greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Chamomile tea: Source of a glucuronoxylan with antinociceptive, sedative and anxiolytic-like effects

Chamomile tea: Source of a glucuronoxylan with antinociceptive, sedative and anxiolytic-like effects.

Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind and among its traditional uses are the calming @ @ @ @ @ studies explored its effects on the central nervous system ( CNS ) .
In this @ @ @ @ @ structural elucidation of polysaccharides from chamomile tea .
A highly substituted 4-O-methyl-glucuronoxylan ( fraction SN-50R @ @ @ @ @ characterized , presenting Xyl : GlcA ratio of 1.7:1 , Mof 500 kDa and total @ @ @ @ @ .
Its bioactivity on pain and on CNS was explored .
Animals treated with SN-50R @ @ @ @ @ dose-dependent decrease in the number of crossings in the activity chamber and in the open @ @ @ @ @ as a significant reduction in thenumber of marbles buried when compared to control .
These @ @ @ @ @ sedative and anxiolytic-like effects and may be contributing for the calming effects obtained by chamomile @ @ @

Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind and among its traditional uses are the calming effects. However, few studies explored its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we further proceed with structural elucidation of polysaccharides from chamomile tea. A highly substituted 4-O-methyl-glucuronoxylan (fraction SN-50R) was purified and chemically characterized, presenting Xyl:GlcA ratio of 1.7:1, Mof 500 kDa and total sugar content of 98%. Its bioactivity on pain and on CNS was explored. Animals treated with SN-50R presented antinociceptive effect and a dose-dependent decrease in the number of crossings in the activity chamber and in the open field test, as well as a significant reduction in thenumber of marbles buried when compared to control. These results suggest that SN-50R presented sedative and anxiolytic-like effects and may be contributing for the calming effects obtained by chamomile tea ingestion.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Over 30,000 Health Experts Sign Declaration Against COVID-19 Lockdowns

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greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Apigenin attenuates TGF-β1-stimulated cardiac fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix pr

Apigenin attenuates TGF-β1-stimulated cardiac fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Apigenin is a natural flavonoid compound present in chamomile ( Matricaia chamomilla L. ) from the Asteraceae family , which is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by traditional healers , but its effects on differentiation and extracellular matrix ( ECM ) production of cardiac fibroblasts ( CFs ) induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF-β1 ) are poorly understood .
AIM OF THE STUDY : This study aimed to examine these effects and potential molecular mechanisms and to provide a new application of apigenin in the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ or the combination of TGF-β1-stimulated and microRNA-155-5p ( miR-155-5p ) inhibitor- or mimic-transfected CFs were treated with or without apigenin .
The expression levels of intracellular related mRNA and proteins were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods , respectively .
The luciferase reporter gene containing cellular Sloan-Kettering Institute ( c-Ski ) wild or mutant type 3'-UTR was used and the luciferase activity was examined to verify the direct link of miR-155-5p and c-Ski .
RESULTS : After treatment of TGF-β1-stimulated CFs with 6-24 μM apigenin , the expression of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ miR-155-5p , α-smooth muscle actin , collagen Ⅰ/Ⅲ , Smad2/3 , and p-Smad2/3 were decreased .
After transfection of CFs with the miR-155-5p inhibitor or mimic , the similar or inverse results were respectively observed as well .
The combination of TGF-β1 and miR-155-5p inhibitor or mimic might cause an antagonistical or synergistic effect , respectively , and apigenin addition could enhance the effects of the inhibitor and antagonize the effects of the mimic .
Luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that c-Ski was a direct target of miR-155-5p .
CONCLUSION : These findings @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and ECM production in TGF-β1-stimulated CFs , and its mechanisms might partly be attributable to the reduction of miR-155-5p expression and subsequent increment of c-Ski expression , which might result in the inhibition of Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 expressions .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Apigenin is a natural flavonoid compound present in chamomile (Matricaia chamomilla L.) from the Asteraceae family, which is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by traditional healers, but its effects on differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) are poorly understood.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to examine these effects and potential molecular mechanisms and to provide a new application of apigenin in the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TGF-β1-stimulated CFs or the combination of TGF-β1-stimulated and microRNA-155-5p (miR-155-5p) inhibitor- or mimic-transfected CFs were treated with or without apigenin. The expression levels of intracellular related mRNA and proteins were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods, respectively. The luciferase reporter gene containing cellular Sloan-Kettering Institute (c-Ski) wild or mutant type 3'-UTR was used and the luciferase activity was examined to verify the direct link of miR-155-5p and c-Ski.
RESULTS: After treatment of TGF-β1-stimulated CFs with 6-24 μM apigenin, the expression of c-Ski was increased, while levels of miR-155-5p, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen Ⅰ/Ⅲ, Smad2/3, and p-Smad2/3 were decreased. After transfection of CFs with the miR-155-5p inhibitor or mimic, the similar or inverse results were respectively observed as well. The combination of TGF-β1 and miR-155-5p inhibitor or mimic might cause an antagonistical or synergistic effect, respectively, and apigenin addition could enhance the effects of the inhibitor and antagonize the effects of the mimic. Luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that c-Ski was a direct target of miR-155-5p.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that apigenin could inhibit the differentiation and ECM production in TGF-β1-stimulated CFs, and its mechanisms might partly be attributable to the reduction of miR-155-5p expression and subsequent increment of c-Ski expression, which might result in the inhibition of Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 expressions.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Honey and chamomile activate keratinocyte antioxidative responses via the KEAP1/NRF2 system.

Introduction : The stratum corneum protects against the entry of pathogens , allergens , and irritants while preventing dehydration .
@ @ @ @ @ with cap-n-collar homology-associated protein 1 ( KEAP1 ) /NF-E2-related factor 2 ( NRF2 ) system @ @ @ @ @ Aggregated evidence suggests that NRF2-mediated antioxidative response is hardwired into the stratified squamous epithelia .
@ @ @ @ @ been regarded as natural antioxidants .
Nonetheless , it is still unclear whether they activate @ @ @ @ @ epidermis and could promote epidermal barrier recovery .
Methods : To address the abovementioned issue @ @ @ @ @ property of honey/chamomile extract by using non-cell-based KEAP1-inhibition assay and cultured human epidermal keratinocytes .
@ @ @ @ @ that the extract inhibited KEAP1-NRF2 interaction and induced keratinocyte production of antioxidant small proline-rich protein @ @ @ @ @ may offer an opportunity to develop cosmetic products that boost NRF2-mediated antioxidative/antiaging , epidermis-intrinsic bio-responses @

Introduction: The stratum corneum protects against the entry of pathogens, allergens, and irritants while preventing dehydration. The Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with cap-n-collar homology-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) system maintains skin barrier homeostasis. Aggregated evidence suggests that NRF2-mediated antioxidative response is hardwired into the stratified squamous epithelia. Honey and chamomile have long been regarded as natural antioxidants. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether they activate the KEAP1/NRF2 system in the epidermis and could promote epidermal barrier recovery.
Methods: To address the abovementioned issue, we explored the antioxidative property of honey/chamomile extract by using non-cell-based KEAP1-inhibition assay and cultured human epidermal keratinocytes.
Results: Herein we report that the extract inhibited KEAP1-NRF2 interaction and induced keratinocyte production of antioxidant small proline-rich protein.
Conclusion: Our results may offer an opportunity to develop cosmetic products that boost NRF2-mediated antioxidative/antiaging, epidermis-intrinsic bio-responses.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Chamomile gel versus urea cream to prevent acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patien

Chamomile gel versus urea cream to prevent acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients.

We assessed safety and potential efficacy of a chamomile gel compared with urea cream to prevent acute radiation dermatitis in @ @ @ @ @ .
We assessed safety and potential efficacy of the chamomile gel in escalating concentrations of @ @ @ @ @ and 8.35 % of chamomile .
Concentration of 8.35 % was chosen for a randomized @ @ @ @ @ 8.35 % ) with urea cream ( n = 24 per group ) , for @ @ @ @ @ prevent radiation dermatitis in these patients .
Preliminary results demonstrate a delayed onset of dermatitis @ @ @ @ @ 2 dermatitis at 5.1 ( 1.3 ) weeks in the chamomile group and 4.5 ( @ @ @ @ @ urea group ( effect size of 0.46 ) .
Itching , burning and hyperpigmentation were @ @ @ @ @ urea group .
Results indicates a potential efficacy of the chamomile gel .
Further studies @ @ @ @ @ effect of the chamomile gel in reducing or delaying the occurrence of radiation dermatitis .

We assessed safety and potential efficacy of a chamomile gel compared with urea cream to prevent acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients. We assessed safety and potential efficacy of the chamomile gel in escalating concentrations of 2.50%, 5.00% and 8.35% of chamomile. Concentration of 8.35% was chosen for a randomized trial comparing chamomile gel (8.35%) with urea cream (n = 24 per group), for potential efficacy to delay or prevent radiation dermatitis in these patients. Preliminary results demonstrate a delayed onset of dermatitis, with onset of Grade 2 dermatitis at 5.1 (1.3) weeks in the chamomile group and 4.5 (1.3) weeks in the urea group (effect size of 0.46). Itching, burning and hyperpigmentation were more frequently reported in the urea group. Results indicates a potential efficacy of the chamomile gel. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of the chamomile gel in reducing or delaying the occurrence of radiation dermatitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Chamomile extract is effective in further reducing the clinical symptoms and improving the quality o

Chamomile extract is effective in further reducing the clinical symptoms and improving the quality of life of chronic rhinosinusitis patients.

