greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Seasonal glyphosate and AMPA levels in urine of children and adolescents living in rural regions of

Seasonal glyphosate and AMPA levels in urine of children and adolescents living in rural regions of Northeastern Slovenia.

There are extensive data on the toxicity of glyphosate ( GLY ) based herbicides ( GBH ) , however the interpretation of some data ( e.g .
carcinogenic effect ) are subject to controversy .
For the appropriate health risk assessment more data on exposure levels in the general population , especially in susceptible groups such as pregnant women , the elderly and children are needed .
The aims of the present study were to estimate the exposure to GLY and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid ( AMPA ) in children and adolescents living in agricultural areas , to identify @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to assess co-exposure with elements .
In total , 149 children ( aged 7-10 years , 55 % girls ) and 97 adolescents ( aged 12-15 years ; 44 % girls ) were recruited in 2018 from rural areas of Northeastern Slovenia .
The effect of seasonal GLY application on the exposure was estimated using GLY and AMPA levels determined by GC-MS/MS in first morning urine in winter ( n = 246 ) and in late-spring/early-summer seasons ( n = 225 ) .
Levels of elements were determined by ICP-MS in urine in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the first sampling .
Questionnaire data on basic characteristics , dietary habits , living environments and use of pesticides were obtained for all participants .
GLY and AMPA were detected in 27 % and 50 % of urine samples from the first sampling period , respectively ; and in 22 % and 56 % from the second sampling period , respectively .
Geometric means and medians of both AMPA and GLY were below or at the limit of quantification ( ≤LOQ ; 0.1 µg/L ) .
Children rather than adolescents tended to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ boys rather than girls among adolescents .
The exposure did not significantly differ between both sampling periods .
Except for one individual , exposure was not higher among participants who reported use of GLY or herbicides in the vicinity of child 's home or live in close vicinity of agriculture , orchards , vineyards , gardens , sport courts or cemeteries .
The extensive food consumption frequency data revealed higher exposure to GLY and AMPA only among individuals with higher consumption of nuts and wholegrain rice .
Levels of AMPA and GLY were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ correlation in urine of the second than the first sampling ( Spearman 's rank coefficient : 0.49 vs 0.22 , respectively ) .
Urine levels of As , Pb , Co , Zn and Cu were significantly higher in participants with GLY and/or AMPA levels ≥LOQ than with levels

There are extensive data on the toxicity of glyphosate (GLY) based herbicides (GBH), however the interpretation of some data (e.g. carcinogenic effect) are subject to controversy. For the appropriate health risk assessment more data on exposure levels in the general population, especially in susceptible groups such as pregnant women, the elderly and children are needed. The aims of the present study were to estimate the exposure to GLY and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in children and adolescents living in agricultural areas, to identify possible determinants of the exposure, and to assess co-exposure with elements. In total, 149 children (aged 7-10 years, 55% girls) and 97 adolescents (aged 12-15 years; 44% girls) were recruited in 2018 from rural areas of Northeastern Slovenia. The effect of seasonal GLY application on the exposure was estimated using GLY and AMPA levels determined by GC-MS/MS in first morning urine in winter (n = 246) and in late-spring/early-summer seasons (n = 225). Levels of elements were determined by ICP-MS in urine in both samplings and in blood or plasma in the first sampling. Questionnaire data on basic characteristics, dietary habits, living environments and use of pesticides were obtained for all participants. GLY and AMPA were detected in 27% and 50% of urine samples from the first sampling period, respectively; and in 22% and 56% from the second sampling period, respectively. Geometric means and medians of both AMPA and GLY were below or at the limit of quantification (≤LOQ; 0.1 µg/L). Children rather than adolescents tended to have higher exposure, as did, boys rather than girls among adolescents. The exposure did not significantly differ between both sampling periods. Except for one individual, exposure was not higher among participants who reported use of GLY or herbicides in the vicinity of child's home or live in close vicinity of agriculture, orchards, vineyards, gardens, sport courts or cemeteries. The extensive food consumption frequency data revealed higher exposure to GLY and AMPA only among individuals with higher consumption of nuts and wholegrain rice. Levels of AMPA and GLY were significantly positively correlated, with considerably stronger correlation in urine of the second than the first sampling (Spearman's rank coefficient: 0.49 vs 0.22, respectively). Urine levels of As, Pb, Co, Zn and Cu were significantly higher in participants with GLY and/or AMPA levels ≥LOQ than with levels


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Glyphosate-based herbicide formulations and reproductive toxicity in animals.

The adoption of genetically engineered ( GE ) crops in agriculture has increased dramatically over the last few decades .
@ @ @ @ @ those tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate are among the most common .
Weed resistance to @ @ @ @ @ has been on the rise , leading to increased herbicide applications .
This , in @ @ @ @ @ increased glyphosate residues in feed .
Although glyphosate has been considered to be generally safe @ @ @ @ @ studies have shown that GBHs have potential to cause adverse effects in animal reproduction , @ @ @ @ @ enzymes in androgen synthesis , alteration of serum levels of estrogen and testosterone , damage @ @ @ @ @ of gametogenesis .
This review emphasizes known effects of GBHs on reproductive health as well @ @ @ @ @ residues pose to animal agriculture .

The adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops in agriculture has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Among the transgenic plants, those tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate are among the most common. Weed resistance to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has been on the rise, leading to increased herbicide applications. This, in turn, has led to increased glyphosate residues in feed. Although glyphosate has been considered to be generally safe to animal health, recent studies have shown that GBHs have potential to cause adverse effects in animal reproduction, including disruption of key regulatory enzymes in androgen synthesis, alteration of serum levels of estrogen and testosterone, damage to reproductive tissues and impairment of gametogenesis. This review emphasizes known effects of GBHs on reproductive health as well as the potential risk GBH residues pose to animal agriculture.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Glyphosate in Portuguese adults - A pilot study.

BACKGROUND : Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum biocide and the active ingredient in the most widely used herbicides worldwide .
Since 2015 , when the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified it as a Class 2A carcinogen , global interest in this chemical spiked particularly as regards exposure of the general population .
OBJECTIVE : An exploratory glyphosate exposure assessment was conducted among Portuguese adults .
METHODS : Self-selected participants provided first morning urine which was tested for glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid ( AMPA ) at two distinct periods of time , by two different laboratories using gas @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and high performance liquid chromatography linked to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry ( HPLC-MS/MS ) , respectively .
RESULTS : In the first round of testing 28 % and 50 % presented detectable levels of glyphosate and AMPA respectively , with median values of 0.25 and 0.16 μg/L .
Systematically available internal dose values were 8.20E-06 mg/Kg ( glyphosate ) and 5.04-05 mg/Kg ( AMPA ) .
In the second round 73 % and 97 % presented detectable levels of glyphosate and AMPA respectively with median values of 0.13 and 0.10 μg/L .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ mg/Kg ( glyphosate ) and 3.00E-06 mg/Kg ( AMPA ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Glyphosate exposure was detected among Portuguese adults , with percentages of glyphosate and AMPA contaminated urine in both rounds of testing and above values from previous studies in other European countries .
Systematically available internal doses values were below EFSA 's risk assessment values ( ADI or AOEL ) , and as such , the concentration values measured in this study are not per se a human health problem .
Even though there were study limitations , it is the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the overall knowledge map of glyphosate exposure in Europe .

BACKGROUND: Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum biocide and the active ingredient in the most widely used herbicides worldwide. Since 2015, when the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified it as a Class 2A carcinogen, global interest in this chemical spiked particularly as regards exposure of the general population.
OBJECTIVE: An exploratory glyphosate exposure assessment was conducted among Portuguese adults.
METHODS: Self-selected participants provided first morning urine which was tested for glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) at two distinct periods of time, by two different laboratories using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography linked to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), respectively.
RESULTS: In the first round of testing 28% and 50% presented detectable levels of glyphosate and AMPA respectively, with median values of 0.25 and 0.16 μg/L. Systematically available internal dose values were 8.20E-06 mg/Kg (glyphosate) and 5.04-05 mg/Kg (AMPA). In the second round 73% and 97% presented detectable levels of glyphosate and AMPA respectively with median values of 0.13 and 0.10 μg/L. Systematically available internal dose values were 4.00E-06 mg/Kg (glyphosate) and 3.00E-06 mg/Kg (AMPA).
CONCLUSIONS: Glyphosate exposure was detected among Portuguese adults, with percentages of glyphosate and AMPA contaminated urine in both rounds of testing and above values from previous studies in other European countries. Systematically available internal doses values were below EFSA's risk assessment values (ADI or AOEL), and as such, the concentration values measured in this study are not per se a human health problem. Even though there were study limitations, it is the first assessment in Portugal and contributes to the overall knowledge map of glyphosate exposure in Europe.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Glyphosate residues in soil affect crop plant germination and growth.

