greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Astragalin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis.

With the ulcerative colitis ( UC ) incidence increasing worldwide , it is of great importance to prevent and treat UC .
However , efficient treatment options for UC are relatively limited .
Due to the potentially serious adverse effects of existing drugs , there is an increasing demand for alternative candidate resources derived from natural and functional foods .
Astragalin ( AG ) is a type of anti-inflammatory flavonoid , withandbeing its main sources .
In this study , we investigated the therapeutic effects of AG on mice with dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) -induced colitis .
Our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ loss and the disease activity index ( DAI ) , prevented colon shortening and alleviated colonic tissue damage .
AG treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related mRNAs ( such asα , andβ ) , inhibited colonic infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils , ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia , and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function ( increased expression levels of mRNAs such as , and ) .
Western blot analysis revealed that AG downregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway .
Moreover , AG treatment partially reversed the alterations in the gut microbiota in colitis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of potentially beneficial bacteria ( such as Ruminococcaceae ) and decreasing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria ( such as ) .
Ruminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae ( ) were thought to be the key groups affected by AG to improve UC .
Therefore , AG might exert a good anti-UC effect through microbiota/LPS/TLR4/NF-kB-related pathways in mice .
The results of this study reveal the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of AG and provide an important reference for studying the mechanisms of natural flavonoids involved in preventing inflammation-driven diseases .

With the ulcerative colitis (UC) incidence increasing worldwide, it is of great importance to prevent and treat UC. However, efficient treatment options for UC are relatively limited. Due to the potentially serious adverse effects of existing drugs, there is an increasing demand for alternative candidate resources derived from natural and functional foods. Astragalin (AG) is a type of anti-inflammatory flavonoid, withandbeing its main sources. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of AG on mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Our results suggested that AG treatment reduced weight loss and the disease activity index (DAI), prevented colon shortening and alleviated colonic tissue damage. AG treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related mRNAs (such asα, andβ), inhibited colonic infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils, ameliorated metabolic endotoxemia, and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function (increased expression levels of mRNAs such as, and). Western blot analysis revealed that AG downregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, AG treatment partially reversed the alterations in the gut microbiota in colitis mice, mainly by increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria (such as Ruminococcaceae) and decreasing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria (such as). Ruminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae () were thought to be the key groups affected by AG to improve UC. Therefore, AG might exert a good anti-UC effect through microbiota/LPS/TLR4/NF-kB-related pathways in mice. The results of this study reveal the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of AG and provide an important reference for studying the mechanisms of natural flavonoids involved in preventing inflammation-driven diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Integrated network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to reveal the mechanism of anti

Integrated network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to reveal the mechanism of anti-insulin resistance effects of Moringa oleifera seeds.

Background and Purpose : Insulin resistance ( IR ) is one of the factors that results in metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes mellitus and different aspects of cardiovascular diseases.seeds ( MOS ) , traditionally used as an antidiabetic food and traditional medicine in tropical Asia and Africa , have exhibited potential effects in improving IR .
To systematically explore the pharmacological mechanism of the anti-IR effects of MOS , we adopted a network pharmacology approach at the molecular level .
Methods : By incorporating compound screening and target prediction , a feasible compound-target-pathway network pharmacology model was established to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mechanisms of the anti-IR effects of MOS .
Biological methods were then used to verify the results of the network pharmacology analysis .
Results : Our comprehensive systematic approach successfully identified 32 bioactive compounds in MOS and 44 potential targets of these compounds related to IR , as well as 37 potential pathways related to IR .
Moreover , the network pharmacology analysis revealed that glycosidic isothiocyanates and glycosidic benzylamines were the major active components that improved IR by acting on key targets , such as SRC , PTPN1 , and CASP3 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ insulin-related pathways .
Further biological research demonstrated that the anti-IR effects of MOS were mediated by increasing glucose uptake and modulating the expression of SRC and PTPN1 .
Conclusion : Our study successfully predicts the active ingredients and potential targets of MOS for improving IR and helps to illustrate mechanism of action at a systemic level .
This study not only provides new insights into the chemical basis and pharmacology of MOS but also demonstrates a feasible method for discovering potential drugs from traditional medicines .

Background and Purpose: Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the factors that results in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and different aspects of cardiovascular diseases.seeds (MOS), traditionally used as an antidiabetic food and traditional medicine in tropical Asia and Africa, have exhibited potential effects in improving IR. To systematically explore the pharmacological mechanism of the anti-IR effects of MOS, we adopted a network pharmacology approach at the molecular level.
Methods: By incorporating compound screening and target prediction, a feasible compound-target-pathway network pharmacology model was established to systematically predict the potential active components and mechanisms of the anti-IR effects of MOS. Biological methods were then used to verify the results of the network pharmacology analysis.
Results: Our comprehensive systematic approach successfully identified 32 bioactive compounds in MOS and 44 potential targets of these compounds related to IR, as well as 37 potential pathways related to IR. Moreover, the network pharmacology analysis revealed that glycosidic isothiocyanates and glycosidic benzylamines were the major active components that improved IR by acting on key targets, such as SRC, PTPN1, and CASP3, which were involved in inflammatory responses and insulin-related pathways. Further biological research demonstrated that the anti-IR effects of MOS were mediated by increasing glucose uptake and modulating the expression of SRC and PTPN1.
Conclusion: Our study successfully predicts the active ingredients and potential targets of MOS for improving IR and helps to illustrate mechanism of action at a systemic level. This study not only provides new insights into the chemical basis and pharmacology of MOS but also demonstrates a feasible method for discovering potential drugs from traditional medicines.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--The present result suggests the protective efficacy of M oleifera against age related oxidative stre

The present result suggests the protective efficacy of M oleifera against age related oxidative stress in brain.

Effect of , an age-old ingredient of Indian ayurvedic and traditional medicine , was tested for its effect on age @ @ @ @ @ albino rats of three age groups ( 6 , 12 and 18 months old ) @ @ @ @ @ MOAE ) was administered orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight for a @ @ @ @ @ MOAE treatment showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin pigmentation along with elevated serotonin @ @ @ @ @ brains of treated groups of aged rats .
LC-MS-MS analysis revealed blood brain barrier permeable @ @ @ @ @ 4-Methoxycinnamic acid , Cinnamic acid , ( E ) -p-coumaric acid pyrogallol and ostruthin from @ @ @ @ @ ostruthin showed better binding affinity to Keap-1 and SERTThe present result suggests the protective efficacy @ @ @ @ @ in brain .

Effect of, an age-old ingredient of Indian ayurvedic and traditional medicine, was tested for its effect on age related antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rats of three age groups (6, 12 and 18 months old). Aqueous extract ofleaves (MOAE) was administered orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight for a period of 30 days. MOAE treatment showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin pigmentation along with elevated serotonin and antioxidant enzymes in the brains of treated groups of aged rats. LC-MS-MS analysis revealed blood brain barrier permeable secondary metabolites., 9,9-bianthracene, 4-Methoxycinnamic acid, Cinnamic acid, (E)-p-coumaric acid pyrogallol and ostruthin from the extract. 9,9-bianthracene and ostruthin showed better binding affinity to Keap-1 and SERTThe present result suggests the protective efficacy ofagainst age related oxidative stress in brain.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Moringa oleifera seed oil partially abrogates 2,3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (Dichlorvos)-indu

Moringa oleifera seed oil partially abrogates 2,3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (Dichlorvos)-induced cardiac injury.

Objectives Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of non-infectious diseases globally .
The use of pesticides has been linked with the high global burden of non-communicable diseases .
Despite the indiscriminate exposure to dichlorvos ( DDVP ) by inhalation , no report exists on its possible cardiotoxic effect .
This study investigated the cardiotoxicity of DDVP exposure by inhalation and the possible role of Moringa oleifera seed oil .
Methods Twenty-one male rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups .
Group A ( control ) received only standard rat diet and water ad ' libitum , group B ( DDVP ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 15 min daily in addition to rat diet and water , and group C ( DDVP + M. oleifera seed oil ) received treatment as group B as well as 300 mg/kg of M. oleifera seed oil p.o for 28 days .
Results Significant reductions in body weight gain and cardiac weight were observed in DDVP-exposed animals ( p < 0.05 ) .
Similarly , 28 days of exposure to DDVP led to a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase , creatinine kinase and troponin ( p < 0.05 ) .
DDVP-exposed rats also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and a significant decline in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase ( p < 0.05 ) .
However , catalase was comparable in DDVP-exposed and control rats .
Histopathological observations of the cardiac tissue revealed that DDVP caused marked fat degeneration and necrosis of the myocardial layer .
The changes in DDVP-exposed rats were significantly , though not completely , restored by M. oleifera seed oil administration .
Conclusions This study provides novel mechanistic information on the cardiotoxicity of DDVP inhalation , and the antioxidant potential of M. oleifera seed oil .