OBJECTIVES : Recently , more attention has been paid to herbal treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis ( CRS ) patients .
Chamomile ( Matrricaria chamomilla ) has extensive clinical uses in traditional-Persian medicine for its therapeutic properties .
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chamomile extract on the clinical symptoms of patients with CRS in a university hospital .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : In a randomized double-blind placebo-group clinical trial , 74 CRS patients were examined by an otolaryngologist blinded to the study groups , and the effects of treatment ( according to SNOT-22 questionnaire ) and possible complications @ @ @ @ @ @ @ software version 21 , and level of significance considered as P RESULTS : Of the 74 patients ( 31 females and 43 male ) , 37 cases randomized in the intervention and 37 cases in the placebo group .
The Lund-Mackay score , clinical findings in endoscopic nasal examination and mean score of the SNOT-22 were not significantly different at baseline visit between the two study groups .
The adjusted mean score of quality of life during the four time periods in the intervention group ( 34.3 , confidence interval of 95 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that of control group ( 45.9 , confidence interval of 95 % : 43.5-48.4 ) ( P-value = 0.001 ) .
Also , clinical improvement in endoscopic nasal examination was significant in intervention group compared with placebo group .
CONCLUSION : Chamomile extract is effective in further reducing the clinical symptoms and improving the quality of life of CRS patients .

OBJECTIVES: Recently, more attention has been paid to herbal treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients. Chamomile (Matrricaria chamomilla) has extensive clinical uses in traditional-Persian medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chamomile extract on the clinical symptoms of patients with CRS in a university hospital.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized double-blind placebo-group clinical trial, 74 CRS patients were examined by an otolaryngologist blinded to the study groups, and the effects of treatment (according to SNOT-22 questionnaire) and possible complications recorded. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS software version 21, and level of significance considered as P < 0.05.
RESULTS: Of the 74 patients (31 females and 43 male), 37 cases randomized in the intervention and 37 cases in the placebo group. The Lund-Mackay score, clinical findings in endoscopic nasal examination and mean score of the SNOT-22 were not significantly different at baseline visit between the two study groups. The adjusted mean score of quality of life during the four time periods in the intervention group (34.3, confidence interval of 95%: 31.8-36.7) was significantly lower than that of control group (45.9, confidence interval of 95%: 43.5-48.4) (P-value = 0.001). Also, clinical improvement in endoscopic nasal examination was significant in intervention group compared with placebo group.
CONCLUSION: Chamomile extract is effective in further reducing the clinical symptoms and improving the quality of life of CRS patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Protective effect of Matricaria chamomilla extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal

Protective effect of Matricaria chamomilla extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer.

Background Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) is a major public health problem , with almost 1.8 million newly diagnosed cases and about 881,000 deaths annually .
Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla ) is a well-documented medicinal herb that possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties .
This study aimed to unravel the effect of aqueous chamomile extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine ( DMH ) -induced CRC in mice .
Methods Male Balb/c mice received a weekly intraperitoneal injection of DMH ( 20 mg/kg body weight ) for 12 weeks .
Chamomile extract ( 150 mg/kg body weight/5 days/week p.o . )
was administered at the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Polyps count , histopathological analysis , real-time polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ) analysis of Wnt signaling genes , ELISA of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) , and enzyme assay for inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) were performed .
Results Chamomile extract modulated the Wnt pathway in colonic tissues , where it significantly downregulated Wnt5a , β-catenin , T cell factor ( Tcf4 ) , lymphoid enhancer factor 1 ( Lef1 ) , c-Myc and Cyclin D1 expression levels , while it upregulated adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) and glycogen synthase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This extract significantly reduced COX-2 levels and iNOS activities .
Polyps count and histopathological analysis provided supportive evidence for the biochemical and molecular analyses .
Conclusions Chamomile can act as a potent dietary chemopreventive agent against DMH-induced CRC .

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem, with almost 1.8 million newly diagnosed cases and about 881,000 deaths annually. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a well-documented medicinal herb that possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. This study aimed to unravel the effect of aqueous chamomile extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced CRC in mice. Methods Male Balb/c mice received a weekly intraperitoneal injection of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Chamomile extract (150 mg/kg body weight/5 days/week p.o.) was administered at the initiation and post-initiation stages of carcinogenesis. Polyps count, histopathological analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of Wnt signaling genes, ELISA of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and enzyme assay for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed. Results Chamomile extract modulated the Wnt pathway in colonic tissues, where it significantly downregulated Wnt5a, β-catenin, T cell factor (Tcf4), lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (Lef1), c-Myc and Cyclin D1 expression levels, while it upregulated adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β) expression levels. This extract significantly reduced COX-2 levels and iNOS activities. Polyps count and histopathological analysis provided supportive evidence for the biochemical and molecular analyses. Conclusions Chamomile can act as a potent dietary chemopreventive agent against DMH-induced CRC.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Anti-inflammatory effects of Matricaria chamomilla extracts.

Matricaria chamomilla ( MC ) was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects .
Flavonoids are major groups of MC immunomodulators .
The anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin as an MC flavonoid has already been demonstrated .
In this study , we aimed to report the amount of this compound by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ( LC-MS ) and measuring the total phenol content ( TPC ) in both the MC aqueous and alcoholic extracts .
We also investigated the MC aqueous and ethanolic extracts effect on BALB/c separated macrophages and lymphocytes cell viability and macrophage nitric oxide production .
Interferon-γ and interleukin-10 secretion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ found that the amount of apigenin was 0.078 and 0.25 mg/g per each of dry aqueous and alcoholic extracts , respectively .
Also , the total phenol content was 2.99 % in aqueous and 3.95 % in alcoholic extracts .
BALB/c separated macrophages cell viability significantly increased when treated with the MC aqueous extract but decreased when treated by the MC alcoholic extract in the presence of lipopolysaccharide .
Also , the amount of nitric oxide production by macrophages and BALB/c separated lymphocytes cell viability in treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decreased in lymphocytes treated with the MC aqueous extract , which may suggest Th1 polarization .
There was no significant change in the interferon-γ level in lymphocytes when treated with the MCalcoholic extract , but the level of IL-10 increased in these cells .
Altogether , besides the anti-inflammatory effect of MC extracts , we found MC aqueous extract effects as disrupting Th1/Th2 balance to Th1 upregulation .
Overall , the anti-inflammatory effect of the MC alcoholic extract was higher than the MC aqueous extract .

Matricaria chamomilla (MC) was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids are major groups of MC immunomodulators. The anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin as an MC flavonoid has already been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to report the amount of this compound by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and measuring the total phenol content (TPC) in both the MC aqueous and alcoholic extracts. We also investigated the MC aqueous and ethanolic extracts effect on BALB/c separated macrophages and lymphocytes cell viability and macrophage nitric oxide production. Interferon-γ and interleukin-10 secretion were also measured in lymphocytes. We found that the amount of apigenin was 0.078 and 0.25 mg/g per each of dry aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively. Also, the total phenol content was 2.99% in aqueous and 3.95% in alcoholic extracts. BALB/c separated macrophages cell viability significantly increased when treated with the MC aqueous extract but decreased when treated by the MC alcoholic extract in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Also, the amount of nitric oxide production by macrophages and BALB/c separated lymphocytes cell viability in treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased. Interferon-γ increased, and interleukin-10 decreased in lymphocytes treated with the MC aqueous extract, which may suggest Th1 polarization. There was no significant change in the interferon-γ level in lymphocytes when treated with the MCalcoholic extract, but the level of IL-10 increased in these cells. Altogether, besides the anti-inflammatory effect of MC extracts, we found MC aqueous extract effects as disrupting Th1/Th2 balance to Th1 upregulation. Overall, the anti-inflammatory effect of the MC alcoholic extract was higher than the MC aqueous extract.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Together these data demonstrated chamomile oil along with in vivo-differentiated stem cell is a prom

Background : The main goal of diabetes therapy is to control blood glucose levels .
Objectives : In this study , the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. oil as an herbal agent , on therapeutic properties of poly L-lactic acid-based ( PLLA ) scaffold loaded with differentiated stem cells , is examined in the diabetic rabbit .
Methods : Adipose mesenchymal stem cells ( AMSCs ) were isolated from male New Zealand White rabbits and after seeding on the PLLA scaffold differentiated in the pancreatic region .
In vivo differentiation of AMSCs toward pancreatic progenitor cells was evaluated by quantitative @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Then , one normal and five diabetic groups including blank diabetic , scaffold , oil + scaffold , and differentiated cell + scaffold or oil + scaffold were assessed after 21 days of treatment .
After the assessment , the diabetic groups were evaluated by clinical parameters and pancreatic histological sections .
Results : It was found that AMSCs were differentiated to insulin-producing cells ( IPCs ) in the pancreatic environment which then used for implantation .
Blood glucose in the oil + scaffold , cell + scaffold , and oil + cell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ after 21 days .
In the above mentioned three groups , insulin secretion was increased significantly .
Chamomile oil also caused a significant decrease in High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , and total cholesterol levels .
According to histological sections results , in cell + scaffold and oil + cell + scaffold groups , β cells were significantly increased compared to blank diabetic group .
Conclusions : Together these data demonstrated chamomile oil along with in vivo-differentiated stem cell is a promising new treatment for diabetes .