Glyphosate-based herbicides ( GBH ) are the most widely used pesticides globally .
Their persistence in soils and effects on non-target organisms have become a concern in agricultural and natural ecosystems .
We experimentally studied , whether residues of GBH ( Roundup Gold ) or pure glyphosate in soils affect the germination or sprouting and growth of crop plants after the safety period .
The seed germination of faba bean , oat and turnip rape , and sprouting of potato tubers was delayed in the greenhouse experiments in soils treated with GBH or with pure glyphosate .
The total shoot @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , oat 29 % and turnip rape 58 % higher in control compared to GBH soils four weeks after sowing .
In the beginning of the growing season , the plant growth in the field experiment supported the observations in the greenhouse experiment .
However , at the end of the field experiment , potato shoot biomass was 25 % and tuber biomass 14 % greater in GBH soil compared to control soil .
Potato tubers tended to gather low amounts of glyphosate ( 0.02 mg/kg ) and its metabolite AMPA ( 0.07 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was three times higher in oats growing in the GBH soils compared to control oats in the field .
Our results draw attention to complex indirect effects of GBH on crop plant seedling establishment and resistance to herbivores .

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most widely used pesticides globally. Their persistence in soils and effects on non-target organisms have become a concern in agricultural and natural ecosystems. We experimentally studied, whether residues of GBH (Roundup Gold) or pure glyphosate in soils affect the germination or sprouting and growth of crop plants after the safety period. The seed germination of faba bean, oat and turnip rape, and sprouting of potato tubers was delayed in the greenhouse experiments in soils treated with GBH or with pure glyphosate. The total shoot biomass of faba bean was 28%, oat 29% and turnip rape 58% higher in control compared to GBH soils four weeks after sowing. In the beginning of the growing season, the plant growth in the field experiment supported the observations in the greenhouse experiment. However, at the end of the field experiment, potato shoot biomass was 25% and tuber biomass 14% greater in GBH soil compared to control soil. Potato tubers tended to gather low amounts of glyphosate (0.02 mg/kg) and its metabolite AMPA (0.07 mg/kg). Grazing by barnacle geese was three times higher in oats growing in the GBH soils compared to control oats in the field. Our results draw attention to complex indirect effects of GBH on crop plant seedling establishment and resistance to herbivores.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Chemopreventive effect of germinated oat and its phenolic extract in a model of colon carcinogenesis

Chemopreventive effect of germinated oat and its phenolic extract in a model of colon carcinogenesis.

The consumption of fruits , vegetables , nuts , legumes , and whole grains has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer ( CRC ) due to the content of natural compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities .
The oat ( L. ) is a unique source of avenanthramides ( AVAs ) , among other compounds , with chemopreventive effects .
In addition , oat germination has shown enhanced nutraceutical and phytochemical properties .
Therefore , our objective was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of the sprouted oat ( SO ) and its phenolic-AVA extract ( AVA ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sodium ( DSS ) -induced CRC mouse model .
Turquesa oat seeds were germinated ( five days at 25°C and 60 % relative humidity ) and , after 16 weeks of administration , animals in the SO- and AVA-treated groups had a significantly lower inflammation grade and tumor ( 38-50 % ) and adenocarcinoma ( 38-63 % ) incidence compared to those of the AOM+DSS group ( 80 % ) .
Although both treatments normalized colonic GST and NQO1 activities as well as erythrocyte GSH levels , and significantly reduced cecal and colonic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the intestinal parameters , the inflammatory states , and the redox states of the animals , SO exerted a superior chemopreventive effect , probably due to the synergistic effects of multiple compounds .
Our results indicate that oats retain their biological properties even after the germination process .

The consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) due to the content of natural compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities. The oat (L.) is a unique source of avenanthramides (AVAs), among other compounds, with chemopreventive effects. In addition, oat germination has shown enhanced nutraceutical and phytochemical properties. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of the sprouted oat (SO) and its phenolic-AVA extract (AVA) in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced CRC mouse model. Turquesa oat seeds were germinated (five days at 25°C and 60% relative humidity) and, after 16 weeks of administration, animals in the SO- and AVA-treated groups had a significantly lower inflammation grade and tumor (38-50%) and adenocarcinoma (38-63%) incidence compared to those of the AOM+DSS group (80%). Although both treatments normalized colonic GST and NQO1 activities as well as erythrocyte GSH levels, and significantly reduced cecal and colonic β-GA, thus indicating an improvement in the intestinal parameters, the inflammatory states, and the redox states of the animals, SO exerted a superior chemopreventive effect, probably due to the synergistic effects of multiple compounds. Our results indicate that oats retain their biological properties even after the germination process.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Video: Being the Bridge to the New World w/ Sayer Ji, Dr. Barre Lando, and Mike Winner

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis attenuates the postpartum effects of preeclampsia by promoting M2 macr

Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis attenuates the postpartum effects of preeclampsia by promoting M2 macrophage polarization.

Preeclampsia is a complex disorder that is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria at or after 20 weeks of gestation .
Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality .
MgSOis commonly used to treat severe preeclampsia , but its mechanism of action is poorly understood , and investigations into the effects of MgSOduring the postpartum period are lacking .
In this study , timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received low-dose lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) on gestational day 14 to induce preeclampsia .
Maternal and fetal outcomes and the macrophage profile 1 week after delivery were explored @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 7 , the maternal systolic blood pressure and urinary protein level were significantly increased , the number of M1 macrophages was increased and the number of M2 macrophages was decreased in the maternal kidney and brain ; the median duration of gestation , the number of live fetuses , and the fetal weight/placenta weight ratio were significantly decreased ; and the percentage of growth-restricted pups and fetal mortality were significantly increased in preeclampsia rats compared to normal pregnant control rats .
Prophylactic MgSOdecreased blood pressure at PD7 , improved pregnancy outcomes , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the kidney and of M2 microglia in the brain of preeclampsia rats .
These findings confirm that the pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves the dysregulation of the inflammatory response and the activation of M1 macrophages in several target organs during pregnancy .
MgSOprophylaxis attenuates the postpartum effects of preeclampsia by promoting M2 macrophage polarization in the maternal kidney and brain .

Preeclampsia is a complex disorder that is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria at or after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. MgSOis commonly used to treat severe preeclampsia, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood, and investigations into the effects of MgSOduring the postpartum period are lacking. In this study, timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gestational day 14 to induce preeclampsia. Maternal and fetal outcomes and the macrophage profile 1 week after delivery were explored. On postpartum day (PD) 7, the maternal systolic blood pressure and urinary protein level were significantly increased, the number of M1 macrophages was increased and the number of M2 macrophages was decreased in the maternal kidney and brain; the median duration of gestation, the number of live fetuses, and the fetal weight/placenta weight ratio were significantly decreased; and the percentage of growth-restricted pups and fetal mortality were significantly increased in preeclampsia rats compared to normal pregnant control rats. Prophylactic MgSOdecreased blood pressure at PD7, improved pregnancy outcomes, and promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages in the kidney and of M2 microglia in the brain of preeclampsia rats. These findings confirm that the pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves the dysregulation of the inflammatory response and the activation of M1 macrophages in several target organs during pregnancy. MgSOprophylaxis attenuates the postpartum effects of preeclampsia by promoting M2 macrophage polarization in the maternal kidney and brain.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--A short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation is safe and feasible for patients

BACKGROUND : Intravenous administration of magnesium with a short hydration regimen is recommended for patients receiving high-dose cisplatin to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity .
However , the optimal dose of magnesium supplementation has not been clarified .
The aim of this trial was to investigate the safety and efficacy of a short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation for lung cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy .
METHODS : The key eligibility criteria included cytologically or histologically diagnosed lung cancer , candidacy for cisplatin-based ( ≥ 60 mg/m ) chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy , no prior chemotherapy , aged 20-75 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Cisplatin was administered with pre-hydration with 20 mEq of magnesium sulfate .
Mannitol was administered just before cisplatin infusion to enforce diuresis .
The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who underwent cisplatin-based chemotherapy with a short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation without a grade 2 or higher elevation in creatinine .
RESULTS : Forty patients with a median age of 66 years ( range 35-74 ) were prospectively enrolled .
Median baseline creatinine was 0.71 mg/dL .
Median dose of cisplatin in the first cycle was 80 mg/m @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients developed grade 2 creatinine toxicity .
During the treatment period , one patient developed grade 2 creatinine elevation ; thus , the proportion of patients without a grade 2 or higher elevation in creatinine was 97.5 % ( 95 % confidence interval 86.8-99.9 ) .
CONCLUSION : A short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation is safe and feasible for patients with lung cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy .

BACKGROUND: Intravenous administration of magnesium with a short hydration regimen is recommended for patients receiving high-dose cisplatin to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, the optimal dose of magnesium supplementation has not been clarified. The aim of this trial was to investigate the safety and efficacy of a short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation for lung cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
METHODS: The key eligibility criteria included cytologically or histologically diagnosed lung cancer, candidacy for cisplatin-based (≥ 60 mg/m) chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, no prior chemotherapy, aged 20-75 years, and adequate renal function. Cisplatin was administered with pre-hydration with 20 mEq of magnesium sulfate. Mannitol was administered just before cisplatin infusion to enforce diuresis. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who underwent cisplatin-based chemotherapy with a short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation without a grade 2 or higher elevation in creatinine.
RESULTS: Forty patients with a median age of 66 years (range 35-74) were prospectively enrolled. Median baseline creatinine was 0.71 mg/dL. Median dose of cisplatin in the first cycle was 80 mg/m. In the first cycle, no patients developed grade 2 creatinine toxicity. During the treatment period, one patient developed grade 2 creatinine elevation; thus, the proportion of patients without a grade 2 or higher elevation in creatinine was 97.5% (95% confidence interval 86.8-99.9).
CONCLUSION: A short hydration regimen with 20 mEq of magnesium supplementation is safe and feasible for patients with lung cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--The protective effect of chrysin against carbon tetrachloride-induced kidney and liver tissue damage

The protective effect of chrysin against carbon tetrachloride-induced kidney and liver tissue damage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of chrysin on oxidative status and histological alterations @ @ @ @ @ ) -induced liver and kidney tissue in rats .
The animals were randomly divided into @ @ @ @ @ , chrysin ( 100 mg/kg ) , CCl ( 0.5 ml/kg ) and chrysin + @ @ @ @ @ injuries were assessed by biochemical and histopathological examinations .
The levels of malondialdehyde ( MDA @ @ @ @ @ GSH ) , and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity were measured in tissues .
@ @ @ @ @ TNF-α ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , @ @ @ @ @ were also measured in blood samples .
MDA , serum TNF-α , AST , ALT @ @ @ @ @ levels ( p

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of chrysin on oxidative status and histological alterations against carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced liver and kidney tissue in rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups; the control, chrysin (100 mg/kg), CCl(0.5 ml/kg) and chrysin + CClgroups. Liver and kidney injuries were assessed by biochemical and histopathological examinations. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in tissues. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels were also measured in blood samples. MDA, serum TNF-α, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels (p < 0.05) were significantly higher, and SOD activity and GSH level were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the CClgroup than in the control group. Treatment with chrysin in the chrysin + CClgroup decreased MDA, AST, ALT, creatinine, and TNF-α levels (p < 0.05), and increased SOD activity, GSH levels (p < 0.05), and serum TNF-α levels (p < 0.05). In addition, body weight change (BWC) (p < 0.05) and feed intake (FI) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the CClgroup than in the control group. Moreover, treatment with chrysin increased BWC and FI in the chrysin + CClgroup compared with that in the CClgroup. These findings also confirmed by histopathological examination. The chrysin treatment ameliorated the CCl-induced biochemical and pathological alterations. These results demonstrated that chrysin provided amelioration on the rat liver and kidney tissues CCl-induced injury by increasing the antioxidant activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--This study indicated that chrysin exerted anti-tumor effects through the regulation of TET1 expressi

This study indicated that chrysin exerted anti-tumor effects through the regulation of TET1 expression.

Objective : Ten-eleven translocation ( TET ) enzymes that oxidize a 5-methylcytosine ( 5mC ) to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine ( 5hmC ) have been responsible for fine-tuning methylation patterns and exhibit role in epigenetic modifications .
Chrysin , a natural flavone frequently present in honey , has been recognized to exhibit anti-tumor properties .
In this study , we investigated the effects of Chrysin in the expression pattern of TET proteins in gastric cancer ( GC ) cells .
Materials and Methods : Using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis , we analyzed the expression of TET1 in GC cells in vitro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ detected the expression levels of 5mC and 5hmC .
Flow cytometry , wound healing , and Matrigel invasion assays were performed to determine cell proliferation , cell cycle , apoptosis , and migration and invasion of GC cells following treatment with Chrysin , si-TET1 , and TET1-KO .
Furthermore , a xenograft model was developed to analyze the expression pattern of TET1 on tumor development in vivo .
Results : qRT-PCR and Western blot assays indicated that treatment with Chrysin significantly promoted the expression of TET1 in GC cells .
Immunofluorescence study further @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly enhanced following treatment with Chrysin in MKN45 cells .
Moreover , our results suggested that Chrysin could noticeably induce cell apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and invasion .
Further , knockdown and overexpression of TET1 were conducted to investigate whether TET1 expression affected cell apoptosis , and cell migration and invasion in MKN45 cells .
The results indicated that overexpression of TET1 markedly promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell migration and invasion .
Furthermore , the TET1 gene knocked out was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system .
Our data suggested that TET1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in vivo .
Conclusion : This study indicated that Chrysin exerted anti-tumor effects through the regulation of TET1 expression in GC and presented TET1 as a novel promising therapeutic target for GC therapy .

Objective: Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes that oxidize a 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to yield 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) have been responsible for fine-tuning methylation patterns and exhibit role in epigenetic modifications. Chrysin, a natural flavone frequently present in honey, has been recognized to exhibit anti-tumor properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of Chrysin in the expression pattern of TET proteins in gastric cancer (GC) cells.
Materials and Methods: Using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, we analyzed the expression of TET1 in GC cells in vitro following treatment with Chrysin. Immunofluorescence staining detected the expression levels of 5mC and 5hmC. Flow cytometry, wound healing, and Matrigel invasion assays were performed to determine cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration and invasion of GC cells following treatment with Chrysin, si-TET1, and TET1-KO. Furthermore, a xenograft model was developed to analyze the expression pattern of TET1 on tumor development in vivo.
Results: qRT-PCR and Western blot assays indicated that treatment with Chrysin significantly promoted the expression of TET1 in GC cells. Immunofluorescence study further confirmed that TET1 and 5hmC levels were significantly enhanced following treatment with Chrysin in MKN45 cells. Moreover, our results suggested that Chrysin could noticeably induce cell apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and invasion. Further, knockdown and overexpression of TET1 were conducted to investigate whether TET1 expression affected cell apoptosis, and cell migration and invasion in MKN45 cells. The results indicated that overexpression of TET1 markedly promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the TET1 gene knocked out was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Our data suggested that TET1 expression was associated with GC tumor growth in vivo.
Conclusion: This study indicated that Chrysin exerted anti-tumor effects through the regulation of TET1 expression in GC and presented TET1 as a novel promising therapeutic target for GC therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinoco

Antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus.

Various protoscolicidal agents are indicated for the prevention of recurrence of cystic echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of ; @ @ @ @ @ chemicals have adverse side effects .
This study evaluated the effects ofessential oil ( ZEO @ @ @ @ @ the concentrations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 , and 20 @ @ @ @ @ 5 mg/ml ) , normal saline , and nano-emulsion without ZEO served as control groups @ @ @ @ @ nano-emulsion and emulsion on the microcysts were also investigated .
ZEO emulsion at a concentration @ @ @ @ @ duration of 15 min and nano-emulsion for the duration of 10 minresulted in the death @ @ @ @ @ protoscoleces .
Additionally , densely packed aggregates were formed inside the microcysts treated with ZEO @ @ @ @ @ concentration of 20 µl/ml after 40 min , but the complete destruction of laminated layers @ @ @ @ @ results indicate that ZEO nano-emulsions have a higher protoscolicidal effect than its emulsion , but @ @ @ @ @ effects on microcysts .

Various protoscolicidal agents are indicated for the prevention of recurrence of cystic echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of; however, most of these chemicals have adverse side effects. This study evaluated the effects ofessential oil (ZEO) nano-emulsion and emulsion at the concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µl/ml onprotoscoleces. Albendazole (5 mg/ml), normal saline, and nano-emulsion without ZEO served as control groups. Optimal concentrations of ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion on the microcysts were also investigated. ZEO emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml for the duration of 15 min and nano-emulsion for the duration of 10 minresulted in the death of 100% of the protoscoleces. Additionally, densely packed aggregates were formed inside the microcysts treated with ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml after 40 min, but the complete destruction of laminated layers did not occur. The results indicate that ZEO nano-emulsions have a higher protoscolicidal effect than its emulsion, but these two compounds had similar effects on microcysts.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Z. multiflora Boiss., essential oil could be a good candidate for use as an inhibitor of the growth

Z. multiflora Boiss., essential oil could be a good candidate for use as an inhibitor of the growth of colorectal tumor cells.

Background : Boiss .
is known by the common Persian name '' '' , is one of the best-known medicinal herbs belonging to the Labiatae ( Lamiaceae ) family .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects and the underlying mechanisms of howBoiss.
, essential oil induced apoptosis in the human colorectal tumor cell lines ( HCT116 & SW48 ) .
Methods : This study was conducted in National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ( NIGEB ) ( Tehran , Iran ) from 2017 to 2019 .
The cytotoxicity of this essential oil was assessed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bromideMTT ) assay , trypan blue exclusion , and colony formation assays .
We assessed apoptosis and measure intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) by flow cytometry .
Then gene expression was analyzed by Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR .
Results : Boiss.
, essential oil time- and dose-dependently inhibits cell proliferation and also induced apoptosis in both cell lines via UCP-related mitochondrial pathway by the induction of intracellular ROS .
Conclusion : Boiss.
, essential oil could be a good candidate for use as an inhibitor of the growth of colorectal tumor cells @

Background: Boiss. is known by the common Persian name"", is one of the best-known medicinal herbs belonging to the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects and the underlying mechanisms of howBoiss., essential oil induced apoptosis in the human colorectal tumor cell lines (HCT116&SW48).
Methods: This study was conducted in National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) (Tehran, Iran) from 2017 to 2019. The cytotoxicity of this essential oil was assessed by 3- (4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromideMTT) assay, trypan blue exclusion, and colony formation assays. We assessed apoptosis and measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry. Then gene expression was analyzed by Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR.
Results: Boiss., essential oil time- and dose-dependently inhibits cell proliferation and also induced apoptosis in both cell lines via UCP-related mitochondrial pathway by the induction of intracellular ROS.
Conclusion: Boiss., essential oil could be a good candidate for use as an inhibitor of the growth of colorectal tumor cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--These results indicated therapeutic value of Z. multiflora for the management of asthma.