Objectives Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of non-infectious diseases globally. The use of pesticides has been linked with the high global burden of non-communicable diseases. Despite the indiscriminate exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP) by inhalation, no report exists on its possible cardiotoxic effect. This study investigated the cardiotoxicity of DDVP exposure by inhalation and the possible role of Moringa oleifera seed oil. Methods Twenty-one male rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Group A (control) received only standard rat diet and water ad' libitum, group B (DDVP) was exposed to DDVP via inhalation for 15 min daily in addition to rat diet and water, and group C (DDVP + M. oleifera seed oil) received treatment as group B as well as 300 mg/kg of M. oleifera seed oil p.o for 28 days. Results Significant reductions in body weight gain and cardiac weight were observed in DDVP-exposed animals (p<0.05). Similarly, 28 days of exposure to DDVP led to a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase and troponin (p<0.05). DDVP-exposed rats also showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde, and a significant decline in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p<0.05). However, catalase was comparable in DDVP-exposed and control rats. Histopathological observations of the cardiac tissue revealed that DDVP caused marked fat degeneration and necrosis of the myocardial layer. The changes in DDVP-exposed rats were significantly, though not completely, restored by M. oleifera seed oil administration. Conclusions This study provides novel mechanistic information on the cardiotoxicity of DDVP inhalation, and the antioxidant potential of M. oleifera seed oil.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Evaluation of lipid profile, antioxidant and immunity statuses of rabbits fed Moringa oleifera leave

Evaluation of lipid profile, antioxidant and immunity statuses of rabbits fed Moringa oleifera leaves.

Objective : The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves ( MOL ) on blood hematology , lipid profile and immunity status of growing rabbits .
Methods : A total of 120 , unsexed Alexandria line weaned rabbits , at 4 weeks of age were randomly divided into four groups ( 30 rabbits each ) .
The first group was fed the control diet and the other groups ( 2-4 ) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 10 , 20 or 30 % MOL for 5 weeks of experimental period .
Results : Data revealed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ recorded the significantly highest live body weight and increased hemoglobin and packed cell volume at 9 weeks of age compared to other groups .
Increasing Moringa levels resulted in a significant increase in white blood cells , lymphocytes , globulin and high density lipoprotein , total antioxidant capacity , Immunoglobulin G and M levels compared to control , but , total lipids , cholesterol , malondialdehyde and liver glycogen values decreased significantly .
With 20 % MOL thymus histology showed an outer cortex of small lymphocytes , heavily- stained densely- packed lymphocytes surrounding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ contrast with other groups .
Conclusion : It can be concluded that 20 % Moringa leaves may exert beneficial effects on lipid , antioxidant and immune status properties of growing rabbits .

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) on blood hematology, lipid profile and immunity status of growing rabbits.
Methods: A total of 120, unsexed Alexandria line weaned rabbits, at 4 weeks of age were randomly divided into four groups (30 rabbits each). The first group was fed the control diet and the other groups (2-4) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 10, 20 or 30% MOL for 5 weeks of experimental period.
Results: Data revealed that dietary supplementation with 20% MOL recorded the significantly highest live body weight and increased hemoglobin and packed cell volume at 9 weeks of age compared to other groups. Increasing Moringa levels resulted in a significant increase in white blood cells, lymphocytes, globulin and high density lipoprotein, total antioxidant capacity, Immunoglobulin G and M levels compared to control, but, total lipids, cholesterol, malondialdehyde and liver glycogen values decreased significantly. With 20% MOL thymus histology showed an outer cortex of small lymphocytes, heavily- stained densely- packed lymphocytes surrounding the inner marrow clear pale medulla in contrast with other groups.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that 20% Moringa leaves may exert beneficial effects on lipid, antioxidant and immune status properties of growing rabbits.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Anti-candida activity of the water-soluble lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds.

This work reports the effects of the water-soluble lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds ( WSMoL ) on growth and survival of Candida species .
In addition , cellular alterations linked to the antifungal effect were investigated .
The minimal inhibitory ( MIC ) and fungicidal ( MFC ) concentrations were determined and 24-h growth curves in absence and presence of lectin were established .
Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the induction of apoptosis/necrosis , alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨm ) , and occurrence of lysosomal damage .
WSMoL inhibited the growth of C. albicans , C. glabrata @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MIC of 20μg/mL .
The lowest MFC ( 20μg/mL ) was detected for C. glabrata and the highest ( 80μg/mL ) for C. albicans and C. parapsilosis .
The inhibitory effect started from the ninth to nineteenth hour of incubation depending on the fungal species .
Incubation with the lectin at the MIC for 24h increased the number of cells undergoing apoptosis and necrosis .
Hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was detected after 12-h treatment , followed by reduction of ΔΨm or depolarization after 24h .
No lysosomal damage was detected in treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a fungistatic and fungicide agent against Candida with differential effects depending on the species .

This work reports the effects of the water-soluble lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL) on growth and survival of Candida species. In addition, cellular alterations linked to the antifungal effect were investigated. The minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations were determined and 24-h growth curves in absence and presence of lectin were established. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the induction of apoptosis/necrosis, alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and occurrence of lysosomal damage. WSMoL inhibited the growth of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis with MIC of 20μg/mL. The lowest MFC (20μg/mL) was detected for C. glabrata and the highest (80μg/mL) for C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The inhibitory effect started from the ninth to nineteenth hour of incubation depending on the fungal species. Incubation with the lectin at the MIC for 24h increased the number of cells undergoing apoptosis and necrosis. Hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was detected after 12-h treatment, followed by reduction of ΔΨm or depolarization after 24h. No lysosomal damage was detected in treated cells. In conclusion, WSMoL is a fungistatic and fungicide agent against Candida with differential effects depending on the species.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract attenuates tilmicosin-induced renal damage.

Tilmicosin ( Til ) is a popular macrolide antibiotic , widely used in veterinary practice .
The present study was designed to address the efficacy of Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract ( MOE ) in protecting against Tilmicosin ( Til ) - induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats .
Animals were treated once with Til ( 75 mg/kg bw , subcutaneously ) , and/or MOE for 7 days ( 400 or 800 mg/kg bw , by oral gavage ) .
Til-treatment was associated with significantly increased serum levels of creatinine , urea , sodium , potassium and GGT activity , as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concentrations .
Renal tissue hydrogen peroxide ( HO ) and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels were elevated , while the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) enzymes were diminished .
The levels of renal tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) and interleukin-1 beta ( IL-1β ) and the mRNA expression of intermediate filament protein encoding genes ( desmin , nestin and vimentin ) in the kidney were up- regulated with histopathological alterations in renal glomeruli , tubules and interstitial tissue .
These toxic effects were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Til , in a dose dependent manner .
Taken together , these results indicate that MO at 800 mg/kg protects against Til-induced renal injury , likely by its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties , which make it suitable to be used as a protective supplement with Til therapy .

Tilmicosin (Til) is a popular macrolide antibiotic, widely used in veterinary practice. The present study was designed to address the efficacy of Moringa oleifera ethanolic extract (MOE) in protecting against Tilmicosin (Til) - induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were treated once with Til (75 mg/kg bw, subcutaneously), and/or MOE for 7 days (400 or 800 mg/kg bw, by oral gavage). Til-treatment was associated with significantly increased serum levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and GGT activity, as well as decreased total protein and albumin concentrations. Renal tissue hydrogen peroxide (HO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were diminished. The levels of renal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the mRNA expression of intermediate filament protein encoding genes (desmin, nestin and vimentin) in the kidney were up- regulated with histopathological alterations in renal glomeruli, tubules and interstitial tissue. These toxic effects were markedly ameliorated by co-treatment of MOE with Til, in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that MO at 800 mg/kg protects against Til-induced renal injury, likely by its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which make it suitable to be used as a protective supplement with Til therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera reduced intracellular ROS production, DNA fragmentation and

Aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera reduced intracellular ROS production, DNA fragmentation and acrosome reaction in Human spermatozoa in vitro.

The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera ( MO ) on human sperm functions and integrity was studied @ @ @ @ @ obtained by masturbation after 3-5 days ' abstinence from 34 healthy donors in Western Cape @ @ @ @ @ semen was washed in human tubular fluid supplemented with 1 % bovine serum albumin ( @ @ @ @ @ 10 min centrifugation at 300 g. Sperm suspensions were subsequently incubated with MO extract ( @ @ @ @ @ and 625 µg/ml ) for 1 hr , where HTF-BSA served as control .
Sperm @ @ @ @ @ fragmentation , reactive oxygen species production , mitochondrial membrane potential , capacitation and acrosome reaction @ @ @ @ @ , vitality , mitochondrial membrane potential and capacitationremained unchanged ( p > .05 ) .
@ @ @ @ @ reactive oxygen species production ( p

The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) on human sperm functions and integrity was studied in vitro. Semen was obtained by masturbation after 3-5 days' abstinence from 34 healthy donors in Western Cape, South Africa. Liquefied semen was washed in human tubular fluid supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (HTF-BSA;1:5) with 10 min centrifugation at 300 g. Sperm suspensions were subsequently incubated with MO extract (0.625, 6.25, 62.5 and 625 µg/ml) for 1 hr, where HTF-BSA served as control. Sperm motility, vitality, DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, capacitation and acrosome reaction were assessed. Sperm motility, vitality, mitochondrial membrane potential and capacitationremained unchanged (p > .05). A dose-dependent decrease in sperm reactive oxygen species production (p < .0001), DNA fragmentation (p < .0001) and acrosome reaction (p < .001) was observed. An increase in the percentage of non-capacitated sperm (p < .01) was noted at 625 µg/ml. The antioxidant properties of MO actively maintained basic sperm functions, inhibited excess sperm free superoxide production and preserved acrosome reaction and DNA integrity. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of aqueous MO leaf extract on fertility potential.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Kaempferol may be an effective compound for the prevention of hyperglycemia.