Background: The main goal of diabetes therapy is to control blood glucose levels.
Objectives: In this study, the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. oil as an herbal agent, on therapeutic properties of poly L-lactic acid-based (PLLA) scaffold loaded with differentiated stem cells, is examined in the diabetic rabbit.
Methods: Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) were isolated from male New Zealand White rabbits and after seeding on the PLLA scaffold differentiated in the pancreatic region. In vivo differentiation of AMSCs toward pancreatic progenitor cells was evaluated by quantitative analysis of gene expressions and immunohistochemistry. Then, one normal and five diabetic groups including blank diabetic, scaffold, oil + scaffold, and differentiated cell + scaffold or oil + scaffold were assessed after 21 days of treatment. After the assessment, the diabetic groups were evaluated by clinical parameters and pancreatic histological sections.
Results: It was found that AMSCs were differentiated to insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the pancreatic environment which then used for implantation. Blood glucose in the oil + scaffold, cell + scaffold, and oil + cell + scaffold groups showed a significant decrease after 21 days. In the above mentioned three groups, insulin secretion was increased significantly. Chamomile oil also caused a significant decrease in High-density lipoprotein (HDL), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol levels. According to histological sections results, in cell + scaffold and oil + cell + scaffold groups, β cells were significantly increased compared to blank diabetic group.
Conclusions: Together these data demonstrated chamomile oil along with in vivo-differentiated stem cell is a promising new treatment for diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--M. chamomilla L. has lower antibiofilm action, but comparable anti-caries effect to those found for

M. chamomilla L. has lower antibiofilm action, but comparable anti-caries effect to those found for chlorhexidine.

OBJECTIVE : This study evaluated the antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing aqueous extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. METHODS : Microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel , from pooled human saliva mixed with McBain saliva , under 0.2 % sucrose exposure , for 5 days .
The biofilm was daily treated using ( 1 mL/1 min ) : Vochysia tucanorum Mart .
( 2.5 mg/mL ) ; Myrcia bella Cambess .
( 1.25 mg/mL ) ; Matricaria chamomilla L. ( 20 mg/mL ) ; Malva sylvestris ( Malvatricin® Plus-Daudt ) ; 0.12 % Chlorhexidine ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( Negative control ) .
The % dead bacteria , biofilm thickness , EPS biovolume , lactic acid concentration , the CFU counting ( total microorganisms , Lactobacillus sp.
, total streptococci and Streptococcus mutans/S .
sobrinus ) were determined .
Enamel demineralization was measured by TMR .
CONCLUSION : M. chamomilla L. has lower antibiofilm action , but comparable anti-caries effect to those found for chlorhexidine , under this model .
CLINICAL RELEVANCE : This study shows that the antibiofilm and anti-caries potential may vary between the commercial and experimental mouth rinses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for those containing Matricaria chamomilla L. and Malva Sylvestris .

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing aqueous extract of Matricaria chamomilla L.
METHODS: Microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel, from pooled human saliva mixed with McBain saliva, under 0.2 % sucrose exposure, for 5 days. The biofilm was daily treated using (1 mL/1 min): Vochysia tucanorum Mart. (2.5 mg/mL); Myrcia bella Cambess. (1.25 mg/mL); Matricaria chamomilla L. (20 mg/mL); Malva sylvestris (Malvatricin® Plus-Daudt); 0.12 % Chlorhexidine (PerioGard®-Palmolive, Positive control) and PBS (Negative control). The % dead bacteria, biofilm thickness, EPS biovolume, lactic acid concentration, the CFU counting (total microorganisms, Lactobacillus sp., total streptococci and Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus) were determined. Enamel demineralization was measured by TMR.
RESULTS: All mouth rinses induced bacterial death compared to PBS (p < 0.0001). The biofilm thickness varied from 12 ± 2 μm (chlorhexidine) to 18 ± 2 μm (V. tucanorum) (ANOVA/Tukey, p < 0.0001). The EPS biovolume varied from 7(4)% (chlorhexidine) to 30(20)% (PBS) (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, p < 0.0001). The lactic acid production was reduced by M. sylvestris (1.1 ± 0.2 g/L) and chlorhexidine (0.6 ± 0.2 g/L) compared to PBS (2.6 ± 1.3 g/L) (ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Malva sylvestris and chlorhexidine showed significant low CFU for total microorganisms, Lactobacillus sp. and total streptococci. Only chlorhexidine significantly reduced S. mutans/S. sobrinus. CFUs for total streptococci and Lactobacillus sp, were also significantly reduced by M. chamomilla L. Malva sylvestris (63.4 % of mineral loss reduction), chlorhexidine (47.4 %) and M. chamomilla L. (39.4 %) significantly reduced enamel demineralization compared to PBS (ANOVA/Tukey, p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION: M. chamomilla L. has lower antibiofilm action, but comparable anti-caries effect to those found for chlorhexidine, under this model.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study shows that the antibiofilm and anti-caries potential may vary between the commercial and experimental mouth rinses containing natural agents, with promising results for those containing Matricaria chamomilla L. and Malva Sylvestris.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Clinical and microbiological effects of 1% Matricaria chamomilla mouth rinse on chronic periodontiti

Clinical and microbiological effects of 1% Matricaria chamomilla mouth rinse on chronic periodontitis.

Background : Several herbal mouth rinses are assessed in the literature as an adjunct to scaling and root planning ( SRP ) for the treatment of periodontal diseases .
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and microbiological effects of ( MTC ) mouth rinse with chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and placebo mouth rinse for the management of chronic periodontitis .
Materials and Methods : This double-blind , randomized , placebo controlled , clinical trial involved seventy five patients , suffering from chronic periodontitis , which were randomly divided into three groups : negative control @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control ( SRP + 0.12 % CHX ) , and test group ( SRP + 1 % MTC mouth rinse ) .
Mouth rinsing ( adjunctive therapy ) was continued for 1 month while clinical parameters ( plaque index , gingival index , sulcus bleeding index , probing pocket depth [ PPD ] , clinical attachment level , gingival recession [ GR ] , stain index ) and microbial colony forming units were evaluated at base line , 6 weeks , and 3 months .
Results : All groups showed a significant change @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group ) between base line and 3 months .
MTC mouth rinse suggested added significant benefits over placebo group over the study period .
However , it determined more but nonsignificant improvement in PPD ( 3.68 mm vs. 3.36 mm ) and CAL ( 3.00 mm vs. 2.72 mm ) as compared to CHX rinse at 3 months ' period as compared to baseline .
Conclusion : Advantages of using test group were comparable to CHX associated group ; therefore , MTC mouth rinse can be used as an effective adjunct during nonsurgical @ @ @ @ @ @

Background: Several herbal mouth rinses are assessed in the literature as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and microbiological effects of(MTC) mouth rinse with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo mouth rinse for the management of chronic periodontitis.
Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, clinical trial involved seventy five patients, suffering from chronic periodontitis, which were randomly divided into three groups: negative control (SRP + placebo), positive control (SRP + 0.12% CHX), and test group (SRP + 1% MTC mouth rinse). Mouth rinsing (adjunctive therapy) was continued for 1 month while clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing pocket depth [PPD], clinical attachment level, gingival recession [GR], stain index) and microbial colony forming units were evaluated at base line, 6 weeks, and 3 months.
Results: All groups showed a significant change in parameters (except GR for placebo group) between base line and 3 months. MTC mouth rinse suggested added significant benefits over placebo group over the study period. However, it determined more but nonsignificant improvement in PPD (3.68 mm vs. 3.36 mm) and CAL (3.00 mm vs. 2.72 mm) as compared to CHX rinse at 3 months' period as compared to baseline.
Conclusion: Advantages of using test group were comparable to CHX associated group; therefore, MTC mouth rinse can be used as an effective adjunct during nonsurgical periodontal therapy for chronic periodontitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--After treatment the severity of burning mouth syndrome symptoms decreased.

To evaluate ( 1 ) the effect of a salivary substitute prepared using chamomile ( . )
flower and flax ( ) seed to relieve Primary burning mouth syndrome ( BMS ) symptoms , ( 2 ) their effect on the inhibition of matrix metallopeptidase 2 ( MMP2 ) and MMP9 metalloproteinases , and ( 3 ) their potential cellular cytotoxic effect.40 women aging > 40 years with diagnosis of primary BMS.Center of Diagnosis of Diseases of the Mouth , Federal University of Pelotas , Brazil.This was an open clinical trial where primary BMS patients used the homemade salivary .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ and 60 days , the authors evaluated the pattern and intensity of BMS and xerostomia symptoms , and then determined and compared the unstimulated salivary flow rate ( SFR ) , viscosity , and salivary pH .
MMP2 and MMP9 activities in saliva and cytotoxicity were assessed using different concentrations of chamomile flower and flax seed separately.Subjects used the homemade salivary substitute for 3 months and were instructed to rinse their mouth three to four times daily for 1 min.A numeric rating scale to evaluate the intensity of burning sensation and xerostomia symptoms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to determine salivary volume , dynamic rheology technique for viscosity and a digital meter for salivary pH .
MMP2 and MMP9 activities in saliva and cytotoxicity were assessed by zymography and cell viability assay respectively.After treatment , severity of BMS symptoms decreased , the SFR increased , salivary viscosity decreased , and severity of xerostomia sensation ( in patients who reported having this symptom ) improved (

