greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--A low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease prope

A low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease proper host immune defence.

Riboflavin , or vitamin B2 , as a precursor of the coenzymes FAD and FMN , has an indirect influence on many metabolic processes and determines the proper functioning of several systems , including the immune system .
In the human population , plasma riboflavin concentration varies from 3·1 nM ( in a moderate deficiency , e.g .
in pregnant women ) to 10·4 nM ( in healthy adults ) and 300 nM ( in cases of riboflavin supplementation ) .
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin concentration on the activity and viability @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of theimmunocompetent cell populations .
The study was performed on the murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line cultured in medium with various riboflavin concentrations ( 3·1 , 10·4 , 300 and 531 nM ) .
The results show that riboflavin deprivation has negative effects on both the activity and viability of macrophages and reduces their ability to generate an immune response .
Signs of riboflavin deficiency developed in RAW 264.7 cells within 4 d of culture in the medium with a low riboflavin concentration ( 3·1 nM ) .
In particular , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and enhanced apoptotic cell death connected with the release of lactate dehydrogenase .
The riboflavin deprivation impaired cell adhesion , completely inhibited the respiratory burst and slightly impaired phagocytosis of the zymosan particles .
In conclusion , macrophages are sensitive to riboflavin deficiency ; thus , a low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease proper host immune defence .

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, as a precursor of the coenzymes FAD and FMN, has an indirect influence on many metabolic processes and determines the proper functioning of several systems, including the immune system. In the human population, plasma riboflavin concentration varies from 3·1 nM (in a moderate deficiency, e.g. in pregnant women) to 10·4 nM (in healthy adults) and 300 nM (in cases of riboflavin supplementation). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin concentration on the activity and viability of macrophages, i.e. on one of theimmunocompetent cell populations. The study was performed on the murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line cultured in medium with various riboflavin concentrations (3·1, 10·4, 300 and 531 nM). The results show that riboflavin deprivation has negative effects on both the activity and viability of macrophages and reduces their ability to generate an immune response. Signs of riboflavin deficiency developed in RAW 264.7 cells within 4 d of culture in the medium with a low riboflavin concentration (3·1 nM). In particular, the low riboflavin content reduced the proliferation rate and enhanced apoptotic cell death connected with the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The riboflavin deprivation impaired cell adhesion, completely inhibited the respiratory burst and slightly impaired phagocytosis of the zymosan particles. In conclusion, macrophages are sensitive to riboflavin deficiency;thus, a low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease proper host immune defence.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--These results suggest rose geranium oil demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory activity.

BACKGROUND : Since the available anti-inflammatory drugs exert an extensive variety of side effects , the search for new anti-inflammatory agents has been a priority of pharmaceutical industries .
AIMS : The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of rose geranium ( RGEO ) .
METHODS : The chemical composition of the RGEO was investigated by gas chromatography .
The major components were citronellol ( 29.13 % ) , geraniol ( 12.62 % ) , and citronellyl formate ( 8.06 % ) .
In the carrageenan-induced paw edema , five different @ @ @ @ @ @ @ orally in three different doses .
RESULTS : RGEO ( 100 mg/kg ) was able to significantly reduce the paw edema with a comparable effect to that observed with diclofenac , the positive control .
In addition , RGEO showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity by topical treatment in the method of croton oil-induced ear edema .
When the dose was 5 or 10µl of RGEO per ear , the inflammation was reduced by 73 and 88 % , respectively .
This is the first report to demonstrate a significant anti-inflammatory activity of Algerian @ @ @ @ @ @ @ confirmed that RGEO inhibited the inflammatory responses in the skin .
CONCLUSION : Our results indicate that RGEO may have significant potential for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs with improved safety profile .

BACKGROUND: Since the available anti-inflammatory drugs exert an extensive variety of side effects, the search for new anti-inflammatory agents has been a priority of pharmaceutical industries.
AIMS: The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of rose geranium (RGEO).
METHODS: The chemical composition of the RGEO was investigated by gas chromatography. The major components were citronellol (29.13%), geraniol (12.62%), and citronellyl formate (8.06%). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, five different groups were established and RGEO was administered orally in three different doses.
RESULTS: RGEO (100 mg/kg) was able to significantly reduce the paw edema with a comparable effect to that observed with diclofenac, the positive control. In addition, RGEO showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity by topical treatment in the method of croton oil-induced ear edema. When the dose was 5 or 10µl of RGEO per ear, the inflammation was reduced by 73 and 88%, respectively. This is the first report to demonstrate a significant anti-inflammatory activity of Algerian RGEO. In addition, histological analysis confirmed that RGEO inhibited the inflammatory responses in the skin.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that RGEO may have significant potential for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs with improved safety profile.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient mice.

The only known function of human sebaceous glands is the provocation of acne .
We assessed here whether sebum influences stratum corneum hydration or permeability barrier function in asebia J1 and 2 J mice , with profound sebaceous gland hypoplasia .
Asebia J1 mice showed normal permeability barrier homeostasis and extracellular lamellar membrane structures , but they displayed epidermal hyperplasia , inflammation , and decreased ( > 50 % ) stratum corneum hydration , associated with a reduction in sebaceous gland lipids ( wax diesters/monoesters , sterol esters ) .
The triglyceride content of both asebia and control stratum corneum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of triglyceride hydrolysis within the normal pilosebaceous apparatus , despite high rates of triglyceride synthesis .
Although a mixture of synthetic , sebum-like lipids ( sterol/wax esters , triglycerides ) did not restore normal stratum corneum hydration to asebia skin , topical glycerol , the putative product of triglyceride hydrolysis in sebaceous glands , normalized stratum corneum hydration , and the glycerol content of asebia stratum corneum was 85 % lower than in normal stratum corneum .
In contrast , another potent endogenous humectant ( urea ) did not correct the abnormality .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ in sebaceous glands for stratum corneum hydration was demonstrated further by ( i ) the absence of sebaceous-gland-associated lipase activity in asebia mice , whereas abundant enzyme activity was present in the glands of control mice ; and ( ii ) the inability of high concentrations of topical triglyceride to correct the hydration abnormality , despite the presence of abundant lipase activity in asebia stratum corneum .
These results show that sebaceous-gland-derived glycerol is a major contributor to stratum corneum hydration .

The only known function of human sebaceous glands is the provocation of acne. We assessed here whether sebum influences stratum corneum hydration or permeability barrier function in asebia J1 and 2 J mice, with profound sebaceous gland hypoplasia. Asebia J1 mice showed normal permeability barrier homeostasis and extracellular lamellar membrane structures, but they displayed epidermal hyperplasia, inflammation, and decreased (>50%) stratum corneum hydration, associated with a reduction in sebaceous gland lipids (wax diesters/monoesters, sterol esters). The triglyceride content of both asebia and control stratum corneum was low, consistent with high rates of triglyceride hydrolysis within the normal pilosebaceous apparatus, despite high rates of triglyceride synthesis. Although a mixture of synthetic, sebum-like lipids (sterol/wax esters, triglycerides) did not restore normal stratum corneum hydration to asebia skin, topical glycerol, the putative product of triglyceride hydrolysis in sebaceous glands, normalized stratum corneum hydration, and the glycerol content of asebia stratum corneum was 85% lower than in normal stratum corneum. In contrast, another potent endogenous humectant (urea) did not correct the abnormality. The importance of glycerol generation from triglyceride in sebaceous glands for stratum corneum hydration was demonstrated further by (i) the absence of sebaceous-gland-associated lipase activity in asebia mice, whereas abundant enzyme activity was present in the glands of control mice; and (ii) the inability of high concentrations of topical triglyceride to correct the hydration abnormality, despite the presence of abundant lipase activity in asebia stratum corneum. These results show that sebaceous-gland-derived glycerol is a major contributor to stratum corneum hydration.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Glycerol-based emollients have a positive influence on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS : Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is a frequent , chronic inflammatory disease influenced by local , immunological , genetic and environmental factors .
Important symptoms of AD are dry skin , intense pruritus and impaired epidermal barrier function .
The therapeutic management of AD is difficult and needs individualized concepts .
Moisturizing creams and emollients are useful and important treatment adjuncts for the daily skin care of patients with dry and inflamed skin , e.g .
AD .
Glycerol is known to increase stratum corneum ( SC ) hydration , improve epidermal barrier function and decrease clinical signs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study on the efficacy of glycerol on barrier function and SC hydration in AD has been published .
In the present study , a topical 20 % glycerol preparation was compared with its vehicle in patients with AD .
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a single emollient ingredient in AD within the full frame of a phase III drug study .
METHODS : 24 patients with AD were treated for 4 weeks twice daily with a glycerol-based emollient in a randomized , double-blind study .
Transepidermal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and skin surface pH were assessed with biophysical , non-invasive instruments .
The SCORAD and a local severity score were evaluated .
After a wash-out period of 2 weeks , these parameters were assessed in order to quantify the sustained effect of this treatment .
RESULTS : SC hydration was significantly improved , and epidermal barrier function was restored under treatment with glycerol-containing cream compared to the glycerol-free placebo .
No significant differences were detectable for erythema values , SCORAD and local severity between the glycerol-containing cream and placebo .
However , an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assessed parameters in both groups indicating the importance of emollient treatment in AD .
CONCLUSIONS : Glycerol-based emollients have a positive influence on the skin of patients with AD .
They enhance the SC hydration .
Furthermore , it was possible to evaluate skin care products with a protocol design for efficacy studies of fully registered drugs in a placebo-controlled study .