Kaempferol possesses various health-promoting functions including antihyperglycemic activity , but its underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood .
Glucose transporter 4 ( GLUT4 ) plays an important role in the uptake of blood glucose into muscle cells after its translocation to the plasma membrane .
In this study , we demonstrated that kaempferol at 1.0 nM or more significantly increased the uptake of 2- [ H ] - deoxy-d-glucose by 1.3-1.4-fold in L6 myotubes .
Kaempferol at 10 pM or more also significantly increased GLUT4 translocation by 1.3-1.6-fold .
Kaempferol at 1.0 nM significantly increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , liver kinase B1 and Janus kinase 2 ( JAK2 ) by 1.9-fold , and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 by 3.7-fold .
In addition , kaempferol increased phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ( PI3K ) by 1.8-fold but not the insulin receptor .
Small interfering RNA ( siRNA ) for AMPK , JAK2 , or PI3K canceled kaempferol-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation .
Furthermore , siRNA for JAK2 canceled kaempferol-induced phosphorylation of AMPK and PI3K .
These results indicate that a JAK2-depdendent pathway regulates kaempferol-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be an effective compound for the prevention of hyperglycemia .

Kaempferol possesses various health-promoting functions including antihyperglycemic activity, but its underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) plays an important role in the uptake of blood glucose into muscle cells after its translocation to the plasma membrane. In this study, we demonstrated that kaempferol at 1.0 nM or more significantly increased the uptake of 2-[H]- deoxy-d-glucose by 1.3-1.4-fold in L6 myotubes. Kaempferol at 10 pM or more also significantly increased GLUT4 translocation by 1.3-1.6-fold. Kaempferol at 1.0 nM significantly increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 2.9-fold, liver kinase B1 and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) by 1.9-fold, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 by 3.7-fold. In addition, kaempferol increased phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by 1.8-fold but not the insulin receptor. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for AMPK, JAK2, or PI3K canceled kaempferol-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation. Furthermore, siRNA for JAK2 canceled kaempferol-induced phosphorylation of AMPK and PI3K. These results indicate that a JAK2-depdendent pathway regulates kaempferol-induced glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in L6 myotubes and that kaempferol may be an effective compound for the prevention of hyperglycemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-27--Oral administration of quercetin or its derivatives inhibit bone loss in animal model of osteoporosi

Oral administration of quercetin or its derivatives inhibit bone loss in animal model of osteoporosis.

.
( Q ) and its derivatives are the major members of the naturally occurring flavonoid family , which possess beneficial effects on disease prevention including osteoporosis .
The present study is aimed at further investigating the efficacy of the Q and its derivatives on bone pathology , bone-related parameters under imageology , bone maximum load , and serum bone metabolism indexes in animal model of osteoporosis .
Potential mechanisms of Q and its derivatives in the treatment of osteoporosis as well as the existing problems regarding the modeling method and limitations of researches in this area were also summarized @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inception dates to February 2020 .
Nineteen eligible studies containing 21 comparisons were identified ultimately .
The risk of bias and data on outcome measures were analyzed by the CAMARADES 10-item checklist and Rev-Man 5.3 software separately .
The results displayed the number of criteria met varied from 3/10 to 7/10 with an average of 5.05 .
The present study provided the preliminary preclinical evidence that oral administration of Q or its derivatives was capable of improving bone pathology , bone-related parameters under imageology and bone maximum load , increasing serum osteocalcin , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reducing serum c-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen ( < 0.05 ) .
No statistical difference was seen in survival rate , index of liver , or kidney function ( > 0.05 ) .
Q and its derivatives partially reverse osteopenia probably via antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , promoting osteogenesis , inhibiting osteoclasts , and its estrogen-like effect .
The findings reveal the possibility of developing Q or its derivatives as a drug or an ingredient in diet for clinical treatment of osteoporosis .

.(Q) and its derivatives are the major members of the naturally occurring flavonoid family, which possess beneficial effects on disease prevention including osteoporosis. The present study is aimed at further investigating the efficacy of the Q and its derivatives on bone pathology, bone-related parameters under imageology, bone maximum load, and serum bone metabolism indexes in animal model of osteoporosis. Potential mechanisms of Q and its derivatives in the treatment of osteoporosis as well as the existing problems regarding the modeling method and limitations of researches in this area were also summarized. Eight databases were searched from their inception dates to February 2020. Nineteen eligible studies containing 21 comparisons were identified ultimately. The risk of bias and data on outcome measures were analyzed by the CAMARADES 10-item checklist and Rev-Man 5.3 software separately. The results displayed the number of criteria met varied from 3/10 to 7/10 with an average of 5.05. The present study provided the preliminary preclinical evidence that oral administration of Q or its derivatives was capable of improving bone pathology, bone-related parameters under imageology and bone maximum load, increasing serum osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and estradiol, and reducing serum c-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (<0.05). No statistical difference was seen in survival rate, index of liver, or kidney function (>0.05). Q and its derivatives partially reverse osteopenia probably via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, promoting osteogenesis, inhibiting osteoclasts, and its estrogen-like effect. The findings reveal the possibility of developing Q or its derivatives as a drug or an ingredient in diet for clinical treatment of osteoporosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Compositional features of the "Kweli" red raspberry and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Compositional features of the "Kweli" red raspberry and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Red raspberries ( L. ) are increasingly popular foods in contemporary diets due to their freshness , nutritional value and health claims .
Among the existing cultivars , '' Kweli '' is one of the most productive and widely cultivated .
In this study , the nutritional value and chemical composition of '' Kweli '' red raspberry were characterized by the official method of food analysis and chromatographic techniques , and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were tested against biological/biochemical oxidizable substrates and foodborne bacteria and fungi strains , respectively .
Carbohydrates ( including fructose and glucose , 14.3 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , proteins ( 6.8 g/100 g dw ) , and ashes ( 3.90 g/100 g dw ) were major constituents .
The fat content was quite low and constituted mainly by unsaturated fatty acids ( 58.3 % ) , with a predominance of oleic acid .
Fresh red raspberry also contained high levels of citric ( 2.7 g/100 g ) and ascorbic ( 17 mg/100 g ) acids .
The anthocyanins ( 4.51 mg/g extract ) cyanidin -- hexoside and mostly cyanidin -- sophoroside were identified in the red raspberry hydroethanolic extract , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reactive substances ( TBARS ) formation ( ECof 122µg/mL ) , oxidative hemolysis ( ICof 298µg/mL ) , and β-carotene bleaching ( ECof 18.7µg/mL ) .
In turn , the extract was more effective than the food additive E224 against .
All these results highlighted the nutritional quality of '' Kweli '' red raspberry and showed some compositional differences in relation to other cultivars .
Therefore , its inclusion in a daily diet can be helpful to obtain nutrients and antioxidants and bring health benefits .

Red raspberries (L.) are increasingly popular foods in contemporary diets due to their freshness, nutritional value and health claims. Among the existing cultivars,"Kweli"is one of the most productive and widely cultivated. In this study, the nutritional value and chemical composition of"Kweli"red raspberry were characterized by the official method of food analysis and chromatographic techniques, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were tested against biological/biochemical oxidizable substrates and foodborne bacteria and fungi strains, respectively. Carbohydrates (including fructose and glucose, 14.3 and 12.6 g/100 g dw, respectively), proteins (6.8 g/100 g dw), and ashes (3.90 g/100 g dw) were major constituents. The fat content was quite low and constituted mainly by unsaturated fatty acids (58.3%), with a predominance of oleic acid. Fresh red raspberry also contained high levels of citric (2.7 g/100 g) and ascorbic (17 mg/100 g) acids. The anthocyanins (4.51 mg/g extract) cyanidin--hexoside and mostly cyanidin--sophoroside were identified in the red raspberry hydroethanolic extract, which was able to inhibit thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation (ECof 122µg/mL), oxidative hemolysis (ICof 298µg/mL), and β-carotene bleaching (ECof 18.7µg/mL). In turn, the extract was more effective than the food additive E224 against. All these results highlighted the nutritional quality of"Kweli"red raspberry and showed some compositional differences in relation to other cultivars. Therefore, its inclusion in a daily diet can be helpful to obtain nutrients and antioxidants and bring health benefits.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence LPS-induced inflammation of fish macrophages.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) not only serve as essential nutrients but also function as modulators of the immune response in marine fish .
However , their immunomodulatory mechanism is poorly understood given that the underlying regulation of the innate immune response in fish has not been fully elucidated .
Hence , study of the innate immunity of fish could help elucidate the mechanism by which PUFAs affect the fish immune response .
Here , we used combined transcriptome analysis andexperimentation to study the mechanism of LPS-induced inflammation .
Transcriptome profiling indicated that LPS elicited strong pro-inflammatory responses featuring @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( PRRs ) and cytokines along with the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways .
The transcription factor p65 alone could increase the transcription ofby binding to the promoter of , and this promoting effect disappeared after mutation or deletion of its binding sites .
We then examined the effects of PUFAs on the levels of gene expression and the abundance of proteins of critical kinases associated with LPS-induced inflammation .
We found that LA exerts pro-inflammatory response while ALA , EPA , and DHA induced anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p38 , and the nuclear translocation of p65 .
Overall , this study advances our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which PUFAs regulate LPS-induced inflammation in a non-model fish species .

