greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Pterostilbene reduces colonic inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell activation and promoting re

Pterostilbene reduces colonic inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell activation and promoting regulatory T cell development.

Dendritic cells ( DCs ) and T cells play important roles in immune regulation , and modulating their function is @ @ @ @ @ or therapeutic strategies against immune disorders .
Herein , the effect of pterostilbene ( PSB @ @ @ @ @ resveratrol-related polyphenol found in blueberries-on immune regulation was evaluated .
Using an in vitro co-culture @ @ @ @ @ to exert the strongest inhibitory effect among all tested resveratrol derivatives on DC-mediated T cell @ @ @ @ @ treatment decreased the Th1 and Th17 populations and increased the regulatory T cell ( Treg @ @ @ @ @ with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies , PSB inhibited CD4T cell proliferation and differentiation into Th1 @ @ @ @ @ acted on DCs to suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced transactivation of genes encoding antigen presentation-related molecules and @ @ @ @ @ DNA-binding ability of the transcription factor PU.1 .
Furthermore , PSB promoted DC-mediated Foxp3Treg differentiation @ @ @ @ @ DC-induced Treg activity .
Oral administration of PSB alleviated the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced @ @ @ @ @ factor-α expression in mice .
Thus , PSB treatment ameliorates colonic inflammation .

Dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells play important roles in immune regulation, and modulating their function is an approach for developing preventive or therapeutic strategies against immune disorders. Herein, the effect of pterostilbene (PSB) (3',5'-dimethoxy-resveratrol)-a resveratrol-related polyphenol found in blueberries-on immune regulation was evaluated. Using an in vitro co-culture system, PSB was found to exert the strongest inhibitory effect among all tested resveratrol derivatives on DC-mediated T cell proliferation; moreover, PSB treatment decreased the Th1 and Th17 populations and increased the regulatory T cell (Treg) population. Upon co-stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, PSB inhibited CD4T cell proliferation and differentiation into Th1 cells. Additionally, PSB acted on DCs to suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced transactivation of genes encoding antigen presentation-related molecules and inflammatory cytokines by attenuating the DNA-binding ability of the transcription factor PU.1. Furthermore, PSB promoted DC-mediated Foxp3Treg differentiation, and PU.1 knockdown increased DC-induced Treg activity. Oral administration of PSB alleviated the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α expression in mice. Thus, PSB treatment ameliorates colonic inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Protective effects of pterostilbene against hepatic damage, redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfuncti

Protective effects of pterostilbene against hepatic damage, redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

This investigation evaluated the potential of natural antioxidants , pterostilbene ( PT ) and its parent compound resveratrol ( RSV ) , to alleviate hepatic damage , redox imbalance , mitochondrial dysfunction , and endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress in early-weaned piglets .
A total of 144 suckling piglets were randomly assigned to four treatments ( six replicates per group , n = 6 ) : 1 ) sow reared , 2 ) early weaned and fed a basal diet , 3 ) early weaned and fed the basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg PT , or with 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increased plasma alanine aminotransferase ( P = 0.004 ) and aspartate aminotransferase ( P = 0.009 ) activities and hepatic apoptotic rate ( P = 0.001 ) in piglets compared with the sow-reared piglets .
Early weaning decreased hepatic adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ; P = 0.006 ) content and mitochondrial complexes III ( P = 0.019 ) and IV activities ( P = 0.038 ) , but it increased superoxide anion accumulation ( P = 0.026 ) and the expression levels of ER stress markers , such as glucose-regulated protein 78 ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protein ( P = 0.001 ) , and activating transcription factor ( ATF ) 4 ( P = 0.006 ) .
PT was superior to RSV at mitigating liver injury and oxidative stress after early weaning , as indicated by decreases in the number of apoptotic cells ( P = 0.036 ) and the levels of superoxide anion ( P = 0.002 ) and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine ( P < 0.001 ) .
PT increased mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid content ( P = 0.031 ) and the activities of citrate synthase ( P = 0.005 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.004 ) and III ( P = 0.011 ) , and ATP synthase ( P = 0.041 ) , which may contribute to the mitigation of hepatic ATP deficit ( P = 0.017 ) in the PT-treated weaned piglets .
PT also prevented increases in the ER stress marker and ATF 6 expression levels and in the phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha caused by early weaning ( P < 0.05 ) .
PT increased sirtuin 1 activity ( P = 0.031 ) in the liver of early-weaned piglets than those in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In conclusion , PT supplementation alleviates liver injury in weanling piglets probably by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress .

This investigation evaluated the potential of natural antioxidants, pterostilbene (PT) and its parent compound resveratrol (RSV), to alleviate hepatic damage, redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in early-weaned piglets. A total of 144 suckling piglets were randomly assigned to four treatments (six replicates per group, n = 6): 1) sow reared, 2) early weaned and fed a basal diet, 3) early weaned and fed the basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg PT, or with 4) 300 mg/kg RSV. Early weaning increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.004) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.009) activities and hepatic apoptotic rate (P = 0.001) in piglets compared with the sow-reared piglets. Early weaning decreased hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP; P = 0.006) content and mitochondrial complexes III (P = 0.019) and IV activities (P = 0.038), but it increased superoxide anion accumulation (P = 0.026) and the expression levels of ER stress markers, such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (P<0.001), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (P = 0.001), and activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 (P = 0.006). PT was superior to RSV at mitigating liver injury and oxidative stress after early weaning, as indicated by decreases in the number of apoptotic cells (P = 0.036) and the levels of superoxide anion (P = 0.002) and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (P<0.001). PT increased mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid content (P = 0.031) and the activities of citrate synthase (P = 0.005), complexes I (P = 0.004) and III (P = 0.011), and ATP synthase (P = 0.041), which may contribute to the mitigation of hepatic ATP deficit (P = 0.017) in the PT-treated weaned piglets. PT also prevented increases in the ER stress marker and ATF 6 expression levels and in the phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha caused by early weaning (P<0.05). PT increased sirtuin 1 activity (P = 0.031) in the liver of early-weaned piglets than those in the early-weaned piglets fed a basal diet. In conclusion, PT supplementation alleviates liver injury in weanling piglets probably by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Pterostilbene sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human bladder cancer cells with oncogenic HRAS.

Analysis of various public databases revealed thatgene mutation frequency and mRNA expression are higher in bladder urothelial carcinoma .
Further analysis revealed the roles of oncogenic HRAS , autophagy , and cell senescence signaling in bladder cancer cells sensitized to the anticancer drug cisplatin using the phytochemical pterostilbene .
A T24 cell line with the oncogenicwas chosen for further experiments .
Indeed , coadministration of pterostilbene increased stronger cytotoxicity on T24 cells compared towild-type E7 cells , which was paralleled by neither elevated apoptosis nor induced cell cycle arrest , but rather a marked elevation of autophagy and cell senescence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ T24 cells was paralleled by inhibition of class I PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K as well as activation of MEK/ERK ( a RAS target ) and class III PI3K pathways .
Pterostilbene-induced cell senescence on T24 cells was paralleled by increased pan-RAS and decreased phospho-RB expression .
Coadministration of PI3K class III inhibitor 3-methyladenine or MEK inhibitor U0126 suppressed pterostilbene-induced autophagy and reversed pterostilbene-enhanced cytotoxicity , but did not affect pterostilbene-elevated cell senescence in T24 cells .
Animal study data confirmed that pterostilbene enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin plus gemcitabine .
These results suggest a therapeutic application of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Analysis of various public databases revealed thatgene mutation frequency and mRNA expression are higher in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Further analysis revealed the roles of oncogenic HRAS, autophagy, and cell senescence signaling in bladder cancer cells sensitized to the anticancer drug cisplatin using the phytochemical pterostilbene. A T24 cell line with the oncogenicwas chosen for further experiments. Indeed, coadministration of pterostilbene increased stronger cytotoxicity on T24 cells compared towild-type E7 cells, which was paralleled by neither elevated apoptosis nor induced cell cycle arrest, but rather a marked elevation of autophagy and cell senescence in T24 cells. Pterostilbene-induced autophagy in T24 cells was paralleled by inhibition of class I PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K as well as activation of MEK/ERK (a RAS target) and class III PI3K pathways. Pterostilbene-induced cell senescence on T24 cells was paralleled by increased pan-RAS and decreased phospho-RB expression. Coadministration of PI3K class III inhibitor 3-methyladenine or MEK inhibitor U0126 suppressed pterostilbene-induced autophagy and reversed pterostilbene-enhanced cytotoxicity, but did not affect pterostilbene-elevated cell senescence in T24 cells. Animal study data confirmed that pterostilbene enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin plus gemcitabine. These results suggest a therapeutic application of pterostilbene in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer with oncogenic.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Pterostilbene enhances sorafenib's anticancer effects on gastric adenocarcinoma.

Sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of certain cancers in clinic .
However , the effects of sorafenib on gastric adenocarcinoma ( GAC ) were still limited .
This study aimed to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of sorafenib in combination with pterostilbene ( PTE ) on the treatment of GAC .
Here , the morphological changes and cell viability were recorded in both N87 and MKN45 cells .
The cell cycle profile and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry .
Subcutaneous tumour xenografts were constructed in nude mice , and IHC staining of the dissected @ @ @ @ @ @ @ showed that PTE enhanced sorafenib 's inhibitory effects on cell viability .
The obvious down-regulation of cyclin D1 , Cdk-2 , Cdk-4 , Cdk-6 and p62 and the up-regulation of LC3II , caspase-9 , caspase-3 and PARP cleavages were observed for the combination treatment with PTE and sorafenib than monotherapy .
The combination treatment resulted in a higher level of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis than either drug .
Besides , drug combination significantly enhanced the inhibition of tumour growth than sorafenib or PET alone in nude mice .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ distinctly reduced , and the apoptotic cells was obviously increased when compared with single drug therapy .
Altogether , PET obviously enhanced sorafenib 's antitumour effects against GAC through inhibiting cell proliferation , inducing autophagy and promoting apoptosis .
The combination therapy with PET and sorafenib may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating GAC and deserve further clinical trials .

Sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of certain cancers in clinic. However, the effects of sorafenib on gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) were still limited. This study aimed to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of sorafenib in combination with pterostilbene (PTE) on the treatment of GAC. Here, the morphological changes and cell viability were recorded in both N87 and MKN45 cells. The cell cycle profile and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Subcutaneous tumour xenografts were constructed in nude mice, and IHC staining of the dissected tumour tissues was conducted. Our results showed that PTE enhanced sorafenib's inhibitory effects on cell viability. The obvious down-regulation of cyclin D1, Cdk-2, Cdk-4, Cdk-6 and p62 and the up-regulation of LC3II, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP cleavages were observed for the combination treatment with PTE and sorafenib than monotherapy. The combination treatment resulted in a higher level of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis than either drug. Besides, drug combination significantly enhanced the inhibition of tumour growth than sorafenib or PET alone in nude mice. The percentage of Ki-67- and PCNA-positive cells was distinctly reduced, and the apoptotic cells was obviously increased when compared with single drug therapy. Altogether, PET obviously enhanced sorafenib's antitumour effects against GAC through inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing autophagy and promoting apoptosis. The combination therapy with PET and sorafenib may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating GAC and deserve further clinical trials.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Comparative effects of pterostilbene and its parent compound resveratrol on oxidative stress and inf

Comparative effects of pterostilbene and its parent compound resveratrol on oxidative stress and inflammation in steatohepatitis induced by high-fat high-fructose feeding.

Different studies have revealed that oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial in NAFLD ( Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ) .
The aim of this study is to analyze whether pterostilbene and resveratrol are able to either avoid or delay the progression of non-alcoholic liver steatosis towards steatohepatitis .
This has been performed by examining their effects on oxidative stress , inflammation , fibrosis and pre-carcinogenic stages .
Rats were distributed into five experimental groups and were fed with either a standard diet or a high-fat high-fructose diet , supplemented or not with pterostilbene ( 15 or 30 mg/kg/d ) or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 8 weeks .
Liver histological analysis was carried out by haematoxylin-eosin staining .
Serum and hepatic oxidative stress-related parameters were assessed using spectrophotometry , and the expression of genes related to inflammation , fibrosis and cancer by qRT-PCR .
The dietary model used in this study led to the development of steatohepatitis , where rats displayed oxidative stress , inflammation and ballooning , although not fibrosis .
It also modified the expression of hepatocarcinoma-related genes .
The results show , for the first time , that pterostilbene was able to partially prevent these @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in hepatocarcinoma-related genes , mainly at 30 mg/kg/d .
Pterostilbene was more effective than its parent compound resveratrol , probably due to its high bioavailability and higher anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities , attributable to its different chemical structure .

Different studies have revealed that oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial in NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). The aim of this study is to analyze whether pterostilbene and resveratrol are able to either avoid or delay the progression of non-alcoholic liver steatosis towards steatohepatitis. This has been performed by examining their effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and pre-carcinogenic stages. Rats were distributed into five experimental groups and were fed with either a standard diet or a high-fat high-fructose diet, supplemented or not with pterostilbene (15 or 30 mg/kg/d) or resveratrol (30 mg/kg/d), for 8 weeks. Liver histological analysis was carried out by haematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum and hepatic oxidative stress-related parameters were assessed using spectrophotometry, and the expression of genes related to inflammation, fibrosis and cancer by qRT-PCR. The dietary model used in this study led to the development of steatohepatitis, where rats displayed oxidative stress, inflammation and ballooning, although not fibrosis. It also modified the expression of hepatocarcinoma-related genes. The results show, for the first time, that pterostilbene was able to partially prevent these alterations, with the exception of changes in hepatocarcinoma-related genes, mainly at 30 mg/kg/d. Pterostilbene was more effective than its parent compound resveratrol, probably due to its high bioavailability and higher anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, attributable to its different chemical structure.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Pterostilbene attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis by mediating MMT by regulating transcriptional

Pterostilbene attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis by mediating MMT by regulating transcriptional activity of CXCL10.

Pterostilbene ( PTB ) is a derivative of resveratrol present in grapes and blueberries .
PTB is structurally similar to resveratrol , possessing properties such as being analgesic , anti-aging , antidiabetic , anti-inflammatory , anti-obesity , anti-oxidation , cholesterol-reductive , and neuroprotective .
However , there have not been reports on the effect of PTB on macrophage-myofibroblast transition ( MMT ) induced fibrosis in kidney .
In this study , we investigated the antifibrotic effects of PTB on themouse unilateral ureteral obstruction ( UUO ) model andMMT cells .
Kidneys subjected to UUO with PTB treatment were collected for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ renal interstitial fibrosis .
We conducted kidney RNA-seq transcriptomes and TGF- [ Formula : see text ] 1-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages assays to determine the mechanisms of PTB .
We found that PTB treatment suppressed the interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice .
PTB also attenuated the number of MMT cellsand .
The transcriptomic analysis showed that CXCL10 may play a central role in the process of PTB-treated renal fibrosis .
The siRNA-mediated CXCL10 knockdown decreased the number of MMT cells in TGF- [ Formula : see text ] 1-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ interstitial fibrosis by mediating MMT by regulating transcriptional activity of CXCL10 .

Pterostilbene (PTB) is a derivative of resveratrol present in grapes and blueberries. PTB is structurally similar to resveratrol, possessing properties such as being analgesic, anti-aging, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, cholesterol-reductive, and neuroprotective. However, there have not been reports on the effect of PTB on macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) induced fibrosis in kidney. In this study, we investigated the antifibrotic effects of PTB on themouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model andMMT cells. Kidneys subjected to UUO with PTB treatment were collected for the investigation of PTB mediating MMT derived renal interstitial fibrosis. We conducted kidney RNA-seq transcriptomes and TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages assays to determine the mechanisms of PTB. We found that PTB treatment suppressed the interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. PTB also attenuated the number of MMT cellsand. The transcriptomic analysis showed that CXCL10 may play a central role in the process of PTB-treated renal fibrosis. The siRNA-mediated CXCL10 knockdown decreased the number of MMT cells in TGF-[Formula: see text]1-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our results suggested that PTB attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis by mediating MMT by regulating transcriptional activity of CXCL10.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Activity of pterostilbene metabolites against liver steatosis in cultured hepatocytes.

Pterostilbene is a dimethyl ether derivative of resveratrol , less metabolized than its analogue , due to the substitution of two hydroxyl groups with methoxyl groups .
Nevertheless , the amounts of pterostilbene phase II metabolites found in plasma and tissues are higher than those of the parent compound .
The first aim of this study was to assess whether pterostilbene-4 ' -- glucuronide ( PT-G ) and pterostilbene-4 ' -- sulfate ( PT-S ) were able to prevent triglyceride accumulation in AML12 ( alpha mouse liver 12 ) hepatocytes .
This being the case , we aimed to analyze @ @ @ @ @ @ @ For this purpose , an in vitro model mimicking the hepatocyte situation in fatty liver was developed by incubating mouse AML12 hepatocytes with palmitic acid ( PA ) .
For cell treatments , hepatocytes were incubated with 1 , 10 or 25µM of pterostilbene , pterostilbene-4 ' -- glucuronide or pterostilbene-4 ' -- sulfate for 18 h. Triglycerides and cell viability were assessed by a commercial kit and crystal violet assay , respectively .
Protein expression of enzymes and transporters involved in triglyceride metabolism was analyzed by immunoblot .
The results showed for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pterostilbene metabolites and thus , that they contribute to the preventive effect induced by pterostilbene on steatosis in in vivo models .
This anti-steatotic effect is mainly due to the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis .

Pterostilbene is a dimethyl ether derivative of resveratrol, less metabolized than its analogue, due to the substitution of two hydroxyl groups with methoxyl groups. Nevertheless, the amounts of pterostilbene phase II metabolites found in plasma and tissues are higher than those of the parent compound. The first aim of this study was to assess whether pterostilbene-4'--glucuronide (PT-G) and pterostilbene-4'--sulfate (PT-S) were able to prevent triglyceride accumulation in AML12 (alpha mouse liver 12) hepatocytes. This being the case, we aimed to analyze the mechanisms involved in their effects. For this purpose, an in vitro model mimicking the hepatocyte situation in fatty liver was developed by incubating mouse AML12 hepatocytes with palmitic acid (PA). For cell treatments, hepatocytes were incubated with 1, 10 or 25µM of pterostilbene, pterostilbene-4'--glucuronide or pterostilbene-4'--sulfate for 18 h. Triglycerides and cell viability were assessed by a commercial kit and crystal violet assay, respectively. Protein expression of enzymes and transporters involved in triglyceride metabolism was analyzed by immunoblot. The results showed for the first time the anti-steatotic effect of pterostilbene metabolites and thus, that they contribute to the preventive effect induced by pterostilbene on steatosis in in vivo models. This anti-steatotic effect is mainly due to the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Antibiofilm agent pterostilbene is able to enhance antibiotics action against Staphylococcus epiderm

Antibiofilm agent pterostilbene is able to enhance antibiotics action against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Pterostilbene ( PTE ) is a naturally occurring compound originally isolated from Pterocarpus spp .
It has been widely used in traditional Indian medicine and later discovered to have various beneficial pharmacological effects such as antioxidant properties , hypoglycaemic or antitumor , and antimicrobial activity .
This work is focused on demonstrating PTE synergistic effect with erythromycin and tetracycline to reduce their needed effective concentration for suppression of Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic cells growth and biofilm formation .
The secondary aim is to find these combinations effect on the production of its virulence factors .
PTE was found to be effective @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MICvalues 25-37.5 mg l. Simultaneously , it decreased the metabolic activity of biofilm cells and was especially effective on a clinical isolate ( MBIC = 35 mg l ) in contrast to the conventional antibiotics .
In combination , PTE helped the antibiotics to overcome the tolerance of S. epidermidis biofilm cells ( 5 mg lof each antibiotic with 49 mg l PTE caused more than 85 % inhibition of metabolic activity ) .
It permeabilized cytoplasmic membrane of S. epidermidis cells and altered their surface hydrophobicity .
Therefore , PTE has a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen .

Pterostilbene (PTE) is a naturally occurring compound originally isolated from Pterocarpus spp. It has been widely used in traditional Indian medicine and later discovered to have various beneficial pharmacological effects such as antioxidant properties, hypoglycaemic or antitumor, and antimicrobial activity. This work is focused on demonstrating PTE synergistic effect with erythromycin and tetracycline to reduce their needed effective concentration for suppression of Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic cells growth and biofilm formation. The secondary aim is to find these combinations effect on the production of its virulence factors. PTE was found to be effective in inhibition of its planktonic cells with MICvalues 25-37.5 mg l. Simultaneously, it decreased the metabolic activity of biofilm cells and was especially effective on a clinical isolate (MBIC = 35 mg l) in contrast to the conventional antibiotics. In combination, PTE helped the antibiotics to overcome the tolerance of S. epidermidis biofilm cells (5 mg lof each antibiotic with 49 mg l PTE caused more than 85% inhibition of metabolic activity). It permeabilized cytoplasmic membrane of S. epidermidis cells and altered their surface hydrophobicity. Therefore, PTE has a great potential to enhance antibiotics action in the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-13--Effects of daily consumption of psyllium, oat bran and polyGlycopleX on obesity-related disease risk

Effects of daily consumption of psyllium, oat bran and polyGlycopleX on obesity-related disease risk factors.

The persistent obesity crisis , with its increased risk for the metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , continues to damage the health of populations globally , including children .
Diets rich in the fiber provided by fruit and vegetables support good metabolic health , although few adults and children achieve the recommended daily target .
Daily fiber supplementation , particularly with soluble fiber products , such as psyllium , oat bran , or a newer product such as PolyGlycopleX , may provide a convenient solution .
Literature searches were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ systematic reviews , and meta-analyses with the search terms psyllium , oat bran , PolyGlycopleX , and PGX , AND adults and children AND overweight , obesity , and metabolic syndrome .
Data source was Embase and PubMed from 1980 to 2017 .
The results show that the addition of a soluble fiber product , most notably psyllium , improves blood lipid profiles , particularly total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , as well as glycemic response , and increases satiety , and by thus improving MetS and CVD risk factors , may augment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Although less studied than psyllium , the available evidence has shown thatβ-glucan present in oat bran has a beneficial effect on MetS and CVD risk factors , particularly blood lipids and glycemia .
Early research has found PolyGlycopleX to provide similar benefits to other soluble fiber products , and suggest it may also assist with weight loss .
This critical review demonstrates that soluble fiber supplements used as an adjunct to dietary and lifestyle modifications may assist with the treatment of CVD and MetS risk factors .
More research is needed to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ particular , as well as to develop safe and efficacious recommendations for fiber supplementation of all types for children in general .

The persistent obesity crisis, with its increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), continues to damage the health of populations globally, including children. Diets rich in the fiber provided by fruit and vegetables support good metabolic health, although few adults and children achieve the recommended daily target. Daily fiber supplementation, particularly with soluble fiber products, such as psyllium, oat bran, or a newer product such as PolyGlycopleX, may provide a convenient solution. Literature searches were conducted to identify original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses with the search terms psyllium, oat bran, PolyGlycopleX, and PGX, AND adults and children AND overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Data source was Embase and PubMed from 1980 to 2017. The results show that the addition of a soluble fiber product, most notably psyllium, improves blood lipid profiles, particularly total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as glycemic response, and increases satiety, and by thus improving MetS and CVD risk factors, may augment the processes initiated by weight reduction diets. Although less studied than psyllium, the available evidence has shown thatβ-glucan present in oat bran has a beneficial effect on MetS and CVD risk factors, particularly blood lipids and glycemia. Early research has found PolyGlycopleX to provide similar benefits to other soluble fiber products, and suggest it may also assist with weight loss. This critical review demonstrates that soluble fiber supplements used as an adjunct to dietary and lifestyle modifications may assist with the treatment of CVD and MetS risk factors. More research is needed to further clarify the benefits of PolyGlycopleX in particular, as well as to develop safe and efficacious recommendations for fiber supplementation of all types for children in general.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-13--Increased intake of cereal fiber improved blood cholesterol profiles and increased the intestinal ch

Increased intake of cereal fiber improved blood cholesterol profiles and increased the intestinal cholesterol efflux and cholesterol clearance.

Background : Dietary intake of cereal fiber has been reported to benefit lipid metabolism through multiple mechanisms .
The present study aimed to discover the potential mechanisms by which cereal fiber could modify the intestinal cholesterol metabolism .
Design : Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a reference chow ( RC ) diet ; high-fat , high-cholesterol ( HFC ) diet ; HFC plus oat fiber diet ; or HFC plus wheat bran fiber diet for 24 weeks .
Serum lipids were measured by enzymatic methods .
Western blot was used to determine the protein expressions involved in intestinal cholesterol metabolism @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HFC-induced elevations of serum triglycerides , total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were normalized in both groups that received cereal fiber .
At the protein level , compared with the HFC diet group , the two cereal fibers , especially the oat fiber , significantly increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha , liver X receptor alpha , sterol regulatory element-binding protein ( SREBP ) 2 , low-density lipoprotein receptor , adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) -binding cassette A1 , and ATP-binding cassette G1 , while decreasing the protein expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , fatty acid synthase , and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase , which were involved in intestinal cholesterol metabolism .
Conclusion : Taken together , increased intake of cereal fiber improved blood cholesterol profiles and increased the intestinal cholesterol efflux and cholesterol clearance in C57BL/6 mice fed a HFC diet .
Oat fiber had a stronger effect than wheat bran fiber on cholesterol metabolism by modulating the PPARα , LXRα , and SREBP signaling pathways .

Background: Dietary intake of cereal fiber has been reported to benefit lipid metabolism through multiple mechanisms. The present study aimed to discover the potential mechanisms by which cereal fiber could modify the intestinal cholesterol metabolism.
Design: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a reference chow (RC) diet; high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet; HFC plus oat fiber diet; or HFC plus wheat bran fiber diet for 24 weeks. Serum lipids were measured by enzymatic methods. Western blot was used to determine the protein expressions involved in intestinal cholesterol metabolism.
Results: Our results showed that HFC-induced elevations of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were normalized in both groups that received cereal fiber. At the protein level, compared with the HFC diet group, the two cereal fibers, especially the oat fiber, significantly increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, liver X receptor alpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 2, low-density lipoprotein receptor, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette A1, and ATP-binding cassette G1, while decreasing the protein expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1, SREBP-1, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, which were involved in intestinal cholesterol metabolism.
Conclusion: Taken together, increased intake of cereal fiber improved blood cholesterol profiles and increased the intestinal cholesterol efflux and cholesterol clearance in C57BL/6 mice fed a HFC diet. Oat fiber had a stronger effect than wheat bran fiber on cholesterol metabolism by modulating the PPARα, LXRα, and SREBP signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-13--Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of oat bran protein hydrolysates in stressed hepatic cells

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of oat bran protein hydrolysates in stressed hepatic cells.

The objective of this work was to find out how the method to extract proteins and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis affect the ability of hepatic cells to resist oxidative stress .
Proteins were isolated from oat brans in the presence of Cellulase ( CPI ) or Viscozyme ( VPI ) .
Four protein hydrolysates were produced from CPI and four others from VPI when they treated with Alcalase , Flavourzyme , Papain , or Protamex .
Apart from CPI-Papain that reduced the viability of cell by 20 % , no other hydrolysate was cytotoxic in the hepatic HepG2 cells .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fully prevented the damage due to peroxyl radical while CPI-Papain and CPI-Alcalase enhanced the cellular damage .
Cells treated with VPI-hydrolysates reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) by 20-40 % and , also increased the intracellular concentration of glutathione , compared to CPI-hydrolysates .
In antioxidant enzyme assays , although all hydrolysates enhanced the activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase by up to 2- and 3.4-fold , respectively relative the control cells , the largest increase was due to VPI-Papain and VPI-Flavourzyme hydrolysates .
In caspase-3 assays , hydrolysates with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were able to reduce the activity of the pro-apoptotic enzyme , caspase-3 indicating that they prevented oxidative stress-induced cell death .

The objective of this work was to find out how the method to extract proteins and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis affect the ability of hepatic cells to resist oxidative stress. Proteins were isolated from oat brans in the presence of Cellulase (CPI) or Viscozyme (VPI). Four protein hydrolysates were produced from CPI and four others from VPI when they treated with Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Papain, or Protamex. Apart from CPI-Papain that reduced the viability of cell by 20%, no other hydrolysate was cytotoxic in the hepatic HepG2 cells. In the cytoprotection test, VPI-Papain and VPI-Flavourzyme fully prevented the damage due to peroxyl radical while CPI-Papain and CPI-Alcalase enhanced the cellular damage. Cells treated with VPI-hydrolysates reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 20-40% and, also increased the intracellular concentration of glutathione, compared to CPI-hydrolysates. In antioxidant enzyme assays, although all hydrolysates enhanced the activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase by up to 2- and 3.4-fold, respectively relative the control cells, the largest increase was due to VPI-Papain and VPI-Flavourzyme hydrolysates. In caspase-3 assays, hydrolysates with reduced ROS or enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities were able to reduce the activity of the pro-apoptotic enzyme, caspase-3 indicating that they prevented oxidative stress-induced cell death.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Psyllium husk has protective effects in a murine dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model.

