greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Crocetin is a potential candidate to be included in dietary therapies aimed at reversing adipose tis

Crocetin is a potential candidate to be included in dietary therapies aimed at reversing adipose tissue accumulation in obesity.

Saffron , as a food colorant , has been displaced by low-cost synthetic dyes .
These have unhealthy properties ; thus , their replacement with natural food colorants is an emerging trend .
Obesity is a worldwide health problem due to its associated comorbidities .
Crocetin esters ( crocins ) are responsible for the red saffron color .
Crocetin ( CCT ) exhibits healthful properties .
We aimed to broaden the existing knowledge on the health properties of CCT isolated from saffron , to facilitate its consideration as a healthy natural food colorant in the future .
We evaluated the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) to reduce lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes .
Intracellular fat was quantified by Oil Red O staining .
CTT cytotoxicity was measured using the 3- ( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) assay .
The number and size of lipid droplets were analyzed using WimLipid software .
The expression of adipogenic genes ( CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ( C/EBPβ , C/EBPδ , C/EBPα ) , and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ( PPARγ ) ) was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR ( qRT-PCR ) .
CCT 5 μM decreased intracellular fat @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or lipid droplet generation , via a decrease in C/EBPα expression , implicated in lipid accumulation .
Thus , CCT is a potential candidate to be included in dietary therapies aimed at reversing adipose tissue accumulation in obesity .

Saffron, as a food colorant, has been displaced by low-cost synthetic dyes. These have unhealthy properties; thus, their replacement with natural food colorants is an emerging trend. Obesity is a worldwide health problem due to its associated comorbidities. Crocetin esters (crocins) are responsible for the red saffron color. Crocetin (CCT) exhibits healthful properties. We aimed to broaden the existing knowledge on the health properties of CCT isolated from saffron, to facilitate its consideration as a healthy natural food colorant in the future. We evaluated the ability of CCT (1 and 5μM) to reduce lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Intracellular fat was quantified by Oil Red O staining. CTT cytotoxicity was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The number and size of lipid droplets were analyzed using WimLipid software. The expression of adipogenic genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, C/EBPα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)) was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). CCT 5 μM decreased intracellular fat by 22.6%, without affecting viability or lipid droplet generation, via a decrease in C/EBPα expression, implicated in lipid accumulation. Thus, CCT is a potential candidate to be included in dietary therapies aimed at reversing adipose tissue accumulation in obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Crocetin ameliorates chronic restraint stress-induced depression-like behaviors.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : This study aimed at determining the effects of saffron on depression as well as its neuroprotective and pharmacological effects on the intestinal function of crocetin in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Chronic stress was induced in two-week-old ICR mice by immobilizing them for 6 h per day for 28 days .
The mice were orally administered with crocetin ( 20 , 40 , 80 mg/kg ) , fluoxetine ( 20 mg/kg ) or distilled water .
The treatments were administered daily and open field and tail suspension tests were performed .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ were conducted to determine the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 ( MKP-1 ) , the precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( proBDNF ) , extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ( ERK1/2 ) , phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding ( CREB ) protein in the hippocampus .
Serum levels of dopamine ( DA ) , proBDNF , MKP-1 and CREB were measured by Elisa kits .
High-throughput sequencing was carried out to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiota .
RESULTS : Crocetin ameliorated depressive-like behaviors caused by chronic restraint stress-induced depressive mice .
It significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ proBDNF , alanine transaminase , aspartate transaminase and increased the serum levels of DA as well as CREB .
Histopathological analysis showed that crocetin suppressed hippocampus injury in restraint stress mice by protecting neuronal cells .
Immunofluorescent and WB analysis showed elevated expression levels of ERK1/2 , CREB and inhibited expression levels of MKP-1 , proBDNF in the hippocampus .
The intestinal ecosystem of the crocetin group partially recovered and was close to the control group .
CONCLUSIONS : Crocetin has neuroprotective properties and ameliorates the effects of stress-associated brain damage by regulating @ @ @ @ @ @ @

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This study aimed at determining the effects of saffron on depression as well as its neuroprotective and pharmacological effects on the intestinal function of crocetin in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chronic stress was induced in two-week-old ICR mice by immobilizing them for 6 h per day for 28 days. The mice were orally administered with crocetin (20, 40, 80 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or distilled water. The treatments were administered daily and open field and tail suspension tests were performed. Immunofluorescent and Western-bolt (WB) assays were conducted to determine the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), the precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein in the hippocampus. Serum levels of dopamine(DA), proBDNF, MKP-1 and CREB were measured by Elisa kits. High-throughput sequencing was carried out to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiota.
RESULTS: Crocetin ameliorated depressive-like behaviors caused by chronic restraint stress-induced depressive mice. It significantly attenuated the elevated levels of MKP-1, proBDNF, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and increased the serum levels of DA as well as CREB. Histopathological analysis showed that crocetin suppressed hippocampus injury in restraint stress mice by protecting neuronal cells. Immunofluorescent and WB analysis showed elevated expression levels of ERK1/2, CREB and inhibited expression levels of MKP-1, proBDNF in the hippocampus. The intestinal ecosystem of the crocetin group partially recovered and was close to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: Crocetin has neuroprotective properties and ameliorates the effects of stress-associated brain damage by regulating the MKP-1-ERK1/2-CREB signaling and intestinal ecosystem.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and in-vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Hibiscus lea

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and in-vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Hibiscus leaf.

The effects of ultrasonic power , extraction time , extraction temperature , and the water-to-raw material ratio on extraction yield @ @ @ @ @ leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ( HRLP ) were optimized by statistical analysis using response surface @ @ @ @ @ methodology ( RSM ) was used to optimize HRLP extraction yield by implementing the Box-Behnken @ @ @ @ @ The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis @ @ @ @ @ statistical methods ( ANOVA ) .
Analysis of the results showed that the linear and @ @ @ @ @ variables had significant effects .
The optimal conditions for the highest extraction yield of HRLP @ @ @ @ @ 93.59 W ; extraction time , 25.71 min ; extraction temperature , 93.18°C ; and @ @ @ @ @ ratio , 24.3 mL/g .
Under these conditions , the experimental yield was 9.66±0.18 % @ @ @ @ @ close agreement with the value predicted by the model 9.526 % .
The results demonstrated @ @ @ @ @ activities in vitro on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals .

The effects of ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature, and the water-to-raw material ratio on extraction yield of crude polysaccharide from the leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HRLP) were optimized by statistical analysis using response surface methodology. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize HRLP extraction yield by implementing the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also analyzed by appropriate statistical methods (ANOVA). Analysis of the results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of these four variables had significant effects. The optimal conditions for the highest extraction yield of HRLP were: ultrasonic power, 93.59 W; extraction time, 25.71 min; extraction temperature, 93.18°C; and the water to raw material ratio, 24.3 mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 9.66±0.18%, which is well in close agreement with the value predicted by the model 9.526%. The results demonstrated that HRLP had strong scavenging activities in vitro on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Antibiofilm activity of heather and manuka honeys and antivirulence potential of some of their const

Antibiofilm activity of heather and manuka honeys and antivirulence potential of some of their constituents on the DsbA1 enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Heather honey was tested for its effect on the formation of biofilms by , , , , , andin comparison @ @ @ @ @ 0.25 mg/mL , Heather honey inhibited biofilm formation in , , , and , but @ @ @ @ @ Manuka honey inhibited biofilm formation in , , and , ,and , but promotedbiofilm formation @ @ @ @ @ Vina was performed to calculate the predictive binding affinities and ligand efficiencies of Manuka and @ @ @ @ @ , the main enzyme controlling the correct folding of virulence proteins in .
A number @ @ @ @ @ acid and methylglyoxal , present in Heather and/or Manuka honey , revealed high ligand efficiencies @ @ @ @ @ This helps support , to some extent , the decrease inbiofilm formation observed for such @ @

Heather honey was tested for its effect on the formation of biofilms by,,,,,andin comparison with Manuka honey. At 0.25 mg/mL, Heather honey inhibited biofilm formation in,,,and, but promoted the growth ofandbiofilms. Manuka honey inhibited biofilm formation in,, and,,and, but promotedbiofilm formation. Molecular docking with Autodock Vina was performed to calculate the predictive binding affinities and ligand efficiencies of Manuka and Heather honey constituents for PaDsbA1, the main enzyme controlling the correct folding of virulence proteins in. A number of constituents, including benzoic acid and methylglyoxal, present in Heather and/or Manuka honey, revealed high ligand efficiencies for the target enzyme. This helps support, to some extent, the decrease inbiofilm formation observed for such honeys.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--AMPK activating and anti adipogenic potential of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower in 3T3-L1 cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : The flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis has array of pharmacological actions .
They are used in preparation of herbal decoction and teas , which have been used traditionally to reduce body weight and for its effect on metabolic syndrome .
AIM OF THE STUDY : To investigate the anti adipogenic efficacy of major fraction from ethyl acetate extract of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower at 25 and 50 µg/mL ( HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL ) in 3T3-L1 cells and delineate its possible mechanism of action .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Pre adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 25 and 50 µg/mL , their lipid accumulation was measured qualitatively by Oil red O staining and quantitatively by triglyceride estimation .
Effect on adipolysis was determined , adipogenic and its regulatory gene and protein expression were studied and effect of HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL on AMPK was confirmed in the presence of dorsomorphin .
RESULTS : Treatment with HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL activated AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) and was found to alleviate triglyceride accumulation significantly ( p CONCLUSION : In summary , HRF treatments reduced adipogenesis , enhanced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is mediated by AMPK activation .
The results conclusively showed anti-obesity potential of HRF and it might be helpful in treatment of associated complications .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The flowers of Hibiscus rosa sinensis has array of pharmacological actions. They are used in preparation of herbal decoction and teas, which have been used traditionally to reduce body weight and for its effect on metabolic syndrome.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti adipogenic efficacy of major fraction from ethyl acetate extract of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower at 25 and 50 µg/mL (HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL) in 3T3-L1 cells and delineate its possible mechanism of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated in the presence and absence of HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL, their lipid accumulation was measured qualitatively by Oil red O staining and quantitatively by triglyceride estimation. Effect on adipolysis was determined, adipogenic and its regulatory gene and protein expression were studied and effect of HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL on AMPK was confirmed in the presence of dorsomorphin.
RESULTS: Treatment with HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and was found to alleviate triglyceride accumulation significantly (p < 0.001) by 1.6 and 2.3 times respectively in pre adipocytes during differentiation. HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL also nonsignificantly reduced lipolysis which releases free fatty acids, a major contributing factor for insulin resistance. Activation of AMPK by phosphorylation has led to reduced gene andprotein expression of adipogenic factors Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), CCAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), Sterol regulatory element- binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and their targets Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), Fatty acid synthase (FAS), Perilipin and enhanced Adiponectin expression. Treatment with HRF 25 and 50 µg/mL also resulted in inactivation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) by enhancing ACC phosphorylation, which reduced the levels of malonyl-CoA an allosteric inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1). Enhanced CPT1 levelscauses induction of fatty acid β- oxidation. Effects of HRF were nullified in the presence of AMPK antagonist dorsomorphin.
CONCLUSION: In summary, HRF treatments reduced adipogenesis, enhanced factors regulating fatty acid oxidation and this is mediated by AMPK activation. The results conclusively showed anti-obesity potential of HRF and it might be helpful in treatment of associated complications.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Preparative HPLC fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis essential oil against biofilm forming Klebsiella