To evaluate (1) the effect of a salivary substitute prepared using chamomile (.) flower and flax () seed to relieve Primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) symptoms, (2) their effect on the inhibition of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 metalloproteinases, and (3) their potential cellular cytotoxic effect.40 women aging>40 years with diagnosis of primary BMS.Center of Diagnosis of Diseases of the Mouth, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil.This was an open clinical trial where primary BMS patients used the homemade salivary. At the first appointment, after 30 and 60 days, the authors evaluated the pattern and intensity of BMS and xerostomia symptoms, and then determined and compared the unstimulated salivary flow rate (SFR), viscosity, and salivary pH. MMP2 and MMP9 activities in saliva and cytotoxicity were assessed using different concentrations of chamomile flower and flax seed separately.Subjects used the homemade salivary substitute for 3 months and were instructed to rinse their mouth three to four times daily for 1 min.A numeric rating scale to evaluate the intensity of burning sensation and xerostomia symptoms, salivary flow rate (SFR) to determine salivary volume, dynamic rheology technique for viscosity and a digital meter for salivary pH. MMP2 and MMP9 activities in saliva and cytotoxicity were assessed by zymography and cell viability assay respectively.After treatment, severity of BMS symptoms decreased, the SFR increased, salivary viscosity decreased, and severity of xerostomia sensation (in patients who reported having this symptom) improved ( < 0.05). Chamomile flower and flax seed had no effect on inhibiting MMP2 and MMP9 activities, and neither showed cellular cytotoxic effects.This homemade salivary substitute is an economical, viable, easily manipulated, noncytotoxic, and a practical alternative to relieve BMS symptoms.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Episiotomy wound healing by Commiphora myrrha and Boswellia carteri in primiparous women.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Traditional Persian medicine manuscripts refer to plants such as Commiphora myrrha ( Nees ) Engl .
( myrrh ) and Boswellia carteri Birdw .
( frankincense ) , which could be used to improve wound healing process .
Since that time , local midwives in Iran continue to provide these herbs to precipitate episiotomy wound healing .
AIM OF THE STUDY : To investigate the efficacy and safety of myrrh- and frankincense-based sitz-baths on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 primiparous women with singleton @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from July to October 2019 .
Study participants were randomly allocated in three groups ( 2 intervention groups and 1 control group ) .
Women in intervention groups were assigned to receive either 10-min sitz-bath of myrrh extract or frankincense extract twice a day for 1 week .
While the women in control group received the betadine sitz-bath for the same period of time .
The main outcome was the episiotomy wound healing , which was measured using the REEDA scale before intervention , on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : An improvement in the episiotomy wound healing was significantly greater in patients receiving myrrh than those receiving the frankincense or betadine on 2nd ( p = 0.003 and p 0.05 ) .
CONCLUSION : The present results suggest that myrrh was more efficient than frankincense and betadine in healing of the episiotomy wound and could be recommended as a safe natural therapy .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional Persian medicine manuscripts refer to plants such as Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (myrrh) and Boswellia carteri Birdw. (frankincense), which could be used to improve wound healing process. Since that time, local midwives in Iran continue to provide these herbs to precipitate episiotomy wound healing.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the efficacy and safety of myrrh- and frankincense-based sitz-baths on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 primiparous women with singleton pregnancies after normal vaginal delivery at Hafez hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from July to October 2019. Study participants were randomly allocated in three groups (2 intervention groups and 1 control group). Women in intervention groups were assigned to receive either 10-min sitz-bath of myrrh extract or frankincense extract twice a day for 1 week. While the women in control group received the betadine sitz-bath for the same period of time. The main outcome was the episiotomy wound healing, which was measured using the REEDA scale before intervention, on 2nd and 7th postpartum days.
RESULTS: An improvement in the episiotomy wound healing was significantly greater in patients receiving myrrh than those receiving the frankincense or betadine on 2nd (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001) and 7th (p = 0.043 and p = 0.015) postpartum days. However, the total REEDA score was not statistically different between the frankincense and betadine groups on 2nd and 7th postpartum days (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that myrrh was more efficient than frankincense and betadine in healing of the episiotomy wound and could be recommended as a safe natural therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--These data indicate that aqueous myrrh resin solution has a direct stimulatory effect on β-cells wit

These data indicate that aqueous myrrh resin solution has a direct stimulatory effect on β-cells without compromising plasma membrane integrity.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Traditionally plant-based remedies such as Commiphora myrrha ( CM ) have been used as an ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes mellitus in some region of Arabia and Africa .
Previous reports have shown that CM reduced blood glucose levels and increased insulin concentrations in animal models of diabetes in vivo .
However , the exact mechanisms by which CM improved glycemic control in these animals are not fully understood .
We hypothesized that CM may have a direct insulinotropic activity onβ-cells to increase insulin secretion .
AIM OF THE STUDY : The direct effects of CM were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ human islets in static and perifusion insulin secretion experiments .
Isolated mouse and human islets were used to investigate the rate and pattern of CM-induced insulin secretion .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : The effect of CM on insulin secretion was assessed by static and perifusion experiments using MIN6 cells , a mouse-derivedβ-cell line , and primary mouse and human islets .
The effects of CM on cell viability and membrane integrity of MIN6 cells and mouse islets were assessed using an ATP viability assay and a trypan blue exclusion test .
The mRNA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a major β-cell transcription factor , were determined by quantitative RT-PCR following chronic exposure to CM .
RESULTS : Exposing MIN6 cells to a CM resin solution ( 0.5-10 mg/ml ) caused a concentration-dependent increase in insulin secretion in a static setting .
Similarly , incubating mouse islets to CM ( 0.1-10 mg/ml ) resulted in stimulation of insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner .
CM concentrations at ≤ 2 mg/ml were not associated with reductionin cell viability nor with reduction in cell membrane integrity .
However , higher concentrations of CM were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dye and cell death .
In a perifusion setting , CM ( 2 mg/ml ) caused rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from both mouse and human islets at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose levels .
The stimulatory effect of CM on insulin secretion did not change the total insulin content of β-cells nor the mRNA expression of preproinsulin and Pdx1 .
CONCLUSIONS : These data indicate that aqueous CM resin solution has a direct stimulatory effect onβ-cells without compromising plasma membrane integrity .
CM stimulates insulin secretion from MIN6 cells , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ primary mouse and human islets in vitro at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose concentrations .
The mechanism by which CM may induce insulin secretion is most likely due to a stimulation of insulin granules release rather than insulin synthesis .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditionally plant-based remedies such as Commiphora myrrha (CM) have been used as an ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes mellitus in some region of Arabia and Africa. Previous reports have shown that CM reduced blood glucose levels and increased insulin concentrations in animal models of diabetes in vivo. However, the exact mechanisms by which CM improved glycemic control in these animals are not fully understood. We hypothesized that CM may have a direct insulinotropic activity onβ-cells to increase insulin secretion.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The direct effects of CM were investigated using MIN6β-cells and isolated mouse and human islets in static and perifusion insulin secretion experiments. Isolated mouse and human islets were used to investigate the rate and pattern of CM-induced insulin secretion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of CM on insulin secretion was assessed by static and perifusion experiments using MIN6 cells, a mouse-derivedβ-cell line, and primary mouse and human islets. The effects of CM on cell viability and membrane integrity of MIN6 cells and mouse islets were assessed using an ATP viability assay and a trypan blue exclusion test. The mRNA expression profiles of preproinsulin and Pdx1, a major β-cell transcription factor, were determined by quantitative RT-PCR following chronic exposure to CM.
RESULTS: Exposing MIN6 cells to a CM resin solution (0.5-10 mg/ml) caused a concentration-dependent increase in insulin secretion in a static setting. Similarly, incubating mouse islets to CM (0.1-10 mg/ml) resulted in stimulation of insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. CM concentrations at ≤ 2 mg/ml were not associated with reductionin cell viability nor with reduction in cell membrane integrity. However, higher concentrations of CM were accompanied with marked uptake of trypan blue dye and cell death. In a perifusion setting, CM (2 mg/ml) caused rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from both mouse and human islets at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose levels. The stimulatory effect of CM on insulin secretion did not change the total insulin content of β-cells nor the mRNA expression of preproinsulin and Pdx1.
CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that aqueous CM resin solution has a direct stimulatory effect onβ-cells without compromising plasma membrane integrity. CM stimulates insulin secretion from MIN6 cells, a mouse-derived β-cell line, and isolated primary mouse and human islets in vitro at both sub-stimulatory and stimulatory glucose concentrations. The mechanism by which CM may induce insulin secretion is most likely due to a stimulation of insulin granules release rather than insulin synthesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeonia lactiflora improves ovarian function and oocyte quality in aged female mice.