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent, chronic inflammatory disease influenced by local, immunological, genetic and environmental factors. Important symptoms of AD are dry skin, intense pruritus and impaired epidermal barrier function. The therapeutic management of AD is difficult and needs individualized concepts. Moisturizing creams and emollients are useful and important treatment adjuncts for the daily skin care of patients with dry and inflamed skin, e.g. AD. Glycerol is known to increase stratum corneum (SC) hydration, improve epidermal barrier function and decrease clinical signs of inflammation. However, no controlled study on the efficacy of glycerol on barrier function and SC hydration in AD has been published. In the present study, a topical 20% glycerol preparation was compared with its vehicle in patients with AD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a single emollient ingredient in AD within the full frame of a phase III drug study.
METHODS: 24 patients with AD were treated for 4 weeks twice daily with a glycerol-based emollient in a randomized, double-blind study. Transepidermal water loss, skin capacitance, erythema and skin surface pH were assessed with biophysical, non-invasive instruments. The SCORAD and a local severity score were evaluated. After a wash-out period of 2 weeks, these parameters were assessed in order to quantify the sustained effect of this treatment.
RESULTS: SC hydration was significantly improved, and epidermal barrier function was restored under treatment with glycerol-containing cream compared to the glycerol-free placebo. No significant differences were detectable for erythema values, SCORAD and local severity between the glycerol-containing cream and placebo. However, an improvement over time was detectable in the assessed parameters in both groups indicating the importance of emollient treatment in AD.
CONCLUSIONS: Glycerol-based emollients have a positive influence on the skin of patients with AD. They enhance the SC hydration. Furthermore, it was possible to evaluate skin care products with a protocol design for efficacy studies of fully registered drugs in a placebo-controlled study.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--20% glycerin is as effective than urea and sodium with less side effects.

Moisturizing creams have beneficial effects in the treatment of dry , scaly skin , but they may induce adverse skin reactions .
In a randomized double-blind study , 197 patients with atopic dermatitis were treated with one of the following : a new moisturizing cream with 20 % glycerin , its cream base without glycerin as placebo , or a cream with 4 % urea and 4 % sodium chloride .
The patients were asked to apply the cream at least once daily for 30 days .
Adverse skin reactions and changes in skin dryness were assessed by the patient @ @ @ @ @ @ @ such as smarting ( a sharp local superficial sensation ) were felt significantly less among patients using the 20 % glycerin cream compared with the urea-saline cream , because 10 % of the patients judged the smarting as severe or moderate when using glycerin cream , whereas 24 % did so using urea-saline cream ( p < 0.0006 ) .
No differences were found regarding skin reactions such as stinging , itching and dryness/irritation .
The study showed equal effects on skin dryness as judged by the patients and the dermatologist .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to be a suitable alternative to urea/sodium chloride in the treatment of atopic dry skin .

Moisturizing creams have beneficial effects in the treatment of dry, scaly skin, but they may induce adverse skin reactions. In a randomized double-blind study, 197 patients with atopic dermatitis were treated with one of the following: a new moisturizing cream with 20% glycerin, its cream base without glycerin as placebo, or a cream with 4% urea and 4% sodium chloride. The patients were asked to apply the cream at least once daily for 30 days. Adverse skin reactions and changes in skin dryness were assessed by the patient and a dermatologist. Adverse skin reactions such as smarting (a sharp local superficial sensation) were felt significantly less among patients using the 20% glycerin cream compared with the urea-saline cream, because 10% of the patients judged the smarting as severe or moderate when using glycerin cream, whereas 24% did so using urea-saline cream (p<0.0006). No differences were found regarding skin reactions such as stinging, itching and dryness/irritation. The study showed equal effects on skin dryness as judged by the patients and the dermatologist. In conclusion, a glycerin containing cream appears to be a suitable alternative to urea/sodium chloride in the treatment of atopic dry skin.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Glycerol replacement corrects defective skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function in aquapori

Glycerol replacement corrects defective skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function in aquaporin-3-deficient mice

Mice deficient in the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 ( AQP3 ) have reduced stratum corneum ( SC ) hydration and skin elasticity , and impaired barrier recovery after SC removal .
SC glycerol content is reduced 3-fold in AQP3 null mice , whereas SC structure , protein/lipid composition , and ion/osmolyte content are not changed .
We show here that glycerol replacement corrects each of the defects in AQP3 null mice .
SC water content , measured by skin conductance and 3H2O accumulation , was 3-fold lower in AQP3 null vs. wild-type mice , but became similar after topical or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ normalized SC glycerol content .
SC water content was not corrected by glycerol-like osmolytes such as xylitol , erythritol , and propanediol .
Orally administered glycerol fully corrected the reduced skin elasticity in AQP3 null mice as measured by the kinetics of skin displacement after suction , and the delayed barrier recovery as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape-stripping .
Analysis of [ 14C ] glycerol kinetics indicated reduced blood-to-SC transport of glycerol in AQP3 null mice , resulting in slowed lipid biosynthesis .
These data provide functional evidence for a physiological @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and indicate that glycerol is a major determinant of SC water retention , and mechanical and biosynthetic functions .
Our findings establish a scientific basis for the > 200-yr-old empirical practice of including glycerol in cosmetic and medicinal skin formulations .

Mice deficient in the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 (AQP3) have reduced stratum corneum (SC) hydration and skin elasticity, and impaired barrier recovery after SC removal. SC glycerol content is reduced 3-fold in AQP3 null mice, whereas SC structure, protein/lipid composition, and ion/osmolyte content are not changed. We show here that glycerol replacement corrects each of the defects in AQP3 null mice. SC water content, measured by skin conductance and 3H2O accumulation, was 3-fold lower in AQP3 null vs. wild-type mice, but became similar after topical or systemic administration of glycerol in quantities that normalized SC glycerol content. SC water content was not corrected by glycerol-like osmolytes such as xylitol, erythritol, and propanediol. Orally administered glycerol fully corrected the reduced skin elasticity in AQP3 null mice as measured by the kinetics of skin displacement after suction, and the delayed barrier recovery as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape-stripping. Analysis of [14C]glycerol kinetics indicated reduced blood-to-SC transport of glycerol in AQP3 null mice, resulting in slowed lipid biosynthesis. These data provide functional evidence for a physiological role of glycerol transport by an aquaglyceroporin, and indicate that glycerol is a major determinant of SC water retention, and mechanical and biosynthetic functions. Our findings establish a scientific basis for the>200-yr-old empirical practice of including glycerol in cosmetic and medicinal skin formulations.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Riboflavin deficiency impairs NADPH oxidase 2 priming and defense against Listeria monocytogenes.

Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2 , is converted by riboflavin kinase ( RFK ) into flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) , which are essential cofactors of dehydrogenases , reductases , and oxidases including the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 ( Nox2 ) .
Riboflavin deficiency is common in young adults and elderly individuals , who are at the coincidental risk for listeriosis .
To address the impact of acute riboflavin deficiency on host defense against Listeria monocytogenes ( L.m . )
, we generated conditional RFK knockout ( KO ) strains of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ capability of phagocytes to control intracellular L.m.
, which corresponded to a greater susceptibility of mice to in vivo challenge with L.m .
The oxidative burst of RFK-deficient phagocytes in response to L.m .
infection was significantly reduced .
Mechanistically , TNF-induced priming of Nox2 , which is needed for oxidative burst , was defective in RFK-deficient phagocytes .
Lack of riboflavin in wild-type macrophages for only 6 h shut down TNF-induced , RFK-mediated de novo FMN/FAD generation , which was accompanied by diminished ROS production and impaired anti-listerial activity .
Vice versa @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rapidly restored by riboflavin supplementation .
Our results suggest that acute riboflavin deficiency immediately impairs priming of Nox2 , which is of crucial relevance for an effective phagocytic immune response in vivo .

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 , is converted by riboflavin kinase (RFK) into flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are essential cofactors of dehydrogenases, reductases, and oxidases including the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2). Riboflavin deficiency is common in young adults and elderly individuals, who are at the coincidental risk for listeriosis. To address the impact of acute riboflavin deficiency on host defense against Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.), we generated conditional RFK knockout (KO) strains of mice. Phagocyte-specific RFK KO impaired the capability of phagocytes to control intracellular L.m., which corresponded to a greater susceptibility of mice to in vivo challenge with L.m. The oxidative burst of RFK-deficient phagocytes in response to L.m. infection was significantly reduced. Mechanistically, TNF-induced priming of Nox2, which is needed for oxidative burst, was defective in RFK-deficient phagocytes. Lack of riboflavin in wild-type macrophages for only 6 h shut down TNF-induced, RFK-mediated de novo FMN/FAD generation, which was accompanied by diminished ROS production and impaired anti-listerial activity. Vice versa, ROS production by riboflavin-deprived macrophages was rapidly restored by riboflavin supplementation. Our results suggest that acute riboflavin deficiency immediately impairs priming of Nox2, which is of crucial relevance for an effective phagocytic immune response in vivo.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Topical N-acetyl cysteine and genistein prevent ultraviolet-light-induced signaling that leads to ph

Topical N-acetyl cysteine and genistein prevent ultraviolet-light-induced signaling that leads to photoaging in human skin in vivo.