Background : Yeast products and psyllium husk may provide relief from clinical signs of colitis due to their ability to promote gut integrity , modulate gut microbiota , or positively affect immune responses , which have been demonstrated in several species .
Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of afermentation product ( SCFP ) and psyllium husk ( PH ) on cecal and fecal microbiota , colonic gene expression and histopathology , and mesenteric lymph node ( MLN ) immune cells in a dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) -induced colitis model .
Methods @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) were assigned to a control , 5 % SCFP , or 5 % PH diet .
After 2 wk of diet adaptation , mice were provided distilled water or 3 % ( wt : vol ) DSS for 5 d ad libitum .
Body weight , food and water intakes , and disease activity index ( DAI ) were recorded daily during the treatment period .
Fresh fecal samples were collected before and during treatment for microbial analyses .
After treatment , mice were killed , followed by tissue collection .
Tissues @ @ @ @ @ @ @ analyses .
Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4 ( SAS Institute ) .
Results : Consumption of SCFP increased ( < 0.05 ) species richness of the gut microbiota and relative abundance ofin fecal and cecal samples compared with control or PH mice .
PH mice had greater ( < 0.05 ) gene expression of claudin ( ) , , , and ( ) compared with control mice .
DAI , MLN immune cell populations , colonic histopathology , and colonic gene expression were not affected ( > @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
DSS mice consuming PH had lower ( < 0.05 ) DAI compared with control or SCFP mice .
Conclusions : Results suggest that , despite the modest changes it had on cecal and fecal microbiota , SCFP did not attenuate clinical signs associated with DSS-induced colitis in mice , while PH showed protective effects .

Background: Yeast products and psyllium husk may provide relief from clinical signs of colitis due to their ability to promote gut integrity, modulate gut microbiota, or positively affect immune responses, which have been demonstrated in several species.
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of afermentation product (SCFP) and psyllium husk (PH) on cecal and fecal microbiota, colonic gene expression and histopathology, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) immune cells in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model.
Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice ( = 54) were assigned to a control, 5% SCFP, or 5% PH diet. After 2 wk of diet adaptation, mice were provided distilled water or 3% (wt:vol) DSS for 5 d ad libitum. Body weight, food and water intakes, and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded daily during the treatment period. Fresh fecal samples were collected before and during treatment for microbial analyses. After treatment, mice were killed, followed by tissue collection. Tissues were stored in proper solutions until further analyses. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute).
Results: Consumption of SCFP increased (<0.05) species richness of the gut microbiota and relative abundance ofin fecal and cecal samples compared with control or PH mice. PH mice had greater (<0.05) gene expression of claudin (),,, and() compared with control mice. DAI, MLN immune cell populations, colonic histopathology, and colonic gene expression were not affected (>0.05) by SCFP in DSS mice. DSS mice consuming PH had lower (<0.05) DAI compared with control or SCFP mice.
Conclusions: Results suggest that, despite the modest changes it had on cecal and fecal microbiota, SCFP did not attenuate clinical signs associated with DSS-induced colitis in mice, while PH showed protective effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Neuroprotective effect of peptide fractions from chia on H2O2-induced oxidative stress-mediated neur

Neuroprotective effect of peptide fractions from chia on H2O2-induced oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage.

Neurodegenerative diseases ( ND ) affect around a billion people worldwide .
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the @ @ @ @ @ , implicated in the ND etiology .
In the present research , the neuroprotective effect @ @ @ @ @ derivatives is evaluated , on neuronal cells N1E-115 , after the damage induction with HO @ @ @ @ @ of S. hispanica , three peptide fractions were obtained ( 3-5 , 1-3 y

Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) affect around a billion people worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the activation of neuronal death mechanisms, implicated in the ND etiology. In the present research, the neuroprotective effect of the S. hispanica protein derivatives is evaluated, on neuronal cells N1E-115, after the damage induction with HO. From the protein-rich fraction of S. hispanica, three peptide fractions were obtained (3-5, 1-3 y< 1 kDa) and its neuroprotective effect on neuronal cells N1E-115 was evaluated, through the antioxidant pathway. In the toxicity assay, the peptide fractions showed viability greater than 90%. When N1E-115 cells were incubated with 100 µM HO, fractions 1-3 and < 1 kDa, presented cell viability of 66.64% ± 3.2 and 67.32% ± 2.8, respectively. Fractions 1-3 and< 1 kDa reduced by 41.73% ± 3.2 and 40.87% ± 2.8, respectively, the ROS production compared to the control, without significant statistical difference between both fractions (p < 0.05), while F3-5 kDa, only reduced the ROS production by 21.95% ± 2.4. The protective effect observed in the < 3 kDa fractions could be associated with its antioxidant activity, which represents an important study target.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Identification of chia seed peptides with enzyme inhibition activity towards skin-aging enzymes.

Chia ( Salvia hispanica ) seed peptides have drawn attention because of their antioxidant , antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities , @ @ @ @ @ development of cosmeceutical skin products .
However , there are no preceding reports that address @ @ @ @ @ .
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in silico @ @ @ @ @ peptides towards the main aging-related enzymes .
Enzyme-inhibition activity of

Chia (Salvia hispanica) seed peptides have drawn attention because of their antioxidant, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities, making them ideal candidates for development of cosmeceutical skin products. However, there are no preceding reports that address their aging-related enzyme inhibitory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in silico inhibitory activity of chia seed peptides towards the main aging-related enzymes. Enzyme-inhibition activity of < 3 kDa chia seed peptides towards collagenase, hyaluronidase, tyrosinase, and elastase was evaluated. Further fractions were obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and re-tested for enzyme inhibitory activity. Peptide sequences were identified from the most effective fraction and used for in silico analysis. The < 3 kDa peptides exhibited inhibitory activities towards elastase (65.32%, IC = 0.43 mg/mL), tyrosinase (58.74%, IC = 0.66 mg/mL), hyaluronidase (26.96%, IC = 1.28 mg/mL), and collagenase (28.90%, IC = 1.41 mg/mL). They showed mixed-type inhibition patterns towards elastase and hyaluronidase, while a non-competitive inhibition pattern was observed towards collagenase and tyrosinase. Fraction II obtained by SEC, showed higher enzyme inhibitory activity. Seven peptides were identified in this fraction (APHWYTN, DQNPRSF, GDAHWAY, GDAHWTY, GDAHWVY, GFEWITF, and KKLKRVYV), which according to in silico analysis, possess 19-29 enzyme-peptide pair interactions towards elastase and three peptide sequences shared homology sequence (GDAHW). These results demonstrate that peptides from chia seeds may contribute in the improvement of skin health by offering protection against aging-related enzymes by preventing degradation of the protein matrix on the skin; however, further in vivo studies are needed to evaluate its actual capability.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Ethanolic extract of Salvia hispanica L. regulates blood pressure.

Hypertension ( HT ) is considered to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been directly related to pathologies such as obesity and dyslipidemias .
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEIs ) blocked the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade diminishing the production of angiotensin II and the level of bradykinin , produced by the kallikrein-kinin system .
Although ACEIs are effective therapeutics in regulating HT , they present several side-effects that can be due to their mechanism of action ( as hypotension , cough , dizziness , light-headedness or hyperkalemia ) to specific drug molecular structure ( skin rash , neutropenia @ @ @ @ @ @ @ associated pathologies in the patients ( it has been considered a possible nephrotoxic effect when ACEIs are administered in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers , in patients that present comorbidities as diabetes , acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease ) .
Therefore , it is necessary the searching for new products with ACEI activity that do not produce side effects .
Interestingly , species of the plant genushave been found to possess hypotensive effects .
In the present study , we analyzed the effects of the ethanolic extract ofL .
seeds ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ involved in pathways regulating HT .
Administration of EESH to hypertensive rats inhibited the angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) activity along with a decrease inand elevation ofandgene expression , as compared to that in healthy rats .
Moreover , these results were similar to those observed with captopril , an antihypertensive drug used as a control .
No significant change in the expression ofgene was observed in the different groups of rats .
To conclude , our results demonstrate that EESH regulates blood pressure ( BP ) in hypertensive rats through transcriptionally regulating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ different pathways involving ACE .