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) not only serve as essential nutrients but also function as modulators of the immune response in marine fish. However, their immunomodulatory mechanism is poorly understood given that the underlying regulation of the innate immune response in fish has not been fully elucidated. Hence, study of the innate immunity of fish could help elucidate the mechanism by which PUFAs affect the fish immune response. Here, we used combined transcriptome analysis andexperimentation to study the mechanism of LPS-induced inflammation. Transcriptome profiling indicated that LPS elicited strong pro-inflammatory responses featuring high expression levels of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines along with the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The transcription factor p65 alone could increase the transcription ofby binding to the promoter of, and this promoting effect disappeared after mutation or deletion of its binding sites. We then examined the effects of PUFAs on the levels of gene expression and the abundance of proteins of critical kinases associated with LPS-induced inflammation. We found that LA exerts pro-inflammatory response while ALA, EPA, and DHA induced anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the expression of PRRs, phosphorylation of IKK and p38, and the nuclear translocation of p65. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which PUFAs regulate LPS-induced inflammation in a non-model fish species.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on colonic inflammation and colon cancer.

Substantial human and animal studies support the beneficial effects ofω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on colonic inflammation and @ @ @ @ @ .
However , there are inconsistent results , which have shown that ω-3 PUFAs have @ @ @ @ @ effects , making it difficult to effectively implement ω-3 PUFAs for disease prevention .
A @ @ @ @ @ for the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of ω-3 PUFAs will help to clarify their potential @ @ @ @ @ scientific base for cautions for their use , and establish dietary recommendations .
In this @ @ @ @ @ studies of ω-3 PUFAs on colonic inflammation and CRC and discuss the potential roles of @ @ @ @ @ the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases , in mediating the actions of ω-3 PUFAs .

Substantial human and animal studies support the beneficial effects ofω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colonic inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are inconsistent results, which have shown that ω-3 PUFAs have no effect or even detrimental effects, making it difficult to effectively implement ω-3 PUFAs for disease prevention. A betterunderstanding of the molecular mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of ω-3 PUFAs will help to clarify their potential health-promoting effects, provide a scientific base for cautions for their use, and establish dietary recommendations. In this review, we summarize recent studies of ω-3 PUFAs on colonic inflammation and CRC and discuss the potential roles of ω-3 PUFA-metabolizing enzymes, notably the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, in mediating the actions of ω-3 PUFAs.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Astaxanthin reduces stemness markers in BT20 and T47D breast cancer stem cells by inhibiting express

Astaxanthin reduces stemness markers in BT20 and T47D breast cancer stem cells by inhibiting expression of pontin and mutant p53.

Astaxanthin ( AST ) is a product made from marine organisms that has been used as an anti-cancer supplement .
It reduces pontin expression and induces apoptosis in SKBR3 , a breast cancer cell line .
Using Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses , this study revealed that in the T47D and BT20 breast cancer cell lines , AST inhibits expression of pontin and mutp53 , as well as the Oct4 and Nanog cancer stem cell ( CSC ) stemness genes .
In addition , we explored the mechanism by which AST eradicates breast cancer cells using pontin siRNAs .
Pontin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Oct4 and Nanog expression , colony and spheroid formation , and migration and invasion abilities in breast cancer cells .
In addition , reductions in Oct4 , Nanog , and mutp53 expression following rottlerin treatment confirmed the role of pontin in these cells .
Therefore , pontin may play a central role in the regulation of CSC properties and in cell proliferation following AST treatment .
Taken together , these findings demonstrate that AST can repress CSC stemness genes in breast cancer cells , which implies that AST therapy could be used to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ against breast cancer cells .

Astaxanthin (AST) is a product made from marine organisms that has been used as an anti-cancer supplement. It reduces pontin expression and induces apoptosis in SKBR3, a breast cancer cell line. Using Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses, this study revealed that in the T47D and BT20 breast cancer cell lines, AST inhibits expression of pontin and mutp53, as well as the Oct4 and Nanog cancer stem cell (CSC) stemness genes. In addition, we explored the mechanism by which AST eradicates breast cancer cells using pontin siRNAs. Pontin knockdown by pontin siRNA reduced proliferation, Oct4 and Nanog expression, colony and spheroid formation, and migration and invasion abilities in breast cancer cells. In addition, reductions in Oct4, Nanog, and mutp53 expression following rottlerin treatment confirmed the role of pontin in these cells. Therefore, pontin may play a central role in the regulation of CSC properties and in cell proliferation following AST treatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that AST can repress CSC stemness genes in breast cancer cells, which implies that AST therapy could be used to improve the efficacy of other anti-cancer therapies against breast cancer cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Effect and mechanism of astaxanthin on acute kidney injury in rats with full-thickness burns.

To explore the effect and mechanism of astaxanthin on acute kidney injury in rats with full-thickness burns.Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats of 8 to 10 weeks were divided into sham injury group , simple burn group , burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group according to the random number table , with 8 rats in each group .
The back skin of rats in sham injury group were immersed in warm water of 20℃ for 15 s to simulate burn injury , and the back skin of rats @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in boiled water of 100 ℃ for 15 s to inflict full-thickness burn of 30 % total body surface area .
Fluid resuscitation was performed in rats in the 5 groups except of sham injury group immediately and6 h after injury .
At 30 min after injury , the rats in sham injury group and simple burn group were injected with 1 mL/kg normal saline via tail vein , rats in burn+ vehicle group were injected with 1 mL/kg astaxanthin solvent via tail vein , and rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high-dose astaxanthin group were respectively injected with 5 , 10 , 20 mg/kg astaxanthin solution of 5 , 10 , 20 mg/mL via tail vein .
The renal tissue was collected at post injury hour ( PIH ) 48 , and hematoxylin eosin staining was used for histopathological observationand renal tubular injury score .
At PIH 48 , the venous blood was collected for detecting serum creatinine level through blood biochemical analyzer , and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .
The renal tissue was collected @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( MPO ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) , and IL-6 by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method , and the protein expressions of Toll like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) , phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B ( p-NF-кB ) p65 , and heme oxygenase 1 ( HO-1 ) were detected by Western blotting .
Besides , the expression of HO-1 in renal tissue was detected by immunofluorescence method .
Data were statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallistest , Dunn-Sidák correction , one-way analysis of variance , and Bonferroni method .
( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were no inflammatory cell infiltrating and degeneration or necrosis of cells in renal tissue of rats in sham injury group , and the structure of renal tubules was intact .
The renal tubules of burn rats in each group showed injury manifestation of separation between epithelial cell and basement membrane , and vacuole cells and lysate protein aggregation .
The injury degree of renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group was obviously decreased compared with that in simple burn group .
( 2 ) At PIH 48 , compared with that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tubular damage scores of rats in simple burn group , burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group were significantly increased ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 ) .
Compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group , the renal tubular damage scores of rats in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 ) .
Compared with that of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , the renal tubular damage score of rats in burn+ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ < 0.01 ) .
( 3 ) At PIH 48 , the level of serum creatinine of rats in sham injury group was ( 2.42±0.06 ) mg/L , which was significantly lower than ( 6.11±0.11 ) , ( 6.48±0.08 ) , ( 5.79±0.09 ) , ( 4.03±0.12 ) mg/L of simple burn group , burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 ) .
The level of BUN of rats was ( 21.9±1.3 ) mmol/L in sham injury group , significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ simple burn group and ( 30.2±4.8 ) mmol/L of burn+ vehicle group ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 ) .
At PIH 48 , compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group , the levels of serum creatinine and BUN of ( 16.0±2.9 ) mmol/L in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group , serum creatinine of ( 3.02±0.08 ) mg/L and BUN of ( 14.5±2.9 ) mmol/L in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group , and serum creatinine of ( 22.8±5.5 ) mmol/L of rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ At PIH 48 , compared with those of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , the levels of serum creatinine and BUN of burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group and serum creatinine of burn+ medium-dose group were obviously decreased ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 ) .
( 4 ) At PIH 48 , compared with those of sham injury group , the mRNA expressions of MPO , IL-1β , and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in simple burn group , burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ medium dose astaxanthin group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were obviously increased ( < 0.01 ) .
Compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group , the mRNA expressions of MPO , IL-1β , and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats were significantly decreased in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group ( < 0.01 ) .
Compared with those of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , the mRNA expressions of MPO , IL-1β , and IL-6 in renal tissue @ @ @ @ @ @ @ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group ( < 0.01 ) .
The mRNA expressions of MPO , IL-1β , and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased compared with those of burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group ( < 0.01 ) .
( 5 ) At PIH 48 h , compared with those of sham injury group , the protein expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-кB p65 in renal tissue of rats in simple burn group , burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( < 0.01 ) .
Compared with those of simple burn group , the protein expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-кB p65 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , burn+ medium dose astaxanthin group , and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased ( < 0.01 ) .
( 6 ) The results of Western blotting combined with immunofluorescence method showed that compared with that of sham injury group , the protein expression of HO-1 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ vehicle group , burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly increased at PIH 48 ( < 0.01 ) , and the protein expression of HO-1 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group was significantly increased compared with that of simple burn group ( < 0.01 ) .Astaxanthin can attenuate the structural damage and functional decline of renal tissue and regulate the release of injury-related inflammatory factors , thus to protect the rats from acute kidney injury after burn .
The HO-1/TLR4/NF-кB signaling pathway is the main regulatory mechanism of astaxanthin @ @ @ @ @