Preparative HPLC fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis essential oil against biofilm forming Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Recent years ( ) biofilm formation ( BF ) is emerging thread worldwide .
For tackling this problem , we @ @ @ @ @ pneumoniae .
The HPLC purified essential oils ( EOs sinensis ( H. rosa-sinensis ) ( @ @ @ @ @ BF K ) of H. rosa-sinensis was performed against BFand showed concentration dependent biofilm inhibition @ @ @ @ @ EOs ( 90 µg/ml ) , the biofilm inhibition was showed at 92 % against @ @ @ @ @ metabolic assay , exopolysaccharide quantification and hydrophobicity index variation results exhibited with 88 % , @ @ @ @ @ reduction at 90 μg/mL was observed respectively .
In addition , the morphological modification of @ @ @ @ @ scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) .
Overall , all the invitro experiments result were @ @ @ @ @ H. rosa-sinensis EOs was very effective against BF

Recent years() biofilm formation (BF) is emerging thread worldwide. For tackling this problem, we have chosen Hibiscus rosa-. pneumoniae. The HPLC purified essential oils (EOs sinensis (H. rosa-sinensis) (HRS) to inhibit the BF K) of H. rosa-sinensis was performed against BFand showed concentration dependent biofilm inhibition. At the MBIC of EOs (90 µg/ml), the biofilm inhibition was showed at 92% against selected BF. The biofilm metabolic assay, exopolysaccharide quantification and hydrophobicity index variation results exhibited with 88%, 92% and 89% reduction at 90 μg/mL was observed respectively. In addition, the morphological modification of MBIC treatedwas clearly viewed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Overall, all the invitro experiments result were confirmed that the MBIC of H. rosa-sinensis EOs was very effective against BF


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Rosella has shown evidence to control and lower blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profile, and co

Objective : Rosella is a safe medicinal herb used by people in Indonesia .
They believe that rosella is effective in controlling metabolic syndrome , working with antihypertension , antidiabetic , antidyslipidemia and antiobesity effects .
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rosella in controlling metabolic syndrome through the secretion of blood nitric oxide ( NO ) and the cortisol pathway .
Methods : This study was a quasiexperimental , pretest-posttest with control group design .
The total subjects were 18 people , women , and the elderly .
Subjects were selected randomly into 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and treatment group ( = 8 ) .
The treatment was rosella tea , a dose of 2 grams , duration 2 times a day , given in the morning ( 08.00-8.30 a.m. ) and evening ( 06.30-7.00 p.m. ) after meals for 21 days .
Examination of NO and cortisol levels was carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) method .
Results : There was a significant decrease in bodyweight ( BW ) ( = 0.021 ) , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) ( = 0.001 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( = 0.049 ) , glucose preprandial ( FPG ) ( = 0.014 ) , total cholesterol ( CT ) ( = 0.001 ) , triglycerides ( TGs ) ( = 0.014 ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) ( = 0.001 ) , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) ( = 0.010 ) after consuming rosella .
NO levels were significantly increased ( = 0.012 ) , whereas cortisol levels decreased significantly ( = 0.008 ) after therapy with rosella tea in elderly women .
Conclusion : Rosella has shown evidence to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glucose , lipid profile , and cortisol in the elderly with metabolic syndrome .
Rosella is a traditional medicine that has the potential to be developed as a therapy for metabolic syndrome patients .

Objective: Rosella is a safe medicinal herb used by people in Indonesia. They believe that rosella is effective in controlling metabolic syndrome, working with antihypertension, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemia and antiobesity effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rosella in controlling metabolic syndrome through the secretion of blood nitric oxide (NO) and the cortisol pathway.
Methods: This study was a quasiexperimental, pretest-posttest with control group design. The total subjects were 18 people, women, and the elderly. Subjects were selected randomly into 2 groups: control group ( = 8) and treatment group ( = 8). The treatment was rosella tea, a dose of 2 grams, duration 2 times a day, given in the morning (08.00-8.30 a.m.) and evening (06.30-7.00 p.m.) after meals for 21 days. Examination of NO and cortisol levels was carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Results: There was a significant decrease in bodyweight (BW) (= 0.021), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (= 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (= 0.049), glucose preprandial (FPG) (= 0.014), total cholesterol (CT) (= 0.001), triglycerides (TGs) (= 0.014), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (= 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (= 0.010) after consuming rosella. NO levels were significantly increased (= 0.012), whereas cortisol levels decreased significantly (= 0.008) after therapy with rosella tea in elderly women.
Conclusion: Rosella has shown evidence to control and lower blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profile, and cortisol in the elderly with metabolic syndrome. Rosella is a traditional medicine that has the potential to be developed as a therapy for metabolic syndrome patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--This work does provide the very first scientific based evidence for Hibiscus noldeae anti-inflammato

This work does provide the very first scientific based evidence for Hibiscus noldeae anti-inflammatory effects.

The activation of NOD- , LRR- , and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 ( NLRP3 ) inflammasome and/or its components is associated with the physio-pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases including asthma , COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) , SARS Cov-2 ( severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ) , and in several autoimmune diseases.. has been widely reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of different ailments , some of which are of inflammatory background such as asthma , wounds , headache , etc .
However , the claims have not been supported by evidence at the molecular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ report on the bio-guided fractionation ofand assessment of the inhibitory properties of some fractions and purified compounds on NLRP3 inflammasome and Interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) .
The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was determined by detecting the activity of caspase-1 and the production of Interleukin 1β ( IL-1β ) in Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) and ATP-stimulated Tamm-Horsfall Protein 1 ( THP-1 ) macrophages , while the production of IL-6 was studied in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages .
It was observed that hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the crude extract of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caffeic acid , isoquercetin , and ER2.4 and ER2.7 fractions revealed significant inhibitory effects on Caspase-1 activities , and on IL-1β and IL-6 production .
The ER2.4 and ER2.7 fractions downregulated the production of IL-1β and IL-6 , in a similar range as the caspase-1 inhibitor AC-YVAD-CHO and the drug Dexamethasone , both used as controls , respectively .
Overall , our work does provide the very first scientific based evidence foranti-inflammatory effects and widespread use by traditional healers in Rwanda for a variety of ailments .

The activation of NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and/or its components is associated with the physio-pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), SARS Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and in several autoimmune diseases.. has been widely reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of different ailments, some of which are of inflammatory background such as asthma, wounds, headache, etc. However, the claims have not been supported by evidence at the molecular and functional levels. Here, we report on the bio-guided fractionation ofand assessment of the inhibitory properties of some fractions and purified compounds on NLRP3 inflammasome and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was determined by detecting the activity of caspase-1 and the production of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP-stimulated Tamm-Horsfall Protein 1 (THP-1) macrophages, while the production of IL-6 was studied in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. It was observed that hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the crude extract of the aerial parts of, as well as caffeic acid, isoquercetin, and ER2.4 and ER2.7 fractions revealed significant inhibitory effects on Caspase-1 activities, and on IL-1β and IL-6 production. The ER2.4 and ER2.7 fractions downregulated the production of IL-1β and IL-6, in a similar range as the caspase-1 inhibitor AC-YVAD-CHO and the drug Dexamethasone, both used as controls, respectively. Overall, our work does provide the very first scientific based evidence foranti-inflammatory effects and widespread use by traditional healers in Rwanda for a variety of ailments.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--The results obtained demonstrated the potential hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extracts of H. s

The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Hibiscus schizopetalus ( Mast ) Hook ( Malvaceae ) flower and leaves extracts were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats .
The hypoglycemic activity of both the extracts ( 100mg/kg , body weight ) was tested in fasting normal rat , glucose loaded rats .
Observation on body weight was also recorded .
The extracts showed a significant ( p < 0.001 ) reduction in blood glucose level in normal fasting rats .
In glucose tolerance test , significant ( p < 0.01 ) decreased observed in all glucose loaded animals .
While in alloxan @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glucose reduction was 59.94 % and 45.14 % in extracts treated groups .
The results obtained were compared with the reference standard drug Tolbutamide ( 100mg/kg , body weight ) .
The diabetic rats showed sign of decreased in their body weight during the treatment period .
Cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly decreased ( p < 0.001 ) by HFE .
The results obtained demonstrated the potential hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extracts of H. schizopetalus .
There is need of bioassay-directed assay of the active principles responsible for the anti-diabetic activity .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ carbohydrates , alkaloids , steroids , terpenes , saponins and glycosides .