Human skin is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation .
Ultraviolet radiation damages human skin and results in an old and wrinkled appearance , called photoaging .
We have previously reported that molecular mechanisms by which ultraviolet light causes photoaging involve activation of growth factor and cytokine receptors in keratinocytes and dermal cells .
They lead to downstream signal transduction through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ( extracellular signal-regulated kinase , c-jun N-terminal protein kinase , and p38 ) pathways .
These signaling pathways converge in the nucleus of cells to form an activated complex of transcription factor activator protein 1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ metalloproteinases that degrade skin connective tissue .
In addition to cell surface receptor activation , generation of reactive oxygen species by ultraviolet radiation is believed to be critical in triggering mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways .
We investigated the ability of ( i ) ultraviolet irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species in human skin in vivo ; and ( ii ) genistein , which possesses both tyrosine kinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities , and n-acetyl cysteine , which can be converted into the endogenous antioxidant glutathione , to impair responses to ultraviolet light that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vivo .
Ultraviolet irradiation caused a rapid and significant increase in hydrogen peroxide levels in human skin in vivo .
Pretreatment of human skin with genistein inhibited ultraviolet-induced epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity , whereas n-acetyl cysteine did not .
Genistein inhibited ultraviolet induction of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cJun N-terminal protein kinase activities .
n-Acetyl cysteine inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase but not cJun N-terminal protein kinase activation .
Both genistein and n-acetyl cysteine prevented ultraviolet induction of cJun protein .
Consistent with this , genistein and n-acetyl cysteine blocked @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Neither genistein nor n-acetyl cysteine acted as sunscreens as they had no effect on ultraviolet-induced erythema .
These data indicate that compounds similar to genistein and n-acetyl cysteine , which possess tyrosine kinase inhibitory and/or antioxidant activities , may prevent photoaging .

Human skin is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation damages human skin and results in an old and wrinkled appearance, called photoaging. We have previously reported that molecular mechanisms by which ultraviolet light causes photoaging involve activation of growth factor and cytokine receptors in keratinocytes and dermal cells. They lead to downstream signal transduction through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-jun N-terminal protein kinase, and p38) pathways. These signaling pathways converge in the nucleus of cells to form an activated complex of transcription factor activator protein 1 (cFos/cJun), which induces matrix metalloproteinases that degrade skin connective tissue. In addition to cell surface receptor activation, generation of reactive oxygen species by ultraviolet radiation is believed to be critical in triggering mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. We investigated the ability of (i) ultraviolet irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species in human skin in vivo; and (ii) genistein, which possesses both tyrosine kinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and n-acetyl cysteine, which can be converted into the endogenous antioxidant glutathione, to impair responses to ultraviolet light that eventuate in photoaging in human skin in vivo. Ultraviolet irradiation caused a rapid and significant increase in hydrogen peroxide levels in human skin in vivo. Pretreatment of human skin with genistein inhibited ultraviolet-induced epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, whereas n-acetyl cysteine did not. Genistein inhibited ultraviolet induction of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cJun N-terminal protein kinase activities. n-Acetyl cysteine inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase but not cJun N-terminal protein kinase activation. Both genistein and n-acetyl cysteine prevented ultraviolet induction of cJun protein. Consistent with this, genistein and n-acetyl cysteine blocked ultraviolet induction of cJun-driven enzyme, collagenase. Neither genistein nor n-acetyl cysteine acted as sunscreens as they had no effect on ultraviolet-induced erythema. These data indicate that compounds similar to genistein and n-acetyl cysteine, which possess tyrosine kinase inhibitory and/or antioxidant activities, may prevent photoaging.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Vitamins B2 and B6 as determinants of kynurenines and related markers of interferon-γ-mediated immun

Vitamins B2 and B6 as determinants of kynurenines and related markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation.

Vitamins B2 and B6 are cofactors in the kynurenine pathway .
Many of the kynurenines are neuroactive compounds with immunomodulatory effects .
In the present study , we aimed to investigate plasma concentrations of vitamins B2 and B6 as determinants of kynurenines and two markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation ( kynurenine : tryptophan ratio ( KTR ) and neopterin ) .
We measured the concentrations of vitamins B2 and B6 vitamers , neopterin , tryptophan and six kynurenines ( i.e .
kynurenine , anthranilic acid , kynurenic acid , 3-hydroxykynurenine , 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenicacid ) in plasma from 7051 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and B6 was assessed using a validated FFQ .
Associations were investigated using partial Spearman 's correlations , generalised additive models , and segmented or multiple linear regression .
The B2 vitamer , riboflavin , was positivelyassociated with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid , with correlation coefficients , as obtained by segmented regression , of 0·20 ( 95 % CI 0·16 , 0·23 ) and 0·24 ( 95 % CI 0·19 , 0·28 ) , at riboflavin concentrations below the median value ( 13·0 nmol/l ) .
The vitamin B6 vitamer , pyridoxal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ associated with most kynurenines at PLP concentrations

Vitamins B2 and B6 are cofactors in the kynurenine pathway. Many of the kynurenines are neuroactive compounds with immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate plasma concentrations of vitamins B2 and B6 as determinants of kynurenines and two markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation (kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) and neopterin). We measured the concentrations of vitamins B2 and B6 vitamers, neopterin, tryptophan and six kynurenines (i.e. kynurenine, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenicacid) in plasma from 7051 individuals. Dietary intake of vitamins B2 and B6 was assessed using a validated FFQ. Associations were investigated using partial Spearman's correlations, generalised additive models, and segmented or multiple linear regression. The B2 vitamer, riboflavin, was positivelyassociated with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid, with correlation coefficients, as obtained by segmented regression, of 0·20 (95 % CI 0·16, 0·23) and 0·24 (95 % CI 0·19, 0·28), at riboflavin concentrations below the median value (13·0 nmol/l). The vitamin B6 vitamer, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), was positively associated with most kynurenines at PLP concentrations< 39·3-47·0 nmol/l, and inversely associated with 3-hydroxykynurenine with the association being more prominent at PLP concentrations< 18·9 nmol/l. Riboflavin and PLP were associated with xanthurenic acid only at relatively low, but normal concentrations of both vitamers. Lastly, PLP was negatively correlated with neopterin and KTR. These results demonstrate the significant and complex determination of kynurenine metabolism byvitamin status. Future studies on B-vitamins and kynurenines in relation to chronic diseases should therefore integrate data on relevant biomarkers related to B-vitamins status and tryptophan metabolism.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Topical N-acetylcysteine accelerates wound healing in vitro and in vivo via the PKC/Stat3 pathway.

N-Acetylcysteine ( Nac ) is an antioxidant administered in both oral and injectable forms .
In this study , we used Nac topically to treat burn wounds in vitro and in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action .
In vitro , we monitored glutathione levels , cell proliferation , migration , scratch-wound healing activities and the epithelialization-related proteins , matrixmetalloproteinase-1 ( MMP-1 ) and proteins involved in regulating the expression of MMP-1 in CCD-966SK cells treated with Nac .
Various Nac concentrations ( 0.1 , 0.5 , and 1.0 mM ) increased glutathione levels , cell viability , scratch-wound healing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in a dose-dependent manner .
The MMP-1 expression of CCD-966SK cells treated with 1.0 mM Nac for 24 h was significantly increased .
Levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) , protein kinase C ( PKC ) , janus kinase 1 ( Jak1 ) , signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( Stat3 ) , c-Fos and Jun , but not extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 ( Erk1/2 ) , were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the controls .
In addition , Nac induced collagenous expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
In vivo , a burn wound healing rat model was applied to assess the stimulation activity and histopathological effects of Nac , with 3.0 % Nac-treated wounds being found to show better characteristics on re-epithelialization .
Our results demonstrated that Nac can potentially promote wound healing activity , and may be a promising drug to accelerate burn wound healing .

N-Acetylcysteine (Nac) is an antioxidant administered in both oral and injectable forms. In this study, we used Nac topically to treat burn wounds in vitro and in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action. In vitro, we monitored glutathione levels, cell proliferation, migration, scratch-wound healing activities and the epithelialization-related proteins, matrixmetalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and proteins involved in regulating the expression of MMP-1 in CCD-966SK cells treated with Nac. Various Nac concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) increased glutathione levels, cell viability, scratch-wound healing activities and migration abilities of CCD-966SK cells in a dose-dependent manner. The MMP-1 expression of CCD-966SK cells treated with 1.0 mM Nac for 24 h was significantly increased. Levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), janus kinase 1 (Jak1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), c-Fos and Jun, but not extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared to the controls. In addition, Nac induced collagenous expression of MMP-1 via the PKC/Stat3 signaling pathway. In vivo, a burn wound healing rat model was applied to assess the stimulation activity and histopathological effects of Nac, with 3.0% Nac-treated wounds being found to show better characteristics on re-epithelialization. Our results demonstrated that Nac can potentially promote wound healing activity, and may be a promising drug to accelerate burn wound healing.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--N-acetylcysteine is as effective as dexpanthenol in wound healing.

In this study , we aimed to compare the effects of dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine on wound healing .
The wound healing process is a multifaceted sequence of activities associated with tissue restoration process .
A number of investigations and clinical studies have been performed to determine new approaches for the improvement of wound healing .
A total of 30 rats were divided into 3 equal groups .
A linear 2-cm incision was made in the rats ' skin .
No treatment was administered in the first ( control ) group .
Dexpanthenol cream was administered to the rats in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was administered to the rats in the third group .
The wound areas of all of the rats were measured on certain days .
On the 21st day , all wounds were excised and histologically evaluated .
The epithelialization and granulation rates between the groups were revealed to be similar in microscopic evaluations .
Although the fibrosis was remarkable in the control group as compared with the other groups , it was similar in N-acetylcysteine and dexpanthenol groups .
Angiogenesis rate was remarkable in the N-acetylcysteine group compared with the others .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ had similar results in terms of wound healing rates ( P < 0.05 ) , which were both higher than in the control group ( P > 0.05 ) .
The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in wound healing is comparable to dexpanthenol , and both substances can be used to improve wound healing .

