greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--In vivo assessment of the protection conferred by β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus against the har

In vivo assessment of the protection conferred by β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus against the harmful effects of acrylamide intake.

Introduction : acrylamide is formed in food through Maillard 's reaction during thermal processing , and has been shown to be neurotoxic in humans , and a possible carcinogen .
Studies have shown thatβ-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus have diverse biological properties such as antioxidant and anticancer activities .
Objective : the aim of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus against the harmful effects of acrylamide consumption in mice .
Methods : β-glucans were obtained by alkaline-acid hydrolysis of Pleurotus ostreatus , and the content was characterized by liquid chromatography .
To evaluate the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glutathione , Balb/c mice were used , and 4 test groups were established .
All groups were fed normally , and the groups treated with acrylamide were administered the compound intragastrically at a concentration of 50 g/mL ; β-glucans were administered at a concentration of 50 g/mL .
Results : mice exposed to acrylamide showed a marked variation in the activity of glutathione enzymes in the liver .
Significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) were only found in the expression of glutathione transferase , which was increased almost 3 times in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control group , and 1.5 times as compared with the group treated with acrylamide .
Conclusions : the results show that β-glucans could act by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification , thus protecting the biological system against the harmful effects caused by acrylamide intake .

Introduction: acrylamide is formed in food through Maillard's reaction during thermal processing, and has been shown to be neurotoxic in humans, and a possible carcinogen. Studies have shown thatβ-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus have diverse biological properties such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. Objective: the aim of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus against the harmful effects of acrylamide consumption in mice. Methods: β-glucans were obtained by alkaline-acid hydrolysis of Pleurotus ostreatus, and the content was characterized by liquid chromatography. To evaluate the effect of β-glucans on the expression of glutathione, Balb/c mice were used, and 4 test groups were established. All groups were fed normally, and the groups treated with acrylamide were administered the compound intragastrically at a concentration of 50 g/mL; β-glucans were administered at a concentration of 50 g/mL. Results: mice exposed to acrylamide showed a marked variation in the activity of glutathione enzymes in the liver. Significant differences (p<0.05) were only found in the expression of glutathione transferase, which was increased almost 3 times in the group treated withβ-glucans as compared with the control group, and 1.5 times as compared with the group treated with acrylamide. Conclusions: the results show that β-glucans could act by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, thus protecting the biological system against the harmful effects caused by acrylamide intake.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Obtaining extracts rich in antioxidant polysaccharides from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential , due to its metabolites , mainly polysaccharides .
On here @ @ @ @ @ new methodology for the recovery of extract rich in antioxidant polysaccharide was reported .
The @ @ @ @ @ for antioxidant activity in vitro and in cell models and cytotoxicity .
The best defined @ @ @ @ @ , 433.15 K , and 20 % HO , with 30.69 % of the total @ @ @ @ @ CHO .
The anomeric bonds , identified in the FTIR and NMR spectrum , indicate @ @ @ @ @ mixture of heteropolysaccharides , β-glucans , α-glucans , and oligosaccharides .
The best extraction condition @ @ @ @ @ activity , without cytotoxic effect in vitro .
In addition to antioxidant activity in cell @ @ @ @ @ oxidative damage induced by HO .
Finally , HO + CO-SFE technology can be used @ @ @ @ @ antioxidant polysaccharides with pharmacological and food potential .

Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential, due to its metabolites, mainly polysaccharides. On here, the development of a new methodology for the recovery of extract rich in antioxidant polysaccharide was reported. The extracts were characterized, evaluated for antioxidant activity in vitro and in cell models and cytotoxicity. The best defined extraction condition was 25 MPa, 433.15 K, and 20% HO, with 30.69% of the total yield and 0.921 mg of CHO. The anomeric bonds, identified in the FTIR and NMR spectrum, indicate that the extracts are a mixture of heteropolysaccharides,β-glucans, α-glucans, and oligosaccharides. The best extraction condition has 80.83% of antioxidant activity, without cytotoxic effect in vitro. In addition to antioxidant activity in cell model, increasing protection against oxidative damage induced by HO. Finally, HO + CO-SFE technology can be used to obtain extracts rich in antioxidant polysaccharides with pharmacological and food potential.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--In vitro antioxidants and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium on carbon tetrachloride

In vitro antioxidants and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium on carbon tetrachloride-treated rats.

Objectives This study has characterized the phytoconstituents and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium induced by carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4 ) .
In vitro antioxidant assay of ethanol extract of P. tuber-regium and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to identify the phytoconstituents were carried out .
Methods Sixty rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals in each group and treated as follows for 13 weeks .
Group I ( control ) received 3 mL/kg olive oil intraperitoneal twice weekly in addition to feed and water ad libitum .
Group II received CCl4 3 mL/kg @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and V received 100 , 200 and 500 mg/kg wild edible P. tuber-regium mixed with feed by ingestion daily in addition to 3 mL/kg CCl4 twice weekly , respectively .
Group VI received 500 mg P. tuber-regium daily .
Liver and body weights were recorded .
Liver function tests , oxidative stress biomarkers , bilirubin , ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were assayed .
Histopathology of the liver was carried out .
The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopyanalysis yielded 10 antioxidants .
Results CCl4 increased the levels of alanine transaminase , aspartate transaminase , alkaline phosphatase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 53±3.7 iu/L , 257±19 iu/L , 0.45±0.03 mg/dL and 1.90±0.42 μmol/L in the control group to 48±2.5 iu/L , 81±2.10 iu/L , 495±38 iu/L , 1.20±0.09 mg/dL and 14.0±2.6 μmol/L in the treated group , respectively .
Conclusions P. tuber-regium prevented the necrosis , edema and vein congestion observed in the CCl4-only group .
P. tuber-regium is effective in protecting the liver against CCl4-induced damage .

Objectives This study has characterized the phytoconstituents and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Pleurotus tuber-regium induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In vitro antioxidant assay of ethanol extract of P. tuber-regium and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to identify the phytoconstituents were carried out. Methods Sixty rats were divided into six groups of 10 animals in each group and treated as follows for 13 weeks. Group I (control) received 3 mL/kg olive oil intraperitoneal twice weekly in addition to feed and water ad libitum. Group II received CCl4 3 mL/kg twice weekly. Groups III, IV and V received 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg wild edible P. tuber-regium mixed with feed by ingestion daily in addition to 3 mL/kg CCl4 twice weekly, respectively. Group VI received 500 mg P. tuber-regium daily. Liver and body weights were recorded. Liver function tests, oxidative stress biomarkers, bilirubin, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were assayed. Histopathology of the liver was carried out. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopyanalysis yielded 10 antioxidants. Results CCl4 increased the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and malondialdehyde from 24±1.778 iu/L, 53±3.7 iu/L, 257±19 iu/L, 0.45±0.03 mg/dL and 1.90±0.42 μmol/L in the control group to 48±2.5 iu/L, 81±2.10 iu/L, 495±38 iu/L, 1.20±0.09 mg/dL and 14.0±2.6 μmol/L in the treated group, respectively. Conclusions P. tuber-regium prevented the necrosis, edema and vein congestion observed in the CCl4-only group. P. tuber-regium is effective in protecting the liver against CCl4-induced damage.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Effect of Pleurotus fossulatus aqueous extract on biochemical properties of liver and kidney in stre

Effect of Pleurotus fossulatus aqueous extract on biochemical properties of liver and kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

Background : The antidiabetic effects of theon liver and kidney were unexplored .
The present study assessed the vital effects ofaqueous extract ( PFA-extract ) on liver and kidney function in diabetic rats model .
Methods : The albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups with six animals in each .
Group , I , II , and III were normal , diabetic , and drug control , respectively , and groups IV and V were test groups .
As treatment dose , group II received saline , and group III ( drug control ) received metformin in 100 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ drug .
Whereas , group IV ( D1 ) and V ( D2 ) were test groups , received PFA-extract in 250 mg/kg , and 500 mg/kg of body weight , respectively .
The changes in body weight , blood glucose level ( BGL ) , lipid profile , liver , and kidney biochemical parameters were evaluated .
Results : The PFA-extract dose at 500 mg/kg in D2 groups showed very good effects .
The body weight was recovered by 97.9 % and blood glucose level ( BGL ) was reduced to 53 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the lipid profile , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) were estimated in blood plasma and their values were 92.31±3.788 , 80.85±8.962 , and 31.35±1.781 , respectively .
PFA-extract improved the liver function for which aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , and alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) were evaluated and recorded to their normal range in D2 group which were 132.01±5.553 , 58.63±4.390 , and 143.26±2.423 , respectively .
For the kidney function test , creatinine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( BUN ) , and uric acid were evaluated and in the D2 group , it was significantly reduced ie , 0.656±0.0707 , 15.13±1.463 , and 6.27±0.325 , respectively .
Conclusion : These attributes of PFA-extract make it a potential natural agent to provide protection to the liver and kidney and also reduce the BGL and control the total lipid in type 1 diabetes condition .