The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Hibiscus schizopetalus (Mast) Hook (Malvaceae) flower and leaves extracts were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic activity of both the extracts (100mg/kg, body weight) was tested in fasting normal rat, glucose loaded rats. Observation on body weight was also recorded. The extracts showed a significant (p<0.001) reduction in blood glucose level in normal fasting rats. In glucose tolerance test, significant (p<0.01) decreased observed in all glucose loaded animals. While in alloxan induced diabetic rats, the percent blood glucose reduction was 59.94% and 45.14% in extracts treated groups. The results obtained were compared with the reference standard drug Tolbutamide (100mg/kg, body weight). The diabetic rats showed sign of decreased in their body weight during the treatment period. Cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001) by HFE. The results obtained demonstrated the potential hypoglycemic activity of methanolic extracts of H. schizopetalus. There is need of bioassay-directed assay of the active principles responsible for the anti-diabetic activity. The methanolic extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, saponins and glycosides.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Novel antiviral and antibacterial activities of Hibiscus schizopetalus.

( Dyer ) Hook.f .
( Malvaceae ) is an ornamental plant .
The aim was to investigate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities .
In vitro antiviral , antibacterial , and antioxidant activities of the 70 % ethanolic extract ( Et-E ) of the aerial parts of the plant were determined .
The Dichloromethane Fraction ( DCM-F ) and the-Butanol Fraction ( Bu-F ) were assessed using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ( LC-MS ) .
The DCM-F showed higher antiviral activities against Coxsackie B4 ( CoxB4 ) viruses ( IC= 64.13µg/mL ) and adenoviruses ( IC= 54.88µg/mL ) than acyclovir ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 91.92µg/mL for adenoviruses ) .
The DCM-F showed higher anti-activity ( MIC = 3.9µg/mL ) than clarithromycin ( MIC = 1.95 µg/mL ) .
The DCM-F inhibited Herpes Simplex Virus ( HSV ) Type I ( IC= 29.85µg/mL ) and HSV Type II ( IC= 74.17µg/mL ) .
The Bu-F showed higher anti-mycobacterial activity ( MIC = 7.81 µg/mL ) than isoniazid ( MIC = 0.24 µg/mL ) and higher antibacterial activity against ( MRSA ) ( MIC = 7.81µg/mL ) than vancomycin ( MIC = 3.9 µg/mL ) .
Antioxidant assays included @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ( ABTS ) , 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) , and iron reducing power .
The Bu-F showed the highest antioxidant activity .
Chemical profileswere analyzed using HPLC-HR-ESI-MS to identify the metabolites responsible for these biological activities .
We identified more than 60 metabolites that belong to anthocyanins , flavonoids , phenolics , terpenes , sterols , and fatty acids .
In conclusion , is endowed with metabolites that could be used against viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria .
They can also be potent antioxidants .

(Dyer) Hook.f. (Malvaceae) is an ornamental plant. The aim was to investigate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In vitro antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of the 70% ethanolic extract (Et-E) of the aerial parts of the plant were determined. The Dichloromethane Fraction (DCM-F) and the-Butanol Fraction (Bu-F) were assessed using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The DCM-F showed higher antiviral activities against Coxsackie B4 (CoxB4) viruses (IC= 64.13µg/mL) and adenoviruses (IC= 54.88µg/mL) than acyclovir (IC= 72.79µg/mL for CoxB4 viruses; IC= 91.92µg/mL for adenoviruses). The DCM-F showed higher anti-activity (MIC = 3.9µg/mL) than clarithromycin (MIC = 1.95 µg/mL). The DCM-F inhibited Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type I (IC= 29.85µg/mL) and HSV Type II (IC= 74.17µg/mL). The Bu-F showed higher anti-mycobacterial activity (MIC = 7.81 µg/mL) than isoniazid (MIC = 0.24 µg/mL) and higher antibacterial activity against(MRSA)(MIC = 7.81µg/mL) than vancomycin (MIC = 3.9 µg/mL). Antioxidant assays included total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), and iron reducing power. The Bu-F showed the highest antioxidant activity. Chemical profileswere analyzed using HPLC-HR-ESI-MS to identify the metabolites responsible for these biological activities. We identified more than 60 metabolites that belong to anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenes, sterols, and fatty acids. In conclusion,is endowed with metabolites that could be used against viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They can also be potent antioxidants.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--On the effects of a plant extract of Orthosiphon stamineus on sebum-related skin imperfections.

Overproduction of sebum is very common and results in an undesirable oily , shiny complexion with enlarged pores .
Sebum secretion is basically under the control of 5-α reductase , and more particularly under that of type 1 isozyme .
But it is also highly sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature , humidity and food .
Moreover , in Asia , the edicts of a flawless facial skin turn oily skin into a major concern for Asian women .
We identified Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract as an interesting ingredient for reducing the oily appearance of skin thanks to its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro .
This was confirmed ex vivo , where Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract was shown to reduce 5-αreductase activity as well as the production of squalene , one of the main components of sebum that was used as a tracer of sebum .
To evaluate the efficacy of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract at reducing sebum-related skin imperfections in vivo , we performed two different clinical studies , one in France on a panel of Caucasian volunteers and the other one in Thailand on a panel of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ well as clinical evaluation and self-evaluation , we could highlight that an O/W cosmetic formula containing 2 % of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract could visibly reduce the oily appearance of skin as well as the size of pores , thus leading to a significant improvement of complexion evenness and radiance .
Overall , the results obtained were better than those observed with the same formula containing 1 % of zinc gluconate , an ingredient frequently used in oily skin care products .

Overproduction of sebum is very common and results in an undesirable oily, shiny complexion with enlarged pores. Sebum secretion is basically under the control of 5-α reductase, and more particularly under that of type 1 isozyme. But it is also highly sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and food. Moreover, in Asia, the edicts of a flawless facial skin turn oily skin into a major concern for Asian women. We identified Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract as an interesting ingredient for reducing the oily appearance of skin thanks to its ability to reduce 5-α reductase type 1 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. This was confirmed ex vivo, where Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract was shown to reduce 5-αreductase activity as well as the production of squalene, one of the main components of sebum that was used as a tracer of sebum. To evaluate the efficacy of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract at reducing sebum-related skin imperfections in vivo, we performed two different clinical studies, one in France on a panel of Caucasian volunteers and the other one in Thailand on a panel of Asian volunteers. Using instrumental techniques as well as clinical evaluation and self-evaluation, we could highlight that an O/W cosmetic formula containing 2% of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract could visibly reduce the oily appearance of skin as well as the size of pores, thus leading to a significant improvement of complexion evenness and radiance. Overall, the results obtained were better than those observed with the same formula containing 1% of zinc gluconate, an ingredient frequently used in oily skin care products.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--O. grandiflorum has a significant inhibitory effect on crystal deposition in the calcium oxalate-sto

O. grandiflorum has a significant inhibitory effect on crystal deposition in the calcium oxalate-stone-forming model.

This study amied to investigate the effects of Orthosiphon grandiflorum on the renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and the inhibitory effects of O. grandiflorum on urinary deposit formation in an animal model and compared the results with those from a potassium citrate treatment .
Rats were divided into three groups : an untreated stone-forming group , an O. grandiflorum-treated stone-forming group and a potassium citrate-treated stone forming group .
Ethylene glycol ( 0.5 % ) was administered to the rats during the last week , and vitamin D3 ( 0.5 mum ) was force fed to induce hyperoxaluria @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected before and after inducing crystal deposits .
Rats were killed and both kidneys were harvested after 3 weeks .
Bisected kidneys were examined under a polarized light microscope to determine the number of crystals .
The renal tissue superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were measured by Western blot .
Oxidative stress was examined by 8-OHdG immunohistofluorescence .
O. grandiflorum and potassium citrate have the ability to alkalinize urine .
Among all groups , the number of crystal deposits and the level of 8-OHdG staining decreased significantly in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as compared to the other groups .
Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels also increased significantly in the O. grandiflorum-treated stone-forming group , as compared with the untreated stone-forming group .
The results indicate that O. grandiflorum has a significant inhibitory effect on crystal deposition in the calcium oxalate-stone-forming rat model .

This study amied to investigate the effects of Orthosiphon grandiflorum on the renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and the inhibitory effects of O. grandiflorum on urinary deposit formation in an animal model and compared the results with those from a potassium citrate treatment. Rats were divided into three groups: an untreated stone-forming group, an O. grandiflorum-treated stone-forming group and a potassium citrate-treated stone forming group. Ethylene glycol (0.5%) was administered to the rats during the last week, and vitamin D3 (0.5 mum) was force fed to induce hyperoxaluria and kidney calcium oxalate crystal deposition. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected before and after inducing crystal deposits. Rats were killed and both kidneys were harvested after 3 weeks. Bisected kidneys were examined under a polarized light microscope to determine the number of crystals. The renal tissue superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were measured by Western blot. Oxidative stress was examined by 8-OHdG immunohistofluorescence. O. grandiflorum and potassium citrate have the ability to alkalinize urine. Among all groups, the number of crystal deposits and the level of 8-OHdG staining decreased significantly in the O. grandiflorum-treated stone forming group, as compared to the other groups. Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels also increased significantly in the O. grandiflorum-treated stone-forming group, as compared with the untreated stone-forming group. The results indicate that O. grandiflorum has a significant inhibitory effect on crystal deposition in the calcium oxalate-stone-forming rat model.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Orthosiphol A from the aerial parts of Orthosiphon aristatus is putatively responsible for hypoglyce

Orthosiphol A from the aerial parts of Orthosiphon aristatus is putatively responsible for hypoglycemic effect via alpha-glucosidase inhibition.