In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine on wound healing. The wound healing process is a multifaceted sequence of activities associated with tissue restoration process. A number of investigations and clinical studies have been performed to determine new approaches for the improvement of wound healing. A total of 30 rats were divided into 3 equal groups. A linear 2-cm incision was made in the rats' skin. No treatment was administered in the first (control) group. Dexpanthenol cream was administered to the rats in the second group and 3% N-acetylcysteine cream was administered to the rats in the third group. The wound areas of all of the rats were measured on certain days. On the 21st day, all wounds were excised and histologically evaluated. The epithelialization and granulation rates between the groups were revealed to be similar in microscopic evaluations. Although the fibrosis was remarkable in the control group as compared with the other groups, it was similar in N-acetylcysteine and dexpanthenol groups. Angiogenesis rate was remarkable in the N-acetylcysteine group compared with the others. In multiple-comparison analysis, Dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine groups had similar results in terms of wound healing rates (P<0.05), which were both higher than in the control group (P>0.05). The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in wound healing is comparable to dexpanthenol, and both substances can be used to improve wound healing.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--Antiproliferative effects of thymoquinone in MCF-7 breast and HepG2 liver cancer cells: possible rol

Antiproliferative effects of thymoquinone in MCF-7 breast and HepG2 liver cancer cells: possible role of ceramide and ER stress.

We aimed to investigate the impact of thymoquinone ( TQ ) , on sphingolipid metabolites , ER stress and apoptotic pathways in MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells .
Antiproliferative effect was exerted in cancer cells via TQ incubation at different doses and durations .
Cell viability was measured by MTT assay .
Levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate ( S1P ) , C16-C24 sphingomyelins ( SM ) and C16-C24 ceramides ( CER ) were determined by LC-MS/MS .
Neutral sphingomyelinase ( N-SMase ) enzyme activity was measured by colorimetric assay and ceramide-1-phosphate ( C1P ) levels were determined by immunoassay .
Nuclear factor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glucose-regulated protein 78-kd ( GRP78 ) gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis , while NF-κB p65 , GRP 78 and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were assesed by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis .
Incubation with TQ significantly decreased cell viability , S1P , C1P , NF-κB1 mRNA and NF-κB p65 protein levels in cancer cells compared to controls .
A significant increase was observed in N-SMase activity , cellular levels of C16-C24 CERs and cleaved caspase-3 levels in cancer cells treated with TQ .
GRP78 mRNA and protein levels also increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In conclusion , TQ-induced ceramide accumulation and ER stress in conjunction with decreased S1P , C1P and NF-κB mediated cell survival may promote cancer cell death by triggering apoptosis .

We aimed to investigate the impact of thymoquinone (TQ), on sphingolipid metabolites, ER stress and apoptotic pathways in MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Antiproliferative effect was exerted in cancer cells via TQ incubation at different doses and durations. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), C16-C24 sphingomyelins (SM) and C16-C24 ceramides (CER) were determined by LC-MS/MS. Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) enzyme activity was measured by colorimetric assay and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) levels were determined by immunoassay. Nuclear factor kappa-b subunit 1 (NFκB1) and glucose-regulated protein 78-kd (GRP78) gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis, while NF-κB p65, GRP 78 and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were assesed by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Incubation with TQ significantly decreased cell viability, S1P,C1P, NF-κB1 mRNA and NF-κB p65 protein levels in cancer cells compared to controls. A significant increase was observed in N-SMase activity, cellular levels of C16-C24 CERs and cleaved caspase-3 levels in cancer cells treated with TQ. GRP78 mRNA and protein levels also increased in cancer cells treated with TQ. In conclusion, TQ-induced ceramide accumulation and ER stress in conjunction with decreased S1P, C1P and NF-κB mediated cell survival may promote cancer cell death by triggering apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-22--The review of available literature suggests that N-acetylcysteine could potentially serve as a safe,

In recent studies , N-acetylcysteine has been shown to be efficacious in several dermatologic conditions.The aim was to review clinical @ @ @ @ @ of N-acetylcysteine in cutaneous disorders.The PubMed database was searched and a manual search of clinical @ @ @ @ @ performed .
Studies included randomized , controlled studies , uncontrolled studies , meta-analyses , and @ @ @ @ @ 1966 and 2017.Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine was shown in excoriation disorder , onychophagia disorder , trichotillomania @ @ @ @ @ I lamellar ichthyosis , bullous morphea , systemic sclerosis , toxic epidermal necrolysis , atopic @ @ @ @ @ and pseudoporphyria .
Studies also show benefits in wound healing and photoprotection.The review of available @ @ @ @ @ potentially serve as a safe , tolerable , and effective therapeutic option for a variety @ @ @ @

In recent studies, N-acetylcysteine has been shown to be efficacious in several dermatologic conditions.The aim was to review clinical trials that assess the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in cutaneous disorders.The PubMed database was searched and a manual search of clinical trials in the references was performed. Studies included randomized, controlled studies, uncontrolled studies, meta-analyses, and systemic reviews published between years 1966 and 2017.Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine was shown in excoriation disorder, onychophagia disorder, trichotillomania, acne vulgaris, Type I lamellar ichthyosis, bullous morphea, systemic sclerosis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, atopic dermatitis, xeroderma pigmentosum, and pseudoporphyria. Studies also show benefits in wound healing and photoprotection.The review of available literature suggests that N-acetylcysteine could potentially serve as a safe, tolerable, and effective therapeutic option for a variety of dermatologic conditions.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by directly targeting HSP90 to treat inflammasome-mediated

Carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by directly targeting HSP90 to treat inflammasome-mediated diseases

Aberrant activation of inflammasomes , a group of protein complexes , is pathogenic in a variety of metabolic and inflammation-related @ @ @ @ @ report that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by directly targeting heat-shock protein 90 ( HSP90 @ @ @ @ @ for NLRP3 inflammasome activity , thereby treating inflammasome-mediated diseases .
Our data demonstrate that carnosol @ @ @ @ @ primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages ( BMDMs ) , THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood @ @ @ @ @ .
Mechanistically , carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by binding to HSP90 and then inhibiting its @ @ @ @ @ , our results show that carnosol has remarkable therapeutic effects in mouse models of NLRP3 @ @ @ @ @ and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) .
Our data also suggest that intraperitoneal administration of @ @ @ @ @ once daily for two weeks is well tolerated in mice .
Thus , our study @ @ @ @ @ carnosol on inflammasome activation and demonstrates that carnosol is a safe and effective candidate for @ @ @ @ @ .

Aberrant activation of inflammasomes, a group of protein complexes, is pathogenic in a variety of metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. Here, we report that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by directly targeting heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), which is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thereby treating inflammasome-mediated diseases. Our data demonstrate that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Mechanistically, carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by binding to HSP90 and then inhibiting its ATPase activity. In vivo, our results show that carnosol has remarkable therapeutic effects in mouse models of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases, including endotoxemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our data also suggest that intraperitoneal administration of carnosol (120 mg/kg) once daily for two weeks is well tolerated in mice. Thus, our study reveals the inhibitory effect of carnosol on inflammasome activation and demonstrates that carnosol is a safe and effective candidate for the treatment of inflammasome-mediated diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Attenuation of allergen-mediated mast cell activation by rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Attenuation of allergen-mediated mast cell activation by rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.).

Mast cells are immune sentinels and a driving force in both normal and pathological contexts of inflammation , with a prominent role in allergic hypersensitivities .
Crosslinking of FcεRI by allergen-bound IgE Abs leads to mast cell degranulation , resulting in an early-phase response and release of newly synthesized pro-inflammatory mediators in the late-phase .
The MAPK and NF-κB pathways are established as critical intracellular mechanisms directing mast cell-induced inflammation .
Rosemary extract ( RE ) has been shown to modulate the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in other cellular contexts in vitro and in vivo .
However , the effect @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not been explored , and thus we aim to evaluate the potential of RE in modulating mast cell activation and FcεRI/c-kit signaling , potentially via these key pathways .
Primary murine mast cells were sensitized with anti-TNP IgE and stimulated with cognate allergen ( TNP-BSA ) under stem cell factor ( SCF ) potentiation while treated with 0-25 µg/ml RE .
RE treatment inhibited phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPKs while also impairing NF-кB transcription factor activity .
Gene expression and mediator secretion analysis showed that RE treatment decreased IL-6 , TNF , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ but major component polyphenols do not contribute to these effects .
Importantly , RE treatment significantly inhibited early phase mast cell degranulation ( down to 15 % of control ) , with carnosic acid and carnosol contributing .
These findings indicate that RE is capable of modulating mast cell functional outcomes and that further investigation of the underlying mechanisms and its potential therapeutic properties in allergic inflammatory conditions is warranted .

Mast cells are immune sentinels and a driving force in both normal and pathological contexts of inflammation, with a prominent role in allergic hypersensitivities. Crosslinking of FcεRI by allergen-bound IgE Abs leads to mast cell degranulation, resulting in an early-phase response and release of newly synthesized pro-inflammatory mediators in the late-phase. The MAPK and NF-κB pathways are established as critical intracellular mechanisms directing mast cell-induced inflammation. Rosemary extract (RE) has been shown to modulate the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in other cellular contexts in vitro and in vivo. However, the effect of RE on mast cell activation has not been explored, and thus we aim to evaluate the potential of RE in modulating mast cell activation and FcεRI/c-kit signaling, potentially via these key pathways. Primary murine mast cells were sensitized with anti-TNP IgE and stimulated with cognate allergen (TNP-BSA) under stem cell factor (SCF) potentiation while treated with 0-25 µg/ml RE. RE treatment inhibited phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPKs while also impairing NF-кB transcription factor activity. Gene expression and mediator secretion analysis showed that RE treatment decreased IL-6, TNF, IL-13, CCL1, and CCL3, but major component polyphenols do not contribute to these effects. Importantly, RE treatment significantly inhibited early phase mast cell degranulation (down to 15% of control), with carnosic acid and carnosol contributing. These findings indicate that RE is capable of modulating mast cell functional outcomes and that further investigation of the underlying mechanisms and its potential therapeutic properties in allergic inflammatory conditions is warranted.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Protective effects of carnosic acid on retinal ganglion cells in acute ocular hypertension rats.