Although ovarian aging is a key cause of decreased ovarian function and oocyte quality , it remains a problem in infertility treatment .
Therefore , this study is aimed to investigate whether ( PL ) , a herb improves ovarian function and oocyte quality using aged female mice .
C57BL/6 female mice aged 8 months were treated orally every day with PL of 26.5 mg/kg ( n=7 ) and 53 mg/kg ( n=7 ) of body weight for 4 weeks using an oral zoned needle .
The control group ( n=7 ) was treated with normal saline .
Ovaries and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ E stain and the evaluation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) levels , respectively .
In the second experiment , female mice were orally administered with PL ( 26.5 mg/kg : n=12 , 53 mg/kg : n=12 , control : n=12 ) and then superovulated with PMSG and hCG , and mated with male mice .
Zygotes were retrieved and cultured for 4 days .
Ovaries were provided for examination of expressions of genes associated with angiogenesis ( VEGF and visfatin ) , anti-aging ( Sirt1 and Sirt2 ) , and follicular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ GDF-9 ) .
PL significantly increased numbers of surviving follicles ( primordial , primary , secondary , and antral ) , numbers of zygotes retrieved , embryo development rate , and ovarian expression of VEGF , visfatin , c-Kit , BMP-15 , and GDF-9 at both doses .
However , ovarian expression of Sirt1 and Sirt2 was increased at 53.0 mg/kg of PL .
ROS levels were not affected by PL .
These results suggest that PL may possess beneficial effects regarding ovarian function and oocyte quality , possibly by activation of ovarian @ @ @ @ @

Although ovarian aging is a key cause of decreased ovarian function and oocyte quality, it remains a problem in infertility treatment. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate whether(PL), a herb improves ovarian function and oocyte quality using aged female mice. C57BL/6 female mice aged 8 months were treated orally every day with PL of 26.5 mg/kg (n=7) and 53 mg/kg (n=7) of body weight for 4 weeks using an oral zoned needle. The control group (n=7) was treated with normal saline. Ovaries and serum were collected for the H&E stain and the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, respectively. In the second experiment, female mice were orally administered with PL (26.5 mg/kg: n=12, 53 mg/kg: n=12, control: n=12) and then superovulated with PMSG and hCG, and mated with male mice. Zygotes were retrieved and cultured for 4 days. Ovaries were provided for examination of expressions of genes associated with angiogenesis (VEGF and visfatin), anti-aging (Sirt1 and Sirt2), and follicular development (c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9). PL significantly increased numbers of surviving follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, and antral), numbers of zygotes retrieved, embryo development rate, and ovarian expression of VEGF, visfatin, c-Kit, BMP-15, and GDF-9 at both doses. However, ovarian expression of Sirt1 and Sirt2 was increased at 53.0 mg/kg of PL. ROS levels were not affected by PL. These results suggest that PL may possess beneficial effects regarding ovarian function and oocyte quality, possibly by activation of ovarian angiogenesis and follicular development.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides obtained via optimized extraction treat experimental autoimmune

Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides obtained via optimized extraction treat experimental autoimmune hepatitis effectively.

The extraction process of Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides ( PRAP ) was optimized as the liquid-solid ratio of 10.65 mL/g @ @ @ @ @ 2.10 h , and the 2 extraction repetitions through a response surface methodology .
The @ @ @ @ @ PRAP were characterized by measuring the contents of total carbohydrates , total phenolics , uronic @ @ @ @ @ by analyzing the FT-IR spectrum and monosaccharide composition .
To determine the therapeutic effects of @ @ @ @ @ ( EAH ) , we established an EAH mice model .
After treated with PRAP @ @ @ @ @ were reduced , and hepatocyte regeneration and liver function were improved .
Further study of @ @ @ @ @ treats EAH showed that PRAP significantly inhibited oxidative stress in the livers of EAH model @ @ @ @ @ PRAP inhibited immune inflammatory reactions in EAH model mice , including the hepatic infiltration of @ @ @ @ @ as well as overexpression of inflammatory cytokines IL-2 , IL-6 and IL-10 , via inhibition @ @ @ @ @ .

The extraction process of Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides (PRAP) was optimized as the liquid-solid ratio of 10.65 mL/g, the extraction time of 2.10 h, and the 2 extraction repetitions through a response surface methodology. The chemical profiles of the obtained PRAP were characterized by measuring the contents of total carbohydrates, total phenolics, uronic acid and protein, and by analyzing the FT-IR spectrum and monosaccharide composition. To determine the therapeutic effects of PRAP on experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH), we established an EAH mice model. After treated with PRAP, liver and spleen injuries were reduced, and hepatocyte regeneration and liver function were improved. Further study of the mechanism by which PRAP treats EAH showed that PRAP significantly inhibited oxidative stress in the livers of EAH model mice. More importantly, PRAP inhibited immune inflammatory reactions in EAH model mice, including the hepatic infiltration of inflammatory CD4and CD8T cells, as well as overexpression of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10, via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Yet Another Case of the Missing Virus; They Lied and Locked Down the World


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeonia lactiflora extract suppresses cisplatin-induced muscle wasting.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : The dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall .
( Radix Paeoniae ) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in many Asian countries .
AIM OF THE STUDY : Cisplatin is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug used in diverse types of cancer .
However , muscle wasting is a common side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy .
This study aimed to elucidate the effects of an ethanol extract of the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall .
( Radix Paeoniae , RP ) on cisplatin-induced muscle wasting along with its molecular mechanism .
MATERIAL AND METHODS : C57BL/6 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ orally treated with RP .
Megestrol acetate was used as a comparator drug .
Skeletal muscle mass was measured as the weight of gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles , and skeletal muscle function was measured by treadmill running time and grip strength .
Skeletal muscle tissues were analyzed by RNAseq , western blotting , ELISA , and immunofluorescence microscopy .
RESULTS : In mice treated with cisplatin , skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle function were significantly reduced .
However , oral administration of RP significantly restored skeletal muscle mass and function in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tissues of the cisplatin-treated mice , RP downregulated NF-κB signaling and cytokine levels .
RP also downregulated muscle-specific ubiquitin E3 ligases , resulting in the restoration of myosin heavy chain ( MyHC ) and myoblast determination protein ( MyoD ) , which play crucial roles in muscle contraction and muscle differentiation , respectively .
CONCLUSION : RP restored skeletal muscle function and mass in cisplatin-treated mice by restoring the muscle levels of MyHC and MyoD proteins via downregulation of muscle-specific ubiquitin E3 ligases as well as muscle NF-κB signaling and cytokine levels .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Radix Paeoniae) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in many Asian countries.
AIM OF THE STUDY: Cisplatin is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug used in diverse types of cancer. However, muscle wasting is a common side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of an ethanol extract of the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Radix Paeoniae, RP) on cisplatin-induced muscle wasting along with its molecular mechanism.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin and orally treated with RP. Megestrol acetate was used as a comparator drug. Skeletal muscle mass was measured as the weight of gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles, and skeletal muscle function was measured by treadmill running time and grip strength. Skeletal muscle tissues were analyzed by RNAseq, western blotting, ELISA, and immunofluorescence microscopy.
RESULTS: In mice treated with cisplatin, skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle function were significantly reduced. However, oral administration of RP significantly restored skeletal muscle mass and function in the cisplatin-treated mice. In the skeletal muscle tissues of the cisplatin-treated mice, RP downregulated NF-κB signaling and cytokine levels. RP also downregulated muscle-specific ubiquitin E3 ligases, resulting in the restoration of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and myoblast determination protein (MyoD), which play crucial roles in muscle contraction and muscle differentiation, respectively.
CONCLUSION: RP restored skeletal muscle function and mass in cisplatin-treated mice by restoring the muscle levels of MyHC and MyoD proteins via downregulation of muscle-specific ubiquitin E3 ligases as well as muscle NF-κB signaling and cytokine levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeoniflorin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting TLR5

Paeoniflorin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting TLR5 expression and T cell activation.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of paeoniflorin on dextran sulphate sodium ( DSS ) -induced ulcerative colitis ( UC ) mice .
Methods C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control group , model group , 600 mg/ ( kg.d ) mesalazine treatment group , ( 12.5 , 25 , 50 ) mg/ ( kg.d ) paeoniflorin treatment group , with 10 mice in each .
All mice were treated with 30 g/L DSS for 5 days except the control group .
Meanwhile , the mice in the other groups were orally administrated corresponding drugs for 10 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control and model groups were given equivalent volumes of distilled water .
Body mass , fecal characteristics and hematochezia of the mice were observed and recorded daily , and then disease activity index ( DAI ) was evaluated and calculated .
Pathological changes in the colon were observed by HE staining .
The levels of anti-flagellin antibody , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) in the serum were measured by ELISA .
The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 5 ( TLR5 ) , myeloid differentiation factor 88 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( NF-κBp65 ) in the colon tissues were evaluated by Western blot analysis and the activation of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph node ( MLN ) was detected by flow cytometry .
Results Compared with the control group , DAI scores in the model group were significantly raised , the colon length was significantly shortened , and the epithelium and intestinal gland disappeared .
In addition , the serum levels of anti-flagellin antibody , IL-6 , TNF-α and the protein levels of TLR5 , MyD88 , NF-κBp65 in the colon significantly increased , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ went up in the model group .
All symptoms above were alleviated in the mesalazine and paeoniflorin groups compared with the model group .
Conclusion Paeoniflorin can attenuate UC in mice by inhibiting the expression of flagellin and TLR5 , and the activation of T cells .

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of paeoniflorin on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, 600 mg/(kg.d) mesalazine treatment group, (12.5, 25, 50) mg/(kg.d) paeoniflorin treatment group, with 10 mice in each. All mice were treated with 30 g/L DSS for 5 days except the control group. Meanwhile, the mice in the other groups were orally administrated corresponding drugs for 10 days, while the mice in the control and model groups were given equivalent volumes of distilled water. Body mass, fecal characteristics and hematochezia of the mice were observed and recorded daily, and then disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated and calculated. Pathological changes in the colon were observed by HE staining. The levels of anti-flagellin antibody, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum were measured by ELISA. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor kappa-Bp65 (NF-κBp65) in the colon tissues were evaluated by Western blot analysis and the activation of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) was detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the control group, DAI scores in the model group were significantly raised, the colon length was significantly shortened, and the epithelium and intestinal gland disappeared. In addition, the serum levels of anti-flagellin antibody, IL-6, TNF-α and the protein levels of TLR5, MyD88, NF-κBp65 in the colon significantly increased, and the activation of T lymphocytes in MLN went up in the model group. All symptoms above were alleviated in the mesalazine and paeoniflorin groups compared with the model group. Conclusion Paeoniflorin can attenuate UC in mice by inhibiting the expression of flagellin and TLR5, and the activation of T cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeoniflorin improves acute lung injury in sepsis.