An infusion of Orthosiphon aristatus has long been used for diabetes therapy ; however , the active principles remained unknown @ @ @ @ @ the identification of the putative agents responsible for this antidiabetic activity using an a-glucosidase-guided isolation @ @ @ @ @ ( 1 ) , salvigenin ( 2 ) , tetramethylscutellarein ( 3 ) and 3,7,4'-tri-O-methylkaempferol @ @ @ @ @ with a diterpenoid named orthosiphol A ( 5 ) , were characterized , based on @ @ @ @ @ .
Flavonoids 3 and 4 inhibited yeast a-glucosidase with IC , o values of 6.34 @ @ @ @ @ , whereas orthosiphol A ( 5 ) selectively inhibited intestinal maltase with an IC5o , @ @ @ @ @ A kinetic investigation of 5 indicated that it retarded maltase function in a noncompetitive manner @

An infusion of Orthosiphon aristatus has long been used for diabetes therapy; however, the active principles remained unknown. Herein, we report the identification of the putative agents responsible for this antidiabetic activity using an a-glucosidase-guided isolation. Four flavonoids named sinensetin (1), salvigenin (2), tetramethylscutellarein (3) and 3,7,4'-tri-O-methylkaempferol (4), together with a diterpenoid named orthosiphol A (5), were characterized, based on analysis of their spectroscopic data. Flavonoids 3 and 4 inhibited yeast a-glucosidase with IC,o values of 6.34 and 0.75 mM, respectively, whereas orthosiphol A (5) selectively inhibited intestinal maltase with an IC5o, value of 6.54 mM. A kinetic investigation of 5 indicated that it retarded maltase function in a noncompetitive manner.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Hexane extract of Orthosiphon stamineus induces insulin expression and prevents glucotoxicity in INS

Hexane extract of Orthosiphon stamineus induces insulin expression and prevents glucotoxicity in INS-1 cells.

BACKGROUND : Hyperglycemia , a characteristic feature of diabetes , induces glucotoxicity in pancreaticβ-cells , resulting in further impairment of insulin secretion and worsening glycemic control .
Thus , preservation of insulin secretory capacity is essential for the management of type 2 diabetes .
In this study , we evaluated the ability of an Orthosiphon stamineus ( OS ) extract to prevent glucotoxicity in insulin-producing cells .
METHODS : We measured insulin mRNA expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ( GSIS ) in OS-treated INS-1 cells after exposure to a high glucose ( HG ; 30 mM ) concentration .
RESULTS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mRNA expression of insulin as well as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 of INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner .
The hexane OS extract also increased the levels of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) in a concentration-dependent manner .
Additionally , Akt phosphorylation was elevated by treatment with 100 and 200µmol of the hexane OS extract .
Three days of HG exposure suppressed insulin mRNA expression and GSIS ; these expressions were restored by treatment with the hexane OS extract .
HG elevated peroxide levels in the INS-1 cells .
These levels were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and hyperglycemic conditions .
CONCLUSION : Our results suggested that the hexane extract of OS elevates insulin mRNA expression and prevents glucotoxicity induced by a 3-day treatment with HG .
This was associated with the activation of PI-3K and Akt .

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia, a characteristic feature of diabetes, induces glucotoxicity in pancreaticβ-cells, resulting in further impairment of insulin secretion and worsening glycemic control. Thus, preservation of insulin secretory capacity is essential for the management of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the ability of an Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) extract to prevent glucotoxicity in insulin-producing cells.
METHODS: We measured insulin mRNA expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in OS-treated INS-1 cells after exposure to a high glucose (HG; 30 mM) concentration.
RESULTS: The hexane extract of OS elevated mRNA expression of insulin as well as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 of INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The hexane OS extract also increased the levels of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, Akt phosphorylation was elevated by treatment with 100 and 200µmol of the hexane OS extract. Three days of HG exposure suppressed insulin mRNA expression and GSIS; these expressions were restored by treatment with the hexane OS extract. HG elevated peroxide levels in the INS-1 cells. These levels were unaffected by OS treatment under both normal and hyperglycemic conditions.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the hexane extract of OS elevates insulin mRNA expression and prevents glucotoxicity induced by a 3-day treatment with HG. This was associated with the activation of PI-3K and Akt.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-22--Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of 50% ethanolic standardized extract of Orthosiphon s

Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of 50% ethanolic standardized extract of Orthosiphon stamineus.

In the present study , a 50 % ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was tested for itsα-glucosidase inhibitory activity .
@ @ @ @ @ extract ( containing 1.02 % , 3.76 % , and 3.03 % of 3'hydroxy-5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone , @ @ @ @ @ resp . )
showed that it possessed an inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in normal rats @ @ @ @ @ .
Theresults showed that 1000 mg/kg of the 50 % ethanolic extract of O. stamineus @ @ @ @ @ ) decreased the plasma glucose levels of the experimental animals in a manner resembling the @ @ @ @ @ streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats , only the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract showed @ @ @ @ @ ) lower plasma glucose levels after starch loading .
Hence , α-glucosidase inhibition might be @ @ @ @ @ which O. stamineus extract exerts its antidiabetic effect .
Furthermore , our findings indicated that @ @ @ @ @ of O. stamineus can be considered as a potential agent for the management of diabetes @ @

In the present study, a 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus was tested for itsα-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In vivo assays of the extract (containing 1.02%, 3.76%, and 3.03% of 3'hydroxy-5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin, resp.) showed that it possessed an inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in normal rats loaded with starch and sucrose. Theresults showed that 1000 mg/kg of the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus significantly (P<0.05) decreased the plasma glucose levels of the experimental animals in a manner resembling the effect of acarbose. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, only the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract showed significantly (P<0.05) lower plasma glucose levels after starch loading. Hence,α-glucosidase inhibition might be one of the mechanisms by which O. stamineus extract exerts its antidiabetic effect. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the 50% ethanolic extract of O. stamineus can be considered as a potential agent for the management of diabetes mellitus.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Promising preventive and therapeutic effects of TaibUVID nutritional supplements for COVID-19.

Adjuvant nutritional treatment is a commonly overlooked topic when treating lethal viral diseases as COVID-19 pandemic .
We recently introduced TaibUVID nutritional supplements ( nigella sativa , chamomile and natural honey ) as adjuvants for COVID-19 contacts , patients and public prophylaxis .
TaibUVID Forte adds costus , senna and fennel to TaibUVID .
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews confirmed evidence-based therapeutic benefits of TaibUVID components in treating many human diseases e.g .
diabetes mellitus and hypertension , common co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients .
Double-blind clinical trials for treating COVID-19 patients with TaibUVID supplements were inapplicable .
In this retrospective study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ knew TaibUVID via social media and voluntarily used them .
65 % of COVID-19 patients ( n = 13 ) received both pharmacological treatments and adjuvant TaibUVID nutritional supplements .
35 % ( n = 7 ) received TaibUVID only .
Lymphopenia rapidly improved to lymphocytosis upon regular TaibUVID intake .
TaibUVID nutritional supplements helped COVID-19 contacts ' prophylaxis .
70 % of COVID-19 contacts ( n = 14 ) ( on regular TaibUVID intake ) did not get SARS-COV2 infection .
30 % ( n = 6 ) were not using TaibUVID @ @ @ @ @ @ @ upon using both TaibUVID and pharmacological treatments , all improved and got negative nasopharyngeal swabs PCR .
COVID-19 contacts were mainly physicians ( 40 % , n = 8 ) ( dealing with COVID-19 patients daily ) and members of physicians ' families ( 45 % ) .
Main presentations reported by COVID-19 patients ( n = 20 ) were cough ( 90 % ) , fever ( 55 % ) , anosmia ( 45 % ) , taste loss ( 45 % ) , sore throat ( 45 % ) , respiratory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 35 % ) .
TaibUVID inhalation therapy ( nigella sativa/anthemis/costus solution nebulization ) was used by 65 % of COVID-19 patients ( n = 13 ) and alleviated respiratory manifestations e.g .
cough and respiratory difficulty and was life-saving in some cases .
70 % of COVID-19 patients ( n = 14 ) improved in 1-4 days , 25 % ( n = 5 ) improved in 5-10 days while 5 % improved in more than 10 days .
TaibUVID nutritional supplements were tolerable and significantly satisfactory ( P < 0.01 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ n = 13 ) did not report side effects .
18.25 % ( n = 3 ) reported mild diarrhea , sweating and hyperglycemia ( not confirmed to be due to TaibUVID supplements ) .
31.25 % of patients ( n = 5 ) were satisfied by 100 % with TaibUVID nutritional supplements .
37.5 % ( n = 6 ) of patients were satisfied by 75 % .
In conclusion , TaibUVID nutritional supplements are recommended for public prophylaxis ( to decrease emergence of new cases ) and treatment in COVID-19 pandemic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ recommended .

Adjuvant nutritional treatment is a commonly overlooked topic when treating lethal viral diseases as COVID-19 pandemic. We recently introduced TaibUVID nutritional supplements (nigella sativa, chamomile and natural honey) as adjuvants for COVID-19 contacts, patients and public prophylaxis. TaibUVID Forte adds costus, senna and fennel to TaibUVID. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews confirmed evidence-based therapeutic benefits of TaibUVID components in treating many human diseases e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension, common co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients. Double-blind clinical trials for treating COVID-19 patients with TaibUVID supplements were inapplicable. In this retrospective study in Egypt, COVID-19 patients and contacts knew TaibUVID via social media and voluntarily used them. 65% of COVID-19 patients (n = 13) received both pharmacological treatments and adjuvant TaibUVID nutritional supplements. 35% (n = 7) received TaibUVID only. Lymphopenia rapidly improved to lymphocytosis upon regular TaibUVID intake. TaibUVID nutritional supplements helped COVID-19 contacts' prophylaxis. 70% of COVID-19 contacts (n = 14) (on regular TaibUVID intake) did not get SARS-COV2 infection. 30% (n = 6) were not using TaibUVID regularly and got mild flu-like symptoms and upon using both TaibUVID and pharmacological treatments, all improved and got negative nasopharyngeal swabs PCR. COVID-19 contacts were mainly physicians (40%, n = 8) (dealing with COVID-19 patients daily) and members of physicians' families (45%). Main presentations reported by COVID-19 patients (n = 20) were cough (90%), fever (55%), anosmia (45%), taste loss (45%), sore throat (45%), respiratory difficulty (45%) and malaise (35%). TaibUVID inhalation therapy (nigella sativa/anthemis/costus solution nebulization) was used by 65% of COVID-19 patients (n = 13) and alleviated respiratory manifestations e.g. cough and respiratory difficulty and was life-saving in some cases. 70% of COVID-19 patients (n = 14) improved in 1-4 days, 25% (n = 5) improved in 5-10 days while 5% improved in more than 10 days. TaibUVID nutritional supplements were tolerable and significantly satisfactory (P<0.01). 81.25% of COVID-19 patients (n = 13) did not report side effects. 18.25% (n = 3) reported mild diarrhea, sweating and hyperglycemia (not confirmed to be due to TaibUVID supplements). 31.25% of patients (n = 5) were satisfied by 100% with TaibUVID nutritional supplements. 37.5% (n = 6) of patients were satisfied by 75%. In conclusion, TaibUVID nutritional supplements are recommended for public prophylaxis (to decrease emergence of new cases) and treatment in COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical trials and further investigations are recommended.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Thymoquinone ameliorates delayed cerebral injury and cerebral vasospasm secondary to experimental su

Thymoquinone ameliorates delayed cerebral injury and cerebral vasospasm secondary to experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage.