Background: The antidiabetic effects of theon liver and kidney were unexplored. The present study assessed the vital effects ofaqueous extract (PFA-extract) on liver and kidney function in diabetic rats model.
Methods: The albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups with six animals in each. Group, I, II, and III were normal, diabetic, and drug control, respectively, and groups IV and V were test groups. As treatment dose, group II received saline, and group III (drug control) received metformin in 100 mg/kg of body weight as a standard drug. Whereas, group IV (D1) and V (D2) were test groups, received PFA-extract in 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The changes in body weight, blood glucose level (BGL), lipid profile, liver, and kidney biochemical parameters were evaluated.
Results: The PFA-extract dose at 500 mg/kg in D2 groups showed very good effects. The body weight was recovered by 97.9% and blood glucose level (BGL) was reduced to 53% in the D2 group. For the lipid profile, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were estimated in blood plasma and their values were 92.31±3.788, 80.85±8.962, and 31.35±1.781, respectively. PFA-extract improved the liver function for which aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated and recorded to their normal range in D2 group which were 132.01±5.553, 58.63±4.390, and 143.26±2.423, respectively. For the kidney function test, creatinine (CRT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid were evaluated and in the D2 group, it was significantly reduced ie, 0.656±0.0707, 15.13±1.463, and 6.27±0.325, respectively.
Conclusion: These attributes of PFA-extract make it a potential natural agent to provide protection to the liver and kidney and also reduce the BGL and control the total lipid in type 1 diabetes condition.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--chitin from P. eryngii had therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and aortic atheroscle

BACKGROUND : Recent shifts in lifestyles and diets have caused the incidence of obesity to increase rapidly , resulting in a serious threat to modern human health .
There is a growing interest the use of plant or fungi derived supplements as a safe and effective means to treat obesity .
In recent times , edible-medicinal fungi have garnered attention as therapeutics owing to their biocompatibility and effectiveness .
Attempts to determine the therapeutic effects of these fungi have become a prime focus in drug discovery programs .
Therefore , this study aimed to determine the anti-obesity effects of P. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by administration of a high fat diet .
METHODS : To investigate the therapeutic effects of chitin from Pleurotus eryngii on high fat diet-induce obesity , we treated obese rats with different concentrations of chitin from P. eryngii for 4 weeks , using Lipitor as positive control .
The living condition , food intake , body weight , perirenal adipose tissue , periepididymal adipose tissue , adipose tissue coefficient , serum lipid levels , including total cholesterol ( TC ) , total glyceride ( TG ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , were measured , and levels of alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , themalonaldehyde ( MDA ) , and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity in liver were determined .
The rats were also monitored for pathological changes in the liver and aorta .
RESULTS : These studies indicated that administration of chitin from P. eryngii could significantly decrease obese rat food utilization rates and accumulation of adipose tissue in the body , thus preventing development of increased body weight .
The treatment also significantly reduced serum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , TG and LDL-C .
Treatment with P. eryngii-derived chitin also enhanced ALT and AST enzymatic activity , enhanced SOD enzymatic activity , and reduced the MDA content of the liver , as well as significantly reducing the liver index and alleviating liver steatosis and aortic atherosclerosis resulting from obesity .
CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion , chitin from P. eryngii had therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia , fatty liver , and aortic atherosclerosis resulting from obesity in rats .

BACKGROUND: Recent shifts in lifestyles and diets have caused the incidence of obesity to increase rapidly, resulting in a serious threat to modern human health. There is a growing interest the use of plant or fungi derived supplements as a safe and effective means to treat obesity. In recent times, edible-medicinal fungi have garnered attention as therapeutics owing to their biocompatibility and effectiveness. Attempts to determine the therapeutic effects of these fungi have become a prime focus in drug discovery programs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the anti-obesity effects of P. eryngii chitin in rats with obesity induced by administration of a high fat diet.
METHODS: To investigate the therapeutic effects of chitin from Pleurotus eryngii on high fat diet-induce obesity, we treated obese rats with different concentrations of chitin from P. eryngii for 4 weeks, using Lipitor as positive control. The living condition, food intake, body weight, perirenal adipose tissue, periepididymal adipose tissue, adipose tissue coefficient, serum lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), total glyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were measured, and levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), themalonaldehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver were determined. The rats were also monitored for pathological changes in the liver and aorta.
RESULTS: These studies indicated that administration of chitin from P. eryngii could significantly decrease obese rat food utilization rates and accumulation of adipose tissue in the body, thus preventing development of increased body weight. The treatment also significantly reduced serum lipid levels, including levels of TC, TG and LDL-C. Treatment with P. eryngii-derived chitin also enhanced ALT and AST enzymatic activity, enhanced SOD enzymatic activity, and reduced the MDA content of the liver, as well as significantly reducing the liver index and alleviating liver steatosis and aortic atherosclerosis resulting from obesity.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, chitin from P. eryngii had therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and aortic atherosclerosis resulting from obesity in rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction by response surface methodology, antioxidant capacity

Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction by response surface methodology, antioxidant capacity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of anthocyanins from red rice bran.

The anthocyanins contents from red rice bran were characterized by HPLC/MS .
Response surface methodology was used to optimize the @ @ @ @ @ bran anthocyanin .
The antioxidant activities were evaluated in terms of IC .
The tyrosinase @ @ @ @ @ samples from red rice bran and the standard substances were determined by a spectrophotometric method @ @ @ @ @ information , the main component of anthocyanins is paeoniflorin ( = 480 ) .
The @ @ @ @ @ mg/g under the following conditions : solid-liquid ratio of 1:17.46 ; ethanol concentration of 78.37 @ @ @ @ @ 55.23 min ; and pH of 2.31 .
The ICvalue of the DPPH radical scavenging @ @ @ @ @ activities of the sample were 53.51 and 2,375 μg/ml ; those of the standard were @ @ @ @ @ and those of vitamin C were 24.45 and 136.25 μg/ml , respectively .
The ICvalues @ @ @ @ @ of the sample and Vc were 4.26 and 2.18 μg/ml , respectively .
There is @ @ @ @

The anthocyanins contents from red rice bran were characterized by HPLC/MS. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of red rice bran anthocyanin. The antioxidant activities were evaluated in terms of IC. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the anthocyanin samples from red rice bran and the standard substances were determined by a spectrophotometric method. According to mass spectrometry information, the main component of anthocyanins is paeoniflorin ( = 480). The optimized anthocyanin level was 5.80 mg/g under the following conditions: solid-liquid ratio of 1:17.46; ethanol concentration of 78.37%; ultrasonication time of 55.23 min; and pH of 2.31. The ICvalue of the DPPH radical scavenging and the superoxide anion scavenging activities of the sample were 53.51 and 2,375 μg/ml; those of the standard were 14.60 and 64.74 μg/ml; and those of vitamin C were 24.45 and 136.25 μg/ml, respectively. The ICvalues of the tyrosinase inhibition activities of the sample and Vc were 4.26 and 2.18 μg/ml, respectively. There is a significant difference ( < .05) between the activities of the three, which may be caused by the purity of the extract. Red rice bran anthocyanins have valuable research and development prospects as skin whiteners and healthcare products.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Rice bran attenuated obesity via alleviating dyslipidemia, browning of white adipocytes and modulati

Rice bran attenuated obesity via alleviating dyslipidemia, browning of white adipocytes and modulating gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Obesity has become an international public health problem .
In this study , an obese mice diet was supplemented with @ @ @ @ @ ) or infrared radiation-stabilized rice bran ( IRRB ) to investigate the attenuation of obesity @ @ @ @ @ .
Mice were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet with and without rice @ @ @ @ @ per kg body weight per day ) by oral gavage for 39 days to investigate @ @ @ @ @ The results indicate that different rice bran supplements reduced body weight , relative adipose tissue @ @ @ @ @ serum parameters , and relieve liver steatosis to varying degrees .
The data of real-time @ @ @ @ @ WB ) showed that rice bran activated brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) and increased @ @ @ @ @ ) browning .
Rice bran also reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and enhanced the relative @ @ @ @ @ summary , our findings suggest that rice bran intervention played a significant role in reducing @ @ @ @ @ enhancing thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota for the prevention and control of obesity .

Obesity has become an international public health problem. In this study, an obese mice diet was supplemented with raw rice bran (RRB) or infrared radiation-stabilized rice bran (IRRB) to investigate the attenuation of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Mice were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet with and without rice bran supplementation (300 mg per kg body weight per day) by oral gavage for 39 days to investigate the obesity preventive effect. The results indicate that different rice bran supplements reduced body weight, relative adipose tissue weight, inflammation, and serum parameters, and relieve liver steatosis to varying degrees. The data of real-time qPCR and western blots (WB) showed that rice bran activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. Rice bran also reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and enhanced the relative abundance of Akkermansia. In summary, our findings suggest that rice bran intervention played a significant role in reducing dyslipidemia, alleviating inflammation, enhancing thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota for the prevention and control of obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Bound phenolics ensure the anti-hyperglycemic effect of rice bran dietary fiber.

Whole-grain dietary fiber intake is beneficial in the prevention of metabolic syndrome .
Considering rich in bound phenolics being a @ @ @ @ @ fiber , the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the presence @ @ @ @ @ in rice bran dietary fiber ( RBDF ) on regulating glucose metabolism in diabetic/mice .
@ @ @ @ @ ( PR-RBDF ) intervention without an antihyperglycemic effect , RBDF and formulated RBDF ( F-RBDF @ @ @ @ @ and hydrolyzed-bound phenolics ) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels after 1 and 5 weeks @ @ @ @ @ The presence of bound phenolics interventions could activate the IRS1/AKT/GLUT4 insulin signaling pathway in skeletal @ @ @ @ @ by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and enriching the butyric-acid-producing bacteria genera of the families Lachnospiraceae @ @ @ @ @ to the reduction of blood glucose levels .
These findings indicate that bound phenolics ensure @ @ @ @ @ .