To explore the effect and mechanism of astaxanthin on acute kidney injury in rats with full-thickness burns.Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats of 8 to 10 weeks were divided into sham injury group, simple burn group, burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group according to the random number table, with 8 rats in each group. The back skin of rats in sham injury group were immersed in warm water of 20℃ for 15 s to simulate burn injury, and the back skin of rats in the other 5 groups were immersed in boiled water of 100 ℃ for 15 s to inflict full-thickness burn of 30% total body surface area. Fluid resuscitation was performed in rats in the 5 groups except of sham injury group immediately and6 h after injury. At 30 min after injury, the rats in sham injury group and simple burn group were injected with 1 mL/kg normal saline via tail vein, rats in burn+ vehicle group were injected with 1 mL/kg astaxanthin solvent via tail vein, and rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were respectively injected with 5, 10, 20 mg/kg astaxanthin solution of 5, 10, 20 mg/mL via tail vein. The renal tissue was collected at post injury hour (PIH) 48, and hematoxylin eosin staining was used for histopathological observationand renal tubular injury score. At PIH 48, the venous blood was collected for detecting serum creatinine level through blood biochemical analyzer, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The renal tissue was collected to detect the mRNA expressions of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, and the protein expressions of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-кB) p65, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were detected by Western blotting. Besides, the expression of HO-1 in renal tissue was detected by immunofluorescence method. Data were statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallistest, Dunn-Sidák correction, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni method.(1) At PIH 48, there were no inflammatory cell infiltrating and degeneration or necrosis of cells in renal tissue of rats in sham injury group, and the structure of renal tubules was intact. The renal tubules of burn rats in each group showed injury manifestation of separation between epithelial cell and basement membrane, and vacuole cells and lysate protein aggregation. The injury degree of renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group was obviously decreased compared with that in simple burn group. (2) At PIH 48, compared with that of sham injury group, the renal tubular damage scores of rats in simple burn group, burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group were significantly increased (<0.05 or<0.01). Compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group, the renal tubular damage scores of rats in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased (<0.05 or<0.01). Compared with that of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, the renal tubular damage score of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group was significantly decreased (<0.01). (3) At PIH 48, the level of serum creatinine of rats in sham injury group was (2.42±0.06) mg/L, which was significantly lower than (6.11±0.11), (6.48±0.08), (5.79±0.09), (4.03±0.12) mg/L of simple burn group, burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group (<0.05 or<0.01). The level of BUN of rats was (21.9±1.3) mmol/L in sham injury group, significantly lower than (32.1±7.4) mmol/L of simple burn group and (30.2±4.8) mmol/L of burn+ vehicle group (<0.05 or<0.01). At PIH 48, compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group, the levels of serum creatinine and BUN of (16.0±2.9) mmol/L in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group, serum creatinine of (3.02±0.08) mg/L and BUN of (14.5±2.9) mmol/L in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group, and serum creatinine of (22.8±5.5) mmol/L of rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased (<0.05 or<0.01). At PIH 48, compared with those of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, the levels of serum creatinine and BUN of burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group and serum creatinine of burn+ medium-dose group were obviously decreased (<0.05 or<0.01). (4) At PIH 48, compared with those of sham injury group, the mRNA expressions of MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in simple burn group, burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ medium dose astaxanthin group, and the mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were obviously increased (<0.01). Compared with those of simple burn group and burn+ vehicle group, the mRNA expressions of MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats were significantly decreased in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group (<0.01). Compared with those of burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, the mRNA expressions of MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats were significantly decreased in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group (<0.01). The mRNA expressions of MPO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased compared with those of burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group (<0.01). (5) At PIH 48 h, compared with those of sham injury group, the protein expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-кB p65 in renal tissue of rats in simple burn group, burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were obviously increased (<0.01). Compared with those of simple burn group, the protein expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-кB p65 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, burn+ medium dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly decreased (<0.01). (6) The results of Western blotting combined with immunofluorescence method showed that compared with that of sham injury group, the protein expression of HO-1 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ vehicle group, burn+ low-dose astaxanthin group, burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group, and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group were significantly increased at PIH 48 (<0.01), and the protein expression of HO-1 in renal tissue of rats in burn+ medium-dose astaxanthin group and burn+ high-dose astaxanthin group was significantly increased compared with that of simple burn group (<0.01).Astaxanthin can attenuate the structural damage and functional decline of renal tissue and regulate the release of injury-related inflammatory factors, thus to protect the rats from acute kidney injury after burn. The HO-1/TLR4/NF-кB signaling pathway is the main regulatory mechanism of astaxanthin to achieve anti-inflammation-based renoprotection.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Astragaloside IV attenuates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling via the Notch signaling pa

Astragaloside IV attenuates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling via the Notch signaling pathway.

The Notch signaling pathway participates in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell ( PASMC ) proliferation and apoptosis .
Astragaloside IV ( AS‑IV ) is an effective antiproliferative treatment for vascular diseases .
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms underlying AS‑IV on hypoxia‑induced PASMC proliferation and pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH ) model rats .
Rats were divided into the following four groups : i ) normoxia ; ii ) hypoxia ( 10 % O ) ; iii ) treatment , hypoxia + intragastrical administration of AS‑IV ( 2 mg/kg ) daily @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DAPT , hypoxia + AS‑IV treatment + subcutaneous administration of DAPT ( 10 mg/kg ) three times daily .
The effects of AS‑IV treatment on the development of hypoxia‑induced PAH , right ventricle ( RV ) hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling were examined .
Furthermore , PASMCs were treated with 20 µmol/l AS‑IV under hypoxic conditions for 48 h. To determine the effect of Notch signaling in vascular remodeling and the potential mechanisms underlying AS‑IV treatment , 5 mmol/l γ‑secretase inhibitor [ N‑ [ N‑ ( 3,5‑difluorophenacetyl ) ‑L‑alanyl ] ‑S‑phenylglycine t‑butyl ester @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by performing the MTT assay and flow cytometry , respectively .
Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) .
Moreover , the mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch‑3 , Jagged‑1 , hes family bHLH transcription factor 5 ( Hes‑5 ) and PCNA were measured via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting , respectively .
Compared with the normoxic group , hypoxia‑induced PAH model rats displayed characteristics of PAH and RV hypertrophy , whereas AS‑IV treatment alleviated PAH and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling , as indicated by reduced wall thickness and increased lumen diameterof pulmonary arterioles , and decreased muscularization of distal pulmonary vasculature in hypoxia‑induced PAH model rats .
Compared with normoxia , hypoxia promoted PASMC proliferation , whereas AS‑IV treatment inhibited hypoxia‑induced PASMC proliferation by downregulating PCNA expressionand .
In hypoxia‑treated PAH model rats and cultured PASMCs , AS‑IV treatment reduced the expression levels of Jagged‑1 , Notch‑3 and Hes‑5 .
Furthermore , Notch signaling inhibition via DAPT significantly inhibited the pulmonary vascular remodeling effect of AS‑IVand .
Collectively , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PASMC proliferation via the Notch signaling pathway .
Therefore , the present study provided novel insights into the mechanism underlying the use of AS‑IV for treatment of vascular diseases , such as PAH .