BACKGROUND : Z. multiflora effect on clinical symptoms , pulmonary function tests ( PFT ) , oxidative stress and cytokine @ @ @ @ @ evaluated .
METHODS : 36 asthmatic patients were divided to ; placebo group ( P @ @ @ @ @ with Z. multiflora extract ( 5 and 10 mg/kg/day , as Z5 and Z10 , @ @ @ @ @ = 12 in each group ) .
Medications were administered three times a day for @ @ @ @ @ were evaluated before treatment ( step 0 ) , one ( step 1 ) and @ @ @ @ @ ) after treatment .
RESULTS : Clinical symptoms and PFTs were significantly improved in Z5 @ @ @ @ @ 1 and 2 compared to step 0 ( p CONCLUSION : These results indicated therapeutic @ @ @ @ @ the management of asthma .

BACKGROUND: Z. multiflora effect on clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), oxidative stress and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients were evaluated.
METHODS: 36 asthmatic patients were divided to; placebo group (P), two groups treated with Z. multiflora extract (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, as Z5 and Z10, respectively), (n = 12 in each group). Medications were administered three times a day for two months and several parameters were evaluated before treatment (step 0), one (step 1) and two months (step 2) after treatment.
RESULTS: Clinical symptoms and PFTs were significantly improved in Z5 and Z10 groups in steps 1 and 2 compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Improvement of oxidative stress, cytokines levels and their gene expression after treatment with both doses of extract were observed in step 2 compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: These results indicated therapeutic value of Z. multiflora for the management of asthma.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Zataria multiflora induced bronchodilatoion comparable to theophylline syrup in asthmatic patients.

OBJECTIVE : The bronchodilatory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Z. multiflora was examined in asthmatic patients .
DESIGN : Pulmonary @ @ @ @ @ were measured before and 15 , 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 , 150 @ @ @ @ @ administration of the extract ( 20 mg/kg ) in 18 asthmatics and after theophylline syrup @ @ @ @ @ 12 patients .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : The extract of Z. multiflora significantly increased all @ @ @ @ @ 180 min post-administration similar to the effect of theophylline ( all , p < 0.001 @ @ @ @ @ due to the extract were significantly declined 180 min but the effects of theophylline were @ @ @ @ @ ( p < 0.05 to p < 0.001 ) .
Values of PFTs at baseline @ @ @ @ @ after drugs administration were not singnificantly different between the extract and theophylline .
CONCLUSIONS : @ @ @ @ @ effect in asthmatic patients comparable to theophylline effect but with a longer duration of action @

OBJECTIVE: The bronchodilatory effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Z. multiflora was examined in asthmatic patients.
DESIGN: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were measured before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after administration of the extract (20 mg/kg) in 18 asthmatics and after theophylline syrup (6 mg/kg) in 12 patients.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The extract of Z. multiflora significantly increased all PFT values, 30 to 180 min post-administration similar to the effect of theophylline (all, p<0.001). Increased PFT values due to the extract were significantly declined 180 min but the effects of theophylline were declined 150 min after administration (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Values of PFTs at baseline, 30 and 180 min after drugs administration were not singnificantly different between the extract and theophylline.
CONCLUSIONS: Z. multiflora showed a bronchodilatory effect in asthmatic patients comparable to theophylline effect but with a longer duration of action.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Carvacrol and Zataria multiflora influenced the PPARγ agonist effects on systemic inflammation and o

Carvacrol and Zataria multiflora influenced the PPARγ agonist effects on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat.

Objectives : The effects of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with carvacrol andon inhaled paraquat ( PQ ) induced-systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were examined .
Materials and Methods : Control group exposed to normal saline aerosol , one group exposed to 54 mg/mPQ aerosol and four groups exposed to PQ aerosol and treated with 5 mg/kg/day pioglitazone , pioglitazone + 200 mg/kg/day Z.extract , pioglitazone + 20 mg/kg/day carvacrol , and 0.03 mg /kg/day dexamethasone for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ were studied .
Exposure to normal saline or PQ was performed every other @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
Different variables were measured after the end of treatment period .
Results : PQ exposure significantly increased serum levels of NO , MDA and IL-6 but dexreased CAT and IFN-γ levels and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to control group ( < 0.01 to < 0.001 ) .
Treatment with pioglitazone only improved serum level of MDA ( < 0.01 ) .
Treatment with combination of pioglitazone and carvacrol as well as treatment with dexamethasone improved all measured variables compared to PQ exposed group ( < 0.05 to < 0.001 ) .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ carvacrol on almost all measured variables were significantly higher than pioglitazone alone ( < 0.05 to < 0.001 ) .
Conclusion : The effects of combination therapy of pioglitazone with Z.or carvacrol on inhaled paraquat ( PQ ) induced-oxidative stress and systemic inflammation were higher than the effects of pioglitazone alone .
These results suggested that the effects of the extract and carvacrol may mediated through PPAR-γ receptors .

Objectives: The effects of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with carvacrol andon inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were examined.
Materials and Methods: Control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to 54 mg/mPQ aerosol and four groups exposed to PQ aerosol and treated with 5 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, pioglitazone + 200 mg/kg/day Z.extract, pioglitazone + 20 mg/kg/day carvacrol, and 0.03 mg /kg/day dexamethasone for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ were studied. Exposure to normal saline or PQ was performed every other days for 30 min (8 times). Different variables were measured after the end of treatment period.
Results: PQ exposure significantly increased serum levels of NO, MDA and IL-6 but dexreased CAT and IFN-γ levels and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to control group (<0.01 to<0.001). Treatment with pioglitazone only improved serum level of MDA (<0.01). Treatment with combination of pioglitazone and carvacrol as well as treatment with dexamethasone improved all measured variables compared to PQ exposed group (<0.05 to<0.001). The effects of pioglitazone + Z.and pioglitazone + carvacrol on almost all measured variables were significantly higher than pioglitazone alone (<0.05 to<0.001).
Conclusion: The effects of combination therapy of pioglitazone with Z.or carvacrol on inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-oxidative stress and systemic inflammation were higher than the effects of pioglitazone alone. These results suggested that the effects of the extract and carvacrol may mediated through PPAR-γ receptors.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Protective effects of chrysin against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lead acetate in t

Protective effects of chrysin against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lead acetate in the kidneys.

In this study , the protective effects of chrysin ( CR ) on lead acetate ( PbAc ) -induced renal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated with biochemical , histopathological , and immunohistochemical methods .
In the study , rats were given orally at 30 mg/kg/body weight ( BW ) PbAc after CR of 25 and 50 mg/kg/BW was administered to them orally ( a total of 7 administrations for 7 days ) .
The results showed that CR reduced urea and creatinine levels by alleviating PbAc-induced kidney damage .
It was determined that CR decreases PbAc-induced lipid peroxidation due @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( CAT ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) activities , and glutathione ( GSH ) levels .
It was also detected that CR protects DNA from the toxic effects of PbAc and reduces 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) levels .
Biochemical and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated that CR had anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and reduced nuclear factor kappa-B ( NF-κB ) , interleukin-33 ( IL-33 ) , prostaglandin-E2 ( PGE-2 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , p53 levels , and the activities of cyclooxygenase-2 ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( iNOS ) , which were increased with PbAc administration .
Moreover , CR was found to increase the levels of aquaporin-1 ( AQP-1 ) and nephrine in PbAc-induced kidney tissue .
CR decreased the contents of lead ( Pb ) , zinc ( Zn ) , iron ( Fe ) , sodium ( Na ) , and copper ( Cu ) and increased those of potassium ( K ) calcium ( Ca ) in renal tissue .
These results indicated that CR considerably alleviates kidney toxicity caused by PbAc .

In this study, the protective effects of chrysin (CR) on lead acetate (PbAc)-induced renal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated with biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. In the study, rats were given orally at 30 mg/kg/body weight (BW) PbAc after CR of 25 and 50 mg/kg/BW was administered to them orally (a total of 7 administrations for 7 days). The results showed that CR reduced urea and creatinine levels by alleviating PbAc-induced kidney damage. It was determined that CR decreases PbAc-induced lipid peroxidation due to its antioxidant properties and increases catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) levels. It was also detected that CR protects DNA from the toxic effects of PbAc and reduces 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Biochemical and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated that CR had anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and reduced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-33 (IL-33), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), p53 levels, and the activities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which were increased with PbAc administration. Moreover, CR was found to increase the levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and nephrine in PbAc-induced kidney tissue. CR decreased the contents of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and copper (Cu) and increased those of potassium (K) calcium (Ca) in renal tissue. These results indicated that CR considerably alleviates kidney toxicity caused by PbAc.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Bidirect effects from cisplatin combine with rosmarinic acid (RA) or hot water extracts of Glechoma

Bidirect effects from cisplatin combine with rosmarinic acid (RA) or hot water extracts of Glechoma hederacea (HWG) on renal cancer cells.