Whole-grain dietary fiber intake is beneficial in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. Considering rich in bound phenolics being a special characteristic of whole-grain dietary fiber, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of bound phenolics in rice bran dietary fiber (RBDF) on regulating glucose metabolism in diabetic/mice. In comparison to phenolics-removed RBDF (PR-RBDF) intervention without an antihyperglycemic effect, RBDF and formulated RBDF (F-RBDF, obtained by mixing PR-RBDF and hydrolyzed-bound phenolics) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels after 1 and 5 weeks of interventions, respectively. The presence of bound phenolics interventions could activate the IRS1/AKT/GLUT4 insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and alter gut microbiota by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and enriching the butyric-acid-producing bacteria genera of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, thus leading to the reduction of blood glucose levels. These findings indicate that bound phenolics ensure the antihyperglycemic effect of RBDF.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) alleviates radiation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction o

Arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) alleviates radiation-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction of mice in a mitochondrion-dependent manner.

MGN-3 is an arabinoxylan from rice bran that has been shown to be an excellent antioxidant and radioprotector .
This study examined the protective effects of MGN-3 on radiation-induced intestinal injury .
Mice were treated with MGN-3 prior to irradiation , then continued to receive MGN-3 for 4 weeks thereafter .
MGN-3 increased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexesⅠ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ and Ⅴ , the intercellular ATP content , the mitochondria-encoded gene expression and mitochondrial copy numbers in the jejunal and colonic mucosa .
MGN-3 reduced the oxidative stress levels and inflammatory response indicators in the serum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ indicators such as superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , catalase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in the serum and jejunal and colonic mucosa in the MGN-3 group .
Moreover , MGN-3 decreased the gene abundances and enzymatic activities of caspase-3 , 8 , 9 and 10 in the jejunal and colonic mucosa .
The endotoxin , diamine peroxidase , d-lactate and zonulin levels were significantly reduced in the serum and jejunal and colonic mucosa in the MGN-3 group .
MGN-3 also markedly upregulated the gene abundances of ZO-1 , occludin , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ attenuated radiation-induced changes in the intestinal epithelial mitochondrial function , oxidative stress , inflammatory response , apoptosis , intestinal permeability and barrier function in mice .
These findings add to our understanding of the potential mechanisms by which MGN-3 alleviates radioactive intestinal injury .

MGN-3 is an arabinoxylan from rice bran that has been shown to be an excellent antioxidant and radioprotector. This study examined the protective effects of MGN-3 on radiation-induced intestinal injury. Mice were treated with MGN-3 prior to irradiation, then continued to receive MGN-3 for 4 weeks thereafter. MGN-3 increased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexesⅠ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ, the intercellular ATP content, the mitochondria-encoded gene expression and mitochondrial copy numbers in the jejunal and colonic mucosa. MGN-3 reduced the oxidative stress levels and inflammatory response indicators in the serum and jejunal and colonic mucosa. Antioxidant indicators such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in the serum and jejunal and colonic mucosa in the MGN-3 group. Moreover, MGN-3 decreased the gene abundances and enzymatic activities of caspase-3, 8, 9 and 10 in the jejunal and colonic mucosa. The endotoxin, diamine peroxidase, d-lactate and zonulin levels were significantly reduced in the serum and jejunal and colonic mucosa in the MGN-3 group. MGN-3 also markedly upregulated the gene abundances of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 and mucin 2. MGN-3 effectively attenuated radiation-induced changes in the intestinal epithelial mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, intestinal permeability and barrier function in mice. These findings add to our understanding of the potential mechanisms by which MGN-3 alleviates radioactive intestinal injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Biobran may be a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for liver carcinogenesis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is one of the most common cancers in the world and one of the most lethal .
MGN-3/Biobran is a natural product derived from rice bran hemicelluloses and has been reported to possess a potent anticancer effect in a clinical study of patients with HCC .
The current study examines the mechanisms by which Biobran protects against chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats .
The chemical carcinogen used in this study is N-nitrosodiethylamine ( NDEA ) plus carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) .
Rats were treated with this carcinogen , and the animals were pretreated or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the end of the experiment .
Treatment with Biobran resulted in : 1 ) significant alleviation of liver preneoplastic lesions towards normal hepatocellular architecture in association with inhibition of collagen fiber deposition ; 2 ) arrest of cancer cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle ; 3 ) increased DNA fragmentation in cancer cells ; 4 ) down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated expression of p53 , Bax , and caspase-3 ; and 5 ) protection against carcinogen-induced suppression of IkappaB-alpha ( IκB-α ) mRNA expression and inhibition of nuclear factor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the effect of Biobran treatment was found to be more significant when supplemented prior to carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis as compared to posttreatment .
We conclude that Biobran inhibitshepatocarcinogenesis in rats by mechanisms that include induction of apoptosis , inhibition of inflammation , and suppression of cancer cell proliferation .
Biobran may be a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for liver carcinogenesis .

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world and one of the most lethal. MGN-3/Biobran is a natural product derived from rice bran hemicelluloses and has been reported to possess a potent anticancer effect in a clinical study of patients with HCC. The current study examines the mechanisms by which Biobran protects against chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. The chemical carcinogen used in this study is N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl). Rats were treated with this carcinogen, and the animals were pretreated or posttreated with Biobran via intraperitoneal injections until the end of the experiment. Treatment with Biobran resulted in: 1) significant alleviation of liver preneoplastic lesions towards normal hepatocellular architecture in association with inhibition of collagen fiber deposition; 2) arrest of cancer cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle; 3) increased DNA fragmentation in cancer cells; 4) down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-3; and 5) protection against carcinogen-induced suppression of IkappaB-alpha (IκB-α) mRNA expression and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB/p65) expression. Additionally, the effect of Biobran treatment was found to be more significant when supplemented prior to carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis as compared to posttreatment. We conclude that Biobran inhibitshepatocarcinogenesis in rats by mechanisms that include induction of apoptosis, inhibition of inflammation, and suppression of cancer cell proliferation. Biobran may be a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for liver carcinogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory properties and blood-pressure-lowering effect

Antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory properties and blood-pressure-lowering effect of rice bran protein hydrolysates.

This research aimed to investigate the biological properties of different hydrolysates derived from industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran proteins .
Industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran protein concentrates were hydrolyzed with alcalase or flavorzyme .
The degree of hydrolysis ( DH ) , oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) , reducing power , total phenolic compounds ( TPC ) , and angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitory activity , were determined in the hydrolysates and the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa .
Systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) was measured using the tail-cuff method before and after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rice bran protein hydrolysate ( RBPH ) fractions lower than 3 kDa in male spontaneously hypertensive rats ( SHR ) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto ( WKY ) rats .
The highest values of in vitro antioxidant activity and TPC were observed in RBPH with alcalase defatted by industry ( RBPH2A ) , and , in all cases , these bioactivities were higher in the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa .
Once again , fractions lower than 3 kDa obtained with alcalase showed a potent ACE inhibitory activity ( RBPH1A < 3 and RBPH2A @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RBPH1A < 3 caused a significant decrease in the SBP in SHR , where the maximum decrease was reached at 8 h after administration .
SBP in WKY rats was not modified after the administration of RBPH1A < 3 .
These results suggest that the rice bran protein hydrolysates obtained from industry after treatment with alcalase could be an interesting source of bioactive peptides , with potential action on hypertension and other related pathologies .

This research aimed to investigate the biological properties of different hydrolysates derived from industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran proteins. Industrial and laboratory defatted rice bran protein concentrates were hydrolyzed with alcalase or flavorzyme. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, were determined in the hydrolysates and the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using the tail-cuff method before and after oral administration of 80 mg/kg of different rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) fractions lower than 3 kDa in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The highest values of in vitro antioxidant activity and TPC were observed in RBPH with alcalase defatted by industry (RBPH2A), and, in all cases, these bioactivities were higher in the molecular fractions lower than 3 kDa. Once again, fractions lower than 3 kDa obtained with alcalase showed a potent ACE inhibitory activity (RBPH1A<3 and RBPH2A<3). The administration of RBPH1A<3 caused a significant decrease in the SBP in SHR, where the maximum decrease was reached at 8 h after administration. SBP in WKY rats was not modified after the administration of RBPH1A<3. These results suggest that the rice bran protein hydrolysates obtained from industry after treatment with alcalase could be an interesting source of bioactive peptides, with potential action on hypertension and other related pathologies.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Rice bran phenolic extracts modulate insulin secretion and gene expression associated with β-cell fu

Rice bran phenolic extracts modulate insulin secretion and gene expression associated with β-cell function.

Oxidative stress is known to modulate insulin secretion and initiate gene alterations resulting in impairment ofβ-cell function and type 2 @ @ @ @ @ .
Rice bran ( RB ) phenolic extracts contain bioactive properties that may target metabolic @ @ @ @ @ of T2DM .
This study aimed to examine the effect of stabilized RB phenolic extracts @ @ @ @ @ associated with β-cell function such as glucose transporter 2 ( ) , pancreatic and duodenal @ @ @ @ @ sirtuin 1 ( ) , mitochondrial transcription factor A ( ) , and insulin 1 @ @ @ @ @ evaluating its impact on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion .
It was observed that treatment with different @ @ @ @ @ ( 25-250µg/mL ) significantly increased the expression of , ,andgenes and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion under @ @ @ @ @ conditions .
RB phenolic extracts favourably modulated the expression of genes involved inβ-cell dysfunction and @ @ @ @ @ such as synergistic action of polyphenols targeting signalling molecules , decreasing free radical damage by @ @ @ @ @ stimulation of effectors or survival factors of insulin secretion .