Hypertension (HT) is considered to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been directly related to pathologies such as obesity and dyslipidemias. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) blocked the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade diminishing the production of angiotensin II and the level of bradykinin, produced by the kallikrein-kinin system. Although ACEIs are effective therapeutics in regulating HT, they present several side-effects that can be due to their mechanism of action (as hypotension, cough, dizziness, light-headedness or hyperkalemia) to specific drug molecular structure (skin rash, neutropenia and tasting disorders) or due to associated pathologies in the patients (it has been considered a possible nephrotoxic effect when ACEIs are administered in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers, in patients that present comorbidities as diabetes, acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease). Therefore, it is necessary the searching for new products with ACEI activity that do not produce side effects. Interestingly, species of the plant genushave been found to possess hypotensive effects. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the ethanolic extract ofL. seeds (EESH) on the expression of genes involved in pathways regulating HT. Administration of EESH to hypertensive rats inhibited the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity along with a decrease inand elevation ofandgene expression, as compared to that in healthy rats. Moreover, these results were similar to those observed with captopril, an antihypertensive drug used as a control. No significant change in the expression ofgene was observed in the different groups of rats. To conclude, our results demonstrate that EESH regulates blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats through transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes that participate in different pathways involving ACE.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Anti-urolithiatic activity of Salvia hispanica L. seeds in ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis is a disorder of kidneys in which stones formation occur due to the excessive deposition of minerals in the urinary tract .
It affects 12 % of the population worldwide .
Salvia hispanica seeds are rich source of quercetin which has preventive role in renal stone formation .
The study objective was to explore scientifically the anti-urolithiatic effect of Salvia hispanica seed 's methanol extract using in vitro and in vivo urolithiasis models .
For in-vitro study nucleation , growth and aggregation assays were performed .
In vivo study was performed on rats and they were divided into six @ @ @ @ @ @ @ given vehicle only .
Group-II was disease control , treated with 0.75 % EG in drinking water which triggered urolithiasis .
Groups-III received cystone ( 750 mg/kg , orally ) .
Groups IV-VI were treated with extract at 100 , 300 and 700 mg/kg doses orally once daily .
Groups III-VI additionally received 0.75 % EG in drinking water .
In vitro study revealed concentration dependent increase in percentage inhibition of crystal 's nucleation , growth and aggregation .
In vivo study revealed anti-urolithiatic activity by lowering oxalate , calcium , phosphate , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the serum uric acid , blood urea nitrogen , total proteins and total albumin .
Salvia hispanica seeds are good alterative of allopathic anti-urolithiatic drugs to treat urolithiasis .

Urolithiasis is a disorder of kidneys in which stones formation occur due to the excessive deposition of minerals in the urinary tract. It affects 12% of the population worldwide. Salvia hispanica seeds are rich source of quercetin which has preventive role in renal stone formation. The study objective was to explore scientifically the anti-urolithiatic effect of Salvia hispanica seed's methanol extract using in vitro and in vivo urolithiasis models. For in-vitro study nucleation, growth and aggregation assays were performed. In vivo study was performed on rats and they were divided into six groups (n=6). Group-I was given vehicle only. Group-II was disease control, treated with 0.75% EG in drinking water which triggered urolithiasis. Groups-III received cystone (750 mg/kg, orally). Groups IV-VI were treated with extract at 100, 300 and 700 mg/kg doses orally once daily. Groups III-VI additionally received 0.75% EG in drinking water. In vitro study revealed concentration dependent increase in percentage inhibition of crystal's nucleation, growth and aggregation. In vivo study revealed anti-urolithiatic activity by lowering oxalate, calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium levels in the urine and the serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, total proteins and total albumin. Salvia hispanica seeds are good alterative of allopathic anti-urolithiatic drugs to treat urolithiasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Defatted flaxseed flour improves weight loss and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults.

SCOPE : Studies have suggested that foods rich in dietary fiber may contribute to body weight loss and lower triacylglycerol ( TG ) levels .
This study aimed to investigate the effect of flaxseed meal ( FM ) ( a by-product of flaxseed after oil processing ) supplemented biscuits on body weight , body composition , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants .
METHOD AND RESULTS : In a double-blind randomized controlled trial , 53 overweight and obese adults ( 18-36 years of age ) were recruited and randomized to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with FM @ @ @ @ @ @ @ approximately 100 g per day ) .
Significant group× time interaction ( P = 0.011 ) was observed for body weight , and the body weight of the FM group was significantly lower than that of the control group ( P = 0.049 ) .
We also found significant group × time interactions for body mass index ( BMI ) ( P = 0.008 ) , TG ( P = 0.041 ) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) ( P= 0.016 ) .
In addition , after 60 days of intervention , the body @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the FM group significantly decreased compared to those of the control group .
On day 60 , the serum concentration of IL-6 in the FM group was significantly lower than that in the control group .
CONCLUSIONS : FM supplemented biscuits have a beneficial effect on body weight , BMI and TG of overweight and obese subjects ( ClinicalTrials.gov registration number : ChiCTR1900022833 ) .

SCOPE: Studies have suggested that foods rich in dietary fiber may contribute to body weight loss and lower triacylglycerol (TG) levels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of flaxseed meal (FM) (a by-product of flaxseed after oil processing) supplemented biscuits on body weight, body composition, and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants.
METHOD AND RESULTS: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 53 overweight and obese adults (18-36 years of age) were recruited and randomized to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with FM for their breakfast for 60 days (approximately 100 g per day). Significant group× time interaction (P = 0.011) was observed for body weight, and the body weight of the FM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P = 0.049). We also found significant group × time interactions for body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.008), TG (P = 0.041) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P= 0.016). In addition, after 60 days of intervention, the body weight, BMI and TG levels of the FM group significantly decreased compared to those of the control group. On day 60, the serum concentration of IL-6 in the FM group was significantly lower than that in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: FM supplemented biscuits have a beneficial effect on body weight, BMI and TG of overweight and obese subjects (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: ChiCTR1900022833).


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--The anti-cancer effect of flaxseed lignan derivatives on different acute myeloid leukemia cancer cel

The anti-cancer effect of flaxseed lignan derivatives on different acute myeloid leukemia cancer cells.

Flaxseeds have been known for their anti-cancerous effects due to the high abundance of lignans released upon ingestion .
The most abundant lignan , secoisolariciresinol diglucoside ( SDG ) , is ingested during the dietary intake of flax , and is then metabolized in the gut into two mammalian lignan derivatives , Enterodiol ( END ) and Enterolactone ( ENL ) .
These lignans were previously reported to possess anti-tumor effects against breast , colon , and lung cancer .
This study aims to investigate the potential anti-cancerous effect of the flaxseed lignans SDG , END and ENL on acute @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vitro and to decipher the underlying molecular mechanism .
AML cell lines , ( KG-1 and Monomac-1 ) and a normal lymphoblastic cell line were cultured and treated with the purified lignans .
ENL was found to be the most promising lignan , as it exhibits a significant selective dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect in both AML cell lines , contrary to normal cells .
The cytotoxic effects observed were attributed to apoptosis induction , as revealed by an increase in Annexin V staining of AML cells with increasing ENL concentrations .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the pre-G phase , in addition to cell death ELISA analysis , validated cellular and DNA fragmentation respectively .
Analysis of protein expression using western blots confirmed the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway upon ENL treatment .
This was also accompanied by an increase in ROS production intracellularly .
In conclusion , this study demonstrates that ENL has promising anti-cancer effects in AML cell lines in vitro , by promoting DNA fragmentation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway , highlighting the protective health benefits of flax seeds in leukemia .

Flaxseeds have been known for their anti-cancerous effects due to the high abundance of lignans released upon ingestion. The most abundant lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), is ingested during the dietary intake of flax, and is then metabolized in the gut into two mammalian lignan derivatives, Enterodiol (END) and Enterolactone (ENL). These lignans were previously reported to possess anti-tumor effects against breast, colon, and lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential anti-cancerous effect of the flaxseed lignans SDG, END and ENL on acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML) in vitro and to decipher the underlying molecular mechanism. AML cell lines, (KG-1 and Monomac-1) and a normal lymphoblastic cell line were cultured and treated with the purified lignans. ENL was found to be the most promising lignan, as it exhibits a significant selective dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect in both AML cell lines, contrary to normal cells. The cytotoxic effects observed were attributed to apoptosis induction, as revealed by an increase in Annexin V staining of AML cells with increasing ENL concentrations. The increase in the percentage of cells in the pre-G phase, in addition to cell death ELISA analysis, validated cellular and DNA fragmentation respectively. Analysis of protein expression using western blots confirmed the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway upon ENL treatment. This was also accompanied by an increase in ROS production intracellularly. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ENL has promising anti-cancer effects in AML cell lines in vitro, by promoting DNA fragmentation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, highlighting the protective health benefits of flax seeds in leukemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--The Scam Has Been Confirmed: PCR Does Not Detect SARS-CoV-2

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Flaxseed oil supplementation may have played an indirect role in improved clinical symptoms in disea

Flaxseed oil supplementation may have played an indirect role in improved clinical symptoms in diseases with metabolic disorders.

OBJECTIVE : This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) was performed to analyze the effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) and related disorders .
METHODS : Databases including PubMed , Scopus , EMBASE , Web of Science , and Cochrane Central library were searched until January 31 , 2019 .
RESULTS : 14 effect sizes from 12 studies were identified eligible to be included in current meta-analysis .
Flaxseed supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CI : -0.43 , -0.01 ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) ( WMD : -0.17 ; 95 % CI : -0.31 , -0.03 ) and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) levels ( WMD : 137.25 ; 95 % CI : 68.04 , 206.47 ) .
Flaxseed oil supplementation did not affect other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress .
CONCLUSIONS : Overall , this meta-analysis demonstrated flaxseed oil supplementation decreased IL-6 and MDA levels , and increased TAC , but did not affect other biomarkers of inflammation and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ related disorders .
This suggests that flaxseed oil supplementation may have played an indirect role in improved clinical symptoms in diseases with metabolic disorders .