OBJECTIVE : To observe the protective effects of carnosic acid on rat retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) among acute ocular hypertension rats .
METHODS : Sixty male SPF ( specific-pathogen-free ) SD rats ( 10 weeks ) were randomly assigned to untreated group , carnosic-acid-treated group and hypertensive group with 20 rats for each .
The acute ocular hypertension animal model was induced by the perfusion of normal saline solution into anterior chamber of eyes to elevate the intraocular pressure ( IOP ) to 110 mmHg for 60 min in the rats of the carnosic-acid-treated group and hypertensive group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) was intraperitoneally injected for consecutive 7 days in the carnosic-acid-treated group , and only DMSO was used in the same way in the hypertensive group .
The rats were killed 2 weeks after experiment , and retinal sections were prepared for histopathological and apoptotic retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) examination by hemotoxylin and eosin staining and TUNEL staining .
Use immunofluorescence employed to examine the survival of RGCs .
This study protocol was approved by the Ethic Committee for Experimental Animal of Three Gorges University .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ were clear in the untreated group .
The edema of retinal tissue , loosely arranged RGCs and swollen nucleus were seen in the hypertensive group .
In the carnosic-acid-treated group , the retinal morphology and structure were regular .
The retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness was ( 32.96 ± 1.63 ) , ( 58.96 ± 1.57 ) and ( 50.11 ± 2.37 ) μm , and the apoptotic cell number was ( 6.92 ± 2.96 ) , ( 29.85 ± 6.40 ) and ( 14.69 ± 2.98 ) /field , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2363.17 ± 148.45 ) , ( 1308.67 ± 106.02 ) and ( 1614.17 ± 96.39 ) /0.235 mmin the untreated group , hypertensive group and carnosic-acid-treated group , respectively , showing significant differences among groups ( F = 339.284 , 81.583 , 122.68 , all at P CONCLUSIONS : Carnosic acid plays a protective effect on RGCs by inhibiting the cell apoptosis in acute ocular hypertension rats .

OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effects of carnosic acid on rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) among acute ocular hypertension rats.
METHODS: Sixty male SPF (specific-pathogen-free) SD rats (10 weeks) were randomly assigned to untreated group, carnosic-acid-treated group and hypertensive group with 20 rats for each. The acute ocular hypertension animal model was induced by the perfusion of normal saline solution into anterior chamber of eyes to elevate the intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg for 60 min in the rats of the carnosic-acid-treated group and hypertensive group. Then, the carnosic acid dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was intraperitoneally injected for consecutive 7 days in the carnosic-acid-treated group, and only DMSO was used in the same way in the hypertensive group. The rats were killed 2 weeks after experiment, and retinal sections were prepared for histopathological and apoptotic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) examination by hemotoxylin and eosin staining and TUNEL staining. Use immunofluorescence employed to examine the survival of RGCs. This study protocol was approved by the Ethic Committee for Experimental Animal of Three Gorges University.
RESULTS: The retinal morphology and structure were clear in the untreated group. The edema of retinal tissue, loosely arranged RGCs and swollen nucleus were seen in the hypertensive group. In the carnosic-acid-treated group, the retinal morphology and structure were regular. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was (32.96 ± 1.63), (58.96 ± 1.57) and (50.11 ± 2.37) μm, and the apoptotic cell number was (6.92 ± 2.96), (29.85 ± 6.40) and (14.69 ± 2.98)/field, and the survived cell number was (2363.17 ± 148.45), (1308.67 ± 106.02) and (1614.17 ± 96.39)/0.235 mmin the untreated group, hypertensive group and carnosic-acid-treated group, respectively, showing significant differences among groups (F = 339.284, 81.583, 122.68, all at P < 0.01). Compared with the untreated group, the RNFL thickness was thickened, the number of apoptotic RGCs was much more, and the number of survived RGCs was decreased in the hypertensive group. In the carnosic-acid-treated group, the RNFL thickness was thinner, the number of apoptotic RGCs was reduced, and the number of survived RGCs was increased in comparison with the untreated group (all at P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Carnosic acid plays a protective effect on RGCs by inhibiting the cell apoptosis in acute ocular hypertension rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. were found to have an antitumoral activity.

Background Rosmarinus officinalis L. ( Rosemary ) and Salvia officinalis L. ( Sage ) are two Mediterranean species growing spontaneously in some area in Morocco .
They are used in traditional and complementary medicine to treat numerous disorders .
The aim of this work was to assess the in vitro antitumoral effect of the methanolic total extract prepared from rosemary and sage on human glioblastoma cell line ( 42 GMBA ) , conjointly with their antioxidant activity .
Methods The accelerated solvent extractor was used to obtain the total extract of the studied plants .
The antitumor activity was performed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the antioxidant effect was evaluated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power ( FRAP ) , and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) free radical scavenging assay .
Results Our results show that the total extract of R.O and S.O have a cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma but not on cortical neurons .
On the other hand , the results obtained in the FRAP and DPPH tests show a dose-dependent antioxidant activity correlated with an important level of phenols and flavonoids .
Conclusion Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. were found to have an antitumoral @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , to an antioxidant process .

Background Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) and Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) are two Mediterranean species growing spontaneously in some area in Morocco. They are used in traditional and complementary medicine to treat numerous disorders. The aim of this work was to assess the in vitro antitumoral effect of the methanolic total extract prepared from rosemary and sage on human glioblastoma cell line (42 GMBA), conjointly with their antioxidant activity. Methods The accelerated solvent extractor was used to obtain the total extract of the studied plants. The antitumor activity was performed using the microculture tetrazolium cytotoxique assay while the antioxidant effect was evaluated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results Our results show that the total extract of R.O and S.O have a cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma but not on cortical neurons. On the other hand, the results obtained in the FRAP and DPPH tests show a dose-dependent antioxidant activity correlated with an important level of phenols and flavonoids. Conclusion Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. were found to have an antitumoral activity which may be linked, probably, to an antioxidant process.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Specific inhibition of S. aureus virulence using topical formulations of rosemary extract may offer

Specific inhibition of S. aureus virulence using topical formulations of rosemary extract may offer a practical approach to preventing and treating flares of atopic dermatitis.

is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of skin infection.also plays a role in the pathogenesis of the chronic @ @ @ @ @ dermatitis.virulence involves activation of the quorum sensingoperon .
In this paper , we show that @ @ @ @ @ present in .
( rosemary ) leaves , is a specific inhibitor ofexpression as low @ @ @ @ @ rosmarinic acid are two other phytochemicals present in rosemary leaves .
Carnosol , but not @ @ @ @ @ a potentexpression inhibitor .
Natural rosemary extracts containing carnosic acid and carnosol inhibitexpression , both @ @ @ @ @ in wild type strains isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis .
Specific inhibition ofvirulence using @ @ @ @ @ may offer a practical approach to preventing and treating flares of atopic dermatitis .

is an opportunistic pathogen and a common cause of skin infection.also plays a role in the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory skin disease, atopic dermatitis.virulence involves activation of the quorum sensingoperon. In this paper, we show that the diterpene carnosic acid, present in. (rosemary) leaves, is a specific inhibitor ofexpression as low as 5μM. Carnosol and rosmarinic acid are two other phytochemicals present in rosemary leaves. Carnosol, but not rosmarinic acid, is also a potentexpression inhibitor. Natural rosemary extracts containing carnosic acid and carnosol inhibitexpression, both in luciferase reporter strains and in wild type strains isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. Specific inhibition ofvirulence using topical formulations of rosemary extract may offer a practical approach to preventing and treating flares of atopic dermatitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--α-bisabolol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation

α-bisabolol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) is a severe clinical condition of respiratory failure due to an intense inflammatory response with different etiologies .
Despite all efforts , therapy remains limited , and ARDS is still associated with high mortality and morbidity .
Plants can provide a vast source of active natural products for the discovery of new drugs.α-bisabolol ( α-bis ) , a constituent of the essential oil from chamomile , has elicited pharmacological interest .
However , the molecule has some limitations to its biological application .
This study was conducted to develop a drug delivery system @ @ @ @ @ @ @ improve the anti-inflammatory effects of orally administered α-bis .
α-bis-loaded LNCs ( α-bis-LNCs ) were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly ( ε-caprolactone ) and orally administered in a mouse model of ARDS triggered by an intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) .
We found that α-bis-LNCs ( 30 , 50 , and 100 mg kg ) significantly reduced airway hyperreactivity ( AHR ) , neutrophil infiltration , myeloperoxidase activity , chemokine levels ( KC and MIP-2 ) , and tissue lung injury 18 hours after the LPS challenge .
By contrast @ @ @ @ @ @ @ neutrophil accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage effluent and lung parenchyma and inhibited elevation in the myeloperoxidase and MIP-2 levels only at the highest dose .
Furthermore , only α-bis-LNCs reduced LPS-induced changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling , as observed by a significant reduction in phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 , JNK , and p38 proteins .
Taken together , our results clearly show that by using LNCs , α-bis was able to decrease LPS-induced inflammation .
These findings may be explained by the robust increase of α-bis concentration in the lung tissue that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , these results indicate that α-bis-LNCs should further be investigated as a potential alternative for the treatment of ARDS .