Background : Cisplatin ( CDDP ) is a chemotherapeutic drug which also causes adverse side effects.is a traditional Chinese herb belonging to the Labiatae family and has many biological activities .
Our previous study indicated that rosmarinic acid ( RA ) was the most abundant phytochemical in .
However , the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of the combined treatment of , RA and CDDP on human renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) 786-O cells have not been clearly demonstrated .
We aimed to investigate the bioefficacy of hot water extracts of ( HWG ) and RA in inhibiting RCC 786-O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ against metastatic renal cancer cell .
Methods : Bioactivities of the combination treatment of HWG , RA , HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP were assessed using the MTT assay and transwell migration , and the crude extract/compound efficacy was evaluated using wound healing migration assays , flow cytometry and western blotting .
Results : Our study indicates that CDDP inhibits 786-O cell proliferation and migration and HWG and RA protect against these effects .
On the other hand , HWG and RA demonstrate a low cytotoxic effect in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cycle analysis found that HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP combined treatment exerted cytotoxicity by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis .
RA in combined with CDDP significantly inhibiting the expression of p-FAK ( Tyr 925 ) in RCC 786-O cells in vitro .
Conclusion : We propose that the inhibition of RA on RCC 786-O cell invasion and migration may partly occur through the downregulation of FAK phosphorylation .
The HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP combined treatments may be effective strategies for intervention of RCC 786-O cell activity .

Background: Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic drug which also causes adverse side effects.is a traditional Chinese herb belonging to the Labiatae family and has many biological activities. Our previous study indicated that rosmarinic acid (RA) was the most abundant phytochemical in. However, the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of the combined treatment of, RA and CDDP on human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 786-O cells have not been clearly demonstrated. We aimed to investigate the bioefficacy of hot water extracts of(HWG) and RA in inhibiting RCC 786-O cell activity and its synergism with CDDP against metastatic renal cancer cell.
Methods: Bioactivities of the combination treatment of HWG, RA, HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP were assessed using the MTT assay and transwell migration, and the crude extract/compound efficacy was evaluated using wound healing migration assays, flow cytometry and western blotting.
Results: Our study indicates that CDDP inhibits 786-O cell proliferation and migration and HWG and RA protect against these effects. On the other hand, HWG and RA demonstrate a low cytotoxic effect in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line -2 (HK-2 cells). Cell cycle analysis found that HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP combined treatment exerted cytotoxicity by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. RA in combined with CDDP significantly inhibiting the expression of p-FAK (Tyr 925) in RCC 786-O cells in vitro.
Conclusion: We propose that the inhibition of RA on RCC 786-O cell invasion and migration may partly occur through the downregulation of FAK phosphorylation. The HWG/CDDP and RA/CDDP combined treatments may be effective strategies for intervention of RCC 786-O cell activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Chrysin alleviates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Chrysin ( CH ) is the main ingredient of many medicinal plants .
Our previous study showed that CH could @ @ @ @ @ muscle cells proliferation and alleviate chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by targeting store-operated Ca entry ( @ @ @ @ @ ] i pathway .
In this study , we investigated the effect of CH on @ @ @ @ @ ) and the mechanism behind it .
Results show that , in MCTPH model rats @ @ @ @ @ significantly reduced the enhancement of right ventricular pressure , right ventricular hypertrophy , and pulmonary @ @ @ @ @ ) CH markedly suppressed the promotion of SOCE and [ Ca ] i in pulmonary @ @ @ @ @ and ( 3 ) CH obviously inhibited the MCT-upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen , TRPC1 @ @ @ @ @ expression in distal pulmonary arteries .
These results demonstrate that CH likely alleviates MCTPH by @ @ @ @ @ i pathway .

Chrysin (CH) is the main ingredient of many medicinal plants. Our previous study showed that CH could suppress hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation and alleviate chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by targeting store-operated Ca entry (SOCE)-[Ca]i pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of CH on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (MCTPH) and the mechanism behind it. Results show that, in MCTPH model rats, (1) CH significantly reduced the enhancement of right ventricular pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; (2) CH markedly suppressed the promotion of SOCE and [Ca]i in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells; and (3) CH obviously inhibited the MCT-upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen, TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC6 expression in distal pulmonary arteries. These results demonstrate that CH likely alleviates MCTPH by targeting TRPC1,4,6-SOCE-[Ca]i pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Chrysin ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by a diet deficient in methionine and choline.

We investigated the effects of chrysin ( CHR ) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) in mice .
@ @ @ @ @ established using a diet deficient in methionine and choline ( MCD ) .
CHR was @ @ @ @ @ fat accumulation , increase very low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) secretion , and decrease hepatic @ @ @ @ @ .
Inhibition of oxidative stress or direct suppression of protein kinase C ( PKC ) @ @ @ @ @ activity in the liver , leading to a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear @ @ @ @ @ .
The resulting activation of HNF4α led to induced transcription of apolipoprotein B and VLDL @ @ @ @ @ results show that CHR effectively ameliorates MCD-induced fatty liver in NAFLD mice by targeting the @ @ @ @ @ .

We investigated the effects of chrysin (CHR) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. The NAFLD mouse model was established using a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD). CHR was shown to attenuate MCD-induced hepatic fat accumulation, increase very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and decrease hepatic oxidative stress in NAFLD mice. Inhibition of oxidative stress or direct suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) by CHR significantly reduced PKC activity in the liver, leading to a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The resulting activation of HNF4α led to induced transcription of apolipoprotein B and VLDL secretion. Together, these results show that CHR effectively ameliorates MCD-induced fatty liver in NAFLD mice by targeting the hepatic oxidative stress/PKC/HNF4α signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-13--Is There a Pandemic?

Is There a Pandemic?


greenmedinfo--2020-08-15--Oral administration of melatonin contained in drinking water increased bone strength in naturally ag

Oral administration of melatonin contained in drinking water increased bone strength in naturally aged mice.

Melatonin has recently been found to be a possible new regulator of bone metabolism .
However , the influence of melatonin in natural age-related osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet , although there have been some reports regarding postmenopausal osteoporosis with melatonin treatments .
The present study investigated the effects of long-term melatonin administration during the aging process on bone metabolism .
Using quantitative computed tomography methods , we found that the total bone density of both the femur metaphysis and diaphysis decreased significantly in 20-month-old male mice .
In the metaphysis , both trabecular bone mass and Polar-Strength @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is an index of bone strength , decreased significantly .
Judging from bone histomorphometry analysis , trabecular bone in 20-month-old male mice decreases significantly with age and is small and sparse , as compared to that of 4-month-old male mice .
Loss of trabecular bone is one possible cause of loss of bone strength in the femoral bone .
In the metaphysis , the melatonin administration group had significantly higher trabecular bone density than the non-administration group .
The Polar-SSI , cortical area , and periosteal circumference in the diaphysis was also significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ melatonin receptor , MT2 , was detected in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the femoral bone of male mice , we expect that melatonin acts on osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain the bone strength of the diaphysis and metaphysis .
Thus , melatonin is a potential drug for natural age-related osteoporosis .

Melatonin has recently been found to be a possible new regulator of bone metabolism. However, the influence of melatonin in natural age-related osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet, although there have been some reports regarding postmenopausal osteoporosis with melatonin treatments. The present study investigated the effects of long-term melatonin administration during the aging process on bone metabolism. Using quantitative computed tomography methods, we found that the total bone density of both the femur metaphysis and diaphysis decreased significantly in 20-month-old male mice. In the metaphysis, both trabecular bone mass and Polar-Strength Strain Index (SSI), which is an index of bone strength, decreased significantly. Judging from bone histomorphometry analysis, trabecular bone in 20-month-old male mice decreases significantly with age and is small and sparse, as compared to that of 4-month-old male mice. Loss of trabecular bone is one possible cause of loss of bone strength in the femoral bone. In the metaphysis, the melatonin administration group had significantly higher trabecular bone density than the non-administration group. The Polar-SSI, cortical area, and periosteal circumference in the diaphysis was also significantly higher with melatonin treatments. Since the melatonin receptor, MT2, was detected in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the femoral bone of male mice, we expect that melatonin acts on osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain the bone strength of the diaphysis and metaphysis. Thus, melatonin is a potential drug for natural age-related osteoporosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-15--Low-dose melatonin for sleep disturbances in early-stage cirrhosis.

Background and aim : Melatonin is used to treat sleep disturbances ( SDs ) .
The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of low-dose melatonin for SDs in early-stage cirrhosis .
Methods : In a single-center , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , cross-over clinical trial , patients with early-stage ( Child-Turcotte-Pugh [ CTP ] class A or B ) cirrhosis with SDs , without hepatic encephalopathy , were randomized to placebo or 3 mg of melatonin for 2 weeks .
After 2 weeks , the patients were given a washout period of 1 week @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for a further 2 weeks .
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale ( ESS ) were used to measure sleep quality and daytime sleepiness , respectively .
Analysis of results was based on intention to treat , and linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effect of melatonin .
Analysis was conducted using R-programming language 3.5.1 .
Results : Seventy one patients were recruited ( mean age : 61.9 ± 8.7 years , males : 46 [ 64.8 % ] , and CTP Class A = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ B = 19 [ 26.8 % ] ) .
Sixty patients completed the study ( mean age : 61.7 ± 8.8 years , males : 40 [ 66.6 % ] , and CTP Class A = 45 [ 75.0 % ] and Class-B = 15 [ 25.0 % ] ) .
Two patients dropped out due to adverse events .
Nine patients were lost to follow up .
Patients given melatonin had a significantly lower PSQI and ESS compared to both pretreatment ( Conclusion : Melatonin seems safe and effective for use in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the short term .
However , larger and longer-term studies to assess efficacy and safety are required before its clinical use can be recommended .