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to analyze the effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders.
METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central library were searched until January 31, 2019.
RESULTS: 14 effect sizes from 12 studies were identified eligible to be included in current meta-analysis. Flaxseed supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in interleukin 6 (IL-6) (WMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.43, -0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (WMD: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.03) and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (WMD: 137.25; 95% CI: 68.04, 206.47). Flaxseed oil supplementation did not affect other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrated flaxseed oil supplementation decreased IL-6 and MDA levels, and increased TAC, but did not affect other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among patients with MetS and related disorders. This suggests that flaxseed oil supplementation may have played an indirect role in improved clinical symptoms in diseases with metabolic disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Refined rice bran, flaxseed, and sesame seed oils affect the blood lipid profile of Chinese adults w

Refined rice bran, flaxseed, and sesame seed oils affect the blood lipid profile of Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND : Individual vegetable oils have a characteristic fatty acids ( FA ) composition and unique phytonutrient profiles , enabling formulation of oil blends that may have health-promoting effects .
OBJECTIVE : The primary objective of this study was to investigate effects of 2 oil blends made with refined rice bran , flaxseed , and sesame oils , with distinct monounsaturated to saturated FA , polyunsaturated to saturated FA , and omega-3 ( n-3 ) to omega-6 FA ratios and different phytonutrient concentrations on blood lipid profile , compared with refined olive oil as a control .
The secondary outcomes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ METHODS : A parallel-design , randomized controlled trial compared consumption of 30 g of allocated intervention oil per day for a period of 8 wk .
The study recruited 143 borderline hypercholesterolemic ( LDL cholesterol : 3.06-4.51 mmol/L ) Chinese volunteers between 50 and 70 y old and with a BMI ( kg/m2 ) ≤27.5 .
All outcomes were measured every 2 wk , and the time × treatment interactions and the main effects of treatment and time were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach .
RESULTS : Compared with baseline ( week 0 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the post-intervention time points in serum total cholesterol ( -3.47 % ; P CONCLUSIONS : Using blended vegetable oils that are extensively consumed in Asia , this study found that specific oil blends can improve blood lipid profile and other cardiometabolic parameters , to a similar extent as refined olive oil , in Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia .
This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03964857 .

BACKGROUND: Individual vegetable oils have a characteristic fatty acids (FA) composition and unique phytonutrient profiles, enabling formulation of oil blends that may have health-promoting effects.
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate effects of 2 oil blends made with refined rice bran, flaxseed, and sesame oils, with distinct monounsaturated to saturated FA, polyunsaturated to saturated FA, and omega-3 (n-3) to omega-6 FA ratios and different phytonutrient concentrations on blood lipid profile, compared with refined olive oil as a control. The secondary outcomes were other markers of cardiometabolic health.
METHODS: A parallel-design, randomized controlled trial compared consumption of 30 g of allocated intervention oil per day for a period of 8 wk. The study recruited 143 borderline hypercholesterolemic (LDL cholesterol: 3.06-4.51 mmol/L) Chinese volunteers between 50 and 70 y old and with a BMI (kg/m2) ≤27.5. All outcomes were measured every 2 wk, and the time × treatment interactions and the main effects of treatment and time were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach.
RESULTS: Compared with baseline (week 0), there were significant reductions during the post-intervention time points in serum total cholesterol (-3.47%; P < 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (-4.16%; P < 0.0001), triglycerides (-10.3%; P < 0.0001), apoB (-3.93%; P < 0.0001), total to HDL-cholesterol (-3.44%; P < 0.0001) and apoB to apoA1 (-3.99%; P < 0.0001) ratios, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (-3.32% and -3.16%, respectively; both P < 0.0001), and serum glucose (-1.51%; P < 0.05) and a small but significant increase in body weight (+0.7%; P < 0.001) for all 3 intervention oils but no effects of intervention on HDL-cholesterol or apoA1 concentration. No significant effects of treatment or time × treatment interactions were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Using blended vegetable oils that are extensively consumed in Asia, this study found that specific oil blends can improve blood lipid profile and other cardiometabolic parameters, to a similar extent as refined olive oil, in Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03964857.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Flaxseed and its components in treatment of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

This paper describes the effects of flaxseed and its components ( flax oil , secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside [ SDG ] , flax lignan complex [ FLC ] , and flax fibers ] on serum lipids ( total cholesterol [ TC ] , low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [ LDL-C ] , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ HDL-C ] , and triglycerides [ TG ] ) in animals and humans .
Ordinary flaxseed reduces TG , TC , LDL-C , and TC/HDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner in animals .
In humans , it reduces serum lipids in hypercholesterolemicpatients but has no effects in normocholesterolemicpatients .
Flax @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in normo- and hypercholesterolemic animals .
Flax oil treatment , with a dosage containing greater than 25 g/day of α-linolenic acid , reduces serum lipids in humans .
Although FLC reduces serum lipids and raises serum HDL-C in animals , its effects on serum lipids in humans are small and variable .
Flax fibers exert small effects on serum lipids in humans .
Crop Development Centre ( CDC ) -flaxseed , which contains low concentrations of α-linolenic acid , has significant lipid lowering effects in animals .
Pure SDG has potent hypolipidemic effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ flaxseed and pure SDG have significant lipid-lowering effects in animals and humans , while other components of flaxseed havesmall and variable effects .

This paper describes the effects of flaxseed and its components (flax oil, secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside[SDG], flax lignan complex [FLC], and flax fibers] on serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides [TG]) in animals and humans. Ordinary flaxseed reduces TG, TC, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner in animals. In humans, it reduces serum lipids in hypercholesterolemicpatients but has no effects in normocholesterolemicpatients. Flax oil has variable effects on serum lipids in normo- and hypercholesterolemic animals. Flax oil treatment, with a dosage containing greater than 25 g/day of α-linolenic acid, reduces serum lipids in humans. Although FLC reduces serum lipids and raises serum HDL-C in animals, its effects on serum lipids in humans are small and variable. Flax fibers exert small effects on serum lipids in humans. Crop Development Centre (CDC)-flaxseed, which contains low concentrations of α-linolenic acid, has significant lipid lowering effects in animals. Pure SDG has potent hypolipidemic effects and raises HDL-C. In conclusion, flaxseed and pure SDG have significant lipid-lowering effects in animals and humans, while other components of flaxseed havesmall and variable effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--SunGold kiwifruit has some potential as a possible alternative therapy for constipation.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders including constipation affect up to 14 % of the world 's population .
Treatment is difficult and challenging resulting in a need for alternative safe and effective therapies .
The present study investigated whether daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit could alleviate constipation and improve gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated individuals with and without pain .
A total of thirty-two participants were enrolled in a 16-week randomised , single-blind , crossover study .
Participants received either three 'Zesy002 ' kiwifruit or 14·75 g Metamucil ( 5 g dietary fibre/d ( a positive control ) ) for 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatments .
A 2-week washout period was included at the beginning and end of the study .
Daily bowel habit diaries were kept throughout the study .
The primary outcome measure was differences in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements ( CSBM ) .
Secondary outcome measures were bowel movement frequency and stool form as well as digestive symptoms and comfort .
The number of CSBM per week was significantly greater during daily consumption of three kiwifruit compared with the baseline ( 6·33·3 ; < 0·05 ) and the Metamuciltreatment ( 6·34·5 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was also improved , with kiwifruit producing softer stools and less straining ( < 0·05 ) .
Gastrointestinal discomfort was also improved compared with baseline for abdominal pain , constipation and indigestion ( < 0·05 ) during the kiwifruit intervention and constipation during the Metamucilintervention ( < 0·05 ) .
This randomised controlled trial demonstrates that daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit is associated with a significant increase of two CSBM per week and reduction in gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated adults .

Functional gastrointestinal disorders including constipation affect up to 14 % of the world's population. Treatment is difficult and challenging resulting in a need for alternative safe and effective therapies. The present study investigated whether daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit could alleviate constipation and improve gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated individuals with and without pain. A total of thirty-two participants were enrolled in a 16-week randomised, single-blind, crossover study. Participants received either three 'Zesy002' kiwifruit or 14·75 g Metamucil(5 g dietary fibre/d (a positive control)) for 4 weeks each with a 4-week washout between treatments. A 2-week washout period was included at the beginning and end of the study. Daily bowel habit diaries were kept throughout the study. The primary outcome measure was differences in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM). Secondary outcome measures were bowel movement frequency and stool form as well as digestive symptoms and comfort. The number of CSBM per week was significantly greater during daily consumption of three kiwifruit compared with the baseline (6·33·3;<0·05) and the Metamuciltreatment (6·34·5;<0·05). Stool consistency was also improved, with kiwifruit producing softer stools and less straining (<0·05). Gastrointestinal discomfort was also improved compared with baseline for abdominal pain, constipation and indigestion (<0·05) during the kiwifruit intervention and constipation during the Metamucilintervention (<0·05). This randomised controlled trial demonstrates that daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit is associated with a significant increase of two CSBM per week and reduction in gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated adults.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--Nonfermented gel-forming psyllium was 3.4 times more effective than insoluble wheat bran for increas

Nonfermented gel-forming psyllium was 3.4 times more effective than insoluble wheat bran for increasing stool output.

BACKGROUND : Treatment guidelines for chronic idiopathic constipation ( CIC ) recommend an '' increase in fiber intake '' as a first-line therapy , but most epidemiologic studies fail to support an association between a high-fiber diet and a reduced risk of constipation .
Furthermore , randomized controlled clinical studies show that most isolated fibers ( e.g.
, supplements ) are not different from placebo for a laxative effect , and several may be constipating .
OBJECTIVES : The objective of this review was to compare the effects of two isolated fibers , coarse wheat bran and psyllium , on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients with CIC .
This review will also address misconceptions about fiber that are perpetuated by treatment guidelines .
DATA SOURCES : A comprehensive literature review was conducted with the use of the Scopus , SciFinder , and PubMed scientific databases , limited to the previous 50 years ( 1968-2018 ; latest date included , December 31 , 2018 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : In patients with CIC , nonfermented gel-forming psyllium was 3.4 times more effective than insoluble wheat bran for increasing stool output .
Both psyllium and coarse wheat bran increased stool @ @ @ @ @ @ @ but finely ground wheat bran decreased stool water content , a stool-hardening effect .
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE : It is a misconception that dietary fiber and all isolated fibers provide a laxative effect in patients with CIC .
Our analysis suggests that treatment guidelines for CIC should make specific evidence-based recommendations as it pertains to fiber .
To do otherwise takes the risk of perpetuating myth and misunderstanding and depriving patients of an effective therapy for CIC .
A generic recommendation to '' increase fiber intake '' is akin to a recommendation to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to therapeutic or adverse effects .