Objective : To investigate the effect of paeoniflorin ( PF ) on sepsis-induced acute lung injury and its relationship with nuclear factor erythyroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) /Kelch-like ECH2 associated protein 1 ( Keap1 ) signaling pathway .
Methods : Cecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) was used to induce the sepsis rat model .
Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( =10 ) : sham group ( Sham ) , model group ( Model ) , low dose PF group ( L-PF group , 50 mg/kg PF ) , high dose PF group ( H-PF @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high dose PF+Nrf2 inhibitor group ( H-PF+ML385 group , 150 mg/kg PF+30 mg/kg ML385 ) .
The severity of sepsis in rats was scored according to the improved severity scale of sepsis ; the pathological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining ; the activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) in lung tissue was determined by xanthine oxidase method ; the content of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) in lung tissue was measured by thiobarbituric acid method ; and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-1β ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in lung tissues were detected by ELISA .
Western blot was used to detect the expression of Nrf2 , Keap1 and HO-1 proteins in lung tissues .
Results : Compared with Sham group , the sepsis symptoms in Model group were more serious , severe inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue , macrophages and interstitial enlargement , and the contents of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β , TNF-α , IL-6 and oxidative index MDA in lung tissues were significantly increased ( < 0.05 ) , while the activity of antioxidant index SOD were significantly decreased ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly decreased ( < 0.05 ) , while the protein and mRNA expression levels of Keap1 were markedly increased ( < 0.05 ) .
Compared with the Model group , the severity of sepsis in PF groups was decreased , the lung tissue injury was improved , the contents of IL-1β , TNF-α , IL-6 and MDA in lung tissue were significantly decreased ( < 0.05 ) , the activity of SOD was markedly increased ( < 0.05 ) , the protein and mRNA expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increased ( < 0.05 ) , and the expression levels of Keap1 protein and mRNA were significantly decreased ( < 0.05 ) .
Compared with the H-PF group , Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 significantly inhibited the improvement of PF on lung injury in sepsis rats .
Conclusion : PF can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway , and improve sepsis-induced acute lung injury .

Objective: To investigate the effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on sepsis-induced acute lung injury and its relationship with nuclear factor erythyroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH2 associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling pathway.
Methods: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to induce the sepsis rat model. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (=10): sham group (Sham), model group (Model), low dose PF group (L-PF group, 50 mg/kg PF), high dose PF group (H-PF group, 150 mg/kg PF) and high dose PF+Nrf2 inhibitor group (H-PF+ML385 group, 150 mg/kg PF+30 mg/kg ML385). The severity of sepsis in rats was scored according to the improved severity scale of sepsis; the pathological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lung tissue was determined by xanthine oxidase method; the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissue was measured by thiobarbituric acid method; and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lung tissues were detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Nrf2, Keap1 and HO-1 proteins in lung tissues.
Results: Compared with Sham group, the sepsis symptoms in Model group were more serious, severe inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue, macrophages and interstitial enlargement, and the contents of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and oxidative index MDA in lung tissues were significantly increased (<0.05), while the activity of antioxidant index SOD were significantly decreased (<0.05). The protein and mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly decreased (<0.05), while the protein and mRNA expression levels of Keap1 were markedly increased (<0.05). Compared with the Model group, the severity of sepsis in PF groups was decreased, the lung tissue injury was improved, the contents of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MDA in lung tissue were significantly decreased (<0.05), the activity of SOD was markedly increased (<0.05), the protein and mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly increased (<0.05), and the expression levels of Keap1 protein and mRNA were significantly decreased (<0.05). Compared with the H-PF group, Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 significantly inhibited the improvement of PF on lung injury in sepsis rats.
Conclusion: PF can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, and improve sepsis-induced acute lung injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeoniflorin modulates gut microbial production of indole-3-lactate and epithelial autophagy to alle

Paeoniflorin modulates gut microbial production of indole-3-lactate and epithelial autophagy to alleviate colitis.

BACKGROUND : Total glucosides of peony ( TGP ) , extracted from the root and rhizome of Paeonia lactiflora Pall , has well-confirmed immunomodulatory efficacy in the clinic .
However , the mechanism and active ingredients remain largely unclear .
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE : Our previous study revealed a low systemic exposure but predominant gut distribution of TGP components .
The aim of this study was to investigate involvement of the gut microbiota in the immunoregulatory effects and identify the active component .
METHODS : Mice received 3 % DSS to establish a model of colitis .
The treatment group received TGP @ @ @ @ @ @ @ albiflorin ( AF ) .
Body weight , colon length , inflammatory and histological changes were assessed .
Gut microbiota structure was profiled by 16s rRNA sequencing .
Antibiotic treatment and fecal transplantation were used to explore the involvement of gut microbiota .
Metabolomic assay of host and microbial metabolites in colon was performed .
RESULTS : TGP improved colonic injury and gut microbial dysbiosis in colitis mice , and PF was responsible for the protective effects .
Fecal microbiota transfer from TGP-treated mice conferred resilience to colitis , while antibiotic treatment abrogated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PF decreased colonic indole-3-lactate ( ILA ) , a microbial tryptophan metabolite .
ILA was further identified as an inhibitor of epithelial autophagy and ILA supplementation compromised the benefits of TGP .
CONCLUSION : Our findings suggest that TGP acts in part through a gut microbiota-ILA-epithelial autophagy axis to alleviate colitis .

BACKGROUND: Total glucosides of peony (TGP), extracted from the root and rhizome of Paeonia lactiflora Pall, has well-confirmed immunomodulatory efficacy in the clinic. However, the mechanism and active ingredients remain largely unclear.
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: Our previous study revealed a low systemic exposure but predominant gut distribution of TGP components. The aim of this study was to investigate involvement of the gut microbiota in the immunoregulatory effects and identify the active component.
METHODS: Mice received 3% DSS to establish a model of colitis. The treatment group received TGP or single paeoniflorin (PF) or albiflorin (AF). Body weight, colon length, inflammatory and histological changes were assessed. Gut microbiota structure was profiled by 16s rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic treatment and fecal transplantation were used to explore the involvement of gut microbiota. Metabolomic assay of host and microbial metabolites in colon was performed.
RESULTS: TGP improved colonic injury and gut microbial dysbiosis in colitis mice, and PF was responsible for the protective effects. Fecal microbiota transfer from TGP-treated mice conferred resilience to colitis, while antibiotic treatment abrogated the protective effects. Both TGP and PF decreased colonic indole-3-lactate (ILA), a microbial tryptophan metabolite. ILA was further identified as an inhibitor of epithelial autophagy and ILA supplementation compromised the benefits of TGP.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that TGP acts in part through a gut microbiota-ILA-epithelial autophagy axis to alleviate colitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-13--Paeoniflorin-6'-o-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) improves vasculitis.

Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects not only joints but also multiple organ systems including cardiovascular system .
Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) .
In RA , endothelial dysfunction exists at both the macrovascular and the microvascular levels , which is a precursor to vasculitis .
This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of vasculitis and the therapeutic effect of CP-25 on vasculitis in high-fat diet ( HFD ) collagen-induced arthritis ( CIA ) rats .
Experimental groups were divided into normal group , HFD group , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CP-25 group and MTX group .
In vitro , IL-17A was used to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) , and then CP-25 was used to intervene .
Results showed that CP-25 reduced global scoring ( GS ) , arthritis index ( AI ) , and swollen joint count ( SJC ) scores , improved histopathological score , reduced T cells percentage , and decreased IL-17A and ICAM-1 levels .
Besides , CP-25 reduced the expression of p-STAT3 to normal levels in vascular of HFD CIA rats .
In vitro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , p-JAK2 , p-JAK3 , pSTAT3 , and ICAM-1 , and CP-25 inhibited the expression of p-JAK1 , p-JAK2 , p-JAK3 , p-STAT3 , and ICAM-1 .
In conclusion , CP-25 might inhibit endothelial cell activation through inhibiting IL-17A/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway , which improves vasculitis in HFD CIA rats .

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects not only joints but also multiple organ systems including cardiovascular system. Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In RA, endothelial dysfunction exists at both the macrovascular and the microvascular levels, which is a precursor to vasculitis. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of vasculitis and the therapeutic effect of CP-25 on vasculitis in high-fat diet (HFD) collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Experimental groups were divided into normal group, HFD group, CIA group, HFD CIA group, CP-25 group and MTX group. In vitro, IL-17A was used to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and then CP-25 was used to intervene. Results showed that CP-25 reduced global scoring (GS), arthritis index (AI), and swollen joint count (SJC) scores, improved histopathological score, reduced T cells percentage, and decreased IL-17A and ICAM-1 levels. Besides, CP-25 reduced the expression of p-STAT3 to normal levels in vascular of HFD CIA rats. In vitro, IL-17A promoted the expression of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-JAK3, pSTAT3, and ICAM-1, and CP-25 inhibited the expression of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-JAK3, p-STAT3, and ICAM-1. In conclusion, CP-25 might inhibit endothelial cell activation through inhibiting IL-17A/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which improves vasculitis in HFD CIA rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Apigenin induces apoptosis and counteracts cisplatin-induced chemoresistance via Mcl-1 in ovarian ca

Apigenin induces apoptosis and counteracts cisplatin-induced chemoresistance via Mcl-1 in ovarian cancer cells.