Oxidative stress is known to modulate insulin secretion and initiate gene alterations resulting in impairment ofβ-cell function and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Rice bran (RB) phenolic extracts contain bioactive properties that may target metabolic pathways associated with the pathogenesis of T2DM. This study aimed to examine the effect of stabilized RB phenolic extracts on the expression of genes associated with β-cell function such as glucose transporter 2 (), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (), sirtuin 1 (), mitochondrial transcription factor A (), and insulin 1 () in addition to evaluating its impact on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was observed that treatment with different concentrations of RB phenolic extracts (25-250µg/mL) significantly increased the expression of,,andgenes and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion under both normal and high glucose conditions. RB phenolic extracts favourably modulated the expression of genes involved inβ-cell dysfunction and insulin secretion via several mechanisms such as synergistic action of polyphenols targeting signalling molecules, decreasing free radical damage by its antioxidant activity, and stimulation of effectors or survival factors of insulin secretion.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of rice bran phenolic extracts.

Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to be linked to the development of chronic inflammatory conditions , such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease .
Dietary polyphenols have been demonstrated to contain potent bioactivity against specific inflammatory pathways .
Rice bran ( RB ) , a by-product generated during the rice milling process , is normally used in animal feed or discarded due to its rancidity .
However , RB is known to be abundant in bioactive polyphenols including phenolic acids .
This study investigates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of RB phenolic extracts ( 25 , 50 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mouse macrophage cells stimulated with hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide .
Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation such as malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , intracellular reactive oxygen species , nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ( MCP-1 ) , interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-12 , p70 ( IL-12p70 ) , and interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ) were measured in vitro .
Treatment with RB extracts significantly decreased the production of MDA , intracellular reactive oxygen species , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , IL-12p70 , and IFN-γ ) when compared to the control .
It is proposed that RB phenolic extracts , via their metal chelating properties and free radical scavenging activity , target pathways of oxidative stress and inflammation resulting in the alleviation of vascular inflammatory mediators .

Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to be linked to the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Dietary polyphenols have been demonstrated to contain potent bioactivity against specific inflammatory pathways. Rice bran (RB), a by-product generated during the rice milling process, is normally used in animal feed or discarded due to its rancidity. However, RB is known to be abundant in bioactive polyphenols including phenolic acids. This study investigates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of RB phenolic extracts (25, 50, 100, and 250µg/mL) on RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells stimulated with hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation such as malondialdehyde (MDA), intracellular reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-12, p70 (IL-12p70), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured in vitro. Treatment with RB extracts significantly decreased the production of MDA, intracellular reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ) when compared to the control. It is proposed that RB phenolic extracts, via their metal chelating properties and free radical scavenging activity, target pathways of oxidative stress and inflammation resulting in the alleviation of vascular inflammatory mediators.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--New York Bar Calls for COVID-19 Vaccine Mandate and Promotion

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Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--The effect of rice bran extract on arterial blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation in m

The effect of rice bran extract on arterial blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation in mice fed with a high-fat diet.

Background : Inflammation and hypertension are primary mechanisms involving in obesity-associated adverse effects of a high-fat diet .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice bran extract ( RBE ) on arterial blood pressure , hepatic steatosis , inflammation , and oxidative stress in high-fat diet ( HFD ) -induced obese mice .
Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into four groups , including a normal-diet control group , a high-fat diet ( HFD ) ( 60 % kcal from fat ) group , an HFD group treated with RBE ( 220 mg/kg/day ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1100 mg/kg/day for eight weeks .
Besides body weight and arterial blood pressure , we determined liver values of total cholesterol , triglyceride , as well as percent body fat , tumor necrosis factor- ( TNF- ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , nuclear factor kappa-B ( NF-B ) , matrix metalloprotease-9 ( MMP-9 ) , cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , and mRNA endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ) .
Results : The HFD group had increased body weight , increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure , liver total cholesterol , triglyceride @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels , and decreased mRNA eNOS in the aorta .
Mice of the HFD group receiving RBE had reduced diastolic blood pressure , as well as significantly decreased liver and serum TNF-and MDA levels in the liver , and reduced NF-B levels in both the liver and heart .
Conclusions : These results demonstrate that RBE decreases diastolic blood pressure , the liver lipid droplet accumulation , liver and myocardial NF-B , myocardial COX-2 and MMP-9 protein levels , and oxidative stress .
Moreover , RBE may improve endothelial function and may alleviate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ obesity-associated hypertension .

Background: Inflammation and hypertension are primary mechanisms involving in obesity-associated adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice bran extract (RBE) on arterial blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice.
Methods: Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, including a normal-diet control group, a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% kcal from fat) group, an HFD group treated with RBE (220 mg/kg/day), and an HFD group treated with 1100 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Besides body weight and arterial blood pressure, we determined liver values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, as well as percent body fat, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B), matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mRNA endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).
Results: The HFD group had increased body weight, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, NF-B, COX-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and decreased mRNA eNOS in the aorta. Mice of the HFD group receiving RBE had reduced diastolic blood pressure, as well as significantly decreased liver and serum TNF-and MDA levels in the liver, and reduced NF-B levels in both the liver and heart.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that RBE decreases diastolic blood pressure, the liver lipid droplet accumulation, liver and myocardial NF-B, myocardial COX-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and oxidative stress. Moreover, RBE may improve endothelial function and may alleviate adverse health effects associated with obesity including obesity-associated hypertension.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Fermented rice bran may be beneficial for ameliorating muscle atrophy in diabetic conditions.

Fermented rice bran ( FRB ) , a prospective supplement , has been proven to ameliorate certain medical conditions .
However , its nutraceutical effect on muscle atrophy has never been investigated .
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of FRB on muscle atrophy in a streptozotocin ( STZ ) -induced diabetic rat model .
Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats , namely the control , STZ , and FRB groups , were treated as follows .
The diabetic groups ( STZ and FRB ) were injected intraperitoneally with STZ ( 40 mg/kg BW ) , whereas the control @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The STZ and control groups were fed the AIN93M diet , and the FRB group was fed 10 % of FRB based on the AIN93M diet .
The diabetic groups had reduced muscle size compared to the control group ; however , these changes were alleviated in the FRB group .
Moreover , the FRB group had a significantly lower expression of FBXO32/Atrogin-1 and TRIM63/MuRF1 ( < 0.05 ) due to blocked NF-κB activation .
In conclusion , the anti-inflammatory effect of FRB may be beneficial for ameliorating muscle atrophy in diabetic conditions @

Fermented rice bran (FRB), a prospective supplement, has been proven to ameliorate certain medical conditions. However, its nutraceutical effect on muscle atrophy has never been investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of FRB on muscle atrophy in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, namely the control, STZ, and FRB groups, were treated as follows. The diabetic groups (STZ and FRB) were injected intraperitoneally with STZ (40 mg/kg BW), whereas the control group was injected with the vehicle. The STZ and control groups were fed the AIN93M diet, and the FRB group was fed 10% of FRB based on the AIN93M diet. The diabetic groups had reduced muscle size compared to the control group; however, these changes were alleviated in the FRB group. Moreover, the FRB group had a significantly lower expression of FBXO32/Atrogin-1 and TRIM63/MuRF1 (<0.05) due to blocked NF-κB activation. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of FRB may be beneficial for ameliorating muscle atrophy in diabetic conditions.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--A rice bran phytochemical, cyanidin 3-glucoside, inhibits the progression of PC3 prostate cancer cel

A rice bran phytochemical, cyanidin 3-glucoside, inhibits the progression of PC3 prostate cancer cell.

Prostate cancer is one of the high incidences and the most invasive cancer that is also highly resistant to chemotherapy .
Currently , several natural products have been considering using as the supplements for anti-cancer therapy .
This study aims to identify the potential active anti-cancer ingredients in the bran extracts of the native Thai rice ( cultivar ) .
Rice bran fraction enriched in anthocyanins was successively isolated and processed until the major purified compound obtained .
The sub-fractions and the purified , rice bran , cyanidin 3-glucoside ( RBC3G ) , were studied for biological effects ( cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) on human prostatic cancer ( PC3 ) cells using immunohistochemical-staining and immuno-blotting approaches .
The sub-fractions and the purified RBC3G inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) characteristics of PC3 cells by blocking the expression of several cytoskeletal associate proteins in a concentration dependent manner , leading to decreasing of the cancer cell motility .
RBC3G reduced the expression of Smad/Snail signaling molecules but enhanced the expression of cell surface protein , E-cadherin , leading to a delay tumor transformation .
The RBC3G also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cells , leading to a slow cell migration/invasion process .
The results suggested that RBC3G blunt and/or delay the progressive cancer cell behaviors by inhibit EMT through Smad signaling pathway ( s ) mediating Snail/E-cadherin expression .