BACKGROUND: Treatment guidelines for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) recommend an"increase in fiber intake"as a first-line therapy, but most epidemiologic studies fail to support an association between a high-fiber diet and a reduced risk of constipation. Furthermore, randomized controlled clinical studies show that most isolated fibers (e.g., supplements) are not different from placebo for a laxative effect, and several may be constipating.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to compare the effects of two isolated fibers, coarse wheat bran and psyllium, on stool output and stool water content in patients with CIC. This review will also address misconceptions about fiber that are perpetuated by treatment guidelines.
DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive literature review was conducted with the use of the Scopus, SciFinder, and PubMed scientific databases, limited to the previous 50 years (1968-2018; latest date included, December 31, 2018).
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CIC, nonfermented gel-forming psyllium was 3.4 times more effective than insoluble wheat bran for increasing stool output. Both psyllium and coarse wheat bran increased stool water content, a stool-softening effect, but finely ground wheat bran decreased stool water content, a stool-hardening effect.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: It is a misconception that dietary fiber and all isolated fibers provide a laxative effect in patients with CIC. Our analysis suggests that treatment guidelines for CIC should make specific evidence-based recommendations as it pertains to fiber. To do otherwise takes the risk of perpetuating myth and misunderstanding and depriving patients of an effective therapy for CIC. A generic recommendation to"increase fiber intake"is akin to a recommendation to"increase pill intake"without regard to therapeutic or adverse effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-14--The effect of psyllium supplementation on blood pressure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS : Global incidence of hypertension is estimated to be , in excess of , one billion people , and given the efficacy of soluble dietary fibers , in particular , Psyllium , to positively impact blood pressure in patients with hypertension , it is of clinical importance that consensus on its supplementation be established .
Therefore , the aim of the study was systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of psyllium supplementation on blood pressure of hypertensive patients in randomized controlled trials .
METHODS : We searched six universal databases including ; Pubmed/Medline , Ovid , Cochrane Library , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ until November 2018 .
Both combined and stratiﬁed analyzes were conducted .
A fixed-effects or random- effects model was used to assess the mean effect sizes .
RESULTS : An eventual 11 trials with 592 participants were considered as eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis .
The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction of 2.04 mmHg in systolic blood pressure ( weighted mean difference , -2.04 ; 95 % confidence interval , -2.82 to -1.63 ; p < 0.001 ) .
Whilst meta-regression highlighted that the hypotensive effect of psyllium was stronger in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CONCLUSION : Given the overarching benefits and lack of reported side effects , particularly for hypertensive patients , health care providers and clinicians should consider the use of psyllium supplementation for the treatment or abatement of hypertension , or hypertensive symptoms .

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Global incidence of hypertension is estimated to be, in excess of, one billion people, and given the efficacy of soluble dietary fibers, in particular, Psyllium, to positively impact blood pressure in patients with hypertension, it is of clinical importance that consensus on its supplementation be established. Therefore, the aim of the study was systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of psyllium supplementation on blood pressure of hypertensive patients in randomized controlled trials.
METHODS: We searched six universal databases including; Pubmed/Medline, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus until November 2018. Both combined and stratiﬁed analyzes were conducted. A fixed-effects or random- effects model was used to assess the mean effect sizes.
RESULTS: An eventual 11 trials with 592 participants were considered as eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction of 2.04 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference, -2.04; 95% confidence interval, -2.82 to -1.63; p<0.001). Whilst meta-regression highlighted that the hypotensive effect of psyllium was stronger in subjects with higher baseline blood pressure.
CONCLUSION: Given the overarching benefits and lack of reported side effects, particularly for hypertensive patients, health care providers and clinicians should consider the use of psyllium supplementation for the treatment or abatement of hypertension, or hypertensive symptoms.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-16--Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine, acti

Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine, activating anti-apoptotic and anti-neuroinflammatory pathways.

CONTEXT : Hydroxysafflor yellow A ( HSYA ) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral infarction .
However , its underlying roles in apoptosis and inflammation in Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) are unknown .
OBJECTIVE : The present study investigates the effects and underlying mechanisms of HSYA on dopaminergic ( DA ) neurodegeneration , inflammation , and apoptosis .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : The PD model was established by 2 μL of 6-hyroxydopamine ( 6-OHDA ) ( 3 μg/μL ) striatal injection in C57BL/6J mice with different doses of HSYA ( 2 , 4 , or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HSYA for 1 h , SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 6-OHDA for 24 h before analysis .
Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) in substantia nigra ( SN ) and corpus striatum ( STR ) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry ( IHC ) and western blot .
In addition , apoptosis-related and inflammatory proteins were examined by western blot .
RESULTS : Administration of HSYA significantly reduced the Apomorphine ( APO ) -induced rotation , decreased from 122.5 ± 15.1 ( 6-OHDA group ) to 47.2 ± 14.3 ( 8 mg/kg HSYA group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the SN and STR of PD mice brains in TH .
Furthermore , western blot analysis revealed that HSYA reduced inflammatory proteins , including iNOS , COX-2 and NF-κB and attenuated the elevation of DA neuronal apoptosis observed in PDassays showed that HSYA reduced the levels of p-p38 and p-JNK and increased that of p-ERK in 6-OHDA-leisoned SH-SY5Y cells .
CONCLUSIONS : These findings indicate that HSYA protects against 6-OHDA induced DA neurodegeneration partly by regulating the MAPK inflammatory signalling pathway and apoptosis which highlight its therapeutic potential in the treatment of @ @

CONTEXT: Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral infarction. However, its underlying roles in apoptosis and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown.
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates the effects and underlying mechanisms of HSYA on dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration, inflammation, and apoptosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PD model was established by 2 μL of 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (3 μg/μL) striatal injection in C57BL/6J mice with different doses of HSYA (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg).after being treated with HSYA for 1 h, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 6-OHDA for 24 h before analysis. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra (SN) and corpus striatum (STR) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot. In addition, apoptosis-related and inflammatory proteins were examined by western blot.
RESULTS: Administration of HSYA significantly reduced the Apomorphine (APO)-induced rotation, decreased from 122.5 ± 15.1 (6-OHDA group) to 47.2 ± 14.3 (8 mg/kg HSYA group). HSYA partially restored a deficit in the SN and STR of PD mice brains in TH. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that HSYA reduced inflammatory proteins, including iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB and attenuated the elevation of DA neuronal apoptosis observed in PDassays showed that HSYA reduced the levels of p-p38 and p-JNK and increased that of p-ERK in 6-OHDA-leisoned SH-SY5Y cells.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that HSYA protects against 6-OHDA induced DA neurodegeneration partly by regulating the MAPK inflammatory signalling pathway and apoptosis which highlight its therapeutic potential in the treatment of PD.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--CHD Article on Big-Picture Look at Current Pandemic Beneficiaries Accepted by Peer-Reviewed Journal


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--Hydroxysafflor yellow A of Carthamus tinctorius represses the malignant development of esophageal ca

Hydroxysafflor yellow A of Carthamus tinctorius represses the malignant development of esophageal cancer cells.

Esophageal cancer ( EC ) is a common digestive tract malignant tumor and the clinical outcome of patients with EC after surgery remains unsatisfactory .
Hence , it is necessary to identify some effective drugs or methods to improve the prognosis of patients with EC .
In this study , we attempted to analyze the potential role of hydroxysafflor yellow A ( HSYA ) in EC .
Combined with The Cancer Genome Atlas ( TCGA ) and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database ( CTD ) as well as Database for Annotation , Visualization , and Integrated Discovery ( DAVID ) website , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and pathways of HSYA .
Then we estimated the actions of HSYA on proliferation , invasion and migration , and apoptosis of EC cells using cell counting kit 8 , transwell and flow cytometry assays , respectively .
At last , the expression of inflammatory protein and signaling pathway-related protein were measured using western blot analysis .
Relative protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM1 ) , matrix metallopeptidase 9 ( MMP9 ) , tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) , and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ( VCAM1 ) were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ normal tissues and they might be the target gene of HSYA according to bioinformatics analysis .
HSYA exerted an inhibitory actions on cells proliferation , invasion , and migration but could accelerate the apoptosis of cells in EC .
Moreover , HSYA could inhibit the expression of ICAM1 , MMP9 , TNF-α , and VCAM1 and induced the expression of phosphor-nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 ( p-P65 ) and phosphor-I kappa B-alpha ( p-IκBα ) , but it did not influence the expression of P65 and IκBα .
HSYA suppressed proliferation , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ apoptosis of EC cells partly via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway .

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common digestive tract malignant tumor and the clinical outcome of patients with EC after surgery remains unsatisfactory. Hence, it is necessary to identify some effective drugs or methods to improve the prognosis of patients with EC. In this study, we attempted to analyze the potential role of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in EC. Combined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) as well as Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) website, we tried to identify the related genes and pathways of HSYA. Then we estimated the actions of HSYA on proliferation, invasion and migration, and apoptosis of EC cells using cell counting kit 8, transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. At last, the expression of inflammatory protein and signaling pathway-related protein were measured using western blot analysis. Relative protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were all upregulated in EC tissues compared with normal tissues and they might be the target gene of HSYA according to bioinformatics analysis. HSYA exerted an inhibitory actions on cells proliferation, invasion, and migration but could accelerate the apoptosis of cells in EC. Moreover, HSYA could inhibit the expression of ICAM1, MMP9, TNF-α, and VCAM1 and induced the expression of phosphor-nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (p-P65) and phosphor-I kappa B-alpha (p-IκBα), but it did not influence the expression of P65 and IκBα. HSYA suppressed proliferation, invasion, and migration, simultaneously induce apoptosis of EC cells partly via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--Hydroxysafflor yellow A protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion ( MI/R ) injury is a serious threat to human health .
Hydroxysafflor yellow A ( HSYA ) , the main water-soluble ingredient extracted from Carthami flos ( L. ) , has therapeutic potential for treating MI/R injury .
However , the mechanisms of HSYA-mediated protection from MI/R injury are incompletely understood .
In the present study , we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of HSYA during MI/R .
Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending artery ligation for 30 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion with or without HSYA treatment .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride ( TTC ) staining , hematoxylin eosin ( HE ) staining , and myocardial enzymes detections .
Serum levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α , interleukin ( IL ) -1β , and IL-18 , were detected using ELISA kits .
The expression of NLRP3 and other related proteins in the myocardium was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry .
The expression of autophagy-related proteins , including Atg5 , BECN1 , P62 , and LC3B , was detected by westernblot to evaluate the effect of HSYA on autophagy .
Results @ @ @ @ @ @ @ size and attenuated the cardiac dysfunction in rats after I/R .
In addition , HSYA inhibited myocardial apoptosis compared with the I/R group , decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines inrat serum , reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression , and induced autophagy .
Mechanistically , our results demonstrated that HSYA can activate AMPK to improve autophagy and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the mTOR pathway .
This work provides strong data supporting for the clinical applications of HSYA in MI/R injury .

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a serious threat to human health. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), the main water-soluble ingredient extracted from Carthami flos (L.), has therapeutic potential for treating MI/R injury. However, the mechanisms of HSYA-mediated protection from MI/R injury are incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of HSYA during MI/R. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending artery ligation for 30 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion with or without HSYA treatment. The protective effect of HSYA was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining, and myocardial enzymes detections. Serum levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18, were detected using ELISA kits. The expression of NLRP3 and other related proteins in the myocardium was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expression of autophagy-related proteins, including Atg5, BECN1, P62, and LC3B, was detected by westernblot to evaluate the effect of HSYA on autophagy. Results showed that HSYA decreased the myocardial infarct size and attenuated the cardiac dysfunction in rats after I/R. In addition, HSYA inhibited myocardial apoptosis compared with the I/R group, decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines inrat serum, reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and induced autophagy. Mechanistically, our results demonstrated that HSYA can activate AMPK to improve autophagy and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the mTOR pathway. This work provides strong data supporting for the clinical applications of HSYA in MI/R injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--Hydroxysafflor yellow A could serve as an effective approach to treat LPS-induced neurodegenerative

Hydroxysafflor yellow A could serve as an effective approach to treat LPS-induced neurodegenerative diseases.

Abnormal microglia activation causes sever neuroinflammation , contributing to the development of many diseases , yet the mechanism remains incompletely @ @ @ @ @ , we identified that Hydroxysafflor yellow A ( HYA ) , a chalcone glycoside derived @ @ @ @ @ in primary microgliaregulating the expression of inflammatory genes and remodeling the polarization of microglia .
@ @ @ @ @ of HYA on improving lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -stimulated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress for @ @ @ @ @ , we found that HYA could serves as an effective SIRT1 activator .
Deficiency of @ @ @ @ @ of HYA against LPS-induced response .
Overall , our data suggest HYA , a novel @ @ @ @ @ as an effective approach to treat LPS-induced neurodegenerative diseases .

Abnormal microglia activation causes sever neuroinflammation, contributing to the development of many diseases, yet the mechanism remains incompletely unknown. In current study, we identified that Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYA), a chalcone glycoside derived fromeffectively attenuates LPS-induced inflammation response in primary microgliaregulating the expression of inflammatory genes and remodeling the polarization of microglia. We also reported the effects of HYA on improving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress for the first time. Interestingly, we found that HYA could serves as an effective SIRT1 activator. Deficiency of SIRT1 abrogates the protective effects of HYA against LPS-induced response. Overall, our data suggest HYA, a novel SIRT1 activator, could serve as an effective approach to treat LPS-induced neurodegenerative diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--Protective effects of two safflower derived compounds on hyperglycaemic stress-induced podocyte apop

Protective effects of two safflower derived compounds on hyperglycaemic stress-induced podocyte apoptosis.

Objective : The primary initiating mechanism in diabetes nephropathy ( DN ) is hyperglycemia-induced inflammation in which macrophage and podocyte play important roles .
The present research is aimed at exploring the effects of kaempferol ( Ka ) and hydroxysafflor yellow A ( HSYA ) on classically activated ( M1 ) /alternatively activated ( M2 ) macrophage polarization and podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycaemic conditions .
Methods : ( 1 ) RAW264.7 cells were treated with 11.1 mM glucose ( NG ) , 33.3 mM glucose ( HG ) , Ka 4-8 M , and HSYA 100-200 M separately .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ iNOS ) , tumor necrosis factor- ( TNF- ) , mannose receptor ( CD206 ) , and arginase- ( Arg- ) 1 were quantified by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR .
The collected supernatants from macrophage were named as ( NG ) MS , ( HG ) MS , ( Ka ) MS , and ( HSYA ) MS. ( 2 ) The podocyte survival rate was assessed by Bromodeoxyuridine assay , while TNF-and interleukin- ( IL- ) 1levels were evaluated by Elisa .
Results : ( 1 ) Compared to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 100 M groups decreased iNOS and TNF-levels and increased Arg-1 and CD206 expressions significantly ( protein and mRNA : < 0.05 , respectively ) .
( 2 ) The podocyte survival rate of Ka 8 M was higher than that of HG , and the rates of ( Ka ) MS and ( HSYA 100 M ) MS were higher than that of ( HG ) MS significantly ( all : < 0.05 ) .
( 3 ) TNF-and IL-1levels of Ka and HSYA 100 M were significantly lower than those of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the ( Ka ) MS and ( HSYA ) MS were lower than those in the ( HG ) MS group significantly ( < 0.05 , respectively ) .
Conclusion : The protective effects of Ka and HSYA on podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycemic stress are related to their modulation on M1/M2 polarization and the lowering effects on TNF-and IL-1levels .

Objective: The primary initiating mechanism in diabetes nephropathy (DN) is hyperglycemia-induced inflammation in which macrophage and podocyte play important roles. The present research is aimed at exploring the effects of kaempferol (Ka) and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on classically activated (M1)/alternatively activated (M2) macrophage polarization and podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycaemic conditions.
Methods: (1) RAW264.7 cells were treated with 11.1 mM glucose (NG), 33.3 mM glucose (HG), Ka 4-8 M, and HSYA 100-200 M separately. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), mannose receptor (CD206), and arginase- (Arg-) 1 were quantified by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR. The collected supernatants from macrophage were named as (NG) MS, (HG) MS, (Ka) MS, and (HSYA) MS. (2) The podocyte survival rate was assessed by Bromodeoxyuridine assay, while TNF-and interleukin- (IL-) 1levels were evaluated by Elisa.
Results: (1) Compared to the HG group, the Ka and HSYA 100 M groups decreased iNOS and TNF-levels and increased Arg-1 and CD206 expressions significantly (protein and mRNA:<0.05, respectively). (2) The podocyte survival rate of Ka 8 M was higher than that of HG, and the rates of (Ka) MS and (HSYA 100 M) MS were higher than that of (HG) MS significantly (all:<0.05). (3) TNF-and IL-1levels of Ka and HSYA 100 M were significantly lower than those of the HG group, and both levels in the (Ka) MS and (HSYA) MS were lower than those in the (HG) MS group significantly (<0.05, respectively).
Conclusion: The protective effects of Ka and HSYA on podocyte apoptosis under hyperglycemic stress are related to their modulation on M1/M2 polarization and the lowering effects on TNF-and IL-1levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-15--Safflower flavonoid extract showed a significant anti-Parkinson's disease effect.

Safflower ( ) , a Chinese materia medica , is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases , with flavonoids being the major active components .
Multiple flavonoids in safflower bind to Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) -related protein DJ-1 .
Safflower flavonoid extract ( SAFE ) improved behavioral indicators in a 6-hydroxydopamine ( 6-OHDA ) -induced rat model of PD ; however , the underlying mechanisms remain unclear .
We used a 6-OHDA-induced mouse model of PD and a primary neuron-astrocyte coculture system to determine the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of SAFE .
After three @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of PD mice were improved .
SAFE regulated the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) and dopamine metabolism .
It significantly inhibited the activation of astrocytes surrounding the substantia nigra and reduced Iba-1 protein level in the striatum of PD mice .
SAFE reduced the plasma content of inflammatory factors and suppressed the activation of nod-like receptor protein 3 ( NLRP3 ) inflammasome .
In the coculture system , kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and anhydrosafflor yellow B significantly improved neuronal survival , suppressed neuronal apoptosis , and reduced IL-1β and IL-10 levels in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant anti-PD effect , which is mainly associated with flavonoid anti-inflammatory activities .

Safflower (), a Chinese materia medica, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, with flavonoids being the major active components. Multiple flavonoids in safflower bind to Parkinson's disease (PD)-related protein DJ-1. Safflower flavonoid extract (SAFE) improved behavioral indicators in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a 6-OHDA-induced mouse model of PD and a primary neuron-astrocyte coculture system to determine the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of SAFE. After three weeks of SAFE administration, behavioral indicators of PD mice were improved. SAFE regulated the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine metabolism. It significantly inhibited the activation of astrocytes surrounding the substantia nigra and reduced Iba-1 protein level in the striatum of PD mice. SAFE reduced the plasma content of inflammatory factors and suppressed the activation of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In the coculture system, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and anhydrosafflor yellow B significantly improved neuronal survival, suppressed neuronal apoptosis, and reduced IL-1β and IL-10 levels in the medium. Thus, SAFE showed a significant anti-PD effect, which is mainly associated with flavonoid anti-inflammatory activities.