The Notch signaling pathway participates in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and apoptosis. Astragaloside IV (AS‑IV) is an effective antiproliferative treatment for vascular diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms underlying AS‑IV on hypoxia‑induced PASMC proliferation and pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) model rats. Rats were divided into the following four groups: i) normoxia; ii) hypoxia (10% O); iii) treatment, hypoxia + intragastrical administration of AS‑IV (2 mg/kg) daily for 28 days; and iv) DAPT, hypoxia + AS‑IV treatment + subcutaneous administration of DAPT (10 mg/kg) three times daily. The effects of AS‑IV treatment on the development of hypoxia‑induced PAH, right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling were examined. Furthermore, PASMCs were treated with 20 µmol/l AS‑IV under hypoxic conditions for 48 h. To determine the effect of Notch signaling in vascular remodeling and the potential mechanisms underlying AS‑IV treatment, 5 mmol/l γ‑secretase inhibitor [N‑[N‑(3,5‑difluorophenacetyl)‑L‑alanyl]‑S‑phenylglycine t‑butyl ester (DAPT)] was used. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by performing the MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch‑3, Jagged‑1, hes family bHLH transcription factor 5 (Hes‑5) and PCNA were measured via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Compared with the normoxic group, hypoxia‑induced PAH model rats displayed characteristics of PAH and RV hypertrophy, whereas AS‑IV treatment alleviated PAH and prevented RV hypertrophy. AS‑IV also inhibited hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling, as indicated by reduced wall thickness and increased lumen diameterof pulmonary arterioles, and decreased muscularization of distal pulmonary vasculature in hypoxia‑induced PAH model rats. Compared with normoxia, hypoxia promoted PASMC proliferation, whereas AS‑IV treatment inhibited hypoxia‑induced PASMC proliferation by downregulating PCNA expressionand. In hypoxia‑treated PAH model rats and cultured PASMCs, AS‑IV treatment reduced the expression levels of Jagged‑1, Notch‑3 and Hes‑5. Furthermore, Notch signaling inhibition via DAPT significantly inhibited the pulmonary vascular remodeling effect of AS‑IVand. Collectively, the results indicated that AS‑IV effectively reversed hypoxia‑induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PASMC proliferation via the Notch signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study provided novel insights into the mechanism underlying the use of AS‑IV for treatment of vascular diseases, such as PAH.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Astragaloside IV-mediated a protection against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.

Cisplatin ( CDDP ) -induced acute kidney injury ( AKI ) limits the therapeutic use of CDDP , which urgently needs to be addressed .
Our previous study demonstrated that astragaloside IV ( AS IV ) , an active compound of the traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus , alleviated CDDP-induced AKI .
To explore the mechanism , we performed a metabolomics study to explore the altered metabolic pathways and screen for sensitive biomarkers .
Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups , which were treated with vehicle solutions ( Control ) , intraperitoneally injected CDDP , and intraperitoneally injected @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Metabolic profiles of serum , urine , and kidney samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry .
There were 38 key metabolites in the urine samples , 20 in the serum samples , and 16 in the kidney samples that were significantly altered due to AS IV-mediated protection against CDDP-induced AKI relative to CDDP-only treatment .
CDDP + AS IV co-treatment significantly altered two pathways in the blood ( biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and alanine , aspartate , and glutamate metabolism ) , five pathways in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tyrosine , and tryptophan biosynthesis ; arginine biosynthesis ; arginine and proline metabolism ; and histidine metabolism ) , and five pathways in the kidneys ( glutathione metabolism ; alanine , aspartate , and glutamate metabolism ; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ; arginine and proline metabolism ; and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism ) .
The metabolic pathwayswere mainly associated with improvements in inflammatory responses , oxidative stress , and energy metabolism .
Adrenic acid in serum and L-histidine and L-methionine in urine were identified as sensitive biomarkers .
This study provides new insights @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protection against CDDP-induced AKI and has identified three candidate biomarkers to evaluate preventative treatment and assess therapeutic effectiveness .

Cisplatin (CDDP)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) limits the therapeutic use of CDDP, which urgently needs to be addressed. Our previous study demonstrated that astragaloside IV (AS IV), an active compound of the traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, alleviated CDDP-induced AKI. To explore the mechanism, we performed a metabolomics study to explore the altered metabolic pathways and screen for sensitive biomarkers. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups, which were treated with vehicle solutions (Control), intraperitoneally injected CDDP, and intraperitoneally injected CDDP plus oral AS IV, respectively. Metabolic profiles of serum, urine, and kidney samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. There were 38 key metabolites in the urine samples, 20 in the serum samples, and 16 in the kidney samples that were significantly altered due to AS IV-mediated protection against CDDP-induced AKI relative to CDDP-only treatment. CDDP + AS IV co-treatment significantly altered two pathways in the blood (biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism), five pathways in the urine (phenylalanine metabolism; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; arginine biosynthesis; arginine and proline metabolism; and histidine metabolism), and five pathways in the kidneys (glutathione metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism). The metabolic pathwayswere mainly associated with improvements in inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Adrenic acid in serum and L-histidine and L-methionine in urine were identified as sensitive biomarkers. This study provides new insights to understand the mechanism of AS IV-mediated protection against CDDP-induced AKI and has identified three candidate biomarkers to evaluate preventative treatment and assess therapeutic effectiveness.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Do polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against bone loss in our aging and osteoporotic population?

Age-related bone loss is inevitable in both men and women and there will soon be more people of extreme old age than ever before .
Osteoporosis is a common chronic disease and as the proportion of older people , rate of obesity and the length of life increases , a rise in age-related degenerating bone diseases , disability , and prolonged dependency is projected .
Fragility fractures are one of the most severe complications associated with both primary and secondary osteoporosis and current treatment strategies target weight-bearing exercise and pharmacological intervention , both with limited long-term success .
Obesity and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is a variable that plays a significant role in bone regeneration and repair .
The Western Diet is characterized by its unhealthy components , specifically excess amounts of saturated fat intake .
This review examines the impact of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption on chronic inflammation , osteogenesis , bone architecture , and strength and explores the hypothesis that dietary polyunsaturated fats have a beneficial effect on osteogenesis , reducing bone loss by decreasing chronic inflammation , and activating bone resorption through key cellular and molecular mechanisms in our aging population .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ a diet high in saturated fatty acids significantly impairs bone regeneration and repair and that consumption ofω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with significantly increased bone regeneration , improved microarchitecture and structural strength .
However , ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were typically pro-inflammatory and have been associated with an increased fracture risk .
This review suggestsa potential role for ω-3 fatty acids as a non-pharmacological dietary method of reducing bone loss in our aging population .
We also conclude that contemporary amendments to the formal nutritional recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition @ @ @ @ @ @ @ aging population isdirectly considered .

Age-related bone loss is inevitable in both men and women and there will soon be more people of extreme old age than ever before. Osteoporosis is a common chronic disease and as the proportion of older people, rate of obesity and the length of life increases, a rise in age-related degenerating bone diseases, disability, and prolonged dependency is projected. Fragility fractures are one of the most severe complications associated with both primary and secondary osteoporosis and current treatment strategies target weight-bearing exercise and pharmacological intervention, both with limited long-term success. Obesity and osteoporosis are intimately interrelated, and diet is a variable that plays a significant role in bone regeneration and repair. The Western Diet is characterized by its unhealthy components, specifically excess amounts of saturated fat intake. This review examines the impact of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption on chronic inflammation, osteogenesis, bone architecture, and strength and explores the hypothesis that dietary polyunsaturated fats have a beneficial effect on osteogenesis, reducing bone loss by decreasing chronic inflammation, and activating bone resorption through key cellular and molecular mechanisms in our aging population. We conclude that aging, obesity and a diet high in saturated fatty acids significantly impairs bone regeneration and repair and that consumption ofω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with significantly increased bone regeneration, improved microarchitecture and structural strength. However, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were typically pro-inflammatory and have been associated with an increased fracture risk. This review suggestsa potential role for ω-3 fatty acids as a non-pharmacological dietary method of reducing bone loss in our aging population. We also conclude that contemporary amendments to the formal nutritional recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board may be necessary such that our aging population isdirectly considered.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Unsaturated fatty acids control biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and other gram-positive b

Unsaturated fatty acids control biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and other gram-positive bacteria.

Infections involving biofilms are difficult to treat due to increased resistances against antibiotics and the immune system .
Hence , there is an urgent demand for novel drugs against biofilm infections .
During our search for novel biofilm inhibitors from fungi , we isolated linoleic acid from the ascomycetewhich showed biofilm inhibition of several bacteria at sub-MIC concentrations .
Many fatty acids possess antimicrobial activities , but their minimum inhibitory concentrations ( MIC ) are high and reports on biofilm interferences are scarce .
We demonstrated that not only linoleic acid but several unsaturated long-chain fatty acids inhibited biofilms at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by long-chain fatty acids was mainly against Gram-positive bacteria , especially against .
Micrographs of treatedbiofilms revealed a reduction in the extracellular polymeric substances , pointing to a possible mode of action of fatty acids onbiofilms .
The fatty acids had a strong species specificity .
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids had higher activities than saturated ones , but no obvious rule could be found for the optimal length and desaturation for maximal activity .
As free fatty acids are non-toxic and ubiquitous in food , they may offer a novel tool , especially in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of biofilm infections .

Infections involving biofilms are difficult to treat due to increased resistances against antibiotics and the immune system. Hence, there is an urgent demand for novel drugs against biofilm infections. During our search for novel biofilm inhibitors from fungi, we isolated linoleic acid from the ascomycetewhich showed biofilm inhibition of several bacteria at sub-MIC concentrations. Many fatty acids possess antimicrobial activities, but their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are high and reports on biofilm interferences are scarce. We demonstrated that not only linoleic acid but several unsaturated long-chain fatty acids inhibited biofilms at sub-MIC concentrations. The antibiofilm activity exerted by long-chain fatty acids was mainly against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against. Micrographs of treatedbiofilms revealed a reduction in the extracellular polymeric substances, pointing to a possible mode of action of fatty acids onbiofilms. The fatty acids had a strong species specificity. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids had higher activities than saturated ones, but no obvious rule could be found for the optimal length and desaturation for maximal activity. As free fatty acids are non-toxic and ubiquitous in food, they may offer a novel tool, especially in combination with antibiotics, for the control of biofilm infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Effect of 8-week n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in middle- and

Effect of 8-week n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in middle- and long-distance running athletes.