Prostate cancer is one of the high incidences and the most invasive cancer that is also highly resistant to chemotherapy. Currently, several natural products have been considering using as the supplements for anti-cancer therapy. This study aims to identify the potential active anti-cancer ingredients in the bran extracts of the native Thai rice (cultivar). Rice bran fraction enriched in anthocyanins was successively isolated and processed until the major purified compound obtained. The sub-fractions and the purified, rice bran, cyanidin 3-glucoside (RBC3G), were studied for biological effects (cell viability, migration, and invasion assays) on human prostatic cancer (PC3) cells using immunohistochemical-staining and immuno-blotting approaches. The sub-fractions and the purified RBC3G inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics of PC3 cells by blocking the expression of several cytoskeletal associate proteins in a concentration dependent manner, leading to decreasing of the cancer cell motility. RBC3G reduced the expression of Smad/Snail signaling molecules but enhanced the expression of cell surface protein, E-cadherin, leading to a delay tumor transformation. The RBC3G also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B expression levels and the enzymes activity in PC3 cells, leading to a slow cell migration/invasion process. The results suggested that RBC3G blunt and/or delay the progressive cancer cell behaviors by inhibit EMT through Smad signaling pathway(s) mediating Snail/E-cadherin expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Anti-hypertensive effects of peptides derived from rice bran protein.

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis .
Anti-hypertensive peptides derived from animal proteins , such as @ @ @ @ @ , are well studied .
Anti-hypertensive peptides have also been identified from plant proteins such @ @ @ @ @ , a byproduct of white rice polishing , is rich in protein and its high @ @ @ @ @ known .
This review discusses the anti-hypertensive peptides identified from rice bran protein and their @ @ @ @ @ we describe protease-digested rice bran from which functional peptides have not been isolated .

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Anti-hypertensive peptides derived from animal proteins, such as milk, eggs and fish, are well studied. Anti-hypertensive peptides have also been identified from plant proteins such as soybeans. Rice bran, a byproduct of white rice polishing, is rich in protein and its high protein efficiency ratio is well known. This review discusses the anti-hypertensive peptides identified from rice bran protein and their mechanisms. In addition, we describe protease-digested rice bran from which functional peptides have not been isolated.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Rice bran phenolic extract confers protective effects against alcoholic liver disease.

The initiation and development of alcoholic liver disease ( ALD ) is mediated , at least partly , by mitochondria dysfunction , which is regulated by PPARγ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α ) via mitochondria transcription factor A ( TFAM ) .
Then , PGC-1α expression was regulated by several microRNAs .
This research investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the rice bran phenolic extract ( RBPE ) on mice fed with an ethanol-containing diet via the microRNAs-PGC-1α-TFAM signal pathway .
RBPE treatment protected against alcoholic liver injury , as indicated by decreased serum aminotransferase activities and hepatic triglyceride accumulation , together with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ liver .
RBPE treatment alleviated ethanol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through altering the membrane potential , mtDNA content , and respiratory chain complex enzyme activities in mitochondria , resulting in increased hepatic ATP production .
Decreased cytoplasmic cytochromecontents , caspase-3 activity , and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were detected in the liver of RBPE-treated mice , indicating that the RBPE might inhibit ethanol-induced hepatocellular apoptosis .
Furthermore , ethanol-induced decreases in the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α and TFAM were remarkably alleviated in RBPE-treated mice .
RBPE treatment to ethanol-fed mice could also downregulate the expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ directly .
Therefore , the RBPE might exert protection against ALD by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction andthe resulting hepatocyte apoptosis via the PGC-1α-TFAM signal pathway mediated by microRNA-494-3p .

The initiation and development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is mediated, at least partly, by mitochondria dysfunction, which is regulated by PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) via mitochondria transcription factor A (TFAM). Then, PGC-1α expression was regulated by several microRNAs. This research investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the rice bran phenolic extract (RBPE) on mice fed with an ethanol-containing diet via the microRNAs-PGC-1α-TFAM signal pathway. RBPE treatment protected against alcoholic liver injury, as indicated by decreased serum aminotransferase activities and hepatic triglyceride accumulation, together with alleviated oxidative stress in serum and the liver. RBPE treatment alleviated ethanol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through altering the membrane potential, mtDNA content, and respiratory chain complex enzyme activities in mitochondria, resulting in increased hepatic ATP production. Decreased cytoplasmic cytochromecontents, caspase-3 activity, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were detected in the liver of RBPE-treated mice, indicating that the RBPE might inhibit ethanol-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Furthermore, ethanol-induced decreases in the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α and TFAM were remarkably alleviated in RBPE-treated mice. RBPE treatment to ethanol-fed mice could also downregulate the expression of microRNA-494-3p, which regulates PGC-1α expression directly. Therefore, the RBPE might exert protection against ALD by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction andthe resulting hepatocyte apoptosis via the PGC-1α-TFAM signal pathway mediated by microRNA-494-3p.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Immunostimulatory action of high-content active arabinoxylan in rice bran.

Immunostimulatory activity comprises specific and nonspecific immune responses stimulated by internal and external factors .
Arabinoxylan is well known for its immunostimulatory activityand , although the biological activities of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides depend on their structural features .
In this study , we aimed to evaluateandthe immunostimulatory activity of high-content active arabinoxylan ( HCAA ) obtained from rice bran through bioconversion by microorganisms and acid hydrolysis .
Three microorganisms , , , and , and three different acid concentrations of hydrochloric acid ( 5 , 10 , and 20 % ) and acetic acid ( 25 , 50 , and 75 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
HPLC analysis of arabinose and xylose content revealed that fermentation withfollowed by hydrolysis with 5 % hydrochloric acid was the most efficient to produce HCAA .
GPC analysis of HCAA indicates that HCAA is a complex of various forms of saccharides and shows an average molecular weight of 625 .
Further , evaluation disclosed that exposure to HCAA ( 10-200μg/mL ) increased cell viability in mice splenic cells and RAW 264.7 cells .
Additionally , exposure of mice to oral administration of HCAA ( 100 mg/kg ) for 4-7 days increased lymphokine-activated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cytotoxic activity in cancer cells ( YAC-1 ) .
Furthermore , exposure to HCAA and oral administrations in mice revealed increased interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ) and interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) protein expression through western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells and isolated splenic cells .
Our results suggest that HCAA developed by bioconversion and acid hydrolysis may enhance immune responsesand .

Immunostimulatory activity comprises specific and nonspecific immune responses stimulated by internal and external factors. Arabinoxylan is well known for its immunostimulatory activityand, although the biological activities of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides depend on their structural features. In this study, we aimed to evaluateandthe immunostimulatory activity of high-content active arabinoxylan (HCAA) obtained from rice bran through bioconversion by microorganisms and acid hydrolysis. Three microorganisms,,, and, and three different acid concentrations of hydrochloric acid (5, 10, and 20%) and acetic acid (25, 50, and 75%) were used for producing HCAA. HPLC analysis of arabinose and xylose content revealed that fermentation withfollowed by hydrolysis with 5% hydrochloric acid was the most efficient to produce HCAA. GPC analysis of HCAA indicates that HCAA is a complex of various forms of saccharides and shows an average molecular weight of 625. Further,evaluation disclosed that exposure to HCAA (10-200μg/mL) increased cell viability in mice splenic cells and RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, exposure of mice to oral administration of HCAA (100 mg/kg) for 4-7 days increased lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)- and macrophage-mediated cytotoxic activity in cancer cells (YAC-1). Furthermore,exposure to HCAA and oral administrations in mice revealed increased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) protein expression through western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells and isolated splenic cells. Our results suggest that HCAA developed by bioconversion and acid hydrolysis may enhance immune responsesand.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Pleurotus highking mushrooms potentiate antiproliferative and antimigratory activity against triple-

Pleurotus highking mushrooms potentiate antiproliferative and antimigratory activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells.

In this study , we evaluated the antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of themushroom on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1937 and attempted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms .
The antiproliferative effects ofpurified fraction-III ( PEF-III ) were investigated using colony formation and MTS assays .
The antimigratory effects of PEF-III were determined by wound healing , transwell migration , and matrigel cell invasion assays .
The protein expression levels were evaluated using Western blot analysis .
The effect of PEF-III on tumor-sphere formation was examined in a 3D sphere-forming medium , and the mRNA expressions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cells from the tumor spheres were determined using RT-qPCR .
PEF-III treatment caused a potent and concentration-dependent decrease in the numbers of colonies and viable cells .
It also remarkably suppressed the migratory ability of the cells .
Mechanistically , PEF-III treatment reduced the expression of pAkt , matrix metallopeptidase-9 ( MMP-9 ) , and vimentin .
Furthermore , PEF-III reduced the number and size of the tumor spheres in the 3D culture system .
It also significantly reduced the mRNA expression of Ki-67 , MMP-9 , and vimentin in the PEF-III-treated tumor-sphere @ @ @ @ @ @ @ antimigratory effects in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by suppressing Akt signaling .
Therefore , mushrooms may be considered a potential source for the development of potent anticancer drug ( s ) for the treatment of breast cancer .

In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of themushroom on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1937 and attempted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The antiproliferative effects ofpurified fraction-III (PEF-III) were investigated using colony formation and MTS assays. The antimigratory effects of PEF-III were determined by wound healing, transwell migration, and matrigel cell invasion assays. The protein expression levels were evaluated using Western blot analysis. The effect of PEF-III on tumor-sphere formation was examined in a 3D sphere-forming medium, and the mRNA expressions of proliferation- and migration-related genes in the cells from the tumor spheres were determined using RT-qPCR. PEF-III treatment caused a potent and concentration-dependent decrease in the numbers of colonies and viable cells. It also remarkably suppressed the migratory ability of the cells. Mechanistically, PEF-III treatment reduced the expression of pAkt, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and vimentin. Furthermore, PEF-III reduced the number and size of the tumor spheres in the 3D culture system. It also significantly reduced the mRNA expression of Ki-67, MMP-9, and vimentin in the PEF-III-treated tumor-sphere cells. PEF-III exerted promising antiproliferative and antimigratory effects in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by suppressing Akt signaling. Therefore,mushrooms may be considered a potential source for the development of potent anticancer drug(s) for the treatment of breast cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide(PN50G) evokes A549 cell apoptosis.