AIM OF THE STUDY : Among subarachnoid haemorrhage ( SAH ) patients , delayed cerebral injury ( DCI ) and infarction are the most important causes of death and major disability .
Cerebral vasospasm ( cVS ) and DCI remain the major cause of death and disability .
Thymoquinone ( TQ ) is the substance most responsible for the biological activity of nigella sativa ( NS ) and is useful in the treatment of ischaemic and neurodegenerative diseases , oxidative stress , inflammatory events , cardiovascular and neurological diseases .
We conducted an experimental study aimed to investigate the preventive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AND METHODS : 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups .
The first was the control group which was a sham surgery group .
The second group was the SAH group where the double haemorrage SAH protocol was used to induce vasospasm .
The third group was the SAH+TQ group , where cVS was induced by the SAH protocol and the animals received oral 2 cc thymoquinone solution for seven days at a dose of 10 mg/kg , after the induction of SAH .
The rats were euthanised seven days after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cerebral vasospasm was evaluated by measuring the basilar artery luminal area and arterial wall thickness .
Apoptosis was measured by the western blot method at brainstem neural tissue .
Oxidative stress was measured by the Erel Method .
Endothelin-1 was measured with ELISA analysis at blood .
Statistical analysis was performed .
RESULTS : Endothelin-1 values were found to be statistically significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups compared to the SAH group ( P < 0.001 ) .
Mean lumen area values were significantly higher in the control and SAH+TQ groups @ @ @ @ @ @ @ < 0.001 ) .
In the control and SAH+TQ groups , wall thickness values decreased significantly compared to the SAH group ( P < 0.001 ) .
OSI values were significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups than in the SAH group ( P < 0.001 ) .
Apoptosis was significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups than in the SAH group ( P < 0.001 ) .
CONCLUSION : Our results show that post-SAH TQ inhibits/improves DCI and cVS with positive effects on oxidative stress , apoptosis , ET-1 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , probably due to its anti-ischaemic , antispasmodic , antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects .

AIM OF THE STUDY: Among subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients, delayed cerebral injury (DCI) and infarction are the most important causes of death and major disability. Cerebral vasospasm (cVS) and DCI remain the major cause of death and disability. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the substance most responsible for the biological activity of nigella sativa (NS) and is useful in the treatment of ischaemic and neurodegenerative diseases, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. We conducted an experimental study aimed to investigate the preventive and corrective effects of TQ.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first was the control group which was a sham surgery group. The second group was the SAH group where the double haemorrage SAH protocol was used to induce vasospasm. The third group was the SAH+TQ group, where cVS was induced by the SAH protocol and the animals received oral 2 cc thymoquinone solution for seven days at a dose of 10 mg/kg, after the induction of SAH. The rats were euthanised seven days after the first procedure. The degree of cerebral vasospasm was evaluated by measuring the basilar artery luminal area and arterial wall thickness. Apoptosis was measured by the western blot method at brainstem neural tissue. Oxidative stress was measured by the Erel Method. Endothelin-1 was measured with ELISA analysis at blood. Statistical analysis was performed.
RESULTS: Endothelin-1 values were found to be statistically significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups compared to the SAH group (P<0.001). Mean lumen area values were significantly higher in the control and SAH+TQ groups than in the SAH group (P<0.001). In the control and SAH+TQ groups, wall thickness values decreased significantly compared to the SAH group (P<0.001). OSI values were significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups than in the SAH group (P<0.001). Apoptosis was significantly lower in the control and SAH+TQ groups than in the SAH group (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: Our results show that post-SAH TQ inhibits/improves DCI and cVS with positive effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, ET-1, lumen area, and vessel wall thickness, probably due to its anti-ischaemic, antispasmodic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Guava and Tomato Lower Risks for Neurodegenerative Diseases

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greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Virtual screening of phytoconstituents from miracle herb nigella sativa targeting nucleocapsid prote

Virtual screening of phytoconstituents from miracle herb nigella sativa targeting nucleocapsid protein and papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) is a novel etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) .
, commonly known as black seed or black cumin , has been a historical and traditional plant since thousands of years .
Based on their therapeutic efficacy , the chief components of terpenoids and flavonoids were selected fromseeds and seed oil .
This study was designed to check the antiviral efficacy ofmain phytoconstituents against five potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 usingstructure-based virtual screening approach .
Out of twenty five phytocomponents , ten components showed best binding affinity against two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; PDB ID : 6M3M ) of nucleocapsid protein and papain-like protease ( PL- ; PDB ID : 6W9C ) of SARS-CoV-2 using AutoDock 4.2.6 , AutoDock Vina and iGEMDOCK .
PASS analyses of all ten phytocomponents using Lipinski 's Rule of five showed promising results .
Further , druglikeness and toxicity assessment using OSIRIS Data Warrior v5.2.1 software exhibited the feasibility of phytocomponents as drug candidates with no predicted toxicity .
Molecular dynamics simulation study of NRBD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-alpha-spinasterol complex and PL -- cycloeucalenol complex displayed strong stability at 300 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mean square deviation ( RMSDs ) of protein side chains and Cα atoms throughout the simulation run time .
Interestingly , PL-and NRBD are key proteins in viral replication , host cell immune evasion and viral assembly .
Thus , NRBD and PL-have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets forphytoconstituents in drug discovery process against COVID-19 .

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)., commonly known as black seed or black cumin, has been a historical and traditional plant since thousands of years. Based on their therapeutic efficacy, the chief components of terpenoids and flavonoids were selected fromseeds and seed oil. This study was designed to check the antiviral efficacy ofmain phytoconstituents against five potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 usingstructure-based virtual screening approach. Out of twenty five phytocomponents, ten components showed best binding affinity against two viral proteinsN-terminal RNA binding domain (NRBD; PDB ID: 6M3M) of nucleocapsid protein and papain-like protease (PL-; PDB ID: 6W9C) of SARS-CoV-2 using AutoDock 4.2.6, AutoDock Vina and iGEMDOCK. PASS analyses of all ten phytocomponents using Lipinski's Rule of five showed promising results. Further, druglikeness and toxicity assessment using OSIRIS Data Warrior v5.2.1 software exhibited the feasibility of phytocomponents as drug candidates with no predicted toxicity. Molecular dynamics simulation study of NRBD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-alpha-spinasterol complex and PL--cycloeucalenol complex displayed strong stability at 300 K. Both these complexes exhibited constant root mean square deviation (RMSDs) of protein side chains and Cα atoms throughout the simulation run time. Interestingly, PL-and NRBD are key proteins in viral replication, host cell immune evasion and viral assembly. Thus, NRBD and PL-have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets forphytoconstituents in drug discovery process against COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Anticancer activity of thymoquinone cubic phase nanoparticles against human breast cancer.

Introduction : Triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive disorder which accounts for at least 15 % of breast cancer diagnosis and a high percentage of breast cancer morbidity , hence intensive research efforts are focused on the development of effective therapies to overcome the disease .
Thymoquinone ( TQ ) , the bioactive constituent of , exhibits anticancer activity , yet its translation to the clinic is hindered by its poor bioavailability and lack of quantification method in blood and tissues .
To overcome these limitations , cubosomes were utilized for the encapsulation and delivery of this anticancer molecule @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prepared through the emulsification homogenization method .
The physicochemical characteristics , including particle size , zeta potential , morphology and entrapment efficiency , were studied .
Moreover , the in vitro antitumor activity was tested on breast cancer cell lines ( MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 ) and compared to non-tumorigenic cell line ( MCF-10A ) .
Subcellular localization , cellular uptake and apoptotic effects of the formulations were assessed .
Results : The results revealed that the TQ loaded cubosomal formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 98.0± 4.10 nm with narrow unimodal distribution @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ± 3.58 % ) and zeta potential ( 31.50 ±4.20 mV ) conceived the effectiveness of this nanosystem for TQ encapsulation .
Cell viability in both breast cancer cell lines demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in response to treatment with free TQ or TQ-loaded cubosomes , with enhanced antitumor activity upon treating with the latter formulation .
A significant increase in apoptotic bodies and cleaved caspase 3 was observed upon treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with either TQ or TQ-loaded cubosomes .
Localization and trafficking studies unveiled that cubosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Our results show that thymoquinone encapsulation in cubosomal nanoparticles provides a promising anticancer drug delivery system with the ability to label , detect and subsequently trace it within the human cells .