BACKGROUND : Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , such as eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , may alter oxidative status and immune function after exercise .
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the probable association between n-3 supplementation and physical exercise , observing the variations in markers of oxidative stress and inflammation .
METHODS : Thirty-nine subjects of both sexes aged 17-30 years were divided into two groups : 1 ) ( n = 21 ) trained Athletes ; 2 ) ( n = 18 ) Sedentary subjects .
All subjects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ supplementation , rich in EPA and DHA , for 8 weeks .
Blood , saliva and urine samples were collected pre- ( T0 ) and post- ( T1 ) supplementation .
Hematological parameters ( tryglicerides , total cholesterol , HDL , CPK , LDH , HGH , IGF-1 ) , oxidative markers ( MDA , 8-OHdG , PCc ) , antioxidant parameters ( GPx , SOD , CAT , DPPH scavenger ) , exercise-induced stress markers ( testosterone and cortisol ) and an inflammatory marker ( TNF-α ) were measured .
All testswere @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant .
RESULTS : The results showed that MDA and TNF-αmean values significantly decreased after supplementation in both Athletes and Sedentary subjects : variation was greater in Athletes than in Sedentary control subjects .
Generally , our results suggested that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs created a synergic variation in the parameters from a baseline state ( T0 ) to a treated state after supplementation ( T1 ) , in terms of size and modality , which was significantly different in Athletes compared to Sedentary subjects .
CONCLUSION : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ g/day of n-3 PUFAs , rich in EPA and DHA , for 8 weeks , seemed to be effective in counteracting some parameters involved in oxidative stress and inflammation , induced by acute strenuous physical exercise .

BACKGROUND: Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may alter oxidative status and immune function after exercise. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the probable association between n-3 supplementation and physical exercise, observing the variations in markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
METHODS: Thirty-nine subjects of both sexes aged 17-30 years were divided into two groups: 1) (n = 21) trained Athletes; 2) (n = 18) Sedentary subjects. All subjects were given about 4 g/day of n-3 supplementation, rich in EPA and DHA, for 8 weeks. Blood, saliva and urine samples were collected pre- (T0) and post- (T1) supplementation. Hematological parameters (tryglicerides, total cholesterol, HDL, CPK, LDH, HGH, IGF-1), oxidative markers (MDA, 8-OHdG, PCc), antioxidant parameters (GPx, SOD, CAT, DPPH scavenger), exercise-induced stress markers (testosterone and cortisol) and an inflammatory marker (TNF-α) were measured. All testswere two-sided and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS: The results showed that MDA and TNF-αmean values significantly decreased after supplementation in both Athletes and Sedentary subjects: variation was greater in Athletes than in Sedentary control subjects. Generally, our results suggested that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs created a synergic variation in the parameters from a baseline state (T0) to a treated state after supplementation (T1), in terms of size and modality, which was significantly different in Athletes compared to Sedentary subjects.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, supplementation with about 4 g/day of n-3 PUFAs, rich in EPA and DHA, for 8 weeks, seemed to be effective in counteracting some parameters involved in oxidative stress and inflammation, induced by acute strenuous physical exercise.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertriglyceridemia mechanisms in c

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertriglyceridemia mechanisms in cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is the world 's most recognized and notorious cause of death .
It is known @ @ @ @ @ TRLs ) and remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins ( RLP ) are the major risk factor @ @ @ @ @ hypertriglyceridemia commonly leads to a reduction in HDL and an increase in atherogenic small dense @ @ @ @ @ LDL-III ) levels .
Thus , the evidence shows thatΩ-3 fatty acids ( eicosapentaenoic acid @ @ @ @ @ acid ( DHA ) have a beneficial effect on CVD through reprogramming of TRL metabolism @ @ @ @ @ cytokines and leukotrienes ) , and modulation of cell adhesion molecules .
Therefore , the @ @ @ @ @ to provide the molecular mechanism related to the beneficial effect of Ω-3 PUFA on the @ @ @ @ @ and other atherogenic lipoproteins .
Taking this into account , this study also provides the @ @ @ @ @ of Ω-3 PUFA metabolites such as RvE1 and RvD2 asa cardioprotective function .

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world's most recognized and notorious cause of death. It is known that increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (RLP) are the major risk factor for CVD. Furthermore, hypertriglyceridemia commonly leads to a reduction in HDL and an increase in atherogenic small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL or LDL-III) levels. Thus, the evidence shows thatΩ-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have a beneficial effect on CVD through reprogramming of TRL metabolism, reducing inflammatory mediators (cytokines and leukotrienes), and modulation of cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide the molecular mechanism related to the beneficial effect of Ω-3 PUFA on the lowering of plasma TAG levels and other atherogenic lipoproteins. Taking this into account, this study also provides the TRL lowering and anti-inflammatory mechanism of Ω-3 PUFA metabolites such as RvE1 and RvD2 asa cardioprotective function.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country leve

Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country level.

Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC omega-3 PUFA ) have been linked to major depressive disorder ( MDD ) and preterm birth ( PTB ) , and prenatal depression associates with PTB .
We therefore hypothesized that low Omega-3 intake would associate with higher MDD and PTB rates on the country-level .
To test this hypothesis , we obtained country-level estimates for omega-3 intake , MDD prevalence , PTB rate , and per capita income for 184 countries in 2010 .
We then estimated the LC omega-3 PUFA levels that these intakes produce by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ conversion of ingested plant-based precursors .
Penalized splines indicated that MDD and PTB rates decreased linearly with increasing LC omega-3 PUFA , up to ~ 1000 mg/day for MDD and up to ~ 550 mg/day for PTB .
Adjusted linear regression models below these thresholds revealed that a one standard deviation increase in LC omega-3 PUFA ( 380 mg/day ) was associated with an MDD decrease of 5 cases/1000 people and a PTB decrease of 15 cases/1000 livebirths .
In light of the extensive prior evidence on the individual-level , these findings indicate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and its precursors may be elevating MDD and PTB rates in 85 % of the countries studied .

Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA) have been linked to major depressive disorder (MDD) and preterm birth (PTB), and prenatal depression associates with PTB. We therefore hypothesized that low Omega-3 intake would associate with higher MDD and PTB rates on the country-level. To test this hypothesis, we obtained country-level estimates for omega-3 intake, MDD prevalence, PTB rate, and per capita income for 184 countries in 2010. We then estimated the LC omega-3 PUFA levels that these intakes produce by accounting for direct consumption and the endogenous conversion of ingested plant-based precursors. Penalized splines indicated that MDD and PTB rates decreased linearly with increasing LC omega-3 PUFA, up to ~ 1000 mg/day for MDD and up to ~ 550 mg/day for PTB. Adjusted linear regression models below these thresholds revealed that a one standard deviation increase in LC omega-3 PUFA (380 mg/day) was associated with an MDD decrease of 5 cases/1000 people and a PTB decrease of 15 cases/1000 livebirths. In light of the extensive prior evidence on the individual-level, these findings indicate that low intake of LC omega-3 PUFA and its precursors may be elevating MDD and PTB rates in 85% of the countries studied.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Modulatory effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity, represented by phagocytic acti

Modulatory effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity, represented by phagocytic activity.

Lately , dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) have shown substantial importance in human and animal nutrition , especially @ @ @ @ @ Development and optimal functioning of the immune system are directed affected by diet .
These @ @ @ @ @ important impact on the health and immune competence of various species including human beings .
@ @ @ @ @ modulation of immune responses in health and disease .
Fatty acid composition of immune cells @ @ @ @ @ action of dietary fats and the outcomes in the composition can produce functional effects on @ @ @ @ @ cells in a short period .
There are several mechanisms involved in impacting dietary fatty @ @ @ @ @ however , lipid mediator synthesis from PUFAs is of great importance in terms of inflammation @ @ @ @ @ article are reviewing studies on the impact of PUFA in the diet on phagocytosis of @ @ @ @ @ , ruminants , and humans .
It also sheds light on the possible mechanism by @ @ @ @ @

Lately, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have shown substantial importance in human and animal nutrition, especially those of the-3 group. Development and optimal functioning of the immune system are directed affected by diet. These dietary fatty acids have an important impact on the health and immune competence of various species including human beings. They are essential for the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Fatty acid composition of immune cells can be modulated by the action of dietary fats and the outcomes in the composition can produce functional effects on reactivity and functioning of immune cells in a short period. There are several mechanisms involved in impacting dietary fatty acids on immune function; however, lipid mediator synthesis from PUFAs is of great importance in terms of inflammation. The objectives of this article are reviewing studies on the impact of PUFA in the diet on phagocytosis of chickens, murine, rats, ruminants, and humans. It also sheds light on the possible mechanism by which this immunomodulation occurs.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Potential anti-aging substances derived from seaweeds.