Ovarian cancer ( OC ) is one of the prominent causes of mortality in female patients diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies .
While it has previously been demonstrated that apigenin inhibits cell growth in colon and breast cancer cells , the effect of apigenin in OC cells is not fully understood .
Therefore , the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of apigenin on cell death and resistance to cisplatin in OC cells .
It was found that apigenin inhibited proliferation , hindered cell cycle progression and promoted SKOV3 cell apoptosis .
Moreover , these effects were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Furthermore , apigenin reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential , and elevated the ratios of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 in the two cell types .
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting results demonstrated that apigenin significantly downregulated Mcl-1 at the transcriptional and translational levels in SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells , which was responsible for its cytotoxic functions and chemosensitizing effects .
Collectively , the present results identified the impact of apigenin on OC cell death and resistance to cisplatin , and the potential molecular mechanisms .
However , additional studies are required to further @ @ @ @ @

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the prominent causes of mortality in female patients diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies. While it has previously been demonstrated that apigenin inhibits cell growth in colon and breast cancer cells, the effect of apigenin in OC cells is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of apigenin on cell death and resistance to cisplatin in OC cells. It was found that apigenin inhibited proliferation, hindered cell cycle progression and promoted SKOV3 cell apoptosis. Moreover, these effects were also observed in cisplatin-resistant SKOV3/DDP cells. Furthermore, apigenin reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and elevated the ratios of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 in the two cell types. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting results demonstrated that apigenin significantly downregulated Mcl-1 at the transcriptional and translational levels in SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells, which was responsible for its cytotoxic functions and chemosensitizing effects. Collectively, the present results identified the impact of apigenin on OC cell death and resistance to cisplatin, and the potential molecular mechanisms. However, additional studies are required to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Anti-survival and pro-apoptotic effects of 6-shogaol on SW872 human liposarcoma cells.

Notably , 6-Shogaol , a bioactive natural substance , has anticancer effects on many types of tumors .
Up to date , the anticancer effect and mode of action of 6-Shogaol on liposarcoma are not known .
In this study , we investigated whether 6-Shogaol inhibits the growth of SW872 and 93T449 cells , two different human liposarcoma cell lines .
Of note , 6-Shogaol inhibited the growth of SW872 and 93T449 cells without affecting that of normal 3T3-L1 preadipocytes .
Specifically , 6-Shogaol further induced the apoptosis of SW872 cells , as evidenced by nuclear DNA fragmentation , increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ intrinsic caspase pathway , and PARP cleavage .
However , pretreatment with either z-VAD-fmk , a pan-caspase inhibitor , or N-acetylcysteine , an antioxidant , attenuated the 6-Shogaol 's growth-suppressive and apoptosis-inducing effects on SW872 cells .
Moreover , 6-Shogaol activated AMPK while inhibited STAT-3 in SW872 cells , and siRNA-based genetic silencing of AMPK or STAT-3 considerably blocked the growth-suppressive and apoptotic response of 6-Shogaol to SW872 cells .
Moreover , 6-Shogaol also upregulated the expression and phosphorylation of GRP-78 , eIF-2α , ATF4 , and CHOP , known ER stress markers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ induction of ER stress .
These findings collectively demonstrate that 6-Shogaol has strong antigrowth and proapoptotic effects on SW872 cells through regulation of the intrinsic caspase pathway , oxidative stress , STAT-3 , AMPK , and ER stress .

Notably, 6-Shogaol, a bioactive natural substance, has anticancer effects on many types of tumors. Up to date, the anticancer effect and mode of action of 6-Shogaol on liposarcoma are not known. In this study, we investigated whether 6-Shogaol inhibits the growth of SW872 and 93T449 cells, two different human liposarcoma cell lines. Of note, 6-Shogaol inhibited the growth of SW872 and 93T449 cells without affecting that of normal 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Specifically, 6-Shogaol further induced the apoptosis of SW872 cells, as evidenced by nuclear DNA fragmentation, increased sub G1 population, activation of the intrinsic caspase pathway, and PARP cleavage. However, pretreatment with either z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, or N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, attenuated the 6-Shogaol's growth-suppressive and apoptosis-inducing effects on SW872 cells. Moreover, 6-Shogaol activated AMPK while inhibited STAT-3 in SW872 cells, and siRNA-based genetic silencing of AMPK or STAT-3 considerably blocked the growth-suppressive and apoptotic response of 6-Shogaol to SW872 cells. Moreover, 6-Shogaol also upregulated the expression and phosphorylation of GRP-78, eIF-2α, ATF4, and CHOP, known ER stress markers, in SW872 cells, illustrating the induction of ER stress. These findings collectively demonstrate that 6-Shogaol has strong antigrowth and proapoptotic effects on SW872 cells through regulation of the intrinsic caspase pathway, oxidative stress, STAT-3, AMPK, and ER stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris.

AIMS : This study aimed to assess the antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris using in vitro @ @ @ @ @ METHODS AND RESULTS : Our results showed that 6-shogaol exhibited antifungal as well as anti-biofilm @ @ @ @ @ and eradicating the preformed biofilms of C. auris .
The rate and extent of antifungal @ @ @ @ @ a time-kill assay .
The XTT reduction assay confirmed that 6-shogaol decreased cellular metabolic activity @ @ @ @ @ effect of 6-shogaol on established C. auris biofilms was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy @ @ @ @ @ demonstrated that 6-shogaol reduced the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulated the expression of the @ @ @ @ @ C. auris .
CONCLUSIONS : The data indicated that 6-shogaol extracted from ginger had antifungal @ @ @ @ @ auris .
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY : This study demonstrated the value of @ @ @ @ @ promising and potent bioactive compound .
The mode of action of this compound against C. @ @ @ @ @ .

AIMS: This study aimed to assess the antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris using in vitro phenotypic and genotypic analyses.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Our results showed that 6-shogaol exhibited antifungal as well as anti-biofilm activity by inhibiting biofilm formation and eradicating the preformed biofilms of C. auris. The rate and extent of antifungal activity were further confirmed by a time-kill assay. The XTT reduction assay confirmed that 6-shogaol decreased cellular metabolic activity in the biofilm. The effect of 6-shogaol on established C. auris biofilms was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Also, this study demonstrated that 6-shogaol reduced the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulated the expression of the efflux pump-related CDR1 gene in C. auris.
CONCLUSIONS: The data indicated that 6-shogaol extracted from ginger had antifungal and anti-biofilm effects on C. auris.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated the value of the plant-derived 6-shogaol as a promising and potent bioactive compound. The mode of action of this compound against C. auris biofilm was also proposed.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes as a novel and interesting candidate for the management of neuro

Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes as a novel and interesting candidate for the management of neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND : Current therapies for neuropathic pain are generally symptomatic and possess several side effects , limiting their prolonged usage .
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE : Thus , it is urgent to develop novel and safe candidates for the management of this chronical condition .
For this purpose , we investigated the analgesic effect of a standardized extract from Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes ( ZOE ) obtained by COsupercritical extraction , in a mice model of peripheral neuropathy .
We also explored the mechanism of action of ZOE and its main constituents using an in vitro model of neuroinflammation .
METHODS : Peripheral @ @ @ @ @ @ @ spared nerve injury ( SNI ) .
The analgesic effect of ZOE after oral administration was assessed by measuring mechanical and thermal allodynia in SNI mice .
The mechanism of action of ZOE and its main constituents were investigated using spinal cords samples and in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation by ELISA , western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques .
RESULTS : Oral administration of ZOE 200 mg kgameliorated mechanical and thermal allodynia in SNI mice , with a rapid and a long-lasting effect .
ZOE did not alter locomotor activity .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ZOE , 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol reduced pERK levels , whereas ZOE and terpene fraction reduced HDAC1 protein levels , inhibited NF-κB signalling activation and decreased IL-1β , TNF-α and IL-6 release .
ZOE and each tested constituent had a positive effect on inflammation-impaired SH-SY5Y cell viability .
CONCLUSIONS : The oral administration of ZOE attenuated SNI-induced neuropathic pain symptoms by reducing spinal neuroinflammation , suggesting ZOE as a novel and interesting candidate for the management of neuropathic pain .

BACKGROUND: Current therapies for neuropathic pain are generally symptomatic and possess several side effects, limiting their prolonged usage.
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: Thus, it is urgent to develop novel and safe candidates for the management of this chronical condition. For this purpose, we investigated the analgesic effect of a standardized extract from Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes (ZOE) obtained by COsupercritical extraction, in a mice model of peripheral neuropathy. We also explored the mechanism of action of ZOE and its main constituents using an in vitro model of neuroinflammation.
METHODS: Peripheral mono-neuropathy was induced in mice, by spared nerve injury (SNI). The analgesic effect of ZOE after oral administration was assessed by measuring mechanical and thermal allodynia in SNI mice. The mechanism of action of ZOE and its main constituents were investigated using spinal cords samples and in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation by ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques.
RESULTS: Oral administration of ZOE 200 mg kgameliorated mechanical and thermal allodynia in SNI mice, with a rapid and a long-lasting effect. ZOE did not alter locomotor activity. In BV2 cells and spinal cord samples, ZOE, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol reduced pERK levels, whereas ZOE and terpene fraction reduced HDAC1 protein levels, inhibited NF-κB signalling activation and decreased IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 release. ZOE and each tested constituent had a positive effect on inflammation-impaired SH-SY5Y cell viability.
CONCLUSIONS: The oral administration of ZOE attenuated SNI-induced neuropathic pain symptoms by reducing spinal neuroinflammation, suggesting ZOE as a novel and interesting candidate for the management of neuropathic pain.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--The effects of royal jelly and tocotrienol-rich fraction on impaired glycemic control and inflammati

The effects of royal jelly and tocotrienol-rich fraction on impaired glycemic control and inflammation through irisin in obese rats.

The effects of royal jelly ( RJ ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction ( TRF ) on obesity-induced glucose intolerance and inflammation were assessed in the current study .
Regarding irisin as an important adipomyokine that attenuates obesity-induced disorders , we evaluated whether RJ and TRF could exert their metabolism regulatory effects through irisin .
Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet ( HFD ) with or without supplementation of RJ , TRF , or both , for 8 weeks .
At the end of the intervention , weight , irisin , glycemic , and inflammatory indices were measured .
The weight @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in any of the groups .
Glucose homeostasis and inflammation were improved when we added RJ and TRF to HFD .
RJ elevated irisin concentration , butthe effect of TRF on irisin was not noticeable .
Our results indicated that , despite the lack of significant weight loss , RJ and TRF promoted healthy obesity .
This improvement was mediated by irisin in RJ consuming rats .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Obesity is a public health concern associated with several chronic disorders .
The beneficial effects of irisin on obesity-related disorders are well-established .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ effect of RJ and TRF as functional foods , with pharmacological and nutritional activities on obesity complications , through irisin mediation .
Our study demonstrated that RJ exerts its metabolic regulatory effects by irisin as a mediator .
Our investigation makes a remarkable contribution to the literature , because it suggests a new mechanism for the anti-obesity properties of RJ and TRF .

The effects of royal jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on obesity-induced glucose intolerance and inflammation were assessed in the current study. Regarding irisin as an important adipomyokine that attenuates obesity-induced disorders, we evaluated whether RJ and TRF could exert their metabolism regulatory effects through irisin. Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without supplementation of RJ, TRF, or both, for 8 weeks. At the end of the intervention, weight, irisin, glycemic, and inflammatory indices were measured. The weight of the rats did not remarkably reduce in any of the groups. Glucose homeostasis and inflammation were improved when we added RJ and TRF to HFD. RJ elevated irisin concentration, butthe effect of TRF on irisin was not noticeable. Our results indicated that, despite the lack of significant weight loss, RJ and TRF promoted healthy obesity. This improvement was mediated by irisin in RJ consuming rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity is a public health concern associated with several chronic disorders. The beneficial effects of irisin on obesity-related disorders are well-established. It is the first study assessing the effect of RJ and TRF as functional foods, with pharmacological and nutritional activities on obesity complications, through irisin mediation. Our study demonstrated that RJ exerts its metabolic regulatory effects by irisin as a mediator. Our investigation makes a remarkable contribution to the literature, because it suggests a new mechanism for the anti-obesity properties of RJ and TRF.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Royal jelly as an intelligent anti-aging agent-a focus on cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease.

The astronomical increase of the world 's aged population is associated with the increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases , heightened disability , and extremely high costs of care .
Alzheimer 's Disease ( AD ) is a widespread , age-related , multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that has enormous social and financial drawbacks worldwide .
The unsatisfactory outcomes of available AD pharmacotherapy necessitate the search for alternative natural resources that can target various the underlying mechanisms of AD pathology and reduce disease occurrence and/or progression .
Royal jelly ( RJ ) is the main food of bee queens ; it contributes to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ memory performance .
It represents a potent nutraceutical with various pharmacological properties , and has been used in a number of preclinical studies to target AD and age-related cognitive deterioration .
To understand the mechanisms through which RJ affects cognitive performance both in natural aging and AD , we reviewed the literature , elaborating on the metabolic , molecular , and cellular mechanisms that mediate its anti-AD effects .
Preclinical findings revealed that RJ acts as a multidomain cognitive enhancer that can restore cognitive performance in aged and AD models .
It promotes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ multiple adversities in the neuronal microenvironment such as inflammation , oxidative stress , mitochondrial alterations , impaired proteostasis , amyloid-β toxicity , Ca excitotoxicity , and bioenergetic challenges .
Human trials using RJ in AD are limited in quantity and quality .
Here , the limitations of RJ-based treatment strategies are discussed , and directions for future studies examining the effect of RJ in cognitively impaired subjects are noted .

The astronomical increase of the world's aged population is associated with the increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, heightened disability, and extremely high costs of care. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a widespread, age-related, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that has enormous social and financial drawbacks worldwide. The unsatisfactory outcomes of available AD pharmacotherapy necessitate the search for alternative natural resources that can target various the underlying mechanisms of AD pathology and reduce disease occurrence and/or progression. Royal jelly (RJ) is the main food of bee queens; it contributes to their fertility, long lifespan, and memory performance. It represents a potent nutraceutical with various pharmacological properties, and has been used in a number of preclinical studies to target AD and age-related cognitive deterioration. To understand the mechanisms through which RJ affects cognitive performance both in natural aging and AD, we reviewed the literature, elaborating on the metabolic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that mediate its anti-AD effects. Preclinical findings revealed that RJ acts as a multidomain cognitive enhancer that can restore cognitive performance in aged and AD models. It promotes brain cell survival and function by targeting multiple adversities in the neuronal microenvironment such as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial alterations, impaired proteostasis, amyloid-β toxicity, Ca excitotoxicity, and bioenergetic challenges. Human trials using RJ in AD are limited in quantity and quality. Here, the limitations of RJ-based treatment strategies are discussed, and directions for future studies examining the effect of RJ in cognitively impaired subjects are noted.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--[VIDEO] Nazism, COVID-19 and the Destruction of Modern Medicine: An Interview with Vera Sharav, Part

[VIDEO] Nazism, COVID-19 and the Destruction of Modern Medicine: An Interview with Vera Sharav, Part One

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greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID-19.

The emergence of novel coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) in 2019 in China marked the third outbreak of a highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting humans .
The novel coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) spread worldwide , becoming an emergency of major international concern .
However , even after a decade of coronavirus research , there are still no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat the coronavirus infection .
In this context , apitherapy presents as a promising source of pharmacological and nutraceutical agents for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of COVID-19 .
For instance , several honeybee products , such as honey @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , beeswax , and bee venom , have shown potent antiviral activity against pathogens that cause severe respiratory syndromes , including those caused by human coronaviruses .
In addition , the benefits of these natural products to the immune system are remarkable , and many of them are involved in the induction of antibody production , maturation of immune cells , and stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses .
Thus , in the absence of specific antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 , apitherapy could offer one hope toward mitigating some of the risks @ @ @ @

The emergence of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 in China marked the third outbreak of a highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting humans. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread worldwide, becoming an emergency of major international concern. However, even after a decade of coronavirus research, there are still no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat the coronavirus infection. In this context, apitherapy presents as a promising source of pharmacological and nutraceutical agents for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of COVID-19. For instance, several honeybee products, such as honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, beeswax, and bee venom, have shown potent antiviral activity against pathogens that cause severe respiratory syndromes, including those caused by human coronaviruses. In addition, the benefits of these natural products to the immune system are remarkable, and many of them are involved in the induction of antibody production, maturation of immune cells, and stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, in the absence of specific antivirals against SARS-CoV-2, apitherapy could offer one hope toward mitigating some of the risks associated with COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-14--Consumption of cashew nuts inhibits oxidative stress.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a severe disorder associated with a high mortality .
Several antioxidant and pharmacological properties of cashew nuts ( ) and its metabolites from different countries have recently been described .
It is a medicinal plant with important therapeutic effects .
This study aimed to verify the effect of an oral administration of cashew nuts in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion ( I/R ) .
Adult male rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and then allowing animals to 1 h of reperfusion .
Rats subjected to I/R of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ different biochemical markers .
In particular , we evaluated lipid peroxidation , tissue myeloperoxidase activity , protein carbonyl content , reactive oxygen species generation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities .
Western blot analysis showed the activation of the NRF2 and NF-kB pathways .
Increased immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine , PARP , P-selectin , and ICAM-1 was observed in the ileum of rats subjected to I/R .
Administration of cashew nuts ( 100 mg/kg ) significantly reduced the mortality rate , the fall in arterial blood pressure , and oxidative stress and restored the antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NRF2 and NF-kB pathways .
Cashew nuts treatments reduced cytokines plasma levels , nitrotyrosine , and PARP expression as well as adhesion molecules expressions .
Additionally , cashew nuts decreased the intestinal barrier dysfunction and mucosal damage , the translocation of toxins and bacteria , which leads to systemic inflammation and associated organs injuries in particular of liver and kidney .
Our study demonstrates that cashew nuts administration exerts antioxidant and pharmacological protective effects in superior mesenteric artery occlusion-reperfusion shock .

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a severe disorder associated with a high mortality. Several antioxidant and pharmacological properties of cashew nuts () and its metabolites from different countries have recently been described. It is a medicinal plant with important therapeutic effects. This study aimed to verify the effect of an oral administration of cashew nuts in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Adult male rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and then allowing animals to 1 h of reperfusion. Rats subjected to I/R of the gut showed a significant increase in different biochemical markers. In particular, we evaluated lipid peroxidation, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, protein carbonyl content, reactive oxygen species generation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Western blot analysis showed the activation of the NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Increased immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine, PARP, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 was observed in the ileum of rats subjected to I/R. Administration of cashew nuts (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the mortality rate, the fall in arterial blood pressure, and oxidative stress and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities by a mechanism involving both NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Cashew nuts treatments reduced cytokines plasma levels, nitrotyrosine, and PARP expression as well as adhesion molecules expressions. Additionally, cashew nuts decreased the intestinal barrier dysfunction and mucosal damage, the translocation of toxins and bacteria, which leads to systemic inflammation and associated organs injuries in particular of liver and kidney. Our study demonstrates that cashew nuts administration exerts antioxidant and pharmacological protective effects in superior mesenteric artery occlusion-reperfusion shock.