin A (Con A) in both thymocytes and splenocytes of old mice without cytotoxicity. These results suggest that KRG exerts anti-aging effects by preventing thymic involution, as well as modulating the expression of aging-related genes and immune cell subsets.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--Korean red ginseng suppresses the expression of oxidative stress response and NLRP3 inflammasome gen

Korean red ginseng suppresses the expression of oxidative stress response and NLRP3 inflammasome genes in aged C57BL/6 mouse ovaries.

Female infertility and subfertility have been increasing in prevalence worldwide .
One contributing factor is ovarian function , which is @ @ @ @ @ ginseng is widely used as an herbal medicine and has many beneficial properties .
We @ @ @ @ @ of the Korean red ginseng saponin fraction ( KRGSF ) on ovarian function in female @ @ @ @ @ isolated from 6- and 12-month-old female mice and treated with KRGSF , and then RNA @ @ @ @ @ was performed .
The expression of key genes was subsequently verified using quantitative RT-PCR .
@ @ @ @ @ of genes encoding oxidative stress factors and NLRP3 inflammasome components , but the expression of @ @ @ @ @ by KRGSF treatment .
Thus , the reduction in ovarian health with age is associated @ @ @ @ @ and inflammation , but KRGSF treatment may limit these age-related changes .

Female infertility and subfertility have been increasing in prevalence worldwide. One contributing factor is ovarian function, which is highly age-dependent. Korean red ginseng is widely used as an herbal medicine and has many beneficial properties. We aimed to determine the effect of the Korean red ginseng saponin fraction (KRGSF) on ovarian function in female C57BL/6 mice. Ovaries were isolated from 6- and 12-month-old female mice and treated with KRGSF, and then RNA was extracted and microarray analysis was performed. The expression of key genes was subsequently verified using quantitative RT-PCR. Aging markedly increased the expression of genes encoding oxidative stress factors and NLRP3 inflammasome components, but the expression of these genes was significantly reduced by KRGSF treatment. Thus, the reduction in ovarian health with age is associated with greater oxidative stress response and inflammation, but KRGSF treatment may limit these age-related changes.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-11--The results of the present study show protective effects of Korean red ginseng on cardiac toxicity.

Background : Korean Red Ginseng ( KRG ) has been known to possess many ginsenosides .
These ginsenosides are used for curing cardiovascular problems .
The present study show the protective potential of KRG against doxorubicin ( DOX ) -induced myocardial dysfunction , by assessing electrocardiographic , hemodynamic , and biochemical parameters and histopathological findings .
Methods : Animals were fed a standard chow and adjusted to their environment for 3 days before the experiments .
Next , the rats were equally divided into five groups ( n = 9 , each group ) .
The animals were administered with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for 10 days and injected with DOX ( 20 mg/kg , subcutaneously , twice at a 24-h interval ) on the 8th and 9th day .
Electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed to study hemodynamics .
Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , and malondialdehyde were measured .
In addition , the dose of troponin I and activity of myeloperoxidase in serum and cardiac tissue were analyzed , and the histopathological findings were evaluated using light microscopy .
Results : Administration of KRG at a dose of 250 and 500 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , fractional shortening , left ventricular systolic pressure , the maximal rate of change in left ventricle contraction ( +dP/dt ) , and left ventricle relaxation ( -dP/dt ) .
In addition , KRG treatment significantly normalized the oxidative stress markers in plasma , dose dependently .
In addition , the values of troponin I and myeloperoxidase were ameliorated by KRG treatment , dose dependently .
And , KRG treatment showed better histopathological findings when compared with the DOX control group .
Conclusion : These mean that KRG mitigates myocardial damage by modulating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oxidative stress related to DOX-induced cardiomyopathy in rats .
The results of the present study show protective effects of KRG on cardiac toxicity .

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been known to possess many ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are used for curing cardiovascular problems. The present study show the protective potential of KRG against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial dysfunction, by assessing electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and biochemical parameters and histopathological findings.
Methods: Animals were fed a standard chow and adjusted to their environment for 3 days before the experiments. Next, the rats were equally divided into five groups (n = 9, each group). The animals were administered with KRG (250 and 500 mg/kg) for 10 days and injected with DOX (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously, twice at a 24-h interval) on the 8th and 9th day. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed to study hemodynamics. Plasma levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were measured. In addition, the dose of troponin I and activity of myeloperoxidase in serum and cardiac tissue were analyzed, and the histopathological findings were evaluated using light microscopy.
Results: Administration of KRG at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg recovered electrocardiographic changes, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, left ventricular systolic pressure, the maximal rate of change in left ventricle contraction (+dP/dt), and left ventricle relaxation (-dP/dt). In addition, KRG treatment significantly normalized the oxidative stress markers in plasma, dose dependently. In addition, the values of troponin I and myeloperoxidase were ameliorated by KRG treatment, dose dependently. And, KRG treatment showed better histopathological findings when compared with the DOX control group.
Conclusion: These mean that KRG mitigates myocardial damage by modulating the hemodynamics, histopathological abnormality, and oxidative stress related to DOX-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. The results of the present study show protective effects of KRG on cardiac toxicity.