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe clinical condition of respiratory failure due to an intense inflammatory response with different etiologies. Despite all efforts, therapy remains limited, and ARDS is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. Plants can provide a vast source of active natural products for the discovery of new drugs.α-bisabolol (α-bis), a constituent of the essential oil from chamomile, has elicited pharmacological interest. However, the molecule has some limitations to its biological application. This study was conducted to develop a drug delivery system using lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) to improve the anti-inflammatory effects of orally administered α-bis. α-bis-loaded LNCs (α-bis-LNCs) were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly(ε-caprolactone) and orally administered in a mouse model of ARDS triggered by an intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that α-bis-LNCs (30, 50, and 100 mg kg) significantly reduced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, chemokine levels (KC and MIP-2), and tissue lung injury 18 hours after the LPS challenge. By contrast, freeα-bis failed to modify AHR and neutrophil accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage effluent and lung parenchyma and inhibited elevation in the myeloperoxidase and MIP-2 levels only at the highest dose. Furthermore, only α-bis-LNCs reduced LPS-induced changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, as observed by a significant reduction in phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 proteins. Taken together, our results clearly show that by using LNCs, α-bis was able to decrease LPS-induced inflammation. These findings may be explained by the robust increase of α-bis concentration in the lung tissue that was achieved by the LNCs. Altogether, these results indicate that α-bis-LNCs should further be investigated as a potential alternative for the treatment of ARDS.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Alpha-bisobolol possesses corneal antinociceptive activity.

CONTEXT : ( - ) -α-Bisabolol ( BISA ) is a sesquiterpene alcohol widely used as scent in cosmetic preparations , perfumes , shampoos , toilet soaps and other toiletries with potential for use in the pharmaceutical area .
OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the corneal antinociceptive efficacy of BISA and to analyze the best solubilizing agent .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Acute corneal nociception was induced by the local application of hypertonic saline ( 5 M NaCl ; 20 μL ) to the corneal surface of Swiss mice ( n = 8/group ) 60 min after topical treatment with solutions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
The number of eye wipes performed with the ipsilateral forepaw was counted for a period of 30 s. Control groups ( vehicles ) were included .
RESULTS : BISA ( 50 , 100 or 200 mg/mL ) solubilized with Tween 80 did not reduce the number of eye wipes .
Animals treated with the ointment ( BISA 50 , 100 or 200 mg/mL ; p DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION : BISA possess corneal antinociceptive activity .
Although the ointment presented antinociceptive effect , it is concluded that BISA when associated with propylene @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pain since it is more comfortable to use , leading to greater acceptance by patients .

CONTEXT: (-)-α-Bisabolol (BISA) is a sesquiterpene alcohol widely used as scent in cosmetic preparations, perfumes, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries with potential for use in the pharmaceutical area.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the corneal antinociceptive efficacy of BISA and to analyze the best solubilizing agent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute corneal nociception was induced by the local application of hypertonic saline (5 M NaCl; 20 μL) to the corneal surface of Swiss mice (n = 8/group) 60 min after topical treatment with solutions or ointment containing BISA (50-200 mg/mL). The number of eye wipes performed with the ipsilateral forepaw was counted for a period of 30 s. Control groups (vehicles) were included.
RESULTS: BISA (50, 100 or 200 mg/mL) solubilized with Tween 80 did not reduce the number of eye wipes. Animals treated with the ointment (BISA 50, 100 or 200 mg/mL; p < 0.001), as well the solution containing propylene glycol (BISA 100 mg/mL; p < 0.05), showed significant reduction in the number of nociceptive behaviours. Solutions containing propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate had no effects.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: BISA possess corneal antinociceptive activity. Although the ointment presented antinociceptive effect, it is concluded that BISA when associated with propylene glycol has better potential for corneal nociceptive pain since it is more comfortable to use, leading to greater acceptance by patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Alpha-bisobolol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.

Although ( - ) -α-bisabolol , a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol , is often used as a cosmetic soothing supplement , little is known about its mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects .
Therefore , this study was designed to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of ( - ) -α-bisabolol and its mechanisms of action.In this study , we found that ( - ) -α-bisabolol inhibited lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced production of nitric oxide ( NO ) and prostaglandin E ( 2 ) ( PGE ( 2 ) ) in RAW264.7 cells .
In addition , expression of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ genes was reduced , as evidenced by Western blot and luciferase reporter assays for COX-2 and iNOS .
To assess the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory property of ( - ) -α-bisabolol , its effects on the activity of AP-1 and NF-κB promoters were examined .
LPS-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-κB promoters was significantly reduced by ( - ) -α-bisabolol .
Consistently , ( - ) -α-bisabolol reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα .
In addition , while LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 was attenuated by ( - ) -α-bisabolol , significant changes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not observed .
Our results indicate that ( - ) -α-bisabolol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes through inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 ( ERK and p38 ) signaling .

Although (-)-α-bisabolol, a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, is often used as a cosmetic soothing supplement, little is known about its mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of (-)-α-bisabolol and its mechanisms of action.In this study, we found that (-)-α-bisabolol inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes was reduced, as evidenced by Western blot and luciferase reporter assays for COX-2 and iNOS. To assess the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory property of (-)-α-bisabolol, its effects on the activity of AP-1 and NF-κB promoters were examined. LPS-induced activation of AP-1 and NF-κB promoters was significantly reduced by (-)-α-bisabolol. Consistently, (-)-α-bisabolol reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα. In addition, while LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 was attenuated by (-)-α-bisabolol, significant changes in the level of phosphorylated JNK were not observed. Our results indicate that (-)-α-bisabolol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes through inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 (ERK and p38) signaling.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Alpha-bisobolol displays significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in rodents.

( - ) -α-Bisabolol is an unsaturated , optically active sesquiterpene alcohol obtained by the direct distillation of essential oil from plants such as Vanillosmopsis erythropappa and Matricaria chamomilla .
( - ) -α-Bisabolol has generated considerable economic interest , as it possesses a delicate floral odour and has been shown to have antiseptic and gastroprotective activities .
In this study , ( - ) -α-bisabolol was tested in standardised rodent models by gavage administration at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in the models of inflammation and 25 and 50 mg/kg in the models of nociception .
In the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ carrageenan and dextran , the mice treated with ( - ) -α-bisabolol showed smaller oedemas compared to animals treated only with the vehicle .
( - ) -α-Bisabolol was capable of reducing paw oedemas induced by 5-HT but not oedemas induced by histamine .
( - ) -α-Bisabolol demonstrated anti-nociceptive activity in the models of visceral nociception induced by acetic acid and in the second phase of the nociception test induced by the intraplantar administration of formalin .
( - ) -α-Bisabolol did not have any effect in a thermal nociception model using @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diminish mechanical inflammatory hypernociception evoked by carrageenan .
These findings suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of ( - ) -α-bisabolol is not linked to a central mechanism but instead is related to the inflammatory process .
( - ) -α-Bisabolol was able to decrease leukocyte migration , protein extravasations and the amount of TNF-α to the peritoneal cavity in response to carrageenan .
Additionally , ( - ) -α-bisabolol reduced neutrophil degranulation in response to phorbol-myristate-acetate .
We demonstrate , for the first time , the peripheral anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptiveactivities of ( - @ @ @

(-)-α-Bisabolol is an unsaturated, optically active sesquiterpene alcohol obtained by the direct distillation of essential oil from plants such as Vanillosmopsis erythropappa and Matricaria chamomilla. (-)-α-Bisabolol has generated considerable economic interest, as it possesses a delicate floral odour and has been shown to have antiseptic and gastroprotective activities. In this study, (-)-α-bisabolol was tested in standardised rodent models by gavage administration at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in the models of inflammation and 25 and 50 mg/kg in the models of nociception. In the inflammatory models of paw oedema induced by carrageenan and dextran, the mice treated with (-)-α-bisabolol showed smaller oedemas compared to animals treated only with the vehicle. (-)-α-Bisabolol was capable of reducing paw oedemas induced by 5-HT but not oedemas induced by histamine. (-)-α-Bisabolol demonstrated anti-nociceptive activity in the models of visceral nociception induced by acetic acid and in the second phase of the nociception test induced by the intraplantar administration of formalin. (-)-α-Bisabolol did not have any effect in a thermal nociception model using a hot plate but was able to diminish mechanical inflammatory hypernociception evoked by carrageenan. These findings suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of (-)-α-bisabolol is not linked to a central mechanism but instead is related to the inflammatory process. (-)-α-Bisabolol was able to decrease leukocyte migration, protein extravasations and the amount of TNF-α to the peritoneal cavity in response to carrageenan. Additionally, (-)-α-bisabolol reduced neutrophil degranulation in response to phorbol-myristate-acetate. We demonstrate, for the first time, the peripheral anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptiveactivities of (-)-α-bisabolol.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Alpha-bisobolol strongly induces apoptosis in glioma cells.

In this study , alpha-bisabolol , a sesquiterpene alcohol present in natural essential oil , was found to have a @ @ @ @ @ effect on human and rat glioma cells .
After 24 h of treatment with 2.5-3.5 @ @ @ @ @ of these cells was reduced by 50 % with respect to untreated cells .
Furthermore @ @ @ @ @ rat glial cells was not affected by treatment with alpha-bisabolol at the same concentrations as @ @ @ @ @ with high concentration of alpha-bisabolol ( 10 microM ) resulted in a 100 % cell @ @ @ @ @ accumulation , poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase cleavage , and DNA ladder formation , the @ @ @ @ @ from apoptosis induction .
Moreover , the dissipation of mitochondrial-inner transmembrane potential and the release @ @ @ @ @ indicated that , in these glioma cells , apoptosis occurred through an intrinsic pathway .
@ @ @ @ @ experimental results , alpha-bisabolol may be considered a novel compound able to inhibit glioma cell @ @ @ @

In this study, alpha-bisabolol, a sesquiterpene alcohol present in natural essential oil, was found to have a strong time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on human and rat glioma cells. After 24 h of treatment with 2.5-3.5 microM alpha-bisabolol, the viability of these cells was reduced by 50% with respect to untreated cells. Furthermore, the viability of normal rat glial cells was not affected by treatment with alpha-bisabolol at the same concentrations as above. Glioma cells treated with high concentration of alpha-bisabolol (10 microM) resulted in a 100% cell death. Judging from hypo-G1 accumulation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and DNA ladder formation, the cytotoxicity triggered by alpha-bisabolol resulted from apoptosis induction. Moreover, the dissipation of mitochondrial-inner transmembrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria indicated that, in these glioma cells, apoptosis occurred through an intrinsic pathway. As pointed out by the experimental results, alpha-bisabolol may be considered a novel compound able to inhibit glioma cell growth and survival.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--α-bisabolol reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and ameliorates skin inflammation.