Introduction: Triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive disorder which accounts for at least 15% of breast cancer diagnosis and a high percentage of breast cancer morbidity, hence intensive research efforts are focused on the development of effective therapies to overcome the disease. Thymoquinone (TQ), the bioactive constituent of, exhibits anticancer activity, yet its translation to the clinic is hindered by its poor bioavailability and lack of quantification method in blood and tissues. To overcome these limitations, cubosomes were utilized for the encapsulation and delivery of this anticancer molecule.
Methods: Thymoquinone loaded cubosomes were prepared through the emulsification homogenization method. The physicochemical characteristics, including particle size, zeta potential, morphology and entrapment efficiency, were studied. Moreover, the in vitro antitumor activity was tested on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and compared to non-tumorigenic cell line (MCF-10A). Subcellular localization, cellular uptake and apoptotic effects of the formulations were assessed.
Results: The results revealed that the TQ loaded cubosomal formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 98.0± 4.10 nm with narrow unimodal distribution. The high entrapment efficiency (96.60 ± 3.58%) and zeta potential (31.50 ±4.20 mV) conceived the effectiveness of this nanosystem for TQ encapsulation. Cell viability in both breast cancer cell lines demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in response to treatment with free TQ or TQ-loaded cubosomes, with enhanced antitumor activity upon treating with the latter formulation. A significant increase in apoptotic bodies and cleaved caspase 3 was observed upon treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with either TQ or TQ-loaded cubosomes. Localization and trafficking studies unveiled that cubosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm of the studied breast cancer cell lines.
Discussion: Our results show that thymoquinone encapsulation in cubosomal nanoparticles provides a promising anticancer drug delivery system with the ability to label, detect and subsequently trace it within the human cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-24--Protective effects of Nigella sativa extract against H2O2-induced cell death

Oxidative stress is known to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in endothelial cells and indorse development of atherosclerosis .
The aim of this research was to assess the cytoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa ( NSE ) against HO-induced cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) and also study the probable mechanisms through which NSE exhibited cyto-protection .
The cytotoxicity was measured by exposing the HUVECs with NSE ( 10-200μg/ml ) and HO ( 25-1000μM ) for 24 h. Then , the HUVECs were pretreated with noncytotoxic doses ( 10-50 μg/ml ) of NSE for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HOfor 24 h. The MTT , NRU , and morphological assays were performed to assess the cytotoxicity and cyto-protection .
Potential antioxidant activity of NSE on oxidative stress marker ( glutathione [ GSH ] and lipid peroxidation [ LPO ] ) was also evaluated .
The fluorescence probe , DCF-DA , and Rh123 were applied to measure the reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) level and mitochondrial membrane potential .
Moreover , flow cytometric analysis and comet assay were used to study the cell cycle arrest and DNA damage , respectively .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 50μg/ml ) of NSE were found to protect HUVECs against HO ( 200μM ) -induced cytotoxicity in HUVECs .
Pretreatment of HUVECs with NSE significantly reduced the LPO and ROS levels and restored the GSH and loss of MMP induced by HO .
Furthermore , NSE inhibited HO-induced cell cycle arrest and cellular DNA damage in HUVECs .
Altogether , these results suggest that NSE can prevent HO-induced cell death , and NSE could be a potential candidate that can prevent HUVECs against toxicants .

Oxidative stress is known to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in endothelial cells and indorse development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this research was to assess the cytoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa (NSE) against HO-induced cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and also study the probable mechanisms through which NSE exhibited cyto-protection. The cytotoxicity was measured by exposing the HUVECs with NSE (10-200μg/ml) and HO(25-1000μM) for 24 h. Then, the HUVECs were pretreated with noncytotoxic doses (10-50 μg/ml) of NSE for 24 h before administration of 200 μM HOfor 24 h. The MTT, NRU, and morphological assays were performed to assess the cytotoxicity and cyto-protection. Potential antioxidant activity of NSE on oxidative stress marker (glutathione [GSH] and lipid peroxidation [LPO]) was also evaluated. The fluorescence probe, DCF-DA, and Rh123 were applied to measure the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis and comet assay were used to study the cell cycle arrest and DNA damage, respectively. The concentrations (10, 30, and 50μg/ml) of NSE were found to protect HUVECs against HO(200μM)-induced cytotoxicity in HUVECs. Pretreatment of HUVECs with NSE significantly reduced the LPO and ROS levels and restored the GSH and loss of MMP induced by HO. Furthermore, NSE inhibited HO-induced cell cycle arrest and cellular DNA damage in HUVECs. Altogether, these results suggest that NSE can prevent HO-induced cell death, and NSE could be a potential candidate that can prevent HUVECs against toxicants.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Effects of Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone against bisphenol A-induced metabolic disorder.

The underlying mechanisms of bisphenol A ( BPA ) -induced metabolic disorder and the protective impact of Nigella sativa oil ( NSO ) and thymoquinone ( TQ ) against BPA-induced metabolic disorder were investigated .
Rats were treated as follows : Control , BPA ( 10 mg/kg ) , TQ ( 2 mg/kg ) , NSO ( 84 μL/kg ) , BPA + TQ ( 0.5 , 1 , 2 mg/kg ) , and BPA + NSO ( 21 , 42 , 84 μL/kg ) .
BPA was administered by gavage , while , TQ and NSO were injected intraperitoneally @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The weight , blood pressure , serum parameters [ glucose , lipid profile , hepaticenzymes , insulin , interlukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , leptin , adiponectin ] , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , glutathione ( GSH ) and insulin signaling pathways [ insulin receptor substrate ( p-IRS , IRS ) ; kinase ( p-Akt , Akt ) ; glycogen synthase kinase ( p-GS3K , GS3K ) ] were measured .
BPA increased the blood pressure , MDA , lipid profile , hepatic enzymes , insulin , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and decreased the GSH and phosphorylated forms of IRS , Akt , GS3K but did not alter weight , glucose , IRS , AKT , and GS3K in the liver .
Administration of NSO or TQ with BPA reduced the blood pressure , liver level of MDA , lipid profile , hepatic enzymes , insulin , IL-6 , TNF-α , leptin , and increased the liver level of GSH and p-IRS , p-AKT , p-GS3K .
TQ and NSO are thought to be effective in controlling metabolic disorders induced by BPA .

The underlying mechanisms of bisphenol A (BPA)-induced metabolic disorder and the protective impact of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and thymoquinone (TQ) against BPA-induced metabolic disorder were investigated. Rats were treated as follows: Control, BPA (10 mg/kg), TQ (2 mg/kg), NSO (84 μL/kg), BPA + TQ (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg), and BPA + NSO (21, 42, 84 μL/kg). BPA was administered by gavage, while, TQ and NSO were injected intraperitoneally (daily, 54 days). The weight, blood pressure, serum parameters [glucose, lipid profile, hepaticenzymes, insulin, interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin], malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and insulin signaling pathways [insulin receptor substrate (p-IRS,IRS); kinase (p-Akt,Akt); glycogen synthase kinase (p-GS3K,GS3K)] were measured. BPA increased the blood pressure, MDA, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes, insulin, IL-6, TNF-α, and leptin, and decreased the GSH and phosphorylated forms of IRS, Akt, GS3K but did not alter weight, glucose, IRS, AKT, and GS3K in the liver. Administration of NSO or TQ with BPA reduced the blood pressure, liver level of MDA, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes, insulin, IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and increased the liver level of GSH and p-IRS, p-AKT, p-GS3K. TQ and NSO are thought to be effective in controlling metabolic disorders induced by BPA.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Nigella sativa and thymoquinone: A natural blessing for periodontal therapy.

Thymoquinone ( TQ ) , the chief active constituent of ( NS ) , shows very valuable biomedical properties such @ @ @ @ @ anticancer , anti-inflammatory , antihypertensive , hypoglycemic , antiparasitic and anti-asthmatic effects .
Several studies @ @ @ @ @ of TQ in the treatment of oral diseases but its potential role in periodontal therapy @ @ @ @ @ fully defined .
The present investigation has been designed to review the scientific studies about @ @ @ @ @ an adjunct to periodontal treatment to promote healing and periodontal regeneration .
Along with clinical @ @ @ @ @ exhibit the beneficial effects of TQ during periodontal therapy .
Nevertheless , additional comprehensive clinical @ @ @ @ @ and molecular levels are essential to examine the particular action mechanisms ofand its elements , @ @ @ @ @ treatment or regeneration .

Thymoquinone (TQ), the chief active constituent of(NS), shows very valuable biomedical properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, antiparasitic and anti-asthmatic effects. Several studies have examined the pharmacological actions of TQ in the treatment of oral diseases but its potential role in periodontal therapy and regeneration is not yet fully defined. The present investigation has been designed to review the scientific studies about the effects of TQ as an adjunct to periodontal treatment to promote healing and periodontal regeneration. Along with clinical experiments, in vitro studies exhibit the beneficial effects of TQ during periodontal therapy. Nevertheless, additional comprehensive clinical and preclinical studies at cellular and molecular levels are essential to examine the particular action mechanisms ofand its elements, particularly TQ, during periodontal treatment or regeneration.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Elderberry as potential source of antioxidants.

The present study aimed to characterize the nutritional value and potential use of elderberries as a source of antioxidant compounds @ @ @ @ @ fatty acids and phenolic compounds were determined for elderberries .
The optimization of extraction parameters @ @ @ @ @ design coupled with response surface methodology ( RSM ) and desirability function analysis .
The @ @ @ @ @ temperature , % of ethanol and pH , while response variables were global extraction yield @ @ @ @ @ content ( TAC ) , carotenoids and antioxidant activity .
Analyses revealed that elderberry was @ @ @ @ @ soluble solids , proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega-3 : 38.12 g/100 g and @ @ @ @ @ fatty acids ) .
Regarding phenolic compounds , elderberries were found abundant in flavonoids ( @ @ @ @ @ and phenolic acids ( i.e .
gallic acid and gentisic acid ) .
Finally , @ @ @ @ @ best extraction parameters were the following : temperature 60 °C , 50 % of ethanol @ @ @ @

The present study aimed to characterize the nutritional value and potential use of elderberries as a source of antioxidant compounds. The chemical composition, fatty acids and phenolic compounds were determined for elderberries. The optimization of extraction parameters was designed with a Box-Behnken design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function analysis. The process parameters tested included extraction temperature, % of ethanol and pH, while response variables were global extraction yield, total phenolic and anthocyanins content (TAC), carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Analyses revealed that elderberry was a rich source of total soluble solids, proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3: 38.12 g/100 g and omega-6: 39.54 g/100 g fatty acids). Regarding phenolic compounds, elderberries were found abundant in flavonoids (rutin and quercetin), and phenolic acids (i.e. gallic acid and gentisic acid). Finally, numerical optimization indicated that the best extraction parameters were the following: temperature 60 °C, 50% of ethanol and pH 2.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--The effects of Sambucus nigra berry on acute respiratory viral infections.