Background and aim: Melatonin is used to treat sleep disturbances (SDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of low-dose melatonin for SDs in early-stage cirrhosis.
Methods: In a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial, patients with early-stage (Child-Turcotte-Pugh [CTP] class A or B) cirrhosis with SDs, without hepatic encephalopathy, were randomized to placebo or 3 mg of melatonin for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the patients were given a washout period of 1 week and crossed over to melatonin or placebo for a further 2 weeks. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to measure sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, respectively. Analysis of results was based on intention to treat, and linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effect of melatonin. Analysis was conducted using R-programming language 3.5.1.
Results: Seventy one patients were recruited (mean age: 61.9 ± 8.7 years, males: 46 [64.8%], and CTP Class A = 52 [73.2%] and Class B = 19 [26.8%]). Sixty patients completed the study (mean age: 61.7 ± 8.8 years, males: 40 [66.6%], and CTP Class A = 45 [75.0%] and Class-B = 15 [25.0%]). Two patients dropped out due to adverse events. Nine patients were lost to follow up. Patients given melatonin had a significantly lower PSQI and ESS compared to both pretreatment ( < 0.001) and postplacebo scores ( < 0.001). Incidence of adverse events was similar (two each of abdominal pain, one each of headache, one each of dizziness) in both groups.
Conclusion: Melatonin seems safe and effective for use in patients with SDs in early-stage cirrhosis in the short term. However, larger and longer-term studies to assess efficacy and safety are required before its clinical use can be recommended.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-15--Cellular mechanisms of melatonin: Insight from neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most common cause of death and characterized by progressive impairments in movement or mental functioning @ @ @ @ @ nervous system .
The prevention of neurodegenerative disorders has become an emerging public health challenge @ @ @ @ @ , a pineal hormone , has various physiological functions in the brain , including regulating @ @ @ @ @ radicals , inhibiting biomolecular oxidation , and suppressing neuroinflammation .
Cumulative evidence indicates that melatonin @ @ @ @ @ neuroprotective roles by regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways .
Moreover , melatonin levels are @ @ @ @ @ diseases .
In this review , we summarize current knowledge on the regulation , molecular @ @ @ @ @ melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , Huntington @ @ @ @ @ sclerosis , vascular dementia and multiple sclerosis .
We also discuss the clinical application of @ @ @ @ @ This information will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of melatonin in the @ @ @ @ @ for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases .

Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most common cause of death and characterized by progressive impairments in movement or mental functioning in the central or peripheral nervous system. The prevention of neurodegenerative disorders has become an emerging public health challenge for our society. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has various physiological functions in the brain, including regulating circadian rhythms, clearing free radicals, inhibiting biomolecular oxidation, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Cumulative evidence indicates that melatonin has a wide range of neuroprotective roles by regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Moreover, melatonin levels are decreased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the regulation, molecular mechanisms and biological functions of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular dementia and multiple sclerosis. We also discuss the clinical application of melatonin in neurodegenerative disorders. This information will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of melatonin in the brain and provide therapeutic options for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--More Reasons to Avoid BPA and BPS in Plastic

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Thymol at low concentrations provides antioxidative protection to WS-1 cells, while already inducing

Thymol at low concentrations provides antioxidative protection to WS-1 cells, while already inducing toxic effects in gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

The concept of hormesis includes a biphasic cellular dose-response to a xenobiotic stimulus defined by low dose beneficial and high dose inhibitory or toxic effects .
In the present study , an attempt has been made to help elucidate the beneficial and detrimental effects of thymol on different cell types by evaluating and comparing the impact of various thymol doses on cancerous ( AGS ) and healthy ( WS-1 ) cells .
Cytotoxic , genotoxic , and apoptotic effects , as well as levels of reactive oxygen species and glutathione were studied in both cell lines exposed to thymol ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ showed significant differences in cell viability of AGS compared to WS-1 cells exposed to thymol .
The differences observed were statistically significant at all doses applied ( ≤ 0.001 ) and revealed hormetic thymol effects on WS-1 cells , whereas toxic effects on AGS cells were detectable at all thymol concentrations .
Thymol at low concentrations provides antioxidative protection to WS-1 cells in vitro while already inducing toxic effects in AGS cells .
In that sense , thefindings of the present study suggest that thymol exerts a dose-dependent hormetic impact on different cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ future in vivo studies investigating the therapeutic potential of thymol .

The concept of hormesis includes a biphasic cellular dose-response to a xenobiotic stimulus defined by low dose beneficial and high dose inhibitory or toxic effects. In the present study, an attempt has been made to help elucidate the beneficial and detrimental effects of thymol on different cell types by evaluating and comparing the impact of various thymol doses on cancerous (AGS) and healthy (WS-1) cells. Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects, as well as levels of reactive oxygen species and glutathione were studied in both cell lines exposed to thymol (0-600µM) for 24 h. The results showed significant differences in cell viability of AGS compared to WS-1 cells exposed to thymol. The differences observed were statistically significant at all doses applied (≤ 0.001) and revealed hormetic thymol effects on WS-1 cells, whereas toxic effects on AGS cells were detectable at all thymol concentrations. Thymol at low concentrations provides antioxidative protection to WS-1 cells in vitro while already inducing toxic effects in AGS cells. In that sense, thefindings of the present study suggest that thymol exerts a dose-dependent hormetic impact on different cell types, thereby providing crucial information for future in vivo studies investigating the therapeutic potential of thymol.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Cardioprotective effect of thymol against adrenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats.

Cardiovascular disease represents a vital global disease burden .
This study aims to assess the possible cardioprotective effect of thymol against adrenaline-induced myocardial injury ( MI ) in rats .
Furthermore the effect of thymol on cardiac function biomarkers , electrocardiogram ( ECG ) alterations , oxidative stress , inflammation , apoptosis and histopathological changes was assessed .
MI was induced by adrenaline ( 2 mg/kg , s.c. ) injected as a single dose for 2 consecutive days ( 24 h apart ) .
Normal and control groups received the vehicle for 21 consecutive days .
The other 3 groups @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 30 , 60 mg/kg ) for 21 consecutive days and on day 22 , adrenaline was injected as a single dose for 2 consecutive days .
Then ECG examination , biochemical , histopathological , immunohistochemical analyses were carried out .
Thymol reversed adrenaline-induced reduction of heart rate , prolongation of RR interval and elevation of ST interval .
Thymol pretreatment significantly reduced serum aspartate dehydrogenase ( AST ) , lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) , and creatine kinase ( CK ) levels in MI rats .
Oral pretreatment with thymol increased reduced glutathione @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MDA ) , nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) , and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) cardiac contents in MI rats .
Additionally , thymol administration significantly decreased protein expression of caspase-3 , increased Bcl-2 protein expression in cardiac tissue and ameliorated histopathological changes .
This study reveals that thymol exerted cardioprotective effect against adrenaline-induced MI in rats evidenced by improving cardiac function , attenuating ECG and histopathological changes which may be partly mediated through its anti-oxidant , anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect .

Cardiovascular disease represents a vital global disease burden. This study aims to assess the possible cardioprotective effect of thymol against adrenaline-induced myocardial injury (MI) in rats. Furthermore the effect of thymol on cardiac function biomarkers, electrocardiogram (ECG) alterations, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and histopathological changes was assessed. MI was induced by adrenaline (2 mg/kg, s.c.) injected as a single dose for 2 consecutive days (24 h apart). Normal and control groups received the vehicle for 21 consecutive days. The other 3 groups were orally administered thymol (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days and on day 22, adrenaline was injected as a single dose for 2 consecutive days. Then ECG examination, biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out. Thymol reversed adrenaline-induced reduction of heart rate, prolongation of RR interval and elevation of ST interval. Thymol pretreatment significantly reduced serum aspartate dehydrogenase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) levels in MI rats. Oral pretreatment with thymol increased reduced glutathione (GSH), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cardiac contents in MI rats. Additionally, thymol administration significantly decreased protein expression of caspase-3, increased Bcl-2 protein expression in cardiac tissue and ameliorated histopathological changes. This study reveals that thymol exerted cardioprotective effect against adrenaline-induced MI in rats evidenced by improving cardiac function, attenuating ECG and histopathological changes which may be partly mediated through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--These results suggest that dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos aggravated tissue injuries in mice with

These results suggest that dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos aggravated tissue injuries in mice with DSS-induced chronic colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) is associated with loss of immune tolerance to antigens originating from the diet and from the gut microflora .
T cells play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of IBD .
Chlorpyrifos ( CPF ) is one of the most ubiquitous organophosphate pesticides in the world .
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to CPF on T-cell populations in C57BL/6 mice with dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) -induced colitis .
Mice received distilled water containing 3 % DSS for 6 days to induce acute colitis , which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 21 days , allowing progression to chronic inflammation .
During the experimental period , mice were given either an AIN-93-based control diet or a CPF diet-containing 7 , 17.5 , or 35 ppm of CPF .
Results showed that dietary exposure to CPF significantly increased circulating neutrophils in colitic mice .
CPF-exposed groups had lower percentages of blood and spleen T cells without altering the proportions of CD4and CD8T-cell subsets .
The percentage of blood regulatory T ( Treg ) cells , as well as splenic expressions of Treg-related genes , were suppressed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ colonic gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α .
Meanwhile , plasma haptoglobin , colon weights , and luminal immunoglobulin G levels were higher in CPF-exposed groups .
Histopathological analyses also observed that colon injury was more severe in all CPF-exposed mice .
These results suggest that dietary exposure to CPF aggravated tissue injuries in mice with DSS-induced chronic colitis by suppressing T-cell populations and Treg polarization .