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases , such as cancer , cardiovascular disease , and diabetes .
The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated .
However , a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways , such as sirtuin , AMP-activated protein kinase , insulin-like growth factor , autophagy , and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging .
Furthermore , genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process .
Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , vitamins , minerals , and other bioactive compounds .
The health benefits of seaweeds include , but are not limited to , antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and anti-obese activities .
Interestingly , a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds , can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models .
However , few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans .
In this review , we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms .

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on white matter microstructure in recent-onset psy

The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on white matter microstructure in recent-onset psychosis patients concurrently treated with risperidone.

We examined the impact of treatment with fish oil ( FO ) , a rich source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) , on white matter in 37 recent-onset psychosis patients receiving risperidone in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial .
Patients were scanned at baseline and randomly assigned to receive 16-weeks of treatment with risperidone + FO or risperidone + placebo .
Eighteen patients received follow-up MRIs ( FO , n = 10/Placebo , n = 8 ) .
Erythrocyte levels of n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) , docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ obtained at both time points .
We employed Free Water Imaging metrics representing the extracellular free water fraction ( FW ) and fractional anisotropy of the tissue ( FA-t ) .
Analyses were conducted using Tract-Based-Spatial-Statistics and nonparametric permutation-based tests with family-wise error correction .
There were significant positive correlations of FA-t with DHA and DPA among all patients at baseline .
Patients treated with risperidone+ placebo demonstrated reductions in FA-t and increases in FW , whereas patients treated with risperidone + FO exhibited no significant changes in FW and FA-t reductions were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and DHA with baseline FA-t support the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA intake or biosynthesis are associated with white matter abnormalities in psychosis .
Adjuvant FO treatment may partially mitigate against white matter alterations observed in recent-onset psychosis patients following risperidone treatment .

We examined the impact of treatment with fish oil (FO), a rich source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), on white matter in 37 recent-onset psychosis patients receiving risperidone in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Patients were scanned at baseline and randomly assigned to receive 16-weeks of treatment with risperidone + FO or risperidone + placebo. Eighteen patients received follow-up MRIs (FO, n = 10/Placebo, n = 8). Erythrocyte levels of n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were obtained at both time points. We employed Free Water Imaging metrics representing the extracellular free water fraction (FW) and fractional anisotropy of the tissue (FA-t). Analyses were conducted using Tract-Based-Spatial-Statistics and nonparametric permutation-based tests with family-wise error correction. There were significant positive correlations of FA-t with DHA and DPA among all patients at baseline. Patients treated with risperidone+ placebo demonstrated reductions in FA-t and increases in FW, whereas patients treated with risperidone + FO exhibited no significant changes in FW and FA-t reductions were largely attenuated. The correlations of DPA and DHA with baseline FA-t support the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA intake or biosynthesis are associated with white matter abnormalities in psychosis. Adjuvant FO treatment may partially mitigate against white matter alterations observed in recent-onset psychosis patients following risperidone treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Higher omega-3 index is associated with more rapid heart rate recovery in healthy men and women.

BACKGROUND : Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) can favorably influence cardiac autonomic tone .
However , data regarding n-3 PUFA status and heart rate recovery ( HRR ) in healthy adults are sparse .
PURPOSE : To examine the association between n-3 PUFA status and HRR .
METHODS : Participants included 13,912 patients who underwent a comprehensive examination at the Cooper Clinic , Dallas TX .
Fitness was determined from a maximal exercise test .
HRR was calculated by subtracting the heart rate at 1 , 3 , and 5 min of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ heart rate .
Participants were categorized as having a low ( < 4 % ) , normal ( 4-8 % ) or optimal ( > 8 % ) Omega-3 Index ( O3I ) ( i.e.
, erythrocyte levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ) .
Multiple linear regression was used to model the association between O3I and HRR adjusting for age , maximal METs , body mass index , and smoking by sex .
RESULTS : Higher categories of O3I were associated with greater HRR at 1 min ( men : 23.7 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 23.9 , 24.6 , 25.9 and 3 min ( men : 52.4 , 52.9 , 53.6 beats/min ; women : 51.9 , 53.4 , 54.6 ) , p trend < 0.01 for all .
Corresponding HRR at 5 min were ( men : 60.0 , 60.2 , 60.7 beats/min , p trend=0.09 ; women : 59.4 , 60.8 , 61.6 , p trend < 0.001 ) .
The HRR gradients across O3I categories were steeper in women than men at 1 , 3 , and 5 min ( p < 0.03 for all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
CONCLUSIONS : A direct relationship between HRR and O3I values was observed in both men and women , with a steeper gradient in women .
These findings suggest a potential cardioprotective mechanism for n-3 PUFA .

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can favorably influence cardiac autonomic tone. However, data regarding n-3 PUFA status and heart rate recovery (HRR) in healthy adults are sparse.
PURPOSE: To examine the association between n-3 PUFA status and HRR.
METHODS: Participants included 13,912 patients who underwent a comprehensive examination at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas TX. Fitness was determined from a maximal exercise test. HRR was calculated by subtracting the heart rate at 1, 3, and 5 min of an active recovery period from the maximal heart rate. Participants were categorized as having a low (<4%), normal (4-8%) or optimal (>8%) Omega-3 Index (O3I) (i.e., erythrocyte levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). Multiple linear regression was used to model the association between O3I and HRR adjusting for age, maximal METs, body mass index, and smoking by sex.
RESULTS: Higher categories of O3I were associated with greater HRR at 1 min (men: 23.7, 23.9, 24.6 beats/min; women: 23.9, 24.6, 25.9 and 3 min (men: 52.4, 52.9, 53.6 beats/min; women: 51.9, 53.4, 54.6), p trend<0.01 for all. Corresponding HRR at 5 min were (men: 60.0, 60.2, 60.7 beats/min, p trend=0.09; women: 59.4, 60.8, 61.6, p trend<0.001). The HRR gradients across O3I categories were steeper in women than men at 1, 3, and 5 min (p<0.03 for all sex x O3I category interactions with HRR).
CONCLUSIONS: A direct relationship between HRR and O3I values was observed in both men and women, with a steeper gradient in women. These findings suggest a potential cardioprotective mechanism for n-3 PUFA.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-28--Maternal high fat diet in mice alters immune regulation and lung function in the offspring.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) modulate immune function and have been associated with risk of childhood atopy and asthma .
We investigated the effect of maternal fat intake in mice on PUFA status , elongase and desaturase gene expression , inflammatory markers and lung function in the offspring .
C57BL/6J mice ( n=32 ) were fed either standard chow ( C , 21 % kcal fat ) or a high fat diet ( HFD , 45 % kcal fat ) for 4 weeks prior to conception and during gestation and lactation .
At 21 days of age , offspring @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C , generating four experimental groups : C/C , C/HF , HF/C and HF/HF .
Plasma and liver fatty acid composition were measured by gas chromatography and gene expression by qPCR .
Lung resistance to methacholine was assessed .
Arachidonic acid concentrations in offspring plasma and liver phospholipids were increased by HFD ; this effect was greater in the post-natal HFD group .
Docosahexaenoic acid concentration in offspring liver phospholipids was increased in response to HFD and was higher in the post-natal HFD group .
Post-natal HFD increased hepatic FADS2 and ELOVL5 expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ elevated expression of FADS1 and FADS2 in female offspring comparing to males .
Post-natal HFD increased expression of IL-6 and CCL2 in perivascular adipose tissue .
The HFD lowered lung resistance to methacholine .
Excessive maternal fat intake during development modifies hepatic PUFA status in offspring through regulation of gene expression of enzymes that are involved in PUFA biosynthesis and modifies the development of the offspring lungs leading to respiratory dysfunction .

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modulate immune function and have been associated with risk of childhood atopy and asthma. We investigated the effect of maternal fat intake in mice on PUFA status, elongase and desaturase gene expression, inflammatory markers and lung function in the offspring. C57BL/6J mice (n=32) were fed either standard chow (C, 21% kcal fat) or a high fat diet (HFD, 45% kcal fat) for 4 weeks prior to conception and during gestation and lactation. At 21 days of age, offspring were weaned onto either the HFD or C, generating four experimental groups: C/C, C/HF, HF/C and HF/HF. Plasma and liver fatty acid composition were measured by gas chromatography and gene expression by qPCR. Lung resistance to methacholine was assessed. Arachidonic acid concentrations in offspring plasma and liver phospholipids were increased by HFD; this effect was greater in the post-natal HFD group. Docosahexaenoic acid concentration in offspring liver phospholipids was increased in response to HFD and was higher in the post-natal HFD group. Post-natal HFD increased hepatic FADS2 and ELOVL5 expression in male offspring, whereas maternal HFD elevated expression of FADS1 and FADS2 in female offspring comparing to males. Post-natal HFD increased expression of IL-6 and CCL2 in perivascular adipose tissue. The HFD lowered lung resistance to methacholine. Excessive maternal fat intake during development modifies hepatic PUFA status in offspring through regulation of gene expression of enzymes that are involved in PUFA biosynthesis and modifies the development of the offspring lungs leading to respiratory dysfunction.