Brief overview : Collectively the evidence obtained from across five clinical studies involving 936 adults indicate that mono-herbal preparations ofL .
berry ( ) , when taken within 48 hours of the onset of acute respiratory viral infection , may reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms in adults .
There is currently no evidence to support the use ofberry for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19 .
Given the body of evidence from preclinical studies demonstrating the antiviral effects ofberry , alongside the results from clinical studies involving influenza viral infections included in this review @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ofberry on COVID-19 are encouraged .
Verdict : The evidence included in this review is mostly derived from clinical studies involving adult participants and examining short-term use of commercial formulations ofberry for up to 16 days .
Findings from included studies suggest that mono-herbal preparations ofberry ( in extract or lozenge formulation ) may reduce influenza-type symptoms , including fever , headache , nasal congestion and nasal mucous discharge in adults , when taken within the first 48 hours of symptom onset .
Within 2-4 days oftreatment , most adult participants experienced significant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 50 % .
Evidence regarding the effectiveness ofberry on the symptom of cough , and need for/use of medicines ( including antibiotics ) to treat acute respiratory infections , is currently unclear and inconsistent .
Adverse events were rare with no serious events reported .
Adverse events , reported in two studies , were more common in comparators than in treatments .
There is currently no reliable or sufficient scientific evidence to support the use ofin pregnant or lactating women .

Brief overview: Collectively the evidence obtained from across five clinical studies involving 936 adults indicate that mono-herbal preparations ofL. berry (), when taken within 48 hours of the onset of acute respiratory viral infection, may reduce the duration and severity of common cold and influenza symptoms in adults. There is currently no evidence to support the use ofberry for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Given the body of evidence from preclinical studies demonstrating the antiviral effects ofberry, alongside the results from clinical studies involving influenza viral infections included in this review, pre-clinical research exploring the potential effects ofberry on COVID-19 are encouraged.
Verdict: The evidence included in this review is mostly derived from clinical studies involving adult participants and examining short-term use of commercial formulations ofberry for up to 16 days. Findings from included studies suggest that mono-herbal preparations ofberry (in extract or lozenge formulation) may reduce influenza-type symptoms, including fever, headache, nasal congestion and nasal mucous discharge in adults, when taken within the first 48 hours of symptom onset. Within 2-4 days oftreatment, most adult participants experienced significant symptom reduction, by an average of 50%. Evidence regarding the effectiveness ofberry on the symptom of cough, and need for/use of medicines (including antibiotics) to treat acute respiratory infections, is currently unclear and inconsistent. Adverse events were rare with no serious events reported. Adverse events, reported in two studies, were more common in comparators than in treatments. There is currently no reliable or sufficient scientific evidence to support the use ofin pregnant or lactating women.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Open Letter to the Swedish Prime Minister and Swedish Public Health Director


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Chokeberry anthocyanins and their metabolites ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Chokeberry anthocyanins and their metabolites ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

The aim of this study was to determine whether anthocyanins and their phase II metabolites permeate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier @ @ @ @ @ and to profile these compounds in sheep biofluids after chokeberry intraruminal administration .
Anthocyanins were @ @ @ @ @ chokeberry administration , anthocyanins were absorbed and occurred in body fluids mainly in the form @ @ @ @ @ and sulfated derivatives ( in total , 21 derivatives were identified ) .
The study @ @ @ @ @ B-CSF-B and their change in profile and concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) @ @ @ @ @ of these compounds in blood plasma , although the presence of various cyanidin derivatives in @ @ @ @ @ chemical structure .
The biological fate of chokeberry anthocyanins , from absorption into blood to @ @ @ @ @ tracked to facilitate the design of further experimental procedures to determine the biological properties of @ @ @ @ @ neuroprotective activities .

The aim of this study was to determine whether anthocyanins and their phase II metabolites permeate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B) of sheep and to profile these compounds in sheep biofluids after chokeberry intraruminal administration. Anthocyanins were analyzed using micro-HPLC-MS/MS. After chokeberry administration, anthocyanins were absorbed and occurred in body fluids mainly in the form of methylated, glucuronidated, and sulfated derivatives (in total, 21 derivatives were identified). The study showed that anthocyanins penetrated the B-CSF-B and their change in profile and concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resulted from fluctuations in concentrations of these compounds in blood plasma, although the presence of various cyanidin derivatives in CSF also depended on their chemical structure. The biological fate of chokeberry anthocyanins, from absorption into blood to penetration into CSF, was tracked to facilitate the design of further experimental procedures to determine the biological properties of these compounds, including potentially neuroprotective activities.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of Wogonin.

Flavonoids are members of polyphenolic compounds , which are naturally presented in fruits , vegetables , and some medicinal plants @ @ @ @ @ of Scutellaria baicalensis is widely used as Chinese herbal medicine and contains several major bioactive @ @ @ @ @ Scutellarein , Baicalein , and Baicalin .
Experimental and clinical evidence has been proving that @ @ @ @ @ such as anti-cancer , anti-inflammation , and treatment of bacterial and viral infections .
In @ @ @ @ @ and emphasize the benefits of Wogonin as a therapeutic adjuvant for anti-viral infection , anti-inflammation @ @ @ @ @ anxiolytic and anticonvulsant .
Moreover , the molecular mechanism ( s ) how Wogonin mediates @ @ @ @ @ immune responses are also discussed and highlighted valuable properties of Wogonin in multiple therapies .

Flavonoids are members of polyphenolic compounds, which are naturally presented in fruits, vegetables, and some medicinal plants. Traditionally, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis is widely used as Chinese herbal medicine and contains several major bioactive compounds such as Wogonin, Scutellarein, Baicalein, and Baicalin. Experimental and clinical evidence has been proving that Wogonin exhibits diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we summarize and emphasize the benefits of Wogonin as a therapeutic adjuvant for anti-viral infection, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection as well as anxiolytic and anticonvulsant. Moreover, the molecular mechanism(s) how Wogonin mediates the cellular signal pathways and immune responses are also discussed and highlighted valuable properties of Wogonin in multiple therapies.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--A review of edible jujube, the Ziziphus jujuba fruit: A heath food supplement for anemia prevalence.

The fruits of , commonly known as jujube , red date or Chinese date , are taken as fresh or @ @ @ @ @ traditional medicine worldwide due to high nutritional and health values .
Traditionally in China , @ @ @ @ @ medicinal fruit that is being used in treating blood deficiency .
In this review , @ @ @ @ @ on the hematopoietic functions are summarized and discussed .
As illustrated in cell and animal @ @ @ @ @ jujube extract possessed beneficial effects , including regulation of erythropoiesis via activation of hypoxia inducible @ @ @ @ @ in recycling heme iron during erythrophagocytosis and bi-directional regulation of immune response .
Thus , @ @ @ @ @ is being proposed here .
Flavonoid , polysaccharide and triterpenoid within jujube could serve as @ @ @ @ @ for the aforementioned health benefits .
Taken together , these findings provide several lines of @ @ @ @ @ jujube as supplementary products for prevention and/or treatment of anemia .

The fruits of, commonly known as jujube, red date or Chinese date, are taken as fresh or dried food, and as traditional medicine worldwide due to high nutritional and health values. Traditionally in China, jujube is considered as a medicinal fruit that is being used in treating blood deficiency. In this review, the beneficial effects of jujubes on the hematopoietic functions are summarized and discussed. As illustrated in cell and animal models, the application of jujube extract possessed beneficial effects, including regulation of erythropoiesis via activation of hypoxia inducible factor-induced erythropoietin, potential capacity in recycling heme iron during erythrophagocytosis and bi-directional regulation of immune response. Thus, the blood-nourishing function of jujube is being proposed here. Flavonoid, polysaccharide and triterpenoid within jujube could serve as the potential active ingredients accounting for the aforementioned health benefits. Taken together, these findings provide several lines of evidence for further development of jujube as supplementary products for prevention and/or treatment of anemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Enhancing wound healing in recalcitrant leg ulcers with aminolevulinic acid-mediated antimicrobial p

Enhancing wound healing in recalcitrant leg ulcers with aminolevulinic acid-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

Chronic leg ulcers affect millions of people around the world .
It is imperative to search for alternative , effective @ @ @ @ @ .
We reported the success of aminolevulinic acid-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy ( APDT ) to @ @ @ @ @ ulcers of 3 patients who were refractory to conventional treatments .
These ulcers heal after @ @ @ @ @ APDT and there was no recurrence for more than 29 months .
Interestingly , no @ @ @ @ @ ulcers after APDT treatment .
In vitro , APDT inactivated all bacteria isolated from the @ @ @ @ @ containing IL-6 enhanced keratinocyte migration .
The results suggest in addition to bactericidal effects , @ @ @ @ @ microenvironment .
APDT may be an effective alternative treatment for patients with recalcitrant infected ulcers @

Chronic leg ulcers affect millions of people around the world. It is imperative to search for alternative, effective treatments for such challenging ulcers. We reported the success of aminolevulinic acid-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) to enhance wound healing of chronic ulcers of 3 patients who were refractory to conventional treatments. These ulcers heal after one to three sessions of APDT and there was no recurrence for more than 29 months. Interestingly, no bacteria were isolated from the ulcers after APDT treatment. In vitro, APDT inactivated all bacteria isolated from the patients. APDT conditioned medium containing IL-6 enhanced keratinocyte migration. The results suggest in addition to bactericidal effects, APDT also alters the wound microenvironment. APDT may be an effective alternative treatment for patients with recalcitrant infected ulcers.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer- a narrative review.

This article is a review of approaches to treatment of low and high-grade prostate cancer including a discussion of active @ @ @ @ @ patients with low-grade prostate cancer .
In particular , we will review PDT as an @ @ @ @ @ low-grade prostate cancer considered in light of recent clinical trials .
The mechanism and clinical @ @ @ @ @ the key points from clinical trials using PDT for prostate cancer with the photosensitizers m-tetrahydroxyphenyl @ @ @ @ @ motexafin lutetium , padoporfin , and padeliporfin between the years 2002 and 2017 are reviewed @ @ @ @ @ photodynamic prostate cancer treatment that are in the experimental stage , photodynamic diagnosis , fluorescence @ @ @ @ @ PDT will also be discussed .