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with loss of immune tolerance to antigens originating from the diet and from the gut microflora. T cells play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most ubiquitous organophosphate pesticides in the world. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to CPF on T-cell populations in C57BL/6 mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice received distilled water containing 3% DSS for 6 days to induce acute colitis, which was then replaced with distilled water for 21 days, allowing progression to chronic inflammation. During the experimental period, mice were given either an AIN-93-based control diet or a CPF diet-containing 7, 17.5, or 35 ppm of CPF. Results showed that dietary exposure to CPF significantly increased circulating neutrophils in colitic mice. CPF-exposed groups had lower percentages of blood and spleen T cells without altering the proportions of CD4and CD8T-cell subsets. The percentage of blood regulatory T (Treg) cells, as well as splenic expressions of Treg-related genes, were suppressed in CPF-exposed mice. CPF upregulated the colonic gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α. Meanwhile, plasma haptoglobin, colon weights, and luminal immunoglobulin G levels were higher in CPF-exposed groups. Histopathological analyses also observed that colon injury was more severe in all CPF-exposed mice. These results suggest that dietary exposure to CPF aggravated tissue injuries in mice with DSS-induced chronic colitis by suppressing T-cell populations and Treg polarization.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Organochlorine pesticides: Agrochemicals with potent endocrine-disrupting properties in fish.

Organochlorine pesticides ( OCPs ) are persistent environmental contaminants that act as endocrine disruptors and organ system toxicants .
These pesticides ( e.g .
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( DDT ) , dieldrin , toxaphene , among others ) are ranked as some of the most concerning chemicals for human health .
These pesticides ( 1 ) act as teratogens , ( 2 ) are neuroendocrine disruptors , ( 3 ) suppress the immune and reproductive systems , and ( 4 ) dysregulate lipids and metabolism .
Using a computational approach , we revealed enriched endocrine-related pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database sensitive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ included reproduction ( gonadotropins , estradiol , androgen , steroid biosynthesis , oxytocin ) , thyroid hormone , and insulin .
Insight from the Tox21 and ToxCast programs confirm that these agrochemicals activate estrogen receptors , androgen receptors , and retinoic acid receptors with relatively high affinity , although differences exist in their potency .
We propose an adverse outcome pathway for OCPs toxicity in the fish testis as a novel contribution to further understanding of OCP-induced toxicity .
Organochlorine pesticides , due to their persistence and high toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant agrochemicals of concern .

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent environmental contaminants that act as endocrine disruptors and organ system toxicants. These pesticides (e.g. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, toxaphene, among others) are ranked as some of the most concerning chemicals for human health. These pesticides (1) act as teratogens, (2) are neuroendocrine disruptors, (3) suppress the immune and reproductive systems, and (4) dysregulate lipids and metabolism. Using a computational approach, we revealed enriched endocrine-related pathways in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database sensitive to this chemical class, and these included reproduction (gonadotropins, estradiol, androgen, steroid biosynthesis, oxytocin), thyroid hormone, and insulin. Insight from the Tox21 and ToxCast programs confirm that these agrochemicals activate estrogen receptors, androgen receptors, and retinoic acid receptors with relatively high affinity, although differences exist in their potency. We propose an adverse outcome pathway for OCPs toxicity in the fish testis as a novel contribution to further understanding of OCP-induced toxicity. Organochlorine pesticides, due to their persistence and high toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife as well as humans, remain significant agrochemicals of concern.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Endocrine disrupting chemicals and type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) is the most common chronic metabolic disease in children and adolescents .
The etiology of T1D is not fully understood but it seems multifactorial .
The genetic background determines the predisposition to develop T1D , while the autoimmune process againstβ-cells seems to be also determined by environmental triggers , such as endocrine disrupting chemicals ( EDCs ) .
Environmental EDCs may act throughout different temporal windows as single chemical agent or as chemical mixtures .
They could affect the development and the function of the immune system orof the β-cells function , promoting autoimmunity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Human studies evaluating the potential role of exposure to EDCs on the pathogenesis of T1D are few and demonstrated contradictory results .
The aim of this narrative review is to summarize experimental and epidemiological studies on the potential role of exposure to EDCs in the development of T1D .
We highlight what we know by animals about EDCs ' effects on mechanisms leading to T1D development and progression .
Studies evaluating the EDC levels in patients with T1D were also reported .
Moreover , we discussed why further studies are needed and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ understand the causal mechanisms and the next prevention interventions .

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common chronic metabolic disease in children and adolescents. The etiology of T1D is not fully understood but it seems multifactorial. The genetic background determines the predisposition to develop T1D, while the autoimmune process againstβ-cells seems to be also determined by environmental triggers, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Environmental EDCs may act throughout different temporal windows as single chemical agent or as chemical mixtures. They could affect the development and the function of the immune system orof the β-cells function, promoting autoimmunity and increasing the susceptibility to autoimmune attack. Human studies evaluating the potential role of exposure to EDCs on the pathogenesis of T1D are few and demonstrated contradictory results. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize experimental and epidemiological studies on the potential role of exposure to EDCs in the development of T1D. We highlight what we know by animals about EDCs' effects on mechanisms leading to T1D development and progression. Studies evaluating the EDC levels in patients with T1D were also reported. Moreover, we discussed why further studies are needed and how they should be designed to better understand the causal mechanisms and the next prevention interventions.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Thymol modulates the endocannabinoid system and gut chemosensing of weaning pigs

BACKGROUND : The recent identification of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract suggests a role in controlling intestinal inflammation .
In addition , the gut chemosensing system has therapeutic applications in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and inflammation due to the presence of a large variety of receptors .
The purposes of this study were to investigate the presence of markers of the endocannabinoid system and the chemosensing system in the pig gut and , second , to determine if thymol modulates these markers .
One hundred sixty 28-day-old piglets were allocated into one of 5 treatment groups ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ T1 ( control ) , T2 ( 25.5 mg thymol/kg feed ) , T3 ( 51 mg thymol/kg feed ) , T4 ( 153 mg thymol/kg feed ) , and T5 ( 510 mg thymol/kg feed ) .
After 14 days of treatment , piglets were sacrificed ( n = 8 ) , and then duodenal and ileal mucosal scrapings were collected .
Gene expression of cannabinoid receptors ( CB1 and CB2 ) , transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1 ) , the olfactory receptor OR1G1 , diacylglycerol lipases ( DGL-α and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( FAAH ) , and cytokines was measured , and ELISAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were performed .
RESULTS : mRNAs encoding all markers tested were detected .
In the duodenum and ileum , the CB1 , CB2 , TRPV1 , and OR1G1 mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in the T4 and T5 groups compared to the control group .
The level of the FAAH mRNA was increased in the ileum of the T4 group compared to the control .
Regarding the immune response , the level of the tumor necrosis factor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the duodenum of the T5 group , but this increase was not consistent with the protein level .
CONCLUSIONS : These results indicate the presence of endocannabinoid system and gut chemosensing markers in the piglet gut mucosa .
Moreover , thymol modulated the expression of the CB1 , CB2 , TRPV1 , and OR1G1 mRNAs in the duodenum and ileum .
It also modulated the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoid molecules .
Based on these findings , the effects of thymol on promoting gut health @ @ @ @ @ @ @ these receptors .

BACKGROUND: The recent identification of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract suggests a role in controlling intestinal inflammation. In addition, the gut chemosensing system has therapeutic applications in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and inflammation due to the presence of a large variety of receptors. The purposes of this study were to investigate the presence of markers of the endocannabinoid system and the chemosensing system in the pig gut and, second, to determine if thymol modulates these markers. One hundred sixty 28-day-old piglets were allocated into one of 5 treatment groups (n = 32 per treatment): T1 (control), T2 (25.5 mg thymol/kg feed), T3 (51 mg thymol/kg feed), T4 (153 mg thymol/kg feed), and T5 (510 mg thymol/kg feed). After 14 days of treatment, piglets were sacrificed (n = 8), and then duodenal and ileal mucosal scrapings were collected. Gene expression of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), the olfactory receptor OR1G1, diacylglycerol lipases (DGL-α and DGL-β), fatty acid amine hydrolase (FAAH), and cytokines was measured, and ELISAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were performed.
RESULTS: mRNAs encoding all markers tested were detected. In the duodenum and ileum, the CB1, CB2, TRPV1, and OR1G1 mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in the T4 and T5 groups compared to the control group. The level of the FAAH mRNA was increased in the ileum of the T4 group compared to the control. Regarding the immune response, the level of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) mRNA was significantly increased in the duodenum of the T5 group, but this increase was not consistent with the protein level.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the presence of endocannabinoid system and gut chemosensing markers in the piglet gut mucosa. Moreover, thymol modulated the expression of the CB1, CB2, TRPV1, and OR1G1 mRNAs in the duodenum and ileum. It also modulated the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoid molecules. Based on these findings, the effects of thymol on promoting gut health are potentially mediated by the activation of these receptors.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Thymol isolated from Thymus vulgaris L. inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and metastasis.