Since the strong antineoplastic potential against A549 cells of Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide ( PN50G ) in vitro has been proven previously , the definitive mechanism of PN50G-induced apoptosis in A549 cells in vivo was further investigated .
All the results indicated that PN50G significantly suppressed tumor growth in A549 tumor-bearing mice .
Tumor cells treated with PN50G were arrested in the G0/G1 phase , and marked changes in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins , including cyclin D1 , cyclin A and cyclin B1 , were observed .
Moreover , western blotting analysis indicated that PN50G triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , release of cytochrome c , cleavage of caspase-3 and PRPP in A549 tumor cells were observed .
And the decrease in the expression of the translation related protein P70S6K was observed , because PN50G activated AMPK phosphorylation , but inhibited PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and suppressed the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) induced by PN50G .
In vivo imaging was performed on tumor-bearing mice , and the results indicated that PN50G significantly increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) .
Furthermore , it indicated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1 and LC-3 in a dose-dependent manner .
All the results suggested that PN50G-mediated apoptosis and autophagy of A549 tumor cells in vivo mainly involved in the mitochondrial pathway and the AMPK/PI3K/mTOR pathway .

Since the strong antineoplastic potential against A549 cells of Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN50G) in vitro has been proven previously, the definitive mechanism of PN50G-induced apoptosis in A549 cells in vivo was further investigated. All the results indicated that PN50G significantly suppressed tumor growth in A549 tumor-bearing mice. Tumor cells treated with PN50G were arrested in the G0/G1 phase, and marked changes in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin A and cyclin B1, were observed. Moreover, western blotting analysis indicated that PN50G triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, for an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c, cleavage of caspase-3 and PRPP in A549 tumor cells were observed. And the decrease in the expression of the translation related protein P70S6K was observed, because PN50G activated AMPK phosphorylation, but inhibited PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and suppressed the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) induced by PN50G. In vivo imaging was performed on tumor-bearing mice, and the results indicated that PN50G significantly increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, it indicated that PN50G promoted the protein expression of Beclin 1 and LC-3 in a dose-dependent manner. All the results suggested that PN50G-mediated apoptosis and autophagy of A549 tumor cells in vivo mainly involved in the mitochondrial pathway and the AMPK/PI3K/mTOR pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Nephroprotective effect of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus extracts and carvedilol on ethy

Nephroprotective effect of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus extracts and carvedilol on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis.

This study was designed to assess the nephroprotective effects ofandaqueous extracts and carvedilol on hyperoxaluria-induced urolithiasis and to scrutinize the possible roles of NF-κB , p53 , Bcl-2 , Bax and Bak .
Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of mushrooms ' aqueous extracts were also performed and revealed the presence of multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components .
Hyperoxaluria was induced in Wistar rats through the addition of 0.75 % ( / ) ethylene glycol in drinking water for nine weeks .
The ethylene glycol-administered rats were orally treated withandaqueous extracts ( 100 mg/kg ) and carvedilol ( 30 mg/kg ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The study showed that , and carvedilol all successfully inhibited ethylene glycol-induced histological perturbations and the elevation of serum creatinine , serum urea , serum and urinary uric acid , serum , urinary and kidney oxalate , urine specific gravity , kidney calcium , kidney NF-κB , NF-κB p65 , NF-κB p50 , p53 , Bax and Bak expressions as well as serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels .
Moreover , the treatment decreased the reduction in urinary creatinine , urinary urea , ratios of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine and urinary urea to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression inkidney .
In conclusion , althoughandextracts and carvedilol all significantly inhibited the progression of nephrolithiasis and showed nephroprotective effects against ethylene glycol-induced kidney dysfunction , andseemed to be more effective than carvedilol .
Moreover , the nephroprotective effects may be mediated via affecting NF-κB activation , extrinsic apoptosis and intrinsic apoptosis pathways .

This study was designed to assess the nephroprotective effects ofandaqueous extracts and carvedilol on hyperoxaluria-induced urolithiasis and to scrutinize the possible roles of NF-κB, p53, Bcl-2, Bax and Bak. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of mushrooms' aqueous extracts were also performed and revealed the presence of multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components. Hyperoxaluria was induced in Wistar rats through the addition of 0.75% (/) ethylene glycol in drinking water for nine weeks. The ethylene glycol-administered rats were orally treated withandaqueous extracts (100 mg/kg) and carvedilol (30 mg/kg) daily during the last seven weeks. The study showed that,and carvedilol all successfully inhibited ethylene glycol-induced histological perturbations and the elevation of serum creatinine, serum urea, serum and urinary uric acid, serum, urinary and kidney oxalate, urine specific gravity, kidney calcium, kidney NF-κB, NF-κB p65, NF-κB p50, p53, Bax and Bak expressions as well as serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels. Moreover, the treatment decreased the reduction in urinary creatinine, urinary urea, ratios of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine and urinary urea to serum urea, Fex Urea and Bcl-2 expression inkidney. In conclusion, althoughandextracts and carvedilol all significantly inhibited the progression of nephrolithiasis and showed nephroprotective effects against ethylene glycol-induced kidney dysfunction,andseemed to be more effective than carvedilol. Moreover, the nephroprotective effects may be mediated via affecting NF-κB activation, extrinsic apoptosis and intrinsic apoptosis pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Withaferin A activates TRIM16 for its anti-cancer activity in melanoma.

Although selective BRAF inhibitors and novel immunotherapies have improved short-term treatment responses in metastatic melanoma patients , acquired resistance to @ @ @ @ @ major challenge in clinical practice .
In this study , we evaluated the efficacy of @ @ @ @ @ , derived from the medicinal plant Withania Somnifera , as a novel therapeutic agent for @ @ @ @ @ WFA showed selective toxicity to melanoma cells compared to non-malignant cells .
WFA induced apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ and inhibited migration of melanoma cells .
We identified that repression of the tumour suppressor @ @ @ @ @ suggesting that TRIM16 was in part responsible for the cytotoxic effects of WFA in melanoma @ @ @ @ @ indicates that WFA has potent cytopathic effects on melanoma cells through TRIM16 , suggesting a @ @ @ @ @ in the disease .

Although selective BRAF inhibitors and novel immunotherapies have improved short-term treatment responses in metastatic melanoma patients, acquired resistance to these therapeutics still represent a major challenge in clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Withaferin A (WFA), derived from the medicinal plant Withania Somnifera, as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of melanoma. WFA showed selective toxicity to melanoma cells compared to non-malignant cells. WFA induced apoptosis, significantly reduced cell proliferation and inhibited migration of melanoma cells. We identified that repression of the tumour suppressor TRIM16 diminished WFA cytotoxicity, suggesting that TRIM16 was in part responsible for the cytotoxic effects of WFA in melanoma cells. Together our data indicates that WFA has potent cytopathic effects on melanoma cells through TRIM16, suggesting a potential therapeutic application of WFA in the disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester may be protective against damage caused by cisplatin in the testicles.

BACKGROUND/AIM : Cisplatin ( CP ) , a chemotherapeutic drug , causes damage to spermatogenic serial cells , Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in rat testicles .
We aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ) , one of the active ingredients of propolis , in eliminating CP-induced testicular damage .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Group 1 ( control group ) was given Serum Physiological intraperitoneal ( ip ) throughout the experiment .
Group 2 ( CP group ) was given a single dose of CP ( 7 mg / kg ) ( ip @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 3 ( CP+CAPE group ) , CAPE ( 10µmol / kg / day ) ( ip ) for 12 days and single dose CP ( 7 mg / kg ) ip on day 7. given as .
Group 4 ( CAPE group ) was given CAPE ( 10 µmol / kg / day ) ( ip ) for 12 days .
On the 14th day of the experiment , the rats were decapitated under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia and their testicles were removed .
The sections obtained from the testicles were stained with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) enzymatic activities were measured in testicular tissue samples .
Testosterone ( TES ) levels were measuredin blood serum .
Johnsen testicular biopsy score ( JTBS ) was used to evaluate testicular tubules .
DNA damage was evaluated in sperm samples taken from the ductus epididymis by comet assay technique .
RESULTS : In Group 2 given CP , the testicles were severely damaged .
It was observed that histological damage was reduced in testes by giving CAPE @ @ @ @ @ @ @ according to JTBS , the value was significantly higher in testicular tubules ( p < 0.05 ) .
Moreover , the MDA level was decreased in the Group 3 .
But , SOD , CAT and TES levels were increased in the Group 3 .
DNA damage also decreased significantly in Group 3 compared to Group 2 ( p < 0.05 ) .
CONCLUSION : As a result , CAPE may be protective against damage caused by CP in the testicles .