This article is a review of approaches to treatment of low and high-grade prostate cancer including a discussion of active treatment vs. active surveillance for patients with low-grade prostate cancer. In particular, we will review PDT as an option for active treatment of low-grade prostate cancer considered in light of recent clinical trials. The mechanism and clinical methods of PDT application and the key points from clinical trials using PDT for prostate cancer with the photosensitizers m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chloride, protoporphyrin IX, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin, and padeliporfin between the years 2002 and 2017 are reviewed. Recently developed methodologies for photodynamic prostate cancer treatment that are in the experimental stage, photodynamic diagnosis, fluorescence guided resection, and PSMA-targeted PDT will also be discussed.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--These results demonstrated that an oral intake of royal jelly suppressed anorexia and fatigue in ren

These results demonstrated that an oral intake of royal jelly suppressed anorexia and fatigue in renal cell carcinoma patients.

Inflammation is a common adverse event of anti-cancer therapy .
Royal jelly ( RJ ) modulates inflammation by regulating the levels of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α , transforming growth factor ( TGF ) -β , and interleukin ( IL ) -6 produced by macrophages .
Macrophage colony stimulating factor ( M-CSF ) is a crucial regulator of macrophage activities , and we hypothesized that RJ alters M-CSF levels .
In this randomized controlled trial , we investigated the associationbetween M-CSF and adverse events in renal cell carcinoma patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( TKIs ) after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 16 ) or placebo ( = 17 ) .
The serum levels of M-CSF , TNF-α , TGF-β , and IL-6 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , and their temporal changes and correlation between such changes were analyzed .
The post-/pretreatment ratio of M-CSF levels was associated with anorexia after 2 weeks and fatigue after 2 , 4 , and 12 weeks .
The M-CSF level inthe RJ group was higher than that in the placebo group at the same timepoints .
The TNF-α level in the RJ group was lower @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 6 and 12 weeks , and the TGF-β level in the RJ group was higher than that in the placebo group ; however , contrasting findings were detectedafter 12 weeks .
Additionally , the M-CSF level was significantly correlated with the TGF-β level after 4 weeks and IL-6 level after 8 and 10 weeks .
Among TNF-α , TGF-β , and IL-6 , the post-/pretreatment ratio of TGF-β after 12 weeks was associated with TKI-induced anorexia , and the ratios after 10and 12 weeks were associated with fatigue .
Our results demonstrated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and fatigue via complex mechanisms associated with inflammation-related factors , such as M-CSF and TGF-β in renal cell carcinoma patients treated with TKIs .
In addition , we newly foundthat such RJ-related effects were dependent on the treatment duration .

Inflammation is a common adverse event of anti-cancer therapy. Royal jelly (RJ) modulates inflammation by regulating the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and interleukin (IL)-6 produced by macrophages. Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a crucial regulator of macrophage activities, and we hypothesized that RJ alters M-CSF levels. In this randomized controlled trial, we investigated the associationbetween M-CSF and adverse events in renal cell carcinoma patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) after an oral intake of RJ (= 16) or placebo (= 17). The serum levels of M-CSF, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-6 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their temporal changes and correlation between such changes were analyzed. The post-/pretreatment ratio of M-CSF levels was associated with anorexia after 2 weeks and fatigue after 2, 4, and 12 weeks. The M-CSF level inthe RJ group was higher than that in the placebo group at the same timepoints. The TNF-α level in the RJ group was lower than that in the placebo group between 6 and 12 weeks, and the TGF-β level in the RJ group was higher than that in the placebo group; however, contrasting findings were detectedafter 12 weeks. Additionally, the M-CSF level was significantly correlated with the TGF-β level after 4 weeks and IL-6 level after 8 and 10 weeks. Among TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-6, the post-/pretreatment ratio of TGF-β after 12 weeks was associated with TKI-induced anorexia, and the ratios after 10and 12 weeks were associated with fatigue. Our results demonstrated that an oral intake of RJ suppressed anorexia and fatigue via complex mechanisms associated with inflammation-related factors, such as M-CSF and TGF-β in renal cell carcinoma patients treated with TKIs. In addition, we newly foundthat such RJ-related effects were dependent on the treatment duration.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--Optimal management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Introduction : Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis ( AFRS ) is a chronic disorder with significant morbidity and a high recurrence rate needing long-term follow-up .
Even after its first description many decades ago , there is still considerable uncertainty about the management of this condition .
Description : In this chapter , we breakdown the topic '' Optimal management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis '' into sub-headings in order to discuss the latest research and available literature under each topic in great detail .
Every attempt has been made to incorporate the highest level of evidence that was available at the time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and further management prior to surgery is important .
Steroids help in reducing inflammation and help improve the surgical field .
Surgery remains the mainstay in the management of this condition along with long-term medical management .
Oral steroids are reserved for acute flare-ups in the background of associated lung concerns .
Oral and topical antifungal agents have no role in the control of the disease .
Biological agents are being prescribed predominantly by respiratory physician colleagues , mainly for the control of the chest-related issues rather than for sinus disease .
Immunotherapy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Conclusion : AFRS is a disease with many variables and a wide range of symptomatic presentation .
It takes a keen clinician to identify the disease and subsequently manage the condition .
Treatment involves long-term follow-up with early detection of recurrence or flare-ups .
Any of the mentioned modalities of management may be employed to effectively control the condition , and treatment protocols will have to be tailor-made to suit each individual patient .
Various medications and drugs such as Manuka honey , antimicrobial photodynamic therapy , hydrogen peroxide and betadine rinses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ studies need to be undertaken to ascertain their routine use in clinical practice .

Introduction: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a chronic disorder with significant morbidity and a high recurrence rate needing long-term follow-up. Even after its first description many decades ago, there is still considerable uncertainty about the management of this condition.
Description: In this chapter, we breakdown the topic"Optimal management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis"into sub-headings in order to discuss the latest research and available literature under each topic in great detail. Every attempt has been made to incorporate the highest level of evidence that was available at the time of writing.
Summary: Pre-operative diagnosis and further management prior to surgery is important. Steroids help in reducing inflammation and help improve the surgical field. Surgery remains the mainstay in the management of this condition along with long-term medical management. Oral steroids are reserved for acute flare-ups in the background of associated lung concerns. Oral and topical antifungal agents have no role in the control of the disease. Biological agents are being prescribed predominantly by respiratory physician colleagues, mainly for the control of the chest-related issues rather than for sinus disease. Immunotherapy as an adjunct with surgery is promising.
Conclusion: AFRS is a disease with many variables and a wide range of symptomatic presentation. It takes a keen clinician to identify the disease and subsequently manage the condition. Treatment involves long-term follow-up with early detection of recurrence or flare-ups. Any of the mentioned modalities of management may be employed to effectively control the condition, and treatment protocols will have to be tailor-made to suit each individual patient. Various medications and drugs such as Manuka honey, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, hydrogen peroxide and betadine rinses appear to be promising. More robust studies need to be undertaken to ascertain their routine use in clinical practice.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-23--The bactericidal activity and spore inhibition effect of manuka honey against Clostridioides diffici

The bactericidal activity and spore inhibition effect of manuka honey against Clostridioides difficile.

colitis overgrowth occurs when the normal gut microbiome becomes disrupted , often due to antibiotics .
Effective treatment remains elusive , due partly to the persistence of its spores in the gut .
Natural substances like manuka honey offer an alternative antimicrobial mechanism of action to conventional antibiotics .
We investigated the antibiotic activity of manuka honey against 20isolates .
The minimum inhibitory concentrations ( MICs ) and minimal bactericidal concentrations ( MBC ) of manuka honeys of methylglyoxal ( MGO ) grades 30 , 100 , 250 , and 400were determined based on broth microdilution .
Sporicidal activity was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by enumerating total viable cell and spore counts at 0-96 h after organism inoculation .
The MICs ofranged from 4 % to > 30 % ( / ) .
MICfor the four MGO grades were similar at 10-14 % .
MBC results for the majority of isolates were distributed bimodally at MBC/MIC ratios≤4 or MBC > 30 % .
Growth kinetics in honey showed total viable cell counts remaining > 10colony-forming units ( CFU ) /mL at all time points , whereas spore counts remained within 1-log of baseline ( 10CFU/mL ) in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control to > 10CFU/mL by 96 h. Manuka honey demonstrated variable inhibitory and bactericidal activity against .
MGO grade had no noticeable impact on overall MIC distributions or bactericidal activity .
Although manuka honey could inhibit spore proliferation , it did not eradicate spores completely .

colitis overgrowth occurs when the normal gut microbiome becomes disrupted, often due to antibiotics. Effective treatment remains elusive, due partly to the persistence of its spores in the gut. Natural substances like manuka honey offer an alternative antimicrobial mechanism of action to conventional antibiotics. We investigated the antibiotic activity of manuka honey against 20isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of manuka honeys of methylglyoxal (MGO) grades 30, 100, 250, and 400were determined based on broth microdilution. Sporicidal activity was assessed in a range of honey concentrations by enumerating total viable cell and spore counts at 0-96 h after organism inoculation. The MICs ofranged from 4% to>30% (/). MICfor the four MGO grades were similar at 10-14%. MBC results for the majority of isolates were distributed bimodally at MBC/MIC ratios≤4 or MBC>30%. Growth kinetics in honey showed total viable cell counts remaining>10colony-forming units (CFU)/mL at all time points, whereas spore counts remained within 1-log of baseline (10CFU/mL) in honey but steadily increased in the drug-free control to>10CFU/mL by 96 h. Manuka honey demonstrated variable inhibitory and bactericidal activity against. MGO grade had no noticeable impact on overall MIC distributions or bactericidal activity. Although manuka honey could inhibit spore proliferation, it did not eradicate spores completely.