α- ( - ) -bisabolol is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene present in the essential oil has generated considerable interest in @ @ @ @ @ and currently in use in various formulations , mainly in cosmetics .
This study was @ @ @ @ @ profile against skin inflammation using in-vitro , in-vivo and in-silico assays .
Lipopolysachharide ( LPS @ @ @ @ @ ) -induced production of proinflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and IL-6 ) in macrophage cells as @ @ @ @ @ inflammation in mice was significantly inhibited by α- ( - ) -bisabolol .
TPA-induced ear @ @ @ @ @ lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in the ear tissue were also significantly inhibited by topical @ @ @ @ @ ) -bisabolol in a dose dependent manner .
In-vitro and in-vivo toxicity profiles indicate that @ @ @ @ @ application on skin .
Molecular docking study also revealed its strong binding affinity to the @ @ @ @ @ proteins .
These findings suggested that α- ( - ) -bisabolol may be a useful @ @ @ @ @ of skin inflammation .

α-(-)-bisabolol is a natural monocyclic sesquiterpene present in the essential oil has generated considerable interest in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and currently in use in various formulations, mainly in cosmetics. This study was undertaken to evaluate its therapeutic profile against skin inflammation using in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico assays. Lipopolysachharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in macrophage cells as well as in TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice was significantly inhibited by α-(-)-bisabolol. TPA-induced ear thickness, ear weight and lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in the ear tissue were also significantly inhibited by topical application of α-(-)-bisabolol in a dose dependent manner. In-vitro and in-vivo toxicity profiles indicate that it is safe for topical application on skin. Molecular docking study also revealed its strong binding affinity to the active site of the pro-inflammatory proteins. These findings suggested that α-(-)-bisabolol may be a useful therapeutic candidate for the treatment of skin inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--This study suggests that white tea and black tea may possess more anti-aging potential than green te

This study suggests that white tea and black tea may possess more anti-aging potential than green tea.

Tea flavonoids and polyphenols are well known for their extraordinary antioxidant activity which is considered important for anti-aging processes in animals .
This study evaluated the anti-wrinkle effects of three different kinds of tea ( Camellia sinensis ) water extracts ( CSWEs ) including green , white , and black teas using a photoaged hairless mouse model .
Data showed that the CSWE-treatment greatly improved skin conditions of mice suffering from UVB-induced photoaging , based on the parameters including the skin erythema index , moisture capacity , and transepidermal water loss .
In addition , the wrinkle measurement and image @ @ @ @ @ @ @ remarkably inhibited wrinkle formation .
In histological examination , the CSWE-treated mice exhibited diminished epidermal thickness and increased collagen and elastic fiber content , key signatures for skin restoration .
Furthermore , the reduced expression of MMP-3 , a collagen-degradative enzyme , was observed in the skin of CSWE-treated animals .
Interestingly , comparative data between green , white , and black tea indicated that the anti-wrinkle activity of white tea and black tea is equally greater than that of green tea .
Taken together , these data clearly demonstrated that CSWEs could @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in photoaged animal skin , implying their extended uses in therapeutics .

Tea flavonoids and polyphenols are well known for their extraordinary antioxidant activity which is considered important for anti-aging processes in animals. This study evaluated the anti-wrinkle effects of three different kinds of tea (Camellia sinensis) water extracts (CSWEs) including green, white, and black teas using a photoaged hairless mouse model. Data showed that the CSWE-treatment greatly improved skin conditions of mice suffering from UVB-induced photoaging, based on the parameters including the skin erythema index, moisture capacity, and transepidermal water loss. In addition, the wrinkle measurement and image analysis of skin replicas indicated that CSWEs remarkably inhibited wrinkle formation. In histological examination, the CSWE-treated mice exhibited diminished epidermal thickness and increased collagen and elastic fiber content, key signatures for skin restoration. Furthermore, the reduced expression of MMP-3, a collagen-degradative enzyme, was observed in the skin of CSWE-treated animals. Interestingly, comparative data between green, white, and black tea indicated that the anti-wrinkle activity of white tea and black tea is equally greater than that of green tea. Taken together, these data clearly demonstrated that CSWEs could be used as an effective anti-wrinkle agent in photoaged animal skin, implying their extended uses in therapeutics.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--This study compares the anti-aging potential of ginkgo biloba and topical tea preparations.

Herbal anti-wrinkle cosmetics were formulated from ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ) , a mixture of tea and rooibos ( Camellia @ @ @ @ @ and soybean ( Glycine soja ) .
These extracts were incorporated into the preliminary developed @ @ @ @ @ preference .
The gingko formulation was found to be more stable than the formula containing @ @ @ @ @ rooibos and the soybean formula .
Clinical efficacies of the ginkgo formula and the formula @ @ @ @ @ and rooibos were compared following 28 days of application .
The ginkgo preparation increased skin @ @ @ @ @ and smoothness ( 4.32 % ) and reduced roughness ( 0.4 % ) and wrinkles @ @ @ @ @ whereas the formula containing tea and rooibos showed the best efficacy on wrinkle reduction ( @ @ @ @ @ comparison to the tea and rooibos formula , gingko significantly improved skin moisturization ( P @ @ @ @

Herbal anti-wrinkle cosmetics were formulated from ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), a mixture of tea and rooibos (Camellia sinensis and Aspalathus linearis) and soybean (Glycine soja). These extracts were incorporated into the preliminary developed stable gel base with good preference. The gingko formulation was found to be more stable than the formula containing a mixture of tea and rooibos and the soybean formula. Clinical efficacies of the ginkgo formula and the formula containing a mixture of tea and rooibos were compared following 28 days of application. The ginkgo preparation increased skin moisturization (27.88%) and smoothness (4.32%) and reduced roughness (0.4%) and wrinkles (4.63%), whereas the formula containing tea and rooibos showed the best efficacy on wrinkle reduction (9.9%). In comparison to the tea and rooibos formula, gingko significantly improved skin moisturization (P = 0.05).


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--This paper describes the anti-aging potential of certain herbs.

Skin aging is caused by several factors .
Ultraviolet ( UV ) exposure as well as oxidative stress elevates inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ extracellular matrix , which is regarded as the major cause of skin wrinkles , one @ @ @ @ @ .
Topical applications of active ingredients protect against dermal photodamage and scavenge radicals that can @ @ @ @ @ metalloproteinase inhibitors against degradation of collagen , elastin , and hyaluronan are the key strategy @ @ @ @ @ In addition , active ingredients with the efficacy to enhance extracellular matrix production , including @ @ @ @ @ , play an important role in protecting the skin from aging .
Naturally derived compounds @ @ @ @ @ gaining more interest among the consumers as they are perceived to be milder , safer @ @ @ @ @ article , therefore , briefly addresses the causes of skin aging and extensively summarizes on @ @ @ @ @ treatment .
Therefore , delaying aging of skin using the functional herbs would maintain the @ @ @ @ @ esthetic and psychosocial impacts .

Skin aging is caused by several factors. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure as well as oxidative stress elevates inflammatory mediators causing degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is regarded as the major cause of skin wrinkles, one of the signs of aging. Topical applications of active ingredients protect against dermal photodamage and scavenge radicals that can delay skin aging. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against degradation of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronan are the key strategy to combat cutaneous aging. In addition, active ingredients with the efficacy to enhance extracellular matrix production, including those with UV protection efficacy, play an important role in protecting the skin from aging. Naturally derived compounds for combating skin wrinkles are gaining more interest among the consumers as they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier. This article, therefore, briefly addresses the causes of skin aging and extensively summarizes on herbs appraisal for skin wrinkles treatment. Therefore, delaying aging of skin using the functional herbs would maintain the individual's appearance with high esthetic and psychosocial impacts.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Herbal anti-inflammatory agents for skin disease.

Herbs have been used in clinical medicine for thousands of years .
However , it is only in recent times @ @ @ @ @ to employ scientific methods to prove the efficacy of many of these herbs and to @ @ @ @ @ of their mechanisms of action .
This article will focus on the use of herbs @ @ @ @ @ by inflammation and pruritus .
Topical preparations of many of these herbs are more commonplace @ @ @ @ @ their availability is increasing in the US .
As this is occurring we are witnessing @ @ @ @ @ and traditional medicines .

Herbs have been used in clinical medicine for thousands of years. However, it is only in recent times that we have been able to employ scientific methods to prove the efficacy of many of these herbs and to give us a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. This article will focus on the use of herbs in various dermatological conditions characterized by inflammation and pruritus. Topical preparations of many of these herbs are more commonplace in Europe. However, their availability is increasing in the US. As this is occurring we are witnessing a growing marriage between alternative and traditional medicines.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--This paper describes wild plants that are used to treat skin diseases.

Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and @ @ @ @ @ ways .
Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body .
Many people may @ @ @ @ @ the skin , including cancer , herpes and cellulitis .
Some wild plants and their @ @ @ @ @ treat these diseases .
The use of plants is as old as the mankind .
@ @ @ @ @ claimed to be safe .
It is also suitable raw material for production of new @ @ @ @ @ of some plants for the treatment of skin diseases is provided that summarizes the recent @ @ @ @ @ place in this area during the past 17 years .

Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. Maintaining healthy skin is important for a healthy body. Many people may develop skin diseases that affect the skin, including cancer, herpes and cellulitis. Some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases. The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Natural treatment is cheap and claimed to be safe. It is also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. A review of some plants for the treatment of skin diseases is provided that summarizes the recent technical advancements that have taken place in this area during the past 17 years.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--This study describes traditional medicinal plants used in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Skin is an organ providing contact with the environment and protecting the human body from unfavourable external factors .
Skin @ @ @ @ @ its functioning and appearance , also unfavourably affects the psyche , the condition of which @ @ @ @ @ chronic skin diseases .
The use of plants in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases results @ @ @ @ @ stages of inflammation .
The paper presents results of the study regarding the anti-inflammatory activity @ @ @ @ @ related to its influence on skin .
The mechanism of action , therapeutic indications and @ @ @ @ @ used for treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin are described .

Skin is an organ providing contact with the environment and protecting the human body from unfavourable external factors. Skin inflammation, reflected adversely in its functioning and appearance, also unfavourably affects the psyche, the condition of which is important during treatment of chronic skin diseases. The use of plants in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases results from their influence on different stages of inflammation. The paper presents results of the study regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant raw material related to its influence on skin. The mechanism of action, therapeutic indications and side effects of medicinal plants used for treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin are described.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Depressed levels of glutathione peroxidase are observed in patients with various skin disorders whic

Depressed levels of glutathione peroxidase are observed in patients with various skin disorders which are restored by selenium and vitamin E treatment.

Blood glutathione-peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) was determined in 61 healthy subjects and 506 patients with various skin disorders .
Depressed @ @ @ @ @ with psoriasis , eczema , atopic dermatitis , vasculitis , mycosis fungoides and dermatitis herpetiformis @ @ @ @ @ were also found in some patients with pemphigoid , acne conglobata , polymyositis , rheumatoid @ @ @ @ @ lupus erythematodes .
Vegetarian diet , malnutrition and alcohol abuse could possibly account for the @ @ @ @ @ .
Fifty patients with low GSH-Px levels were treated with tablets containing 0.2 mg selenium @ @ @ @ @ tocopheryl succinate .
The GSH-Px levels increased slowly within 6-8 weeks of treatment .
The @ @ @ @ @ calls for controlled studies .

Blood glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) was determined in 61 healthy subjects and 506 patients with various skin disorders. Depressed levels were observed in patients with psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, vasculitis, mycosis fungoides and dermatitis herpetiformis. Low values of GSH-Px were also found in some patients with pemphigoid, acne conglobata, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematodes. Vegetarian diet, malnutrition and alcohol abuse could possibly account for the low values in some patients. Fifty patients with low GSH-Px levels were treated with tablets containing 0.2 mg selenium as Na2SeO3 and 10 mg tocopheryl succinate. The GSH-Px levels increased slowly within 6-8 weeks of treatment. The clinical effect was encouraging and calls for controlled studies.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--The results of the current study indicate that isotretinoin treatment induces oxidative stress and l

The results of the current study indicate that isotretinoin treatment induces oxidative stress and liver damage by decreasing plasma vitamin E and increasing erythrocytes GSH-Px, GSH and liver enzyme values.

Acne vulgaris is the one of the most common skin diseases .
Although isotretinoin ( 13-cis-retinoic acid ) is an effective and well-tolerated medication , it has a wide range of side effects .
Because the effects of isotretinoin on oxidant and antioxidant systems have not yet been clarified , we investigated plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant vitamins , lipid peroxidation ( LP ) , reduced glutathione ( GSH ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) values in patients with acne vulgaris before and after isotretinoin treatment .
The study was performed on the blood plasma and erythrocytes of 31 acne @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from the patients before treatment and after isotretinoin ( oral and 0·5-0·7 mg·kg ( -1 ) ) treatment for 2 months .
Plasma amtioxidant vitamins , erythrocyte malondialdehyde , GSH and GSH-Px levels were measured .
Plasma vitamin E ( p < 0·001 ) , lipid peroxidation ( LP ) and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p < 0·001 ) values were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the pre-treatment group , although erythrocyte LP ( p < 0·001 ) , GSH ( p < 0·01 ) and GSH-Px ( p @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p < 0·05 ) , alanine aminotransferase ( p < 0·05 ) , density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p < 0·001 ) and total cholesterol ( p < 0·01 ) levels were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the pre-treatment group .
Vitamins A , C and β-carotene concentrations did not change significantly between the two groups .
In conclusion , the results of the current study indicate that isotretinoin treatment induces oxidative stress and liver damage by decreasing plasma vitamin E and increasing erythrocytes GSH-Px , GSH and liver enzyme values @

Acne vulgaris is the one of the most common skin diseases. Although isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is an effective and well-tolerated medication, it has a wide range of side effects. Because the effects of isotretinoin on oxidant and antioxidant systems have not yet been clarified, we investigated plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant vitamins, lipid peroxidation (LP), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) values in patients with acne vulgaris before and after isotretinoin treatment. The study was performed on the blood plasma and erythrocytes of 31 acne vulgaris patients. Blood samples were taken from the patients before treatment and after isotretinoin (oral and 0·5-0·7 mg·kg(-1)) treatment for 2 months. Plasma amtioxidant vitamins, erythrocyte malondialdehyde, GSH and GSH-Px levels were measured. Plasma vitamin E (p<0·001), lipid peroxidation (LP) and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0·001) values were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the pre-treatment group, although erythrocyte LP (p<0·001), GSH (p<0·01) and GSH-Px (p<0·001), aspartate aminotransferase (p<0·05), alanine aminotransferase (p<0·05), density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0·001) and total cholesterol (p<0·01) levels were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the pre-treatment group. Vitamins A, C and β-carotene concentrations did not change significantly between the two groups. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that isotretinoin treatment induces oxidative stress and liver damage by decreasing plasma vitamin E and increasing erythrocytes GSH-Px, GSH and liver enzyme values.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--A twice daily regimen of lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc significantly reduced acne lesions in p

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding milk-derived protein that has shown antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo .
The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of lactoferrin , combined with vitamin E and zinc , for mild to moderate acne vulgaris .
In this randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 168 subjects aged 13-40 years old were randomly assigned to take either a capsule formulation containing lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc or placebo twice a day for 3 months .
The primary outcome measure was a reduction in the number of acne @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of 164 subjects completed the study per protocol .
The lactoferrin group ( n = 82 ) showed a significant median percent reduction in total lesions as early as 2 weeks ( 14.5 % , P = 0.0120 ) , with the maximum reduction occurring at week 10 ( 28.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) compared to placebo group ( n = 82 ) .
Maximum reduction in comedones ( 32.5 % , P < 0.0001 ) and inflammatory lesions ( 44 % , P < 0.0001 ) was also seen at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ scores were improved by week 12 .
No adverse events were observed during the trial .
A twice daily regimen of lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc significantly reduced acne lesions in people with mild to moderate acne vulgaris .

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding milk-derived protein that has shown antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of lactoferrin, combined with vitamin E and zinc, for mild to moderate acne vulgaris. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 168 subjects aged 13-40 years old were randomly assigned to take either a capsule formulation containing lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc or placebo twice a day for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in the number of acne lesions compared to placebo. A total of 164 subjects completed the study per protocol. The lactoferrin group (n = 82) showed a significant median percent reduction in total lesions as early as 2 weeks (14.5%, P = 0.0120), with the maximum reduction occurring at week 10 (28.5%, P<0.0001) compared to placebo group (n = 82). Maximum reduction in comedones (32.5%, P<0.0001) and inflammatory lesions (44%, P<0.0001) was also seen at week 10 compared to placebo. Sebum scores were improved by week 12. No adverse events were observed during the trial. A twice daily regimen of lactoferrin with vitamin E and zinc significantly reduced acne lesions in people with mild to moderate acne vulgaris.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-23--Yarrow inhibits melanin production, suggesting it may be beneficial for hyperpigmentation disorders.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) family , including extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ) 1/2 , c-Jun N-terminal @ @ @ @ @ and p38 MAPK , is known to be activated by ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation @ @ @ @ @ production .
Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) play important roles in the pathway of @ @ @ @ @ It has been established that the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. ( AM-EO ) @ @ @ @ @ oxidative stress and inflammatory responses .
Thus , we analyzed the effects of AM-EO on @ @ @ @ @ ( α-MSH ) treated melanoma cells .
The results demonstrated that AM-EO suppresses melanin production @ @ @ @ @ the regulation of the JNK and ERK signaling pathways .
This effect might be associated @ @ @ @ @ to the suppression of ROS , and linalyl acetate is its major functional component .
@ @ @ @ @ AM-EO has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation in the future .

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 and p38 MAPK, is known to be activated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation in melanocytes to regulate melanin production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the pathway of ERK and JNK activation. It has been established that the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. (AM-EO) has activities that suppress the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Thus, we analyzed the effects of AM-EO on melanogenesis in melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) treated melanoma cells. The results demonstrated that AM-EO suppresses melanin production by decreasing tyrosinase activity through the regulation of the JNK and ERK signaling pathways. This effect might be associated with the AM-EO activity leading to the suppression of ROS, and linalyl acetate is its major functional component. Therefore, we propose that AM-EO has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation in the future.