greenmedinfo--2020-07-01--Pine Bark Highly Effective at Improving Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-01--Neuroprotective effects of hesperidin against methotrexate-induced changes in neurogenesis and oxida

Neuroprotective effects of hesperidin against methotrexate-induced changes in neurogenesis and oxidative stress.

Methotrexate ( MTX ) induces the formation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and leads to neurotoxicity .
The drug also negatively impacts neurogenesis and memory .
Hesperidin ( Hsd ) is a major flavanoid with multiple beneficial pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidation , anti-inflammation , and neuroprotective effects .
The aim of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hsd against MTX-induced alterations in oxidative stress and neurogenesis .
Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups : 1 ) a vehicle group , which received saline and propylene glycol , 2 ) an Hsd group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 100 mg/kg ) for 21 days , 3 ) an MTX group , which received MTX ( 75 mg/kg ) by intravenous injection on days 8 and 15 , and 4 ) an MTX + Hsd group , which received both MTX and Hsd .
After treatment with MTX , p21-positive cells had increased significantly and doublecortin ( DCX ) expression in the hippocampus had decreased significantly .
Treatment with MTX also increased malondialdehyde ( MDA ) in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex .
Additionally , there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , and catalase ( CAT ) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the MTX group .
However , co-treatment with Hsd ameliorated the negative effects of MTX on neurogenesis , oxidative stress , and antioxidant enzymes .
These findings suggest that Hsd may be able to prevent neurotoxic effects of MTX by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis .

Methotrexate (MTX) induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to neurotoxicity. The drug also negatively impacts neurogenesis and memory. Hesperidin (Hsd) is a major flavanoid with multiple beneficial pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hsd against MTX-induced alterations in oxidative stress and neurogenesis. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) a vehicle group, which received saline and propylene glycol, 2) an Hsd group, which was orally administered with Hsd (100 mg/kg) for 21 days, 3) an MTX group, which received MTX (75 mg/kg) by intravenous injection on days 8 and 15, and 4) an MTX + Hsd group, which received both MTX and Hsd. After treatment with MTX, p21-positive cells had increased significantly and doublecortin (DCX) expression in the hippocampus had decreased significantly. Treatment with MTX also increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Additionally, there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the MTX group. However, co-treatment with Hsd ameliorated the negative effects of MTX on neurogenesis, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggest that Hsd may be able to prevent neurotoxic effects of MTX by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-01--Hesperidin might be used as a meaningful prophylactic agent and a promising adjuvant treatment optio

Hesperidin might be used as a meaningful prophylactic agent and a promising adjuvant treatment option against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 is representing the major global burden that implicated more than 4.7 million infected cases and 310 thousand deaths worldwide in less than 6 months .
The prevalence of this pandemic disease is expected to rise every day .
The challenge is to control its rapid spread meanwhile looking for a specific treatment to improve patient outcomes .
Hesperidin is a classical herbal medicine used worldwide for a long time with an excellent safety profile .
Hesperidin is a well-known herbal medication used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent .
Available shreds of evidence support the promising use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ COVID 19 .
Herein , we discuss the possible prophylactic and treatment mechanisms of hesperidin based on previous and recent findings .
Hesperidin can block coronavirus from entering host cells through ACE2 receptors which can prevent the infection .
Anti-viral activity of hesperidin might constitute a treatment option for COVID-19 through improving host cellular immunity against infection and its good anti-inflammatory activity may help in controlling cytokine storm .
Hesperidin mixture with diosmin co-administrated with heparin protect against venous thromboembolism which may prevent disease progression .
Based on that , hesperidin might be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a promising adjuvant treatment option against SARS-CoV-2 infection .

SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 is representing the major global burden that implicated more than 4.7 million infected cases and 310 thousand deaths worldwide in less than 6 months. The prevalence of this pandemic disease is expected to rise every day. The challenge is to control its rapid spread meanwhile looking for a specific treatment to improve patient outcomes. Hesperidin is a classical herbal medicine used worldwide for a long time with an excellent safety profile. Hesperidin is a well-known herbal medication used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Available shreds of evidence support the promising use of hesperidin in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19. Herein, we discuss the possible prophylactic and treatment mechanisms of hesperidin based on previous and recent findings. Hesperidin can block coronavirus from entering host cells through ACE2 receptors which can prevent the infection. Anti-viral activity of hesperidin might constitute a treatment option for COVID-19 through improving host cellular immunity against infection and its good anti-inflammatory activity may help in controlling cytokine storm. Hesperidin mixture with diosmin co-administrated with heparin protect against venous thromboembolism which may prevent disease progression. Based on that,hesperidin might be used as a meaningful prophylactic agent and a promising adjuvant treatment option against SARS-CoV-2 infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Luteolin affects keloid fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis by regulating FRAT1 gene expression.

The current experiment was performed to investigate whether luteolin affects the proliferation and apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by regulating the expression of FRAT1 gene .
Keloid fibroblasts were treated with luteolin at different concentrations .
MTT method , western blot , flow cytometry , and real-time quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) were used to detect cell proliferation , cyclin D1 ( CyclinD1 ) , p21 , B-cell lymphoma / leukemia-2 ( Bcl-2 ) , Bcl-2 related X protein ( Bax ) , FRAT1 protein expression , apoptosis and ARHI mRNA expression .
Keloid fibroblasts were transfected with si-FRAT1 , or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ their roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis .
Compared with the control group , luteolin significantly reduced the keloid fibroblast activity , CyclinD1 , Bcl-2 , and FRAT1 protein levels , and obviously improved the cell apoptosis rate , p21 and Bax protein expression ( P < 0.05 ) .
The expression of FRAT1 mRNA and protein in keloid fibroblasts was greatly increased ( P < 0.05 ) .
Inhibition of FRAT1 expression evidently decreased cell viability at 24 h , 48 h , and 72 h , CyclinD1 , and Bcl-2 protein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell apoptosis , p21 , and Bax protein levels ( P < 0.05 ) .
FRAT1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of luteolin on keloid fibroblast activity , FRAT1 , CyclinD1 , and Bcl-2 protein expression , and promotion of apoptosis , p21 and Bax protein expression .
Luteolin can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by regulating the expression of FRAT1 gene .

The current experiment was performed to investigate whether luteolin affects the proliferation and apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by regulating the expression of FRAT1 gene. Keloid fibroblasts were treated with luteolin at different concentrations. MTT method, western blot, flow cytometry, and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to detect cell proliferation, cyclin D1 (CyclinD1), p21, B-cell lymphoma / leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax), FRAT1 protein expression, apoptosis and ARHI mRNA expression. Keloid fibroblasts were transfected with si-FRAT1, or pcDNA-FRAT1 and treated with luteolin to observe their roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Compared with the control group, luteolin significantly reduced the keloid fibroblast activity, CyclinD1, Bcl-2, and FRAT1 protein levels, and obviously improved the cell apoptosis rate, p21 and Bax protein expression (P<0.05). The expression of FRAT1 mRNA and protein in keloid fibroblasts was greatly increased (P<0.05). Inhibition of FRAT1 expression evidently decreased cell viability at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, CyclinD1, and Bcl-2 protein expression of keloid fibroblasts, while-dramatically enhanced cell apoptosis, p21, and Bax protein levels (P<0.05). FRAT1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of luteolin on keloid fibroblast activity, FRAT1, CyclinD1, and Bcl-2 protein expression, and promotion of apoptosis, p21 and Bax protein expression. Luteolin can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by regulating the expression of FRAT1 gene.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Chrysoeriol ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation.

BACKGROUND : Chrysoeriol is a flavone found in diverse dietary and medicinal herbs such as Lonicerae Japonicae Flos ( the dried flower bud or newly bloomed flower of Lonicera japonica Thunb. )
.
These herbs are commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases .
Herbal extracts containing chrysoeriol have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) signaling .
Some of these extracts can inhibit signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) signaling in cancer cells .
PURPOSE : This study aimed to determine whether chrysoeriol has anti-inflammatory effects and whether NF-κB @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effects .
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A TPA ( 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ) -induced ear edema mouse model and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were used to evaluate the effects of chrysoeriol .
Griess reagent was used to measure the production of nitric oxide ( NO ) .
Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to detect protein levels .
RT-qPCR analyses were used to detect mRNA levels .
Haematoxylin and eosin ( H & E ) staining was employed to examine the pathological conditions in animal tissues .
RESULTS : In the mouse model @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidenced by reduced ear thickness , ear weight and number of inflammatory cells in inflamed ear tissues .
The compound lowered protein levels of phospho-p65 ( Ser536 ) , phospho-STAT3 ( Tyr705 ) , inducible nitric oxide synthases ( iNOS ) , cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α ( TNF-α ) in mouse swollen ears .
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells , chrysoeriol also lowered levels of these proteins .
In addition , chrysoeriol decreased the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( Ser32 ) , p65 ( Ser536 ) and Janus kinase 2 ( Tyr1007/1008 ) ; decreased nuclear localization of p50 , p65 and STAT3 ; and down-regulated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 , IL-1β and TNF-α that are transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and STAT3 in the cell model .
CONCLUSION : We for the first time demonstrated that chrysoeriol ameliorates TPA-induced ear edema in mice , and that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 and IκB/p65 NF-κB pathways are involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of chrysoeriol .
This study provides chemical and pharmacological justifications @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treating inflammatory diseases , and provides pharmacological groundwork for developing chrysoeriol as anovel anti-inflammatory agent .

BACKGROUND: Chrysoeriol is a flavone found in diverse dietary and medicinal herbs such as Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (the dried flower bud or newly bloomed flower of Lonicera japonica Thunb.). These herbs are commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases. Herbal extracts containing chrysoeriol have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Some of these extracts can inhibit signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in cancer cells.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether chrysoeriol has anti-inflammatory effects and whether NF-κB and STAT3 pathways are involved in the effects.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema mouse model and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were used to evaluate the effects of chrysoeriol. Griess reagent was used to measure the production of nitric oxide (NO). Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to detect protein levels. RT-qPCR analyses were used to detect mRNA levels. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was employed to examine the pathological conditions in animal tissues.
RESULTS: In the mouse model, chrysoeriol ameliorated acute skin inflammation, evidenced by reduced ear thickness, ear weight and number of inflammatory cells in inflamed ear tissues. The compound lowered protein levels of phospho-p65 (Ser536), phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in mouse swollen ears. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, chrysoeriol also lowered levels of these proteins. In addition, chrysoeriol decreased the production of NO and prostaglandin E2; inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB (Ser32), p65 (Ser536) and Janus kinase 2 (Tyr1007/1008); decreased nuclear localization of p50, p65 and STAT3; and down-regulated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α that are transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and STAT3 in the cell model.
CONCLUSION: We for the first time demonstrated that chrysoeriol ameliorates TPA-induced ear edema in mice, and that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 and IκB/p65 NF-κB pathways are involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of chrysoeriol. This study provides chemical and pharmacological justifications for the use of chrysoeriol-containing herbs in treating inflammatory diseases, and provides pharmacological groundwork for developing chrysoeriol as anovel anti-inflammatory agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Neuroprotective efficacy of luteolin on a 900-MHz electromagnetic field-induced cerebellar alteratio

Neuroprotective efficacy of luteolin on a 900-MHz electromagnetic field-induced cerebellar alteration.

The adverse health consequences of exposure to electromagnetic field emitted from cell phone has recently raised public concerns worldwide .
@ @ @ @ @ for Mobile Communications ( GSM ) standard that operates in 900 MHz frequency is the @ @ @ @ @ we aimed to investigate the adverse effect of exposure to 900 MHz EMF ( 1 @ @ @ @ @ of 12-week-old rats .
We also evaluated the protective activity of luteolin ( 20 μg/kg/day @ @ @ @ @ in the cerebellar tissuesexposed to EMF .
Twenty-four male wistar albino rats were randomly assigned @ @ @ @ @ rats : Control , EMF , EMF + luteolin , luteolin .
Serological and biochemical @ @ @ @ @ histopathological examination were performed on all cerebellar samples .
We found that SOD ( superoxide @ @ @ @ @ increased in the EMF group compared to the control group ( p

The adverse health consequences of exposure to electromagnetic field emitted from cell phone has recently raised public concerns worldwide. Also, the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard that operates in 900 MHz frequency is the most popular. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the adverse effect of exposure to 900 MHz EMF (1 h/day) on the cerebella of 12-week-old rats. We also evaluated the protective activity of luteolin (20 μg/kg/day) against possible biological change in the cerebellar tissuesexposed to EMF. Twenty-four male wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into four group of six rats: Control, EMF, EMF + luteolin, luteolin. Serological and biochemical analyses, as well as histopathological examination were performed on all cerebellar samples. We found that SOD (superoxide dismutase) level was significantly increased in the EMF group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). To the contrary, decreased SOD activity was detected in the EMF + luteolin group compared to control group (p < 0.05). The total number of Purkinje and granular cells was significantly decreased in the EMF group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the EMF + luteolin group, the total number of Purkinje and granular cells was significantly higher than the EMF group (p < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation also showed destructive damage to the architectures of cerebellar tissues. Our results suggest that exposure to EMF may cause cellular damage to the rat cerebellum. Further, the improvement of cerebellar damage may have resulted from antioxidant efficacy of luteolin by alleviating oxidative stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Luteolin-supplemented diets ameliorates bisphenol A-induced toxicity.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is an industrial chemical used in the production of various plastic materials .
It is associated with reproductive , immunological and neurological disorders .
Luteolin , a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables , possesses anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties .
Here , we carried out studies to ascertain if Luteolin would ameliorate BPA-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster .
Firstly , flies were treated separately with Luteolin ( 0 , 50 , 100 , 150 and 300 mg/kg diet ) and BPA ( 0 , 0.01 , 0.05 and 0.1 mM ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Luteolin ( 150 and 300 mg/kg diet ) and/or BPA ( 0.05 mM ) were exposed to D. melanogaster for 7 days for the evaluation of nitric oxide level , eclosion rate , viability assay , histology of fat body , antioxidant ( Glutathione-S-transferase , catalase and total thiol ) , oxidative stress ( hydrogen peroxide ) and behavioural ( negative geotaxis and acetylcholinesterase ) markers .
The results showed that BPA induced antioxidant-oxidative stress imbalance and behavioural deficit in flies .
Luteolin increased survival rate and augmented antioxidant markers in flies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the fat body around the rostral , thorax and abdominal regions , oxidative stress , behavioural deficit , reduction in cell viability and eclosion rate of D. melanogaster ( p

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used in the production of various plastic materials. It is associated with reproductive, immunological and neurological disorders. Luteolin, a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. Here, we carried out studies to ascertain if Luteolin would ameliorate BPA-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Firstly, flies were treated separately with Luteolin (0, 50, 100, 150 and 300 mg/kg diet) and BPA (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mM) for 28 days survival assessments. Consequently, Luteolin (150 and 300 mg/kg diet) and/or BPA (0.05 mM) were exposed to D. melanogaster for 7 days for the evaluation of nitric oxide level, eclosion rate, viability assay, histology of fat body, antioxidant (Glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and total thiol), oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) and behavioural (negative geotaxis and acetylcholinesterase) markers. The results showed that BPA induced antioxidant-oxidative stress imbalance and behavioural deficit in flies. Luteolin increased survival rate and augmented antioxidant markers in flies. Importantly, Luteolin ameliorated BPA-induced degeneration in the fat body around the rostral, thorax and abdominal regions, oxidative stress, behavioural deficit, reduction in cell viability and eclosion rate of D. melanogaster (p < 0.05). Overall, this study offered further insights on the antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Luteolin against BPA-induced toxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Luteolin impairs hypoxia adaptation and progression in human breast and colon cancer cells.

Hypoxia-inducible factors ( HIFs ) are the force which drives hypoxic cancer cells to a more aggressive and resistant phenotype in a number of solid tumors , including colorectal and breast cancer .
Results from recent studies suggest a role for HIF-1 in immune evasion and cancer stem cell phenotype promotion , establishing HIF-1 as a potential therapeutic target .
Thus , identifying new compounds that might inhibit HIF1 activity , or at least exert antiproliferative effects that are unaffected by HIF1-dependent adaptations , is an attractive goal for the management of hypoxic tumors .
Here we show that the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on the colon cancer cell line HCT116 and the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB231 , by inducing both apoptotic and necrotic cell death , and that this effect is not impaired by HIF-1 activation .
In these cells , luteolin also stimulates autophagy ; however this seems to be part of a protective response , rather than contribute to the cytotoxic effect .
Interestingly , luteolin induces a decrease in HIF-1 transcriptional activity .
This is accompanied by a decrease in the levels of protein markers of stemness and invasion , and by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cells .
Taken together , our results suggest that luteolin could be developed into a useful therapeutic agent aimed at hypoxic tumors .

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the force which drives hypoxic cancer cells to a more aggressive and resistant phenotype in a number of solid tumors, including colorectal and breast cancer. Results from recent studies suggest a role for HIF-1 in immune evasion and cancer stem cell phenotype promotion, establishing HIF-1 as a potential therapeutic target. Thus, identifying new compounds that might inhibit HIF1 activity, or at least exert antiproliferative effects that are unaffected by HIF1-dependent adaptations, is an attractive goal for the management of hypoxic tumors. Here we show that the flavonoid luteolin exerts a significant cytotoxic effect on the colon cancer cell line HCT116 and the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB231, by inducing both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and that this effect is not impaired by HIF-1 activation. In these cells, luteolin also stimulates autophagy; however this seems to be part of a protective response, rather than contribute to the cytotoxic effect. Interestingly, luteolin induces a decrease in HIF-1 transcriptional activity. This is accompanied by a decrease in the levels of protein markers of stemness and invasion, and by a reduction of migratory capacity of the cells. Taken together, our results suggest that luteolin could be developed into a useful therapeutic agent aimed at hypoxic tumors.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Luteolin alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of luteolin ( Lu ) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R @ @ @ @ @ I/R model was established by ligating left anterior descending branch of coronary artery in rats @ @ @ @ @ myocardial infarction and damage assessment , antioxidant enzymes activities analysis , and various biochemical indexes @ @ @ @ @ .
Finally , the expression of proteins levels of Siti1/NLRP3/NF-κB pathway of myocardial tissue in @ @ @ @ @ Blotting .
Lu obviously reduced the myocardial infarction in rats .
Compared with sham group @ @ @ @ @ increase in LDH and CK-MB levels .
In Lu group , LDH and CK-MB in @ @ @ @ @ In addition , Lu significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration compared with the sham group .
On @ @ @ @ @ pretreatment effectively decreased the levels of cytokines in serum .
The Siti1/NLRP3/NF-κBpathway in I/R group @ @ @ @ @ I/R group .
Lu significantly restored the above protein changes .
Lu may reduce I/R @ @ @ @ @

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of luteolin (Lu) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. I/R model was established by ligating left anterior descending branch of coronary artery in rats. Cardiac hemodynamic measurement, myocardial infarction and damage assessment, antioxidant enzymes activities analysis, and various biochemical indexes of myocardial tissue were measured. Finally, the expression of proteins levels of Siti1/NLRP3/NF-κB pathway of myocardial tissue in rat were measured by Western Blotting. Lu obviously reduced the myocardial infarction in rats. Compared with sham group, I/R rats showed significant increase in LDH and CK-MB levels. In Lu group, LDH and CK-MB in I/R rats significantly decreased. In addition, Lu significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration compared with the sham group. On the other hand, Lu pretreatment effectively decreased the levels of cytokines in serum. The Siti1/NLRP3/NF-κBpathway in I/R group was significantly imbalance that in I/R group. Lu significantly restored the above protein changes. Lu may reduce I/R by regulation of Sirt1/NLRP3/NF-κBpathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Adaptive immunoregulation of luteolin and chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin

Adaptive immunoregulation of luteolin and chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-10 expression.

Objective : To investigate the mechanism of the adaptive effect of two compounds inflos ( LJF ) , luteolin ( LUT ) and chlorogenic acid ( CGA ) , on the expression of interleukin ( IL ) IL-10 and IL-6 .
Materials and Methods : RAW264.7 cells receiving lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) were pretreated with CGA and LJF .
The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction .
Moreover , the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the culture medium obtained 24 h after LPS treatment .
Nuclear @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CGA or LUT and LPS , were prepared after 6 h , and C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were measured by Western blotting .
Nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay .
The phosphorylated form of IκB , ERK1/2 , p38 , JNK , and IκB , ERK2 , p38 , or JNK were also measured by Western blotting .
Results : CGA enhanced the LPS-induced expression of IL-10 and IL-6 , and increased NF-κB , Sp1 , C/EBPβ and δ .
The effect of CGA is interfered with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and p38 , and NF-κB activity .
In the event , IL-6 was suppressed and IL-10 was not influenced .
Conclusion : LUT and CGA , which are abundant in LJF that is one of the ingredients in Gingyo-san , have adaptive immunoregulative effect on the expression of IL-10 .

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of the adaptive effect of two compounds inflos (LJF), luteolin (LUT) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), on the expression of interleukin (IL) IL-10 and IL-6.
Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 cells receiving lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were pretreated with CGA and LJF. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the culture medium obtained 24 h after LPS treatment. Nuclear extracts of RAW264.7 cells, pretreated with CGA or LUT and LPS, were prepared after 6 h, and C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were measured by Western blotting. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The phosphorylated form of IκB, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and IκB, ERK2, p38, or JNK were also measured by Western blotting.
Results: CGA enhanced the LPS-induced expression of IL-10 and IL-6, and increased NF-κB, Sp1, C/EBPβ and δ. The effect of CGA is interfered with Lut by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκB and p38, and NF-κB activity. In the event, IL-6 was suppressed and IL-10 was not influenced.
Conclusion: LUT and CGA, which are abundant in LJF that is one of the ingredients in Gingyo-san, have adaptive immunoregulative effect on the expression of IL-10.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Modulation of antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties by drying of Prunus domes

Modulation of antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties by drying of Prunus domestica plum juice extracts.

The consumption of plums in a fresh form is seasonal , therefore the transformation of plum juice extracts into powdered form is a good alternative for its longer availability throughout the year .
The drying process can moderate the physical and chemical properties of the plum extracts , thus , this study examined the changes in biological activity , i.e.
, antibacterial , antioxidant , and anti-inflammatory properties moderated by freeze , vacuum , and spray drying .
It was suggested that the drying processes and the applied parameters might moderate the content of polyphenolic compounds in the powders , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibition against the foodborne pathogens ( 17 % to 58 % of inhibition ) , demonstrating a strain-dependent effect .
These powders could also induce cellular protection against oxidative stress by preventing intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) accumulation ( 23 % to 37 % of reduction ) , but the level of antioxidant capacity may be determined by the conditions applied during the drying process .
Moreover , plum extract powders exhibited a greater anti-inflammatory capacity ( 24 % to 39 % of inhibition ) , which would be influenced both @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and by the temperature used in each treatment .
The results demonstrate that the selection of the drying method can be an effective tool for modulating the composition , physical , and bioactive properties of plum extracts powders .

The consumption of plums in a fresh form is seasonal, therefore the transformation of plum juice extracts into powdered form is a good alternative for its longer availability throughout the year. The drying process can moderate the physical and chemical properties of the plum extracts, thus, this study examined the changes in biological activity, i.e., antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties moderated by freeze, vacuum, and spray drying. It was suggested that the drying processes and the applied parameters might moderate the content of polyphenolic compounds in the powders, which influence the different levels of growth inhibition against the foodborne pathogens (17% to 58% of inhibition), demonstrating a strain-dependent effect. These powders could also induce cellular protection against oxidative stress by preventing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (23% to 37% of reduction), but the level of antioxidant capacity may be determined by the conditions applied during the drying process. Moreover, plum extract powders exhibited a greater anti-inflammatory capacity (24% to 39% of inhibition), which would be influenced both, by the type of treatment used and by the temperature used in each treatment. The results demonstrate that the selection of the drying method can be an effective tool for modulating the composition, physical, and bioactive properties of plum extracts powders.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--I am Health Exempt From Wearing a Mask

I am Health Exempt From Wearing a Mask


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--This study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine.

Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed the use of fruits of ( L. ) Mill .
for treating diabetes , burns , bronchial asthma , constipation , kidney stones , and rheumatic pains and as a sedative in Turkish folk medicine .
This study aimed to verify the efficacy of the fruits ofexperimentally and to define components responsible for the activity using bioassay-guided procedures .
The crude methanolic extract of the fruits was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts : -hexane , dichloromethane , ethyl acetate , -butanol , and water .
Further experiments were carried out on the most active subextract , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ EtOAc ) subextract , which was further subjected to fractionation through successive column chromatographic applications on Sephadex LH-20 .
For activity assessment , each extract or fraction was submitted to bioassay systems ; traction test , fireplace test , hole-board test , elevated plus-maze test , and open-field test were used for sedative and anxiolytic effects , and a thiopental-induced sleeping test was used for the hypnotic effect .
Among the subextracts obtained from the methanolic extract , the EtOAc subextract showed significant sedative and anxiolytic effects in the bioassay systems .
From @ @ @ @ @ @ @ isolated , and their structures were determined as isorhamnetin , isorhamnetin 3 -- glucoside , isorhamnetin 3 -- rutinoside , and kaempferol 3 -- rutinoside using spectral techniques .
In conclusion , this study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine .

Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed the use of fruits of(L.) Mill. for treating diabetes, burns, bronchial asthma, constipation, kidney stones, and rheumatic pains and as a sedative in Turkish folk medicine. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of the fruits ofexperimentally and to define components responsible for the activity using bioassay-guided procedures. The crude methanolic extract of the fruits was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts:-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate,-butanol, and water. Further experiments were carried out on the most active subextract, that is, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract, which was further subjected to fractionation through successive column chromatographic applications on Sephadex LH-20. For activity assessment, each extract or fraction was submitted to bioassay systems; traction test, fireplace test, hole-board test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field test were used for sedative and anxiolytic effects, and a thiopental-induced sleeping test was used for the hypnotic effect. Among the subextracts obtained from the methanolic extract, the EtOAc subextract showed significant sedative and anxiolytic effects in the bioassay systems. From the EtOAc subextract, major components were isolated, and their structures were determined as isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3--glucoside, isorhamnetin 3--rutinoside, and kaempferol 3--rutinoside using spectral techniques. In conclusion, this study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Opuntia ficus indica fruits ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

This study aims to determine the potential renal protective effects of Opuntia ficus-indica ( L. ) Miller ( OFI ) fruits against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice .
The antioxidant activity of OFI methanol extract was calculated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ( ABTS ) free radical scavenging assays .
Furthermore , the LC-mass spectroscopy ( MS ) analysis of the OFI fruit extract was carried out .
Mice were treated with OFI extract ( 250 mg/kg ) for 10 d and injected with a single dose of cisplatin ( 20 mg/kg ) on the 7th day .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) and serum creatinine level on the 10th day .
Their kidneys were removed for histopathological examination .
The renal morphological alterations were assessed through the mesangial matrix index and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) .
The OFI fruit extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity .
In further , it was revealed that the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice was ameliorated ; this outcome was supported by both histological examination results and the depicted reduced levels of BUN and serum creatinine .
The potent antioxidant compounds which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fruits such as myricetin , quercetin , luteolin might be responsible for the observed renoprotective effect .
The results clarifiedthat the OFI fruit extract could ameliorate cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in mice via including antioxidant and renoprotective compounds .

This study aims to determine the potential renal protective effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (OFI) fruits against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The antioxidant activity of OFI methanol extract was calculated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, the LC-mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis of the OFI fruit extract was carried out. Mice were treated with OFI extract (250 mg/kg) for 10 d and injected with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) on the 7th day. The blood samples were collected to measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine level on the 10th day. Their kidneys were removed for histopathological examination. The renal morphological alterations were assessed through the mesangial matrix index and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The OFI fruit extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity. In further, it was revealed that the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice was ameliorated; this outcome was supported by both histological examination results and the depicted reduced levels of BUN and serum creatinine. The potent antioxidant compounds which were detected in the extract of OFI fruits such as myricetin, quercetin, luteolin might be responsible for the observed renoprotective effect. The results clarifiedthat the OFI fruit extract could ameliorate cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in mice via including antioxidant and renoprotective compounds.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Immunomodulatory actions of a polynesian herb noni.

Morinda citrifolia ( Noni ) is a popular traditional medicinal plant consumed in various forms in several countries around the @ @ @ @ @ alternative treatment due to its established health benefits .
Noni is rich in bioactive substances @ @ @ @ @ and immunomodulatory effects .
In this review , we highlight the pharmacological basis related to @ @ @ @ @ in Noni and its potential therapeutic effects .
We screened electronic databases such as PubMed @ @ @ @ @ for scientific literature .
Our results indicate that Noni is beneficial for various diseases with @ @ @ @ @ benefit for a wide range of pathological diseases .
We believe that further pharmacological and @ @ @ @ @ well-designed controlled clinical trials can validate Noni to be an effective and novel natural product @ @ @ @ @ of several diseases .

Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is a popular traditional medicinal plant consumed in various forms in several countries around the world as a complementary and alternative treatment due to its established health benefits. Noni is rich in bioactive substances and has significantly exhibited pro-oxidant and immunomodulatory effects. In this review, we highlight the pharmacological basis related to the phytochemicals and polysaccharides present in Noni and its potential therapeutic effects. We screened electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus for scientific literature. Our results indicate that Noni is beneficial for various diseases with its crude extracts showing therapeutic benefit for a wide range of pathological diseases. We believe that further pharmacological and toxicological studies in addition to well-designed controlled clinical trials can validate Noni to be an effective and novel natural product for prophylactic and therapeutic use of several diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Noni fruit juice promotes vascular endothelium function in hypertension.

Morinda citrifolia ( Noni ) is extensively used in herbal remedies to prevent and treat various diseases , including hypertension .
The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of noni fruit juice and characterize the upstream signaling pathways .
We measured the systolic blood pressure , diastolic blood pressure , 24-hr urinary nitric oxide ( NO ) metabolite excretion , bodyweight ( BW ) , and urine examination in SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr ( SHR/cp ) rats after 6 weeks noni juice ( 15 ml/kg ) treatment .
Noni juice significantly decreased blood pressure and 24-hr urinary NO metabolite @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Furthermore , the noni juice extract ( NJE ) promoted endothelial vasorelaxation in rat aorta rings and NO product through an increase in phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) .
NJE might act on a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor ( GLP-1R ) via Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinaseβ ( CaMKKβ ) -AMPK signaling with pretreatment of their inhibitors or antagonist in HUVECs .
Deacetylasperulosidic acid ( DAA ) was an active compound in noni juice to improve NO release through same @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that noni is a novel dietary plant that probably regulates GLP-1R-induced CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation , thus reduce the blood pressure probably via one of its responsible ingredient DAA .

Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is extensively used in herbal remedies to prevent and treat various diseases, including hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of noni fruit juice and characterize the upstream signaling pathways. We measured the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, 24-hr urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite excretion, bodyweight (BW), and urine examination in SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr (SHR/cp) rats after 6 weeks noni juice (15 ml/kg) treatment. Noni juice significantly decreased blood pressure and 24-hr urinary NO metabolite without change of BW or urine volume. Furthermore, the noni juice extract (NJE) promoted endothelial vasorelaxation in rat aorta rings and NO product through an increase in phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). NJE might act on a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) via Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinaseβ (CaMKKβ)-AMPK signaling with pretreatment of their inhibitors or antagonist in HUVECs. Deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) was an active compound in noni juice to improve NO release through same pathway in HUVECs. These results suggested that noni is a novel dietary plant that probably regulates GLP-1R-induced CaMKKβ-AMPK-eNOS pathway to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation, thus reduce the blood pressure probably via one of its responsible ingredient DAA.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Flavonol glycosides of Rosa multiflora regulates intestinal barrier function.

Eijitsu , the fruits of Rosa multiflora Thunberg , is a traditional Japanese natural medicine and used as purgatives .
The active constituents were identified as flavonol glycosides , multiflorin A ( MF ) , and multinoside A ( MSA ) , but mechanism of the purgative action is still unknown .
We hypothesized that the flavonol glycosides 1 and 2 may exhibit the purgative actions through modulating intestinal epithelial barrier function .
Then , this study aimed to investigate their effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function and possible molecular mechanisms in human intestinal Caco-2 cells .
MF and MSA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers .
Expression of claudins ( CLDNs ) involved in paracellular permeability of ions and low-molecular substances was significantly decreased by the treatment with MF or MSA .
The compounds increased the ratio of N-cadherin/E-cadherin , expression of transforming growth factor-β and Slug , and phosphorylation level of Smad3 , suggesting epithelial-mesenchymal transition activation , and epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition by transforming growth factor-β receptor kinase inhibitors completely recovered the decreased CLDNs expression caused by MF and MSA .
Moreover , the increased paracellular permeability and the decreased CLDNs expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for 24 hours recovered to the same extent as the untreated group with the compounds by continuous culture in the growth medium alone for 48 hours .
These results suggest that Eijitsu may be effective in preventing or relieving constipation symptoms , unless used chronically .

Eijitsu, the fruits of Rosa multiflora Thunberg, is a traditional Japanese natural medicine and used as purgatives. The active constituents were identified as flavonol glycosides, multiflorin A (MF), and multinoside A (MSA), but mechanism of the purgative action is still unknown. We hypothesized that the flavonol glycosides 1 and 2 may exhibit the purgative actions through modulating intestinal epithelial barrier function. Then, this study aimed to investigate their effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function and possible molecular mechanisms in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. MF and MSA decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers. Expression of claudins (CLDNs) involved in paracellular permeability of ions and low-molecular substances was significantly decreased by the treatment with MF or MSA. The compounds increased the ratio of N-cadherin/E-cadherin, expression of transforming growth factor-β and Slug, and phosphorylation level of Smad3, suggesting epithelial-mesenchymal transition activation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition by transforming growth factor-β receptor kinase inhibitors completely recovered the decreased CLDNs expression caused by MF and MSA. Moreover, the increased paracellular permeability and the decreased CLDNs expression by the treatment with MF or MSA for 24 hours recovered to the same extent as the untreated group with the compounds by continuous culture in the growth medium alone for 48 hours. These results suggest that Eijitsu may be effective in preventing or relieving constipation symptoms, unless used chronically.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--An herbal formula inhibits STAT3 signalling and attenuates bone erosion in collagen-induced arthriti

An herbal formula inhibits STAT3 signalling and attenuates bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis.

BACKGROUND : Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand ( RANKL ) facilitates differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts , resulting in bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) patients .
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes ( FLS ) are the main cells for producing RANKL .
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) signaling is activated in FLS of RA patients ( RA-FLS ) , which has been linked to RANKL production .
A two-herb formula ( RL ) comprising Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos is traditionally used for treating RA in China .
We have found that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RLE for short ) alleviates bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis ( CIA ) rats .
PURPOSE : This study aimed to determine whether RLE inhibits RANKL production and osteoclastogenesis in cell and rat models , and to explore the involvement of the STAT3 pathway in this inhibition .
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A CIA rat model , interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor ( IL-6/sIL-6R ) -stimulated RA-FLS and a co-culture system ( IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS/peripheral blood mononuclear cells ) were used to evaluate the effects of RLE .
Micro-computed tomography analysis was used to observe @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acid phosphatase staining was used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis .
Western blotting and ELISA assays were employed to examine protein levels .
RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA levels .
STAT3-over-activated RA-FLS were used to investigate the involvement of STAT3 signaling in the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of RLE .
RESULTS : RLE alleviated bone erosion in joints of CIA rats .
In both synovial tissues of CIA rats and IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS , RLE downregulated the protein level of RANKL .
In the co-culture system , RLE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited IL-6/sIL-6R-induced osteoclastogenesis .
Mechanistic studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of phospho-STAT3 ( Tyr705 ) in synovial tissues of CIA rats .
In IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS , RLE inhibited the activation/phosphorylation of a STAT3 upstream kinase Janus kinase 2 ( Tyr1007/1008 ) and STAT3 ( Tyr705 ) , decreased the nuclear localization of STAT3 , lowered mRNA levels of STAT3-transcriptionally regulated genes IL-1β and TNF-α .
RLE 's inhibitory effects on RANKL production in RA-FLS gradually decreased when IL-6/sIL-6R doses increased .
Over-activation of STAT3 diminished the inhibitory effects of RLE on RANKL production in IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS , and attenuated the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ We , for the first time , demonstrated that suppressing STAT3 signaling contributes to the inhibition of RANKL production and osteoclastogenesis , and thereby supports the mechanisms responsible for the reduction in bone erosion in RLE-treated CIA rats .
This study provides further pharmacological groundwork for developing RLE as a modern anti-arthritic drug , and supports the notion that targeting STAT3 signaling is a viable strategy for managing bone erosion .

BACKGROUND: Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) facilitates differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts, resulting in bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are the main cells for producing RANKL. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is activated in FLS of RA patients (RA-FLS), which has been linked to RANKL production. A two-herb formula (RL) comprising Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos is traditionally used for treating RA in China. We have found that a standardized ethanolic extract of RL (RLE for short) alleviates bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether RLE inhibits RANKL production and osteoclastogenesis in cell and rat models, and to explore the involvement of the STAT3 pathway in this inhibition.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A CIA rat model, interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6/sIL-6R)-stimulated RA-FLS and a co-culture system (IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS/peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were used to evaluate the effects of RLE. Micro-computed tomography analysis was used to observe bone erosion in CIA rats. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis. Western blotting and ELISA assays were employed to examine protein levels. RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA levels. STAT3-over-activated RA-FLS were used to investigate the involvement of STAT3 signaling in the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of RLE.
RESULTS: RLE alleviated bone erosion in joints of CIA rats. In both synovial tissues of CIA rats and IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS, RLE downregulated the protein level of RANKL. In the co-culture system, RLE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited IL-6/sIL-6R-induced osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistic studies revealed that RLE lowered the protein level of phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705) in synovial tissues of CIA rats. In IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS, RLE inhibited the activation/phosphorylation of a STAT3 upstream kinase Janus kinase 2 (Tyr1007/1008) and STAT3 (Tyr705), decreased the nuclear localization of STAT3, lowered mRNA levels of STAT3-transcriptionally regulated genes IL-1β and TNF-α. RLE's inhibitory effects on RANKL production in RA-FLS gradually decreased when IL-6/sIL-6R doses increased. Over-activation of STAT3 diminished the inhibitory effects of RLE on RANKL production in IL-6/sIL-6R-stimulated RA-FLS, and attenuated the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of RLEin the co-culture system.
CONCLUSION: We, for the first time, demonstrated that suppressing STAT3 signaling contributes to the inhibition of RANKL production and osteoclastogenesis, and thereby supports the mechanisms responsible for the reduction in bone erosion in RLE-treated CIA rats. This study provides further pharmacological groundwork for developing RLE as a modern anti-arthritic drug, and supports the notion that targeting STAT3 signaling is a viable strategy for managing bone erosion.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--1st Annual [Virtual] Run for Health Freedom on July 4th!

Dr. Ryan Sousley , our friend and colleague at GreenMedInfo.com , has put together an amazing event that anyone can @ @ @ @ @ The [ Virtual ] Run for Health Freedom !
You can still sign up and @ @ @ @ @ : //runsignup.com/RunforHealthFre ... 100 % of the proceeds of this campaign will go to the @ @ @ @ @ : //www.standforhealthfreedom.com , the entirely user supporter digital health advocacy platform .
They 're doing @ @ @ @ @ your health freedom rights and informed consent .
Please sign up today !

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Dr. Ryan Sousley, our friend and colleague at GreenMedInfo.com, has put together an amazing event that anyone can join for July 4th: The [Virtual] Run for Health Freedom!
You can still sign up and join us here: https://runsignup.com/RunforHealthFre...
100% of the proceeds of this campaign will go to the non-profit (501c4) https://www.standforhealthfreedom.com, the entirely user supporter digital health advocacy platform. They're doing an incredible job of supporting your health freedom rights and informed consent. Please sign up today!
JOIN HERE TODAY!


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Astaxanthin-antioxidant impact on excessive reactive oxygen species generation induced by ischemia a

Astaxanthin-antioxidant impact on excessive reactive oxygen species generation induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Oxidative stress induced by Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS ) was shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic @ @ @ @ @ .
Particularly , oxidative stress has proved to mediate abnormal platelet function and dysfunctional endothelium-dependent @ @ @ @ @ in the progression of ischemic injuries .
Antioxidants like carotenoids have been suggested to contribute @ @ @ @ @ .
Astaxanthin , a xanthophyll carotenoid produced naturally and synthetically , shows interesting antioxidant and @ @ @ @ @ studies applying different models of induced ischemia and reperfusion ( I/R ) injury confirm astaxanthin @ @ @ @ @ or intravenous administration .
However , some studies have shown some limitations after oral administration @ @ @ @ @ bioavailability and bioefficacy , revealing a need for the implementation of new biomaterials to act @ @ @ @ @ .
Here , a brief overview of the chemical characteristics of astaxanthin , the carrier @ @ @ @ @ delivery drawbacks and the animal studies showing its potential effect to treat I/R injury are @ @

Oxidative stress induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular pathologies. Particularly, oxidative stress has proved to mediate abnormal platelet function and dysfunctional endothelium-dependent vasodilatation representing a key factor in the progression of ischemic injuries. Antioxidants like carotenoids have been suggested to contribute in their prevention and treatment. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid produced naturally and synthetically, shows interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In vivo studies applying different models of induced ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury confirm astaxanthin's protective action after oral or intravenous administration. However, some studies have shown some limitations after oral administration such as low stability, bioavailability and bioefficacy, revealing a need for the implementation of new biomaterials to act as astaxanthin vehicles in vivo. Here, a brief overview of the chemical characteristics of astaxanthin, the carrier systems developed for overcoming its delivery drawbacks and the animal studies showing its potential effect to treat I/R injury are presented.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--This review updates the studies of astaxanthin in male reproductive health.

Astaxanthin ( AST ) is a carotenoid with a strong antioxidant activity and has many biological functions , such as @ @ @ @ @ anti-tumor , anti-oxidation , anti-aging , and anti-apoptosis .
Recent studies show that AST can @ @ @ @ @ between oxidation and antioxidants in the male reproductive system , protect sperm mitochondrial function , @ @ @ @ @ reproductive poison damage , promote the occurrence of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction , regulate @ @ @ @ @ and act favorably on primary infertility or metabolic syndrome-related infertility .
It also helps the @ @ @ @ @ prostate health care .
This review updates the studies of AST in male reproductive health @ @ @ @ @ for the prevention and treatment of male reproductive problems .

Astaxanthin (AST) is a carotenoid with a strong antioxidant activity and has many biological functions, such as anti-inflammation, immune regulation, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, and anti-apoptosis. Recent studies show that AST can effectively regulate the dynamic balance between oxidation and antioxidants in the male reproductive system, protect sperm mitochondrial function, ameliorate testicular heat stress and reproductive poison damage, promote the occurrence of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, regulate reproductive endocrine hormone balance, and act favorably on primary infertility or metabolic syndrome-related infertility. It also helps the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism and prostate health care. This review updates the studies of AST in male reproductive health and provides some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of male reproductive problems.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: mechanisms of action, therapeutic merits, and know

Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: mechanisms of action, therapeutic merits, and knowledge gaps.

Cardiovascular disease is the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide .
Based on its unique chemical features , the @ @ @ @ @ proposed as a suitable preventive and therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease .
This review focuses @ @ @ @ @ research relevant to cardiovascular health and disease , i.e .
its direct antioxidant , indirect @ @ @ @ @ , anti-diabetic , renoprotective , lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic activities in vitro and in vivo .
@ @ @ @ @ and health benefits of astaxanthin observed in vitro ( strong evidence ) , in animals @ @ @ @ @ and in humans ( weak evidence ) and the variety of astaxanthin sources hamper efforts @ @ @ @ @ application in human health care .
A list of knowledge gaps and experimental pitfalls is @ @ @ @ @ the short-comings in astaxanthin research .

Cardiovascular disease is the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Based on its unique chemical features, the xanthophyll carotenoid astaxanthin is being proposed as a suitable preventive and therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on recent advances in astaxanthin research relevant to cardiovascular health and disease, i.e. its direct antioxidant, indirect antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, renoprotective, lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic activities in vitro and in vivo. Disparities in the biological activities and health benefits of astaxanthin observed in vitro (strong evidence), in animals (moderate evidence), and in humans (weak evidence) and the variety of astaxanthin sources hamper efforts to establish areas of astaxanthin application in human health care. A list of knowledge gaps and experimental pitfalls is proposed to overcome some of the short-comings in astaxanthin research.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--This study provides a new insight for deep understanding of the new anti-cancer mechanisms of ursoli

This study provides a new insight for deep understanding of the new anti-cancer mechanisms of ursolic acid in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Background : Ursolic acid ( UA ) , a primary bioactive triterpenoid , was reported as an anti-cancer agent .
However , the current knowledge of UA and its potential anti-cancer mechanisms and targets in breast cancer cells are limited .
In this study , we aimed to illustrate the potential mechanisms and targets of UA in breast cancer cells MCF-7 .
Methods : The effect of UA on cell growth was determined in MCF-7 cells by MTT assay .
The anti-tumor mechanism of UA was evaluated by microarray , CAMP , and Western blot .
Moreover , the molecular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ predicted by iGEMDOCK software .
Results : The result of MTT assay demonstrated that UA could inhibit MCF-7 cell growth with ICvalues of 20μM .
Microarray and CMAP analysis , validated by Western blot , indicated that UA significantly modulated IKK/NF-κB , RAF/ERK pathways , and down-regulated the phosphorylation level of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells .
Conclusion : Our data indicated that the anti-tumor effects of UA are due to the inhibited RAF/ERK pathway and IKK/NF-κB pathway .
It could also be explained by the reduced phosphorylation of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ deep understanding of the new anti-cancer mechanisms of UA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells .

Background: Ursolic acid (UA), a primary bioactive triterpenoid, was reported as an anti-cancer agent. However, the current knowledge of UA and its potential anti-cancer mechanisms and targets in breast cancer cells are limited. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the potential mechanisms and targets of UA in breast cancer cells MCF-7.
Methods: The effect of UA on cell growth was determined in MCF-7 cells by MTT assay. The anti-tumor mechanism of UA was evaluated by microarray, CAMP, and Western blot. Moreover, the molecular docking between UA and potential receptors were predicted by iGEMDOCK software.
Results: The result of MTT assay demonstrated that UA could inhibit MCF-7 cell growth with ICvalues of 20μM. Microarray and CMAP analysis, validated by Western blot, indicated that UA significantly modulated IKK/NF-κB, RAF/ERK pathways, and down-regulated the phosphorylation level of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion: Our data indicated that the anti-tumor effects of UA are due to the inhibited RAF/ERK pathway and IKK/NF-κB pathway. It could also be explained by the reduced phosphorylation of PLK1 in MCF-7 cells. This study provides a new insight for deep understanding of the new anti-cancer mechanisms of UA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-02--All About Nuts: Eight Healthiest Varieties

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Morusin inhibited human osteosarcoma via PI3K-AKT signalling pathway.

Osteosarcoma is considered as one of the most common types of bone tumors occurs among adolescents and children .
Current @ @ @ @ @ effectiveness ; therefore , the development of new therapies is urgent .
Morusin is a @ @ @ @ @ ( Moraceae ) .
Many studies have reported its anti-tumor effect on several tumor types @ @ @ @ @ in osteosarcoma is still unclear .
In this study , we determined that morusin significantly @ @ @ @ @ cells .
Morusin also promotes the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells .
Furthermore , the migration @ @ @ @ @ reduced after exposure to morusin .
The deep mechanism was determined to be the inhibition @ @ @ @ @ .
In conclusion , our study indicates morusin as a potential candidate for osteosarcoma therapy @

Osteosarcoma is considered as one of the most common types of bone tumors occurs among adolescents and children. Current therapy strategies still have limited effectiveness; therefore, the development of new therapies is urgent. Morusin is a compound isolated from Morus australis (Moraceae). Many studies have reported its anti-tumor effect on several tumor types. However, its role in osteosarcoma is still unclear. In this study, we determined that morusin significantly suppresses the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Morusin also promotes the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma were reduced after exposure to morusin. The deep mechanism was determined to be the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study indicates morusin as a potential candidate for osteosarcoma therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--No One Has Died From the Coronavirus

No One Has Died From the Coronavirus


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Morusin exerts anti-cancer activity in renal cell carcinoma by disturbing MAPK signaling pathways.

Background : Renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) has gradually become a severe type of kidney malignant tumor , which warrants an urgent need for highly efficacious therapeutic agents .
Morusin , a typical prenylated flavonoid , has been revealed to possess anticarcinogenic effects against several cancers by inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis .
Methods : Cells proliferation was examined by CCK-8 .
Migration assays were performed using a 24-well transwell chamber .
Apoptotic cells were detected using the Annexin V PE/7-AAD apoptosis detection kit .
Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry .
Western blotting and quantitative @ @ @ @ @ @ @ used to exam the change of target gene in mRNA and protein level .
Nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to identify vivo function of morusin .
Results : Here , we evaluated the effect of morusin against RCC .
We treated three RCC cell lines , 769-P , 786-O , and OSRC-2 , with morusin to study its effects on cell growth , migration , apoptosis , cell cycle and cancer-related pathways .
Additionally , we assessed the effects of morusin on tumor growth using a nude mouse model .
Morusin could @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell apoptosis and downregulate apoptosis-related proteins , and disturb the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase .
Additionally , morusin could suppress RCC tumorigenesis .
Moreover , mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signal pathways were found to be involved in morusin-induced anti-cancer activity .
P-p38 and P-JNK levels were up-regulated by morusin , while the ERK phosphorylation level was down-regulated .
Conclusions : Our results show that morusin could inhibit the growth of RCC cellsandthrough MAPK signal pathways .
Thus , morusin could be a potential anti-cancer agent for RCC .

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has gradually become a severe type of kidney malignant tumor, which warrants an urgent need for highly efficacious therapeutic agents. Morusin, a typical prenylated flavonoid, has been revealed to possess anticarcinogenic effects against several cancers by inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Methods: Cells proliferation was examined by CCK-8. Migration assays were performed using a 24-well transwell chamber. Apoptotic cells were detected using the Annexin V PE/7-AAD apoptosis detection kit. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Western blotting and quantitative real time (qRT) PCR were used to exam the change of target gene in mRNA and protein level. Nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to identify vivo function of morusin.
Results: Here, we evaluated the effect of morusin against RCC. We treated three RCC cell lines, 769-P, 786-O, and OSRC-2, with morusin to study its effects on cell growth, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle and cancer-related pathways. Additionally, we assessed the effects of morusin on tumor growth using a nude mouse model. Morusin could inhibit cell growth and migration, induce cell apoptosis and downregulate apoptosis-related proteins, and disturb the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Additionally, morusin could suppress RCC tumorigenesis. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways were found to be involved in morusin-induced anti-cancer activity. P-p38 and P-JNK levels were up-regulated by morusin, while the ERK phosphorylation level was down-regulated.
Conclusions: Our results show that morusin could inhibit the growth of RCC cellsandthrough MAPK signal pathways. Thus, morusin could be a potential anti-cancer agent for RCC.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Morusin ameliorates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation and osteoarthritis.

Purpose : Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases in the world , characterized primarily by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage .
Accumulating evidence has shown that Morusin , a flavonoid derived from the root bark of ( mulberry ) plants , exerts unique protective properties in several diseases .
However , its effects on OA , specifically , have not yet been characterized .
Methods : In this study , we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Morusin on mouse chondrocytes and its underlying mechanism in vitro .
In addition , the protective @ @ @ @ @ @ @ medial meniscus ( DMM ) model was also explored in vivo .
Results : In vitro , IL-1β-induced activation of inflammatory factors ( TNF-α , IL-6 , INOS and COX2 ) was dramatically suppressed by Morusin .
Further , Morusin treatment inhibited the expression of ADAMTS5 and metalloproteinase ( MMPs ) , both of which regulate extracellular matrix degradation .
Morusin also decreased IL-1β-induced p65 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation .
In vivo , degradation of the articular cartilage following surgical DMM , which mimicked OA pathology , was abrogated following treatment with Morusin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the DMM model .
Conclusion : Herein , we demonstrate that Morusin reduces the OA inflammatory response in vitro and protects against articular cartilage degradation in vivo potentially via regulation of the NF-κB pathway .
Hence , Morusin may prove to be an effective candidate for novel OA therapeutic strategies .

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases in the world, characterized primarily by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage. Accumulating evidence has shown that Morusin, a flavonoid derived from the root bark of(mulberry) plants, exerts unique protective properties in several diseases. However, its effects on OA, specifically, have not yet been characterized.
Methods: In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of Morusin on mouse chondrocytes and its underlying mechanism in vitro. In addition, the protective effect of Morusin on destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model was also explored in vivo.
Results: In vitro, IL-1β-induced activation of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, INOS and COX2) was dramatically suppressed by Morusin. Further, Morusin treatment inhibited the expression of ADAMTS5 and metalloproteinase (MMPs), both of which regulate extracellular matrix degradation. Morusin also decreased IL-1β-induced p65 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation. In vivo, degradation of the articular cartilage following surgical DMM, which mimicked OA pathology, was abrogated following treatment with Morusin, thus demonstrating a protective effect in the DMM model.
Conclusion: Herein, we demonstrate that Morusin reduces the OA inflammatory response in vitro and protects against articular cartilage degradation in vivo potentially via regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Hence, Morusin may prove to be an effective candidate for novel OA therapeutic strategies.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--The analysis of the antiviral activities of Morus spp. offer promising applications in antiviral str

The analysis of the antiviral activities of Morus spp. offer promising applications in antiviral strategies.

( 1 ) Background : Viral respiratory infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year .
Human coronavirus and several picornaviruses are responsible for worldwide epidemic outbreaks , thus representing a heavy burden to their hosts .
In the absence of specific treatments for human viral infections , natural products offer an alternative in terms of innovative drug therapies .
( 2 ) Methods : We analyzed the antiviral properties of the leaves and stem bark of the mulberry tree ( spp. )
.
We compared the antiviral activity ofspp .
on enveloped and nonenveloped viral pathogens @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 229E ) and different members of thefamily-human poliovirus 1 , human parechovirus 1 and 3 , and human echovirus 11 .
The antiviral activity of 12 water and water-alcohol plant extracts of the leaves and stem bark of three different species of mulberry-var.
, var.
, and-were evaluated .
We also evaluated the antiviral activities of kuwanon G against HCoV-229E .
( 3 ) Results : Our results showed that several extracts reduced the viral titer and cytopathogenic effects ( CPE ) .
Leaves ' water-alcohol extracts exhibited maximum antiviral activity on human @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ' water and water-alcohol extracts were the most effective on picornaviruses .
( 4 ) Conclusions : The analysis of the antiviral activities ofspp .
offer promising applications in antiviral strategies .

(1) Background: Viral respiratory infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year. Human coronavirus and several picornaviruses are responsible for worldwide epidemic outbreaks, thus representing a heavy burden to their hosts. In the absence of specific treatments for human viral infections, natural products offer an alternative in terms of innovative drug therapies. (2) Methods: We analyzed the antiviral properties of the leaves and stem bark of the mulberry tree (spp.). We compared the antiviral activity ofspp. on enveloped and nonenveloped viral pathogens, such as human coronavirus (HCoV 229E) and different members of thefamily-human poliovirus 1, human parechovirus 1 and 3, and human echovirus 11. The antiviral activity of 12 water and water-alcohol plant extracts of the leaves and stem bark of three different species of mulberry-var.,var., and-were evaluated. We also evaluated the antiviral activities of kuwanon G against HCoV-229E. (3) Results: Our results showed that several extracts reduced the viral titer and cytopathogenic effects (CPE). Leaves' water-alcohol extracts exhibited maximum antiviral activity on human coronavirus, while stem bark and leaves' water and water-alcohol extracts were the most effective on picornaviruses. (4) Conclusions: The analysis of the antiviral activities ofspp. offer promising applications in antiviral strategies.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--These results indicate that dietary mulberry leaf administration can maintain insulin levels and pan

These results indicate that dietary mulberry leaf administration can maintain insulin levels and pancreatic β-cell mass.

BACKGROUND : Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreaticβ-cell dysfunction .
A decrease in β-cell mass , which occurs during the progression of Type 2 diabetes mellitus , contributes to impaired insulin secretion .
Mulberry leaves contain various nutritional components that exert anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects .
The present study analyzed the effects of mulberry leaf intake on pancreatic β-cells to clarify the mechanisms underlying its anti-diabetic function .
METHODS : Mulberry leaves ( Morus alba L. ) were dried at 180 °C for 8 s in a hot-air mill and fed to obesity/Type 2 diabetes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( w/w ) as part of a normal diet from 7 to 10 , 15 , or 20 weeks of age .
An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was then performed on the mice .
To evaluate the β-cell mass , the pancreas was subjected to immunohistological analysis with an anti-insulin antibody .
A TUNEL assay and immunohistological analysis with a proliferation marker was also performed .
Expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsible genes and proliferation markers were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR .
RESULTS : Intake of mulberry leaves maintained theβ-cell function of db/db @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mulberry leaves significantly decreased cell death by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas .
Mulberry leaves significantly increased proliferation of β-cells and the expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox1 mRNA inthe pancreas .
CONCLUSION : Considered together , these results indicate that dietary mulberry leaf administration can maintain insulin levels and pancreaticβ-cell mass , at least in part , by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse models .

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreaticβ-cell dysfunction. A decrease in β-cell mass, which occurs during the progression of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, contributes to impaired insulin secretion. Mulberry leaves contain various nutritional components that exert anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects. The present study analyzed the effects of mulberry leaf intake on pancreatic β-cells to clarify the mechanisms underlying its anti-diabetic function.
METHODS: Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were dried at 180 °C for 8 s in a hot-air mill and fed to obesity/Type 2 diabetes mellitus db/db mouse models at 5% (w/w) as part of a normal diet from 7 to 10, 15, or 20 weeks of age. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was then performed on the mice. To evaluate the β-cell mass, the pancreas was subjected to immunohistological analysis with an anti-insulin antibody. A TUNEL assay and immunohistological analysis with a proliferation marker was also performed. Expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsible genes and proliferation markers were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Intake of mulberry leaves maintained theβ-cell function of db/db mice. Moreover, oral administration of mulberry leaves significantly decreased cell death by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas. Mulberry leaves significantly increased proliferation of β-cells and the expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox1 mRNA inthe pancreas.
CONCLUSION: Considered together, these results indicate that dietary mulberry leaf administration can maintain insulin levels and pancreaticβ-cell mass, at least in part, by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse models.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Mulberry fruit extract alleviates cognitive impairment by promoting the clearance of amyloid-β and i

Mulberry fruit extract alleviates cognitive impairment by promoting the clearance of amyloid-β and inhibiting neuroinflammation.

Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) is a common neurodegenerative disease , always clinically manifesting with memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life .
Over the past decade , the extensive accumulation of Aβ plaques and the related neuroinflammation such as the activation of glial cells have been frequently demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD .
However , drugs promoting Aβ plaques degradation and modulating the neuroinflammation remain undeveloped for AD treatment .
Mulberry ( or Morusalba Linn . )
fruit , a common folk medicine , has been demonstrated to exhibit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ memory impairment and enhancing cognitive ability on Parkinson's-disease-related animal models .
Whether mulberry fruit can treat or alleviate AD-related symptoms are unclear so far .
In the present study , we estimated the neuroprotective effects of mulberry fruit ethanol extract ( MFE ) using APP/PS1 transgenic mice , a widely used AD animal model .
We found that daily oral MFE ( 100 mg/kg body weight , for 1.5-3 weeks ) remarkably improved the spatial memory and learningability of APP/PS1 mice , determined by behavioral tests including the Rotarod , Elevated plus maze @ @ @ @ @ @ @ histological , we observed that MFE reduced Aβ plaques and neuron apoptosis both in the cortex and hippocampus tissues of APP/PS1 mice .
Moreover , MFE treatment noticeablyalleviated the neuroinflammation , indicated by the decreased number of astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice .
These results were further confirmed by the elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines ( IL-4 ) and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β , IL-6 and TNF-α ) in the cortex and hippocampus tissues of MFE-treated APP/PS1 mice .
Collectively , our findings demonstrate that MFE exhibits a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Therefore , MFE may be a promising therapeutic drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders , especially like AD .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, always clinically manifesting with memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Over the past decade, the extensive accumulation of Aβ plaques and the related neuroinflammation such as the activation of glial cells have been frequently demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. However, drugs promoting Aβ plaques degradation and modulating the neuroinflammation remain undeveloped for AD treatment. Mulberry (or Morusalba Linn.) fruit, a common folk medicine, has been demonstrated to exhibit a considerable neuroprotective effect such as promoting memory impairment and enhancing cognitive ability on Parkinson's-disease-related animal models. Whether mulberry fruit can treat or alleviate AD-related symptoms are unclear so far. In the present study, we estimated the neuroprotective effects of mulberry fruit ethanol extract (MFE) using APP/PS1 transgenic mice, a widely used AD animal model. We found that daily oral MFE (100 mg/kg body weight, for 1.5-3 weeks) remarkably improved the spatial memory and learningability of APP/PS1 mice, determined by behavioral tests including the Rotarod, Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze test. In histological, we observed that MFE reduced Aβ plaques and neuron apoptosis both in the cortex and hippocampus tissues of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, MFE treatment noticeablyalleviated the neuroinflammation, indicated by the decreased number of astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. These results were further confirmed by the elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the cortex and hippocampus tissues of MFE-treated APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that MFE exhibits a good neuroprotective effect on APP/PS1 mice. Therefore, MFE may be a promising therapeutic drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, especially like AD.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Phenolic compounds from Morus nigra regulate viability and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells possibly

Phenolic compounds from Morus nigra regulate viability and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells possibly via SERCA activity.

The ability of phenolic compounds fromto modulate sarco-endoplasmic Ca-ATPase ( SERCA1 ) activity was analyzed .
Enzyme activity decrease correlated @ @ @ @ @ agents to SERCA1 .
Results from theoretical and experimental approaches were coherent in identifying binding @ @ @ @ @ A inhibited SERCA1 by immersion in the luminal gate at the site of Carelease .
@ @ @ @ @ effect by preventing ATP binding in the cytosolic region of SERCA1 , and this was @ @ @ @ @ On the basis of similarities of SERCA isoforms , the viability of beta-cells containing SERCA2b @ @ @ @ @ of viability and negative correlation of SERCA2b expression with SERCA1 activity were found for agents @ @ @ @ @ to SERCA1 .
The compounds studied may regulate viability and apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells via @ @ @ @ @ Novel pharmacological interventions in diabetes may be realized via compounds restoring ER calcium levels .

The ability of phenolic compounds fromto modulate sarco-endoplasmic Ca-ATPase (SERCA1) activity was analyzed. Enzyme activity decrease correlated with the binding energy of agents to SERCA1. Results from theoretical and experimental approaches were coherent in identifying binding sites to SERCA1. Albanol A inhibited SERCA1 by immersion in the luminal gate at the site of Carelease. Kuwanon U exerted an inhibitory effect by preventing ATP binding in the cytosolic region of SERCA1, and this was associated with conformational alterations. On the basis of similarities of SERCA isoforms, the viability of beta-cells containing SERCA2b was analyzed. Both correlation of viability and negative correlation of SERCA2b expression with SERCA1 activity were found for agents with the highest binding energy to SERCA1. The compounds studied may regulate viability and apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells via modulation of SERCA activity. Novel pharmacological interventions in diabetes may be realized via compounds restoring ER calcium levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Linoleic acid promotes testosterone production by activating leydig cell GPR120/ ERK pathway and res

Linoleic acid promotes testosterone production by activating leydig cell GPR120/ ERK pathway and restores BPA-impaired testicular toxicity.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) [ 2,2-bis ( 4-hydroxyphenyl ) propane ] has attracted increasing attention over the past few decades as an endocrine-disrupting chemicals that causes low testosterone levels .
Linoleic acid ( LA ) is an essential fatty acid and GPR120 agonist .
Herein , we are the first to report that LA induces the expression of GPR120 in mouse Leydig cells to directly promote testosterone production .
In addition , we demonstrated that the activated GPR120 / ERK signaling pathway was involved in upregulating the expression of 3β-HSD and StAR for testosterone production by stimulation of LA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ affect GPR120 expression , LA restored the testosterone levels decreased by BPA in Leydig cells in vitro .
Furthermore , the in vivo restoration of testosterone levels and testicular structure was also observed in BPA-impaired mice fed LA .
As a result , the sperm functions of BPA-impaired mice returned to normal levels .
At the same time , the damaged blood-testis barrier and infertility were also resolved by LA .
Our study indicates a novel and safe strategy that utilizes LA to repair reproductivedamage caused by low testosterone levels through activating the @ @ @ @ @ @

Bisphenol A (BPA) [2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane] has attracted increasing attention over the past few decades as an endocrine-disrupting chemicals that causes low testosterone levels. Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid and GPR120 agonist. Herein, we are the first to report that LA induces the expression of GPR120 in mouse Leydig cells to directly promote testosterone production. In addition, we demonstrated that the activated GPR120 / ERK signaling pathway was involved in upregulating the expression of 3β-HSD and StAR for testosterone production by stimulation of LA. Interestingly, although BPA failed to affect GPR120 expression, LA restored the testosterone levels decreased by BPA in Leydig cells in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo restoration of testosterone levels and testicular structure was also observed in BPA-impaired mice fed LA. As a result, the sperm functions of BPA-impaired mice returned to normal levels. At the same time, the damaged blood-testis barrier and infertility were also resolved by LA. Our study indicates a novel and safe strategy that utilizes LA to repair reproductivedamage caused by low testosterone levels through activating the GPR120/ERK pathway in Leydig cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--BPA can alter immune surveillance functions at both peripheral and central level with a potential ri

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is a synthetic xenoestrogen diffused worldwide .
Humans are chronically exposed to low doses of BPA from food and drinks , thus BPA accumulates in tissues posing human health risk .
In this study , we investigated the effects of BPA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) from human healthy donors , and in glia and microglia of rat offspring at postnatal day 17 ( 17PND ) from pregnant females who received BPA soon after coupling and during lactation and weaning .
Results indicated that BPA affected Phytoemagglutinin ( PHA ) stimulated PBMC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at nanomolar concentrations while BPA was almost ineffective in resting PBMC .
Furthermore , BPA induced chromosome aberrations and the appearance of shattered cells characterized by high number of fragmented and pulverized chromosomes , suggesting that the compound could cause a massive genomic rearrangement by inducing catastrophic events .
The BPA-induced DNA damage was observed mainly in TCD4+ and TCD8+ subsets of T lymphocytes and was mediated by the increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation , p21/Waf1 and PARP1 protein expression .
Intriguingly , we observed for the first time that BPA-induced effects were associated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and ERβ in human PBMC .
Immunofluorescence analysis of rat hippocampus corroborated in vitro findings showing that BPA induced ɣH2AX phosphorylation in microglia and astrocytosis by decreasing ERα expression within the dentate gyrus .
Overall these results suggest that BPA can alter immune surveillance functions at both peripheral and central level with a potential risk for cancer , neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration .

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic xenoestrogen diffused worldwide. Humans are chronically exposed to low doses of BPA from food and drinks, thus BPA accumulates in tissues posing human health risk. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from human healthy donors, and in glia and microglia of rat offspring at postnatal day 17 (17PND) from pregnant females who received BPA soon after coupling and during lactation and weaning. Results indicated that BPA affected Phytoemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated PBMC proliferation causing an S-phase cell cycle accumulation at nanomolar concentrations while BPA was almost ineffective in resting PBMC. Furthermore, BPA induced chromosome aberrations and the appearance of shattered cells characterized by high number of fragmented and pulverized chromosomes, suggesting that the compound could cause a massive genomic rearrangement by inducing catastrophic events. The BPA-induced DNA damage was observed mainly in TCD4+ and TCD8+ subsets of T lymphocytes and was mediated by the increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, p21/Waf1 and PARP1 protein expression. Intriguingly, we observed for the first time that BPA-induced effects were associated to a sex specific modulation of ERα and ERβ in human PBMC. Immunofluorescence analysis of rat hippocampus corroborated in vitro findings showing that BPA induced ɣH2AX phosphorylation in microglia and astrocytosis by decreasing ERα expression within the dentate gyrus. Overall these results suggest that BPA can alter immune surveillance functions at both peripheral and central level with a potential risk for cancer, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--Exposure to high levels BPA may be associated with non-small cell lung cancer.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) , a well-known endocrine disruptor , was reported to promote migration and invasion of lung @ @ @ @ @ in human study is absent .
A case-control study in Chinese population was conducted to @ @ @ @ @ exposure and non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) , and explore the interaction between @ @ @ @ @ polymorphism on NSCLC .
BPA concentrations were measured in urine samples using an UHPLC-MS method @ @ @ @ @ ( ESR1 ) gene was genotyped by TaqMan genotyping system .
Logistic regression was performed @ @ @ @ @ OR ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( 95 % CI ) for the association @ @ @ @ @ , 615 NSCLC cases and 615 healthy controls were enrolled from Wuhan , central China @ @ @ @ @ ( SD : 7.9 ) years old for controls and 59.2 ( SD : 8.8 @ @ @ @ @ cases .
The creatinine-adjusted BPA levels were significantly higher in NSCLC cases than that in @ @ @ @ @ 0.97 vs 0.73 μg/L , P

Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, was reported to promote migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, but findings in human study is absent. A case-control study in Chinese population was conducted to evaluate the association between BPA exposure and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and explore the interaction between BPA exposure and estrogen-related genetic polymorphism on NSCLC. BPA concentrations were measured in urine samples using an UHPLC-MS method and rs2046210 in estrogen receptorα (ESR1) gene was genotyped by TaqMan genotyping system. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association analyses. As a result, 615 NSCLC cases and 615 healthy controls were enrolled from Wuhan, central China. The mean age was58.0 (SD: 7.9) years old for controls and 59.2 (SD: 8.8) years old for cancer cases. The creatinine-adjusted BPA levels were significantly higher in NSCLC cases than that in healthy controls (median: 0.97 vs 0.73 μg/L, P < 0.001). Exposure to high levels of BPA was significantly associated with NSCLC (adjusted OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 1.39-2.62, P < 0.001 for the highest quartile). We also observed a shallow concave dose-response relationship about the overall association between BPA and NSCLC. Moreover, interaction analyses showed that BPA exposure interacted multiplicatively with rs2046210, with a marginal P value (P = 0.049), to contribute to NSCLC. In conclusion, exposure to high levels BPA may be associated with NSCLC and the relationship may be modified by genetic polymorphism in ESR1.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-03--In utero exposure to bisphenol A promotes mammary tumor risk.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is the most common environmental endocrine disrupting chemical .
Studies suggest a link between perinatal BPA exposure and increased breast cancer risk , but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear .
This study aims to investigate the effects of in utero BPA exposure on mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 transgenic mice .
Pregnant mice were subcutaneously injected with BPA ( 0 , 50 , 500 ng/kg and 250µg/kg BW ) daily between gestational days 11-19 .
Female offspring were examined for mammary tumorigenesis , puberty onset , mammary morphogenesis , and signaling in ER and erbB2 pathways @ @ @ @ @ @ @ BPA ( 500 ng/kg ) induced mammary tumorigenesis , earlier puberty onset , increased terminal end buds , and prolonged estrus phase , which was accompanied by proliferative mammary morphogenesis .
CD24/49f-based FACS analysis showed that in utero exposure to 500 ng/kg BPA induced expansion of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cell subpopulations at PND 35 .
Molecular analysis of mammary tissues at PND 70 showed that in utero exposure to low doses of BPA induced upregulation of ERα , -ERα , cyclin D1 , and c-myc , concurrent activation of erbB2 , EGFR , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and upregulation of growth factors/ligands .
Our results demonstrate that in utero exposure to low dose BPA promotes mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 mice through induction of ER-erbB2 crosstalk and mammary epithelial reprogramming , which advance our understanding of the mechanism associated with in utero exposure to BPA-induced breast cancer risk .
The studies also support using MMTV-erbB2 mouse model for relevant studies .

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most common environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Studies suggest a link between perinatal BPA exposure and increased breast cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of in utero BPA exposure on mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 transgenic mice. Pregnant mice were subcutaneously injected with BPA (0, 50, 500 ng/kg and 250µg/kg BW) daily between gestational days 11-19. Female offspring were examined for mammary tumorigenesis, puberty onset, mammary morphogenesis, and signaling in ER and erbB2 pathways. In utero exposure to low dose BPA (500 ng/kg) induced mammary tumorigenesis, earlier puberty onset, increased terminal end buds, and prolonged estrus phase, which was accompanied by proliferative mammary morphogenesis. CD24/49f-based FACS analysis showed that in utero exposure to 500 ng/kg BPA induced expansion of luminal and basal/myoepithelial cell subpopulations at PND 35. Molecular analysis of mammary tissues at PND 70 showed that in utero exposure to low doses of BPA induced upregulation of ERα,-ERα, cyclin D1, and c-myc, concurrent activation of erbB2, EGFR, erbB-3, Erk1/2, and Akt, and upregulation of growth factors/ligands. Our results demonstrate that in utero exposure to low dose BPA promotes mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 mice through induction of ER-erbB2 crosstalk and mammary epithelial reprogramming, which advance our understanding of the mechanism associated with in utero exposure to BPA-induced breast cancer risk. The studies also support using MMTV-erbB2 mouse model for relevant studies.