BACKGROUND/AIM: Cisplatin (CP), a chemotherapeutic drug, causes damage to spermatogenic serial cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in rat testicles. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, in eliminating CP-induced testicular damage.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Group 1 (control group) was given Serum Physiological intraperitoneal (ip) throughout the experiment. Group 2 (CP group) was given a single dose of CP (7 mg / kg) (ip) on the 7th day. Group 3 (CP+CAPE group), CAPE (10µmol / kg / day) (ip) for 12 days and single dose CP (7 mg / kg) ip on day 7. given as. Group 4 (CAPE group) was given CAPE (10 µmol / kg / day) (ip) for 12 days. On the 14th day of the experiment, the rats were decapitated under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia and their testicles were removed. The sections obtained from the testicles were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and histopathological damage was evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities were measured in testicular tissue samples. Testosterone (TES) levels were measuredin blood serum. Johnsen testicular biopsy score (JTBS) was used to evaluate testicular tubules. DNA damage was evaluated in sperm samples taken from the ductus epididymis by comet assay technique.
RESULTS: In Group 2 given CP, the testicles were severely damaged. It was observed that histological damage was reduced in testes by giving CAPE in Group 3. In addition, according to JTBS, the value was significantly higher in testicular tubules (p<0.05). Moreover, the MDA level was decreased in the Group 3. But, SOD, CAT and TES levels were increased in the Group 3. DNA damage also decreased significantly in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: As a result, CAPE may be protective against damage caused by CP in the testicles.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a cellular model of P

Evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease , and oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a major role in the pathogenesis of PD .
Since conventional therapeutics are not sufficient for the treatment of PD , the development of new agents with anti-oxidant potential is crucial .
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ( CAPE ) , a biologically active flavonoid of propolis , possesses several biological properties such as immunomodulatory , anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative .
In the present study , we investigated the neuroprotective effects of CAPE against 6-hydroxydopamine ( 6-OHDA ) -induced SH-SY5Y cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ using cell viability , Annexin V , Hoechst staining , total caspase activity , cell cycle , as well as western blotting .
Besides , the anti-oxidative activity was measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial function was determined by measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨm ) .
We found that CAPE significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptotic cell death ( ~20 % ) after 150 μM 6-OHDA exposure following 24 h. 1.25 μM CAPE also prevented 6-OHDA-induced changes in condensed nuclear morphology .
Furthermore , treatment with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in 6-OHDA-exposed cells .
CAPE inhibited 6-OHDA-induced caspase activity ( ~2 fold ) and production of reactive oxygen species .
In addition , 150 μM 6-OHDA-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Akt levels and up-regulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 levels were partially restored by 1.25 μM CAPE treatment .
These results revealed a neuroprotective potential of CAPE against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in an in vitro PD model and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of neurodegeneration in Parkinson 's Disease .

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, and oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a major role in the pathogenesis of PD. Since conventional therapeutics are not sufficient for the treatment of PD, the development of new agents with anti-oxidant potential is crucial. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE), a biologically active flavonoid of propolis, possesses several biological properties such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of CAPE against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced SH-SY5Y cells. The neuroprotective effects were detected by using cell viability, Annexin V, Hoechst staining, total caspase activity, cell cycle, as well as western blotting. Besides, the anti-oxidative activity was measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial function was determined by measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). We found that CAPE significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptotic cell death (~20%) after 150 μM 6-OHDA exposure following 24 h. 1.25 μM CAPE also prevented 6-OHDA-induced changes in condensed nuclear morphology. Furthermore, treatment with 1.25 μM CAPE increased mitochondrial membrane potential in 6-OHDA-exposed cells. CAPE inhibited 6-OHDA-induced caspase activity (~2 fold) and production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, 150 μM 6-OHDA-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Akt levels and up-regulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 levels were partially restored by 1.25 μM CAPE treatment. These results revealed a neuroprotective potential of CAPE against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in an in vitro PD model and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates calcification.

Calcific aortic valve disease ( CAVD ) occursa pathophysiological process that includes inflammation-induced osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells ( AVICs ) .
Here , we investigated the role of the anti-inflammatory compound caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ) in inhibiting CAVD .
Human AVICs were isolated and cultured in osteogenic induction medium ( OM ) with or without 10μM CAPE .
Cell viability was assessed using CCK8 assays and calcified transformation of AVICs was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and osteogenic gene/protein expression .
RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) and enrichment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ targets through which CAPE inhibits osteogenic induction .
The regulatory effects of CAPE on activation of the AKT/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining .
CAPE slowed the growth of AVICs cultured in OM but did not show significant cytotoxicity .
In addition , CAPE markedly suppressed calcified nodule formation and decreased gene/protein expression of RUNX2 and ALP in AVICs .
Gene expression profiles of OM-induced AVICs cultured with or without CAPE revealed 518 common DEGs , which were highly enriched in the NOD-like receptor , PI3K-AKT @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , CAPE inhibited phosphorylation of AKT , ERK1/2 , and NF-κB , and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AVICs cultured in OM .
Thus , CAPE is implicated as a potent natural product for the prevention of CAVD by inhibiting activation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome .

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) occursa pathophysiological process that includes inflammation-induced osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells (AVICs). Here, we investigated the role of the anti-inflammatory compound caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in inhibiting CAVD. Human AVICs were isolated and cultured in osteogenic induction medium (OM) with or without 10μM CAPE. Cell viability was assessed using CCK8 assays and calcified transformation of AVICs was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and osteogenic gene/protein expression. RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment in associated pathways, as potential molecular targets through which CAPE inhibits osteogenic induction. The regulatory effects of CAPE on activation of the AKT/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. CAPE slowed the growth of AVICs cultured in OM but did not show significant cytotoxicity. In addition, CAPE markedly suppressed calcified nodule formation and decreased gene/protein expression of RUNX2 and ALP in AVICs. Gene expression profiles of OM-induced AVICs cultured with or without CAPE revealed 518 common DEGs, which were highly enriched in the NOD-like receptor, PI3K-AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, CAPE inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and NF-κB, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in AVICs cultured in OM. Thus, CAPE is implicated as a potent natural product for the prevention of CAVD by inhibiting activation of the AKT/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester reversed cadmium-induced cell death in hippocampus and cortex and subse

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester reversed cadmium-induced cell death in hippocampus and cortex and subsequent cognitive disorders.

Exposure to nonbiodegradable cadmium ( Cd ) causes many health problems including the damage to the nervous system .
This @ @ @ @ @ about its neurotoxic effects and the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE @ @ @ @ @ honeybee propolis ) .
In mice , CAPE ( 10 μmol/kg/day body weight ) attenuated @ @ @ @ @ induced by CdCl ( 1.5 mg/kg/day body weight ) .
For the CdCl-treated mice , @ @ @ @ @ open field test , decreased the alternation in Y-maze test , and increased the latency @ @ @ @ @ step down test .
CAPE also inhibited CdCl-initiated Aβ accumulation and activation of pro-inflammatory factors @ @ @ @ @ .
Therefore , CAPE could be a food-derived neuroprotective agent against Cd-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative @ @ @ @ @ apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway and amyloid-tau-neuroinflammation axis .

Exposure to nonbiodegradable cadmium (Cd) causes many health problems including the damage to the nervous system. This study aimed to increase knowledge about its neurotoxic effects and the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, a polyphenol abundant in honeybee propolis). In mice, CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day body weight) attenuated significantly learning and memory deficits induced by CdCl(1.5 mg/kg/day body weight). For the CdCl-treated mice, CAPE increased crossing number in open field test, decreased the alternation in Y-maze test, and increased the latency time and error number in step down test. CAPE also inhibited CdCl-initiated Aβ accumulation and activation of pro-inflammatory factors and microglia in the brains. Therefore, CAPE could be a food-derived neuroprotective agent against Cd-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disorders, through attenuating neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway and amyloid-tau-neuroinflammation axis.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induced apoptosis in serous ovarian cancer OV7 cells.

Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis among all gynecological cancers .
Therefore , it seems reasonable to seek new drugs @ @ @ @ @ of treatment or mitigate the adverse effects of chemotherapy .
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( @ @ @ @ @ biological properties .
The aim of the study was to assess the anticancer properties of @ @ @ @ @ cells .
The morphology of the cells was evaluated in H-E staining and in transmission @ @ @ @ @ and proapoptotic activity of CAPE was investigated by using the XTT-NR-SRB assay , qRT-PCR analysis @ @ @ @ @ by cytometric evaluation .
CAPE causes constriction in OV7 cells , numerous granulomas were observed @ @ @ @ @ cell nuclei were pyknotic .
Autophagosomal vacuoles could suggest the occurrence of aponecrosis .
CAPE @ @ @ @ @ and the total synthesis of cellular proteins .
CAPE exhibited , dose and time dependent @ @ @ @ @ serum ovarian cancer cells .
In OV7 cells CAPE induced apoptosis via dysregulation of BAX/BCL2 @ @ @ @ @ BAX gene expression level was 10 times higher than BCL2 .

Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis among all gynecological cancers. Therefore, it seems reasonable to seek new drugs that may improve the effectiveness of treatment or mitigate the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has many beneficial biological properties. The aim of the study was to assess the anticancer properties of CAPE against serum ovarian carcinoma cells. The morphology of the cells was evaluated in H-E staining and in transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic and proapoptotic activity of CAPE was investigated by using the XTT-NR-SRB assay, qRT-PCR analysis of BAX/BCL2 expression, and by cytometric evaluation. CAPE causes constriction in OV7 cells, numerous granulomas were observed in the cytoplasm, the cell nuclei were pyknotic. Autophagosomal vacuoles could suggest the occurrence of aponecrosis. CAPE significantly decreased the lysosomal activity and the total synthesis of cellular proteins. CAPE exhibited, dose and time dependent, cytotoxic activity against OV7 serum ovarian cancer cells. In OV7 cells CAPE induced apoptosis via dysregulation of BAX/BCL2 balance, while activated proapoptotic BAX gene expression level was 10 times higher than BCL2.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Role of CAPE in reducing oxidative stress in animal models with traumatic brain injury

Introduction : The central nervous system ( CNS ) is the most metabolically active organ characterized by high oxygen demand and relatively low anti-oxidative activity , which makes neurons and glia highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen byproducts as well as neurodegeneration .
Free radicals are associated with secondary injuries that occur after a primary brain injury .
Some of these free radical products include F2-Isoprostane ( F2-IsoPs ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal ( 4-HNE ) and acrolein .
Methods : In this study we measured serum F2-IsoPs levels as markers of free radical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weighing 200-300 g , all rats ( n = 10 ) subjected with a head injury according to the modified marmourou model , then divided into 2 groups , one group treated with CAPE ( Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ) ( n = 5 ) and the other not treated with CAPE ( n = 5 ) , serum levels in the two groups were compared starting fromday-0 ( before brain injury ) , day-4 and day-7 .
Results : We found lower F2-IsoPs levels in the group that received the CAPE treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ receive the CAPE treatment .
Conclusion : CAPE is capable of significantly reducing oxidative stress in brain injury .

Introduction: The central nervous system (CNS) is the most metabolically active organ characterized by high oxygen demand and relatively low anti-oxidative activity, which makes neurons and glia highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen byproducts as well as neurodegeneration. Free radicals are associated with secondary injuries that occur after a primary brain injury. Some of these free radical products include F2-Isoprostane (F2-IsoPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein.
Methods: In this study we measured serum F2-IsoPs levels as markers of free radical activity in 10-12 week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-300 g, all rats (n = 10) subjected with a head injury according to the modified marmourou model, then divided into 2 groups, one group treated with CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) (n = 5) and the other not treated with CAPE (n = 5), serum levels in the two groups were compared starting fromday-0 (before brain injury), day-4 and day-7.
Results: We found lower F2-IsoPs levels in the group that received the CAPE treatment compared to the group that did not receive the CAPE treatment.
Conclusion: CAPE is capable of significantly reducing oxidative stress in brain injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in reducing cerebral edema.

Background : A head injury is a very dangerous condition that threatens human life .
This study examines the use of caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ) in reducing cerebral edema in cases of head injury .
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate whether CAPE can improve various parameters related to the expression of Aquaporin-4 ( AQP4 ) mRNA and the serum AQP4 levels in rat subjects .
Methods : This is a randomized controlled study using a posttest-only control group design that uses experimental animals-specifically , male ( strain ) rats aged 10-12 weeks and weighing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ injury model according to Marmarou ( 1994 ) with minor modifications to the animal model fixation tool .
The parameters of the AQP4 mRNA were examined with real-time PCR , while serum AQP4 levels were examined with sandwich ELISA .
Results : The AQP4 mRNA expression in rats that were given CAPE was lower than those not given CAPE , both on the fourth and seventh days ; serum AQP4 levels in rats that were given CAPE were also lower than those not given CAPE , both on the fourth and seventh days @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a rat model with head injury can reduce cerebral edema , mediated by AQP4 .

Background: A head injury is a very dangerous condition that threatens human life. This study examines the use of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in reducing cerebral edema in cases of head injury. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate whether CAPE can improve various parameters related to the expression of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) mRNA and the serum AQP4 levels in rat subjects.
Methods: This is a randomized controlled study using a posttest-only control group design that uses experimental animals-specifically, male(strain) rats aged 10-12 weeks and weighing 200-300 g. This study used a head injury model according to Marmarou (1994) with minor modifications to the animal model fixation tool. The parameters of the AQP4 mRNA were examined with real-time PCR, while serum AQP4 levels were examined with sandwich ELISA.
Results: The AQP4 mRNA expression in rats that were given CAPE was lower than those not given CAPE, both on the fourth and seventh days; serum AQP4 levels in rats that were given CAPE were also lower than those not given CAPE, both on the fourth and seventh days.
Conclusion: Administration of CAPE in a rat model with head injury can reduce cerebral edema, mediated by AQP4.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester counteracts doxorubicin-induced chemobrain.

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction ( chemobrain ) is one of the major complaints for cancer patients treated with chemotherapy such as Doxorubicin ( DOX ) .
The induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were identified as major contributors to such adverse effect .
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ) is a natural polyphenolic compound , that exhibits unique context-dependent antioxidant activity .
It exhibits pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells , while it is a potent antioxidant and cytoprotective in normal cells .
The present study was designed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of CAPE against DOX-induced cognitive impairment .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ via systemic DOX administration once per week for 4 weeks ( 2 mg/kg/week , i.p. )
.
CAPE was administered at 10 or 20 μmol/kg/day , i.p.
, 5 days per week for 4 weeks .
Morris water maze ( MWM ) and passive avoidance tests were used to assess learning and memory functions .
Oxidative stress was evaluated via the colorimetric determination of GSH and MDA levels in both hippocampal and prefrontal cortex brain regions .
However , inflammatory markers , acetylcholine levels , and neuronal cell apoptosis were assessed in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ELISA , western blotting or immunohistochemistry .
DOX produced significant impairment in learning and memory as indicated by the data generated from MWM and step-through passive avoidance tests .
Additionally DOX-triggered oxidative stress as evidenced from the reduction in GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation .
Treatment with DOX resulted in neuroinflammation as indicated by the increase in NF-kB ( p65 ) nuclear translocation in addition to boosting the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators ( COX-II/TNF-α ) along with the increased levels of glial fibrillary acid protein ( GFAP ) in the tested tissues @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and augmented neuronal cell apoptosis assupported by the increased active caspase-3 levels .
Co-treatment with CAPE significantly counteracted DOX-induced behavioral and molecular abnormalities in rat brain tissues .
Our results provide the first preclinical evidence for CAPE promising neuroprotective activity against DOX-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficits .

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (chemobrain) is one of the major complaints for cancer patients treated with chemotherapy such as Doxorubicin (DOX). The induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were identified as major contributors to such adverse effect. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural polyphenolic compound, that exhibits unique context-dependent antioxidant activity. It exhibits pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells, while it is a potent antioxidant and cytoprotective in normal cells. The present study was designed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of CAPE against DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Chemobrain was induced in Sprague Dawley rats via systemic DOX administration once per week for 4 weeks (2 mg/kg/week, i.p.). CAPE was administered at 10 or 20 μmol/kg/day, i.p., 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests were used to assess learning and memory functions. Oxidative stress was evaluated via the colorimetric determination of GSH and MDA levels in both hippocampal and prefrontal cortex brain regions. However, inflammatory markers, acetylcholine levels, and neuronal cell apoptosis were assessed in the same brain areas using immunoassays including either ELISA, western blotting or immunohistochemistry. DOX produced significant impairment in learning and memory as indicated by the data generated from MWM and step-through passive avoidance tests. Additionally DOX-triggered oxidative stress as evidenced from the reduction in GSH levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Treatment with DOX resulted in neuroinflammation as indicated by the increase in NF-kB (p65) nuclear translocation in addition to boosting the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (COX-II/TNF-α) along with the increased levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in the tested tissues. Moreover, DOX reduced acetylcholine levels and augmented neuronal cell apoptosis assupported by the increased active caspase-3 levels. Co-treatment with CAPE significantly counteracted DOX-induced behavioral and molecular abnormalities in rat brain tissues. Our results provide the first preclinical evidence for CAPE promising neuroprotective activity against DOX-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficits.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-14--Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of survivin

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of survivin.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer .
Drug resistance and drug-induced damage of healthy tissues are major obstacles in cancer treatment .
Therefore , to develop efficient anticancer therapy , it is necessary to find compounds that affect tumor cells , but do not exhibit toxicity to healthy cells .
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ( CAPE ) has been demonstrated to have anticancer properties in many types of cancer .
In this study , the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of CAPE on the RKO colorectal cancer cell line and CCD 841-CoN normal colorectal cell line @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the survivin expression were determined .
According to the results , CAPE decreased cell viability in the RKO cell line in a dose-dependent manner .
Likewise , CAPE induced apoptotic cell death in approximately 40 % of the RKO cells .
Furthermore , CAPE treatment increased the Serine 15 ( Ser15 ) and Serine 46 ( Ser46 ) phosphorylation of p53 , while decreased the survivin expression .
The results suggested that CAPE induced apoptosis by regulating p53 phosphorylation , leading to inhibition of the survivin expression .
In accordance with the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ might be evaluated as an alternative drug in cancer therapy and further investigation is needed within this scope .

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Drug resistance and drug-induced damage of healthy tissues are major obstacles in cancer treatment. Therefore, to develop efficient anticancer therapy, it is necessary to find compounds that affect tumor cells, but do not exhibit toxicity to healthy cells. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has been demonstrated to have anticancer properties in many types of cancer. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of CAPE on the RKO colorectal cancer cell line and CCD 841-CoN normal colorectal cell line was investigated. In addition, changes in the survivin expression were determined. According to the results, CAPE decreased cell viability in the RKO cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, CAPE induced apoptotic cell death in approximately 40% of the RKO cells. Furthermore, CAPE treatment increased the Serine 15 (Ser15) and Serine 46 (Ser46) phosphorylation of p53, while decreased the survivin expression. The results suggested that CAPE induced apoptosis by regulating p53 phosphorylation, leading to inhibition of the survivin expression. In accordance with the results, it is suggested that CAPE might be evaluated as an alternative drug in cancer therapy and further investigation is needed within this scope.