Purpose : Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) is one of the most commonly occurring cancers and is associated with high morbidity and mortality .
Nevertheless , there is currently no safe and effective treatment for this condition .
Thymol is a phenolic compound that is recognized as safe for use in food as well as medical and cosmetic fields .
Increasing evidence has indicated that thymol exerts prominent antitumor effects in a variety of cancers , including CRC .
However , how thymol elicits these effects on CRC and the associated underlying mechanisms remains unclear .
Methods : HCT116 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of thymol .
Cell Counting Kit-8 ( CCK-8 ) and transwell migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation , migration , and invasion , respectively .
Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry .
RT-qPCR , Western blot , and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of related genes and their protein products .
Results : In this study , we tested the antitumor activity of thymol extracted from a Chinese medicinal herb , L .
We show that thymol treatment in vitro inhibited cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ arrest in CRC .
Furthermore , in vivo treatment with 75 and 150 mg/kg thymol led to a significant decrease in tumor volume .
Thymol administration induced CRC cell apoptosis through activation of the BAX/Bcl-2 signaling pathway .
In addition , thymol suppressed CRC cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) , invasion , and metastasis via inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway , both in vitro and in vivo .
Conclusion : Thymol may prevent CRC progression through inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway , highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic @ @ @ @ @ @ @

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly occurring cancers and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, there is currently no safe and effective treatment for this condition. Thymol is a phenolic compound that is recognized as safe for use in food as well as medical and cosmetic fields. Increasing evidence has indicated that thymol exerts prominent antitumor effects in a variety of cancers, including CRC. However, how thymol elicits these effects on CRC and the associated underlying mechanisms remains unclear.
Methods: HCT116 and Lovo cells were treated with different concentrations of thymol. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of related genes and their protein products.
Results: In this study, we tested the antitumor activity of thymol extracted from a Chinese medicinal herb,L. We show that thymol treatment in vitro inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CRC. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with 75 and 150 mg/kg thymol led to a significant decrease in tumor volume. Thymol administration induced CRC cell apoptosis through activation of the BAX/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. In addition, thymol suppressed CRC cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis via inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, both in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusion: Thymol may prevent CRC progression through inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of CRC.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--These results suggest the immunotoxicity of pesticides toward specific immune cells.

Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill unwanted fungi , weeds and insects .
In many countries , there is currently concern regarding the adverse effects of pesticides on health .
It has been reported that pesticides may cause cancer , respiratory diseases , organ diseases , system failures , nervous system disorders and asthma , which are closely connected with immune disorders .
Therefore , this study reviewed the immunotoxicity of pesticides that are currently used or prohibited from being used , especially their effects on leukocytes such as T cells , B cells , NK cells and macrophages @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in innate and adaptive immune systems to protect hosts .
Pesticides are known to have possible toxicological modes of action to induce oxidative stress , mitochondrial dysfunction , and endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress in living organisms .
According to previous studies , pesticides such as atrazine ( ATR ) , organophophorus ( OP ) compounds , carbamates , and pyrethroids were shown to inhibit the survival and growth of leukocytes by inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest and interfering with the specific immunological functions of each type of immune cells .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ toward specific immune cells .
To substantiate the overall immunocompromised effects of pesticides , there is a need to collect and thoroughly analyze additional information regarding other immunological toxicities .

Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill unwanted fungi, weeds and insects. In many countries, there is currently concern regarding the adverse effects of pesticides on health. It has been reported that pesticides may cause cancer, respiratory diseases, organ diseases, system failures, nervous system disorders and asthma, which are closely connected with immune disorders. Therefore, this study reviewed the immunotoxicity of pesticides that are currently used or prohibited from being used, especially their effects on leukocytes such as T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages. These immune cells play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immune systems to protect hosts. Pesticides are known to have possible toxicological modes of action to induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in living organisms. According to previous studies, pesticides such as atrazine (ATR), organophophorus (OP) compounds, carbamates, and pyrethroids were shown to inhibit the survival and growth of leukocytes by inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest and interfering with the specific immunological functions of each type of immune cells. These results suggest the immunotoxicity of pesticides toward specific immune cells. To substantiate the overall immunocompromised effects of pesticides, there is a need to collect and thoroughly analyze additional information regarding other immunological toxicities.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Pesticides-induced energy metabolic disorders.

Metabolic disorders have become a heavy burden on society .
Recently , through excessive use , pesticides have been found @ @ @ @ @ matrixes and sometimes even accumulate in humans or other mammals through the food chain , @ @ @ @ @ .
Evidence has indicated that pesticides have the potential to induce energy metabolic disorders by @ @ @ @ @ energy absorption in the intestine and energy storage in the liver , adipose tissue and @ @ @ @ @ other mammals .
In addition , the homeostasis of energy regulation by the pancreas and @ @ @ @ @ by pesticides .
These pesticide-induced disruptions ultimately cause abnormal levels of blood glucose and lipids @ @ @ @ @ the development of related metabolic diseases , including overweight , underweight , insulin resistance and @ @ @ @ @ review , the results of previous studies focused on the induction of metabolic disorders by @ @ @ @ @ hope that this work will facilitate the discovery of a potential strategy for the treatment @ @ @ @ @ .

Metabolic disorders have become a heavy burden on society. Recently, through excessive use, pesticides have been found to be present in environmental matrixes and sometimes even accumulate in humans or other mammals through the food chain, which then causes health concerns. Evidence has indicated that pesticides have the potential to induce energy metabolic disorders by disturbing the physical process of energy absorption in the intestine and energy storage in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans or other mammals. In addition, the homeostasis of energy regulation by the pancreas and immune cells is also affected by pesticides. These pesticide-induced disruptions ultimately cause abnormal levels of blood glucose and lipids, which in turn induce the development of related metabolic diseases, including overweight, underweight, insulin resistance and even diabetes. In this review, the results of previous studies focused on the induction of metabolic disorders by pesticides are summarized. We hope that this work will facilitate the discovery of a potential strategy for the treatment of diseases caused by pesticides.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Thyroid disrupting pesticides mancozeb and fipronil in mixture caused oxidative damage and genotoxic

Thyroid disrupting pesticides mancozeb and fipronil in mixture caused oxidative damage and genotoxicity in lymphoid organs of mice.

The interference in endocrine signaling in particular of hypothyroid-pituitary-thyroid axis during embryonic/neonatal development increases the risk of long-lasting immune dysfunctioning @ @ @ @ @ realistic exposure of established thyroid disrupting pesticides of dithiocarbamate group mancozeb and phenylpyrazole fipronil was @ @ @ @ @ and as mixtures ( MIX-I/MIX-II ) during the critical initiation phase of the immune response @ @ @ @ @ ) 31 till PND 60 ( maturation phase ) .
The direct exposure effect was @ @ @ @ @ the persistent effect was assessed at PND 91 .
Pronounced oxidative stress/genotoxicity in lymphoid organs @ @ @ @ @ exposure of pesticides ( MIX-I/ MIX-II ) continued to suppress the immune system till adulthood @ @ @ @ @ the synergistic/additive action .
The oxidative stress/genotoxicity effect was prevented on T4 supplementation to inhibit @ @ @ @ @ immune enhancer and antioxidants .
Oxidative stress/genotoxicity is suggested as a mechanism of thyroid disruption @ @ @ @

The interference in endocrine signaling in particular of hypothyroid-pituitary-thyroid axis during embryonic/neonatal development increases the risk of long-lasting immune dysfunctioning. Anticipating that, environmentally realistic exposure of established thyroid disrupting pesticides of dithiocarbamate group mancozeb and phenylpyrazole fipronil was given to mice as individual and as mixtures (MIX-I/MIX-II) during the critical initiation phase of the immune response from postnatal day (PND) 31 till PND 60 (maturation phase). The direct exposure effect was assessed at PND 61 and the persistent effect was assessed at PND 91. Pronounced oxidative stress/genotoxicity in lymphoid organs at even low dose mixture exposure of pesticides (MIX-I/ MIX-II) continued to suppress the immune system till adulthood; might be due to the synergistic/additive action. The oxidative stress/genotoxicity effect was prevented on T4 supplementation to inhibit immunotoxicity as T4 is an immune enhancer and antioxidants. Oxidative stress/genotoxicity is suggested as a mechanism of thyroid disruption mediated immune suppression.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-14--Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells.

Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson 's disease .
Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ( MPP+ ) .
However , there is scarce information on their effects on glia .
To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia , primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin ( IL ) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone .
Using qRTPCR or western blot , we determined the expression of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and its ligand CD200 , and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism .
ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism.Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated .
MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures .
CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants .
Changes in the mRNA expression of themolecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism , as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicantsmay impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism .

Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). However, there is scarce information on their effects on glia. To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia, primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin (IL) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone. Using qRTPCR or western blot, we determined the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, the CD200R1 microglial receptor and its ligand CD200, and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism.Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated. MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures. CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants. Changes in the mRNA expression of themolecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone differs between microglial and mixed glial cultures. These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicantsmay impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism.