greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--New perspectives in the pharmacological potential of naringin in medicine.

BACKGROUND : Naringin ( NAR ) is a flavonoid enriched in several medicinal plants and fruits .
An increasing interest in this molecule has been emerging because it has the potential to contribute to alleviating many health problems .
OBJECTIVE : This review briefly describes the NAR pharmacokinetics and it mainly focus on in vitro and in vivo animal studies showing NAR beneficial effects on cardiovascular , metabolic , neurological and pulmonary disorders and cancer .
The anabolic effects of NAR on different models of bone and dental diseases are also analyzed .
In addition , the evidence of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reported as well as its influence on the microbiota composition and activity .
Finally , current research on NAR formulations and clinical applications are discussed .
METHODS : The PubMed database was searched until 2019 , using the keywords NAR , naringenin , cardiovascular and metabolic disorders , neurological and pulmonary disorders , cancer , bone and dental diseases , gastrointestinal tract , microbiota , NAR formulations , clinical trials .
RESULTS : The number of studies related to the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of NAR is limited .
Positive effects of NAR have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2 Diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) , metabolic syndrome , pulmonary disorders , neurodegenerative diseases , cancer and gastrointestinal pathologies .
Current NAR formulations seem to improve its bioavailability , which would allow its clinical application .
CONCLUSION : NAR is endowed with broad biological effects that could improve human health .
Since a scarce number of clinical studies have been performed , the use of them requires more investigation in order to know better their safety , efficacy , delivery and bioavailability in humans .

BACKGROUND: Naringin (NAR) is a flavonoid enriched in several medicinal plants and fruits. An increasing interest in this molecule has been emerging because it has the potential to contribute to alleviating many health problems.
OBJECTIVE: This review briefly describes the NAR pharmacokinetics and it mainly focus on in vitro and in vivo animal studies showing NAR beneficial effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological and pulmonary disorders and cancer. The anabolic effects of NAR on different models of bone and dental diseases are also analyzed. In addition, the evidence of the NAR action on the gastrointestinal tract is reported as well as its influence on the microbiota composition and activity. Finally, current research on NAR formulations and clinical applications are discussed.
METHODS: The PubMed database was searched until 2019, using the keywords NAR, naringenin, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, neurological and pulmonary disorders, cancer, bone and dental diseases, gastrointestinal tract, microbiota, NAR formulations, clinical trials.
RESULTS: The number of studies related to the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of NAR is limited. Positive effects of NAR have been reported on cardiovascular diseases, type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, pulmonary disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and gastrointestinal pathologies. Current NAR formulations seem to improve its bioavailability, which would allow its clinical application.
CONCLUSION: NAR is endowed with broad biological effects that could improve human health. Since a scarce number of clinical studies have been performed, the use of them requires more investigation in order to know better their safety, efficacy, delivery and bioavailability in humans.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Naringin inhibits titanium particles-induced up-regulation of TNF-α and IL-6.

AIMS : Inflammatory responses to wear debris cause osteolysis that leads to aseptic loosening and hip arthroplasty failure .
Wear debris stimulate macrophages and fibroblasts to secret proinflammatory cytokines , including TNF-α and IL-6 , which have been specifically implicated in periprosthetic osteolysis and osteoclast differentiation .
Naringin has anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages .
Moreover , naringin inhibited osteoclastogenesis and wear particles-induced osteolysis .
In this study , we examined the potential inhibitory effects of naringin on titanium ( Ti ) particle-induced proinflammatory cytokines secretion in fibroblasts and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Fibroblasts were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of revision surgery performed due to aseptic loosening after hip arthroplasty and were cultured in the presence or absence of Ti particles , naringin and mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) inhibitors , PD98059 ( a selective inhibitor of ERK ) , SP600125 ( a selective inhibitor of JNK ) , and SB203580 ( a selective inhibitor of p38 ) .
TNF-α and IL-6 assays were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits .
The phosphorylation levels of p38 and nuclear factor kappa B p65 ( NF-κB p65 ) were examined by western blot @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly suppressed the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by titanium particles in fibroblasts , while inhibition of ERK or JNK pathways showed no effect on production of TNF-α and IL-6 .
Moreover , naringin inhibited Ti particle-induced phosphorylation of p38 and p65 .
CONCLUSIONS : These results indicated that naringin could inhibit Ti particle-induced inflammation in fibroblasts by inhibiting p38 MAPK/NF-κB p65 activity and might be a potential drug for the treatment of inflammatory periprosthetic osteolysis after arthroplasty .

AIMS: Inflammatory responses to wear debris cause osteolysis that leads to aseptic loosening and hip arthroplasty failure. Wear debris stimulate macrophages and fibroblasts to secret proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, which have been specifically implicated in periprosthetic osteolysis and osteoclast differentiation. Naringin has anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages. Moreover, naringin inhibited osteoclastogenesis and wear particles-induced osteolysis. In this study, we examined the potential inhibitory effects of naringin on titanium (Ti) particle-induced proinflammatory cytokines secretion in fibroblasts and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fibroblasts were isolated from periprosthetic membrane at the time of revision surgery performed due to aseptic loosening after hip arthroplasty and were cultured in the presence or absence of Ti particles, naringin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, PD98059 (a selective inhibitor of ERK), SP600125 (a selective inhibitor of JNK), and SB203580 (a selective inhibitor of p38). TNF-α and IL-6 assays were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The phosphorylation levels of p38 and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) were examined by western blot.
RESULTS: Naringin or SB203580 pretreatment significantly suppressed the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by titanium particles in fibroblasts, while inhibition of ERK or JNK pathways showed no effect on production of TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, naringin inhibited Ti particle-induced phosphorylation of p38 and p65.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that naringin could inhibit Ti particle-induced inflammation in fibroblasts by inhibiting p38 MAPK/NF-κB p65 activity and might be a potential drug for the treatment of inflammatory periprosthetic osteolysis after arthroplasty.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Naringin is a potential therapeutic agent which could play an important role in the management of me

Naringin is a potential therapeutic agent which could play an important role in the management of metabolic disorders.

Naringin is a citrus-flavonoid which has been shown to have positive metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects .
For this reason , @ @ @ @ @ interesting to study the effects of Naringin administration on body weight , BMI , lipid @ @ @ @ @ patients with dyslipidemia , especially considering that dyslipidemias along with obesity and subsequent cardiometabolic complications @ @ @ @ @ important public health issues plaguing our society today .
A double-blind , randomized clinical trial @ @ @ @ @ of 28 adult patients previously diagnosed with dyslipidemia who attended the Institute of Experimental and @ @ @ @ @ divided into two groups ; the first group ( n = 14 ) received 450 @ @ @ @ @ hours , in the mornings , while the second group ( n = 14 ) @ @ @ @ @ over the course of a 90-day period .
Significant differences were observed in naringin group @ @ @ @ @ in terms of decreased BMI ( 30.6 ± 3.19 vs 33.3 ± 3.23 kg/m ; @ @ @ @ @ total cholesterol ( 182 ± 20.2 vs 245 ± 24.1 mg/dl ; p

Naringin is a citrus-flavonoid which has been shown to have positive metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. For this reason, we believe it would be interesting to study the effects of Naringin administration on body weight, BMI, lipid profile and adiponectin levels in patients with dyslipidemia, especially considering that dyslipidemias along with obesity and subsequent cardiometabolic complications are some of the most important public health issues plaguing our society today. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in a group of 28 adult patients previously diagnosed with dyslipidemia who attended the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group (n = 14) received 450 mg of naringin every 24 hours, in the mornings, while the second group (n = 14) was given a homologated placebo over the course of a 90-day period. Significant differences were observed in naringin group compared to the placebo group in terms of decreased BMI (30.6 ± 3.19 vs 33.3 ± 3.23 kg/m; p = 0.03), total cholesterol (182 ± 20.2 vs 245 ± 24.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (100 ± 17.5 vs 125 ± 38.3 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and an increase in adiponectin levels (0.82 ± 0.25 vs 0.59 ± 0.19 μg/ml; p = 0.01). Our results support the use of Naringin as a potential therapeutic agent which could play an important role in the management ofmetabolic disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Natural dietary compound naringin inhibits glioblastoma cancer neoangiogenesis.

BACKGROUND : Flavonoids , which existed nearly in all fruits and vegetables , are considered as a class of plant-secondary @ @ @ @ @ and have properties with health-improving potential .
Yet , not so many experimental focus on @ @ @ @ @ vivo after external application .
Here we assessed the impacts of naringin in vitro and @ @ @ @ @ glioma U-87 cells implanted into athymic mice .
METHODS : Tumor size and animal survival @ @ @ @ @ mice bearing subcutaneous gliomas .
To define the effects of naringin on angiogenesis , in @ @ @ @ @ migration were assayed using endothelial HUVEC cell line .
RESULTS : Low concentration of naringin @ @ @ @ @ cell invasion .
Moreover , naringin has been shown to have a toxicity effect on @ @ @ @ @ way .
Furthermore , naringin administration ( 120 mg/kg/day ) applies serious anti-cancer belongings on @ @ @ @ @ a slow cancer progression .
CONCLUSIONS : Our study has provided the first evidence on @ @ @ @ @ , which is somehow due to the inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis .

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids, which existed nearly in all fruits and vegetables, are considered as a class of plant-secondary metabolites with a polyphenolic structure and have properties with health-improving potential. Yet, not so many experimental focus on the benefits of flavonoid in vivo after external application. Here we assessed the impacts of naringin in vitro and in vivo in the human glioma U-87 cells implanted into athymic mice.
METHODS: Tumor size and animal survival time were followed in naringin-treated mice bearing subcutaneous gliomas. To define the effects of naringin on angiogenesis, in vitro, tube formation and migration were assayed using endothelial HUVEC cell line.
RESULTS: Low concentration of naringin remarkably inhibited tubulogenesis and reduced cell invasion. Moreover, naringin has been shown to have a toxicity effect on U-87 cells in a dose-dependent way. Furthermore, naringin administration (120 mg/kg/day) applies serious anti-cancer belongings on glioblastoma, as demonstrated by a slow cancer progression.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study has provided the first evidence on the antitumor effect of naringin, which is somehow due to the inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Bisphenols as environmental triggers of thyroid dysfunction: clues and evidence.

Bisphenols ( BPs ) , and especially bisphenol A ( BPA ) , are known endocrine disruptors ( EDCs ) , capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities , as well as being suspected of other health outcomes .
Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades , this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid , considering original research in vitro , in vivo , and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019 .
Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ through multiple mechanisms .
The antagonism with thyroid receptors ( TRs ) , which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity , the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level , the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins , and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction .
In humans , results are more contradictory , though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules .
A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects .

Bisphenols (BPs), and especially bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors (EDCs), capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities, as well as being suspected of other health outcomes. Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades, this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid, considering original research in vitro, in vivo, and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the ability of BPs to disrupt thyroid function through multiple mechanisms. The antagonism with thyroid receptors (TRs), which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity, the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level, the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins, and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction. In humans, results are more contradictory, though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules. A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and prospective epidemiological studies with individual exposure assessments are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Bisphenol A induces focal adhesions assembly and activation of FAK, Src and ERK2 via GPER in MDA-MB-

Bisphenol A induces focal adhesions assembly and activation of FAK, Src and ERK2 via GPER in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is an industrial synthetic chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins .
Human exposition to BPA is primarily through eating food , and drinking liquids , because BPA can leach from polycarbonate plastic containers , beverage cans and epoxy resins .
BPA induces proliferation and migration in human breast cancer cells .
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor ( GPER ) is a G protein-coupled receptor coupled with Gs proteins that is activated by estrogen and estrogenic compounds and it is the receptor for BPA .
However , the signal transduction pathways @ @ @ @ @ @ @ negative breast cancer ( TNBC ) cells has not been studied in detail .
Here , we demonstrate that BPA induces an increase of GPER expression and activation of FAK , Src and ERK2 , and an increase of focal adhesion assembly via GPER in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells .
Moreover , BPA induces FAK and ERK2 activation , focal adhesion assembly and migration via epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) transactivation .
Collectively our data showed that BPA via GPER and/or EGFR transactivation induces activation of signal transduction pathways that mediate migration @ @ @ @ @

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial synthetic chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Human exposition to BPA is primarily through eating food, and drinking liquids, because BPA can leach from polycarbonate plastic containers, beverage cans and epoxy resins. BPA induces proliferation and migration in human breast cancer cells. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a G protein-coupled receptor coupled with Gs proteins that is activated by estrogen and estrogenic compounds and it is the receptor for BPA. However, the signal transduction pathways that mediate migration via BPA/GPER in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells has not been studied in detail. Here, we demonstrate that BPA induces an increase of GPER expression and activation of FAK, Src and ERK2, and an increase of focal adhesion assembly via GPER in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, BPA induces FAK and ERK2 activation, focal adhesion assembly and migration via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Collectively our data showed that BPA via GPER and/or EGFR transactivation induces activation of signal transduction pathways that mediate migration in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Antinociceptive properties of morusin.

Antinociceptive properties of morusin.

The antinociceptive effects of morusin ( 1 ) , the main prenylflavonoid present in the Morus nigra root barks have @ @ @ @ @ of pain in mice .
The results showed that 1 exhibits a promising antinociceptive or @ @ @ @ @ route , being more potent than some standard drugs used as reference .
The mechanism @ @ @ @ @ antinociceptive activity still remains undetermined , but our results strongly suggest that it involves the @ @ @ @ @ .

The antinociceptive effects of morusin (1), the main prenylflavonoid present in the Morus nigra root barks have been investigated in classical models of pain in mice. The results showed that 1 exhibits a promising antinociceptive or analgesic profile by the intraperitoneal route, being more potent than some standard drugs used as reference. The mechanism by which the morusin exerts antinociceptive activity still remains undetermined, but our results strongly suggest that it involves the participation of the opioid system.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin induces apoptosis and suppresses NF-kappaB activity in human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells.

Morusin is a pure compound isolated from root bark of Morusaustralis ( Moraceae ) .
In this study , we @ @ @ @ @ the growth and clonogenicity of human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells .
Apoptosis induced by morusin @ @ @ @ @ cells at the sub-G ( 1 ) phase , fragmentation of DNA , and condensation @ @ @ @ @ inhibited the phosphorylation of IKK-alpha , IKK-beta and IkappaB-alpha , increased expression of IkappaB-alpha , @ @ @ @ @ NF-kappaB and its DNA binding activity .
Dephosphorylation of NF-kappaB upstream regulators PI3K , Akt @ @ @ @ @ .
In addition , activation of caspase-8 , change of mitochondrial membrane potential , release @ @ @ @ @ , and activation of caspase-9 and -3 were observed at the early time point .
@ @ @ @ @ Ku70 and XIAP was exhibited afterward .
Caspase-8 or wide-ranging caspase inhibitor suppressed morusin-induced apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ mechanism of morusin in HT-29 cells may be via activation of caspases and inhibition of @ @

Morusin is a pure compound isolated from root bark of Morusaustralis (Moraceae). In this study, we demonstrated that morusin significantly inhibited the growth and clonogenicity of human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells. Apoptosis induced by morusin was characterized by accumulation of cells at the sub-G(1) phase, fragmentation of DNA, and condensation of chromatin. Morusin also inhibited the phosphorylation of IKK-alpha, IKK-beta and IkappaB-alpha, increased expression of IkappaB-alpha, and suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and its DNA binding activity. Dephosphorylation of NF-kappaB upstream regulators PI3K, Akt and PDK1 was also displayed. In addition, activation of caspase-8, change of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 were observed at the early time point. Downregulation in the expression of Ku70 and XIAP was exhibited afterward. Caspase-8 or wide-ranging caspase inhibitor suppressed morusin-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the antitumor mechanism of morusin in HT-29 cells may be via activation of caspases and inhibition of NF-kappaB.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin inhibits human cervical cancer stem cell growth and migration.

Cancer stem cells ( CSCs ) are believed to be responsible for tumor metastasis , recurrence , and high mortality of cancer patients due to their high tumorigenicity resistance to chemo-radiotherapy .
Morusin possesses anti-cancer activity through attenuation of NF-κB activity , which is up-regulated in cancer stem cells .
The purpose of this study is to confirm the growth and migration inhibition effect of morusin on human cervical CSCs , and to clarify its partial mechanism of activity .
Human cervical CSCs were enriched using non-adhesive culture system .
Theirstemness characteristics were identified with tumor sphere formation , self-renewal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , RT-PCR analysis , and immunofluorescence staining of putative stem cell markers , Oct4 , SOX2 , and ALDH1 ; the epithelial-to-mesenchymal ( EMT ) transition markers and relevant transcription factors were evaluated with Western blotting .
The growth and migration inhibition effects of morusin on human cervical CSCs were tested by cell proliferation , tumor sphere formation , and transwell assay ; apoptotic death of human cervical CSCs in response to morusin was measured with DAPI staining , apoptotic DNA fragmentation ; NF-κBp65 , Bcl-2 , Bax , and caspase-3 protein expressions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this non-adhesive culture system , typical tumor spheres appeared within 5-7 days , the tumor sphere formation , self-renewal , and cell migration , expressionsof putative stem cell markers , EMT markers , and relevant transcription factors of the tumor sphere cells were increased significantly .
After morusin treatment , the proliferation , tumor sphere formation , and migration of human cervical CSCs were decreased significantly , DAPI-stained apoptotic cellsincreased , apoptotic DNA fragmentations formed evidently ; the expression levels of NF-κBp65 and Bcl-2 decreased significantly , Bax , and caspase-3 increased significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ non-adhesive culture system , human cervical CSCs were enriched and expanded .
Morusin has the potential to target and kill CSCs , and can inhibit human cervical growth and migration through NF-κB attenuation mediated apoptosis induction .

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for tumor metastasis, recurrence, and high mortality of cancer patients due to their high tumorigenicity resistance to chemo-radiotherapy. Morusin possesses anti-cancer activity through attenuation of NF-κB activity, which is up-regulated in cancer stem cells. The purpose of this study is to confirm the growth and migration inhibition effect of morusin on human cervical CSCs, and to clarify its partial mechanism of activity. Human cervical CSCs were enriched using non-adhesive culture system. Theirstemness characteristics were identified with tumor sphere formation, self-renewal, toluidine blue staining, migration assays, RT-PCR analysis, and immunofluorescence staining of putative stem cell markers, Oct4, SOX2, and ALDH1; the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition markers and relevant transcription factors were evaluated with Western blotting. The growth and migration inhibition effects of morusin on human cervical CSCs were tested by cell proliferation, tumor sphere formation, and transwell assay; apoptotic death of human cervical CSCs in response to morusin was measured with DAPI staining, apoptotic DNA fragmentation; NF-κBp65, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 protein expressions were detected through Western blotting. Under this non-adhesive culture system, typical tumor spheres appeared within 5-7 days, the tumor sphere formation, self-renewal, and cell migration, expressionsof putative stem cell markers, EMT markers, and relevant transcription factors of the tumor sphere cells were increased significantly. After morusin treatment, the proliferation, tumor sphere formation, and migration of human cervical CSCs were decreased significantly, DAPI-stained apoptotic cellsincreased, apoptotic DNA fragmentations formed evidently; the expression levels of NF-κBp65 and Bcl-2 decreased significantly, Bax, and caspase-3 increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Using the non-adhesive culture system, human cervical CSCs were enriched and expanded. Morusin has the potential to target and kill CSCs, and can inhibit human cervical growth and migration through NF-κB attenuation mediated apoptosis induction.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Antitumor progression potential of morusin suppressing STAT3 and NFκB in human hepatoma SK-Hep1 cell

Antitumor progression potential of morusin suppressing STAT3 and NFκB in human hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells.

Morusin is a prenylated flavonoid that has been isolated from the root bark of the mulberry tree ( Morus species , Moraceae ) , a Chinese traditional medicine .
It has been synthesized by our laboratory from commercially available phloroglucinol , and has demonstrated to possess antitumor effects of cell lines including A549 , MCF-7 , and MDA-MB-231 .
In this study , at non-cytotoxic concentrations , morusin altered invasive morphology and suppressed cell-matrix adhesion , cell motility and cell invasion in SK-Hep1 cells .
Morusin also increased the expression of E-cadherin , an epithelial cell junction protein , decreased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ marker , andα2- , α6- , β1- integrin , which regulated cancer attachment and migration .
In addition , morusin reduced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 ( MMP-2 and MMP-9 ) , which were involved in extracellular matrix ( ECM ) degradation and promoting cancer cell invasion .
Furthermore , morusin suppressed the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) and nuclear factor-κB ( NFκB ) signaling pathways , which modulate the protein expression involved in the invasion process .
Finally , morusin decreased the lung colonization of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
These results indicatemorusin possesses antitumor progression potential through suppressing STAT3 and NFκB .

Morusin is a prenylated flavonoid that has been isolated from the root bark of the mulberry tree (Morus species, Moraceae), a Chinese traditional medicine. It has been synthesized by our laboratory from commercially available phloroglucinol, and has demonstrated to possess antitumor effects of cell lines including A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. In this study, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, morusin altered invasive morphology and suppressed cell-matrix adhesion, cell motility and cell invasion in SK-Hep1 cells. Morusin also increased the expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial cell junction protein, decreased the expression of vimentin, a mesecnchymal marker, andα2-, α6-, β1- integrin, which regulated cancer attachment and migration. In addition, morusin reduced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), which were involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and promoting cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, morusin suppressed the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signaling pathways, which modulate the protein expression involved in the invasion process. Finally, morusin decreased the lung colonization of the SK-Hep1 cells in the nude mice. These results indicatemorusin possesses antitumor progression potential through suppressing STAT3 and NFκB.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin inhibits glioblastoma stem cell growth in vitro and in vivo.

Glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) cancer stem cells ( GSCs ) are responsible for the progression and recurrence of GBM after conventional therapy .
Morusin possesses anti-cancer activity in vitro .
The purpose of this study is to confirm the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human GSCs growth in vitro and in vivo and to explore the possible mechanism of its activity .
Human GSCs were enriched under nonadhesive culture system , and characterized through neurosphere formation , toluidine blue staining , immunofluorescence staining , Western blotting analysis of stemness markers of CD133 , nestin , Sox2 and Oct4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ growth inhibition effect of morusin on human GSCs in vitro and in vivo were tested by cell cytotoxicity , neurosphere formation inhibition , adipogenic differentiation , apoptosis induction , and tumor growth inhibition in vivo assays .
The potential molecular mechanisms underlying the growth inhibition effect of morusin on GSCs in vitro and in vivo were investigated with Western blotting evaluation of stemness , adipogenic , and apoptotic proteins in morusin treated GSCs and tumor tissues .
GSCs enriched under nonadhesive culture system possess stemness characterstics ; Morusin inhibited GSCs growth in vitro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of GSCs , induced them adipocyte-like transdifferention and apoptosis .
Morusin has the potential to inhibit human GSCs growth in vitro and in vivo through stemness attenuation , adipocyte transdifferentiation , and apoptosis induction .

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cancer stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for the progression and recurrence of GBM after conventional therapy. Morusin possesses anti-cancer activity in vitro. The purpose of this study is to confirm the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human GSCs growth in vitro and in vivo and to explore the possible mechanism of its activity. Human GSCs were enriched under nonadhesive culture system, and characterized through neurosphere formation, toluidine blue staining, immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting analysis of stemness markers of CD133, nestin, Sox2 and Oct4, and tumorigenecity in vivo; the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human GSCs in vitro and in vivo were tested by cell cytotoxicity, neurosphere formation inhibition, adipogenic differentiation, apoptosis induction, and tumor growth inhibition in vivo assays. The potential molecular mechanisms underlying the growth inhibition effect of morusin on GSCs in vitro and in vivo were investigated with Western blotting evaluation of stemness, adipogenic, and apoptotic proteins in morusin treated GSCs and tumor tissues. GSCs enriched under nonadhesive culture system possess stemness characterstics; Morusin inhibited GSCs growth in vitro and in vivo, it reduced stemness of GSCs, induced them adipocyte-like transdifferention and apoptosis. Morusin has the potential to inhibit human GSCs growth in vitro and in vivo through stemness attenuation, adipocyte transdifferentiation, and apoptosis induction.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--These results suggest that morusin could be a potentially therapeutic agent for prostate cancer by r

These results suggest that morusin could be a potentially therapeutic agent for prostate cancer by reducing STAT3 activity and inducing apoptosis.

STAT3 has been recognized as an efficacious drug target for prostate cancer because of its constitutive activation in this fatal @ @ @ @ @ the root bark of Morus alba Linn .
as a potential STAT3 inhibitor among 33 @ @ @ @ @ .
Morusin , an active compound isolated from the root bark of Morus alba , @ @ @ @ @ effects .
In the present study , we examined whether morusin has a potential as @ @ @ @ @ cancer .
We found that morusin suppressed viability of prostate cancer cells , but little @ @ @ @ @ epithelial cells .
Morusin also reduced STAT3 activity by inhibiting its phosphorylation , nuclear accumulation @ @ @ @ @ .
In addition , morusin down-regulated expression of STAT3 target genes encoding Bcl-xL , Bcl-2 @ @ @ @ @ Cyclin D1 , which are involved in regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle .
Furthermore @ @ @ @ @ human prostate cancer cells by reducing STAT3 activity .
Taken together , these results suggest @ @ @ @ @ potentially therapeutic agent for prostate cancer by reducing STAT3 activity and inducing apoptosis .

STAT3 has been recognized as an efficacious drug target for prostate cancer because of its constitutive activation in this fatal disease. We recently identified the root bark of Morus alba Linn. as a potential STAT3 inhibitor among 33 phytomedicines traditionally used in Korea. Morusin, an active compound isolated from the root bark of Morus alba, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we examined whether morusin has a potential as an anti-cancer agent in prostate cancer. We found that morusin suppressed viability of prostate cancer cells, but little effect in normal human prostate epithelial cells. Morusin also reduced STAT3 activity by inhibiting its phosphorylation, nuclear accumulation, and DNA binding activity. In addition, morusin down-regulated expression of STAT3 target genes encoding Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Survivin, c-Myc and Cyclin D1, which are involved in regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, morusin induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by reducing STAT3 activity. Taken together, these results suggest that morusin could be a potentially therapeutic agent for prostate cancer by reducing STAT3 activity and inducing apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin has the potential to inhibit human breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND : Breast cancer is the most fatal malignant cancer among women , the conventional therapeutic modalities of it are limited .
Morusin possesses cytotoxicity against some cancer cells in vitro .
The purpose of this study is to test the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo and to explore the potential mechanism of its action .
METHODS : The growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo were tested by cell cytotoxicity , colony formation inhibition , adipogenic differentiation , apoptosis induction , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The potential molecular mechanisms underlying the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo were investigated with Western blotting evaluation of expression levels of transcription factors , C/EBPβ and PPARγ , adipogenic and apoptotic proteins in morusin treated breast cancer cells and tumor tissues .
RESULTS : Morusin inhibited breast cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo ; it induced adipogenic differentiation , apoptosis and lipoapoptosis of cancer cells .
CONCLUSIONS : Morusin has the potential to inhibit human breast cancer cell growth in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PPARγ mediated lipoapoptosis .

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most fatal malignant cancer among women, the conventional therapeutic modalities of it are limited. Morusin possesses cytotoxicity against some cancer cells in vitro. The purpose of this study is to test the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo and to explore the potential mechanism of its action.
METHODS: The growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo were tested by cell cytotoxicity, colony formation inhibition, adipogenic differentiation, apoptosis induction, and tumor growth inhibition in vivo assays. The potential molecular mechanisms underlying the growth inhibition effect of morusin on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo were investigated with Western blotting evaluation of expression levels of transcription factors, C/EBPβ and PPARγ, adipogenic and apoptotic proteins in morusin treated breast cancer cells and tumor tissues.
RESULTS: Morusin inhibited breast cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo; it induced adipogenic differentiation, apoptosis and lipoapoptosis of cancer cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Morusin has the potential to inhibit human breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo through C/EBPβ and PPARγ mediated lipoapoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Blockage of STAT3 signalling pathway by morusin induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion in human pan

Blockage of STAT3 signalling pathway by morusin induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion in human pancreatic tumor cells.

OBJECTIVES : Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) is an oncogenic transcription factor implicated in carcinogenesis .
Here , we investigated the role of morusin , the major prenylflavonoid , isolated from Chinese herbal medicine in abrogating the constitutive STAT3 activation in human pancreatic tumor cells .
METHODS : The effect of morusin on STAT3 activation , associated protein kinases , STAT3-regulated gene products , cellular proliferation , and apoptosis was examined .
RESULTS : Morusin specifically inhibited constitutive STAT3 activation both at tyrosine residue 705 and serine residue 727 in 4 pancreatic tumor cells .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the suppression of activation of upstream JAK1 , JAK2 , and c-Src kinases .
Morusin led to the accumulation of the cells in different phases of the cell cycle and caused induction of apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential .
Morusin downregulated the expression of various STAT3-regulated gene products ; this correlated with induction of caspase-3 activation and anti-invasive effects .
Treatment with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate reversed the morusin-induced downregulation of STAT3 , thereby suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase .
CONCLUSIONS : Morusin is a novel @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have potential in negative regulation of growth and metastasis of pancreatic tumor cells .

OBJECTIVES: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor implicated in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of morusin, the major prenylflavonoid, isolated from Chinese herbal medicine in abrogating the constitutive STAT3 activation in human pancreatic tumor cells.
METHODS: The effect of morusin on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases, STAT3-regulated gene products, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis was examined.
RESULTS: Morusin specifically inhibited constitutive STAT3 activation both at tyrosine residue 705 and serine residue 727 in 4 pancreatic tumor cells. The inhibition of STAT3 was mediated through the suppression of activation of upstream JAK1, JAK2, and c-Src kinases. Morusin led to the accumulation of the cells in different phases of the cell cycle and caused induction of apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Morusin downregulated the expression of various STAT3-regulated gene products; this correlated with induction of caspase-3 activation and anti-invasive effects. Treatment with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate reversed the morusin-induced downregulation of STAT3, thereby suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase.
CONCLUSIONS: Morusin is a novel blocker of STAT3 activation and thus may have potential in negative regulation of growth and metastasis of pancreatic tumor cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin induces TRAIL sensitization by regulating EGFR and DR5 in human glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant primary tumors , and the prognosis for glioblastoma patients remains poor .
Tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( TRAIL ) is considered a promising anticancer agent due to its remarkable ability to selectively kill tumor cells .
However , since many cancers are resistant to TRAIL , strategies to overcome resistance are required for the successful use of TRAIL in the clinic .
In the present study , the potential of morusin as a TRAIL sensitizer in human glioblastoma cells was evaluated .
Treatment with TRAIL or morusin alone showed weak cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma @ @ @ @ @ @ @ TRAIL with morusin synergistically decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared with single treatment .
Morusin induced expression of death receptor 5 ( DR5 ) , but not DR4 or decoy receptors ( DcR1 and DcR2 ) .
Furthermore , morusin significantly decreased anti-apoptotic molecules survivin and XIAP .
In addition , morusin reduced expression of EGFR and PDFGR as well as phosphorylation of STAT3 , possibly mediating down-regulation of survivin and XIAP .
Together these results suggest that morusin enhances TRAIL sensitivity in human glioblastoma cells through regulating expression of DR5 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of TRAIL and morusin may be a new therapeutic strategy for malignant glioma patients .

Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant primary tumors, and the prognosis for glioblastoma patients remains poor. Tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered a promising anticancer agent due to its remarkable ability to selectively kill tumor cells. However, since many cancers are resistant to TRAIL, strategies to overcome resistance are required for the successful use of TRAIL in the clinic. In the present study, the potential of morusin as a TRAIL sensitizer in human glioblastoma cells was evaluated. Treatment with TRAIL or morusin alone showed weak cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma cells. However, combination treatment of TRAIL with morusin synergistically decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared with single treatment. Morusin induced expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), but not DR4 or decoy receptors (DcR1 and DcR2). Furthermore, morusin significantly decreased anti-apoptotic molecules survivin and XIAP. In addition, morusin reduced expression of EGFR and PDFGR as well as phosphorylation of STAT3, possibly mediating down-regulation of survivin and XIAP. Together these results suggest that morusin enhances TRAIL sensitivity in human glioblastoma cells through regulating expression of DR5 and EGFR. Therefore, the combination treatment of TRAIL and morusin may be a new therapeutic strategy for malignant glioma patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Autophagy inhibits cell death induced by the anti-cancer drug morusin.

Autophagy is a cellular process by which damaged organelles and dysfunctional proteins are degraded .
Morusin is an anti-cancer drug isolated from the root bark of .
Morusin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by reducing STAT3 activity .
In this study , we examined whether morusin induces autophagy and also examined the effects of autophagy on the morusin-induced apoptosis .
Morusin induces LC3-II accumulation and ULK1 activation in HeLa cells .
In addition , we found that induction of ULK1 Ser317 phosphorylation and reduction of ULK1 Ser757 phosphorylation occurred simultaneously during morusin-induced autophagy .
Consistently , morusin induces @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of mTOR activity .
Next , we investigated the role of autophagy in morusin-induced apoptosis .
Inhibition of autophagy by treating cells with the 3-methyladenine ( 3-MA ) autophagic inhibitor induces high levels of morusin-mediated apoptosis , while treatment of cells with morusin alone induces moderate levels of apoptosis .
Cell survival was greatly reduced when cells were treated with morusin and 3-MA .
Taken together , morusin induces autophagy , which is an impediment for morusin-induced apoptosis , suggesting combined treatment of morusin with an autophagic inhibitor would increase the efficacy of @ @ @ @ @ @

Autophagy is a cellular process by which damaged organelles and dysfunctional proteins are degraded. Morusin is an anti-cancer drug isolated from the root bark of. Morusin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by reducing STAT3 activity. In this study, we examined whether morusin induces autophagy and also examined the effects of autophagy on the morusin-induced apoptosis. Morusin induces LC3-II accumulation and ULK1 activation in HeLa cells. In addition, we found that induction of ULK1 Ser317 phosphorylation and reduction of ULK1 Ser757 phosphorylation occurred simultaneously during morusin-induced autophagy. Consistently, morusin induces autophagy by activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR activity. Next, we investigated the role of autophagy in morusin-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by treating cells with the 3-methyladenine (3-MA) autophagic inhibitor induces high levels of morusin-mediated apoptosis, while treatment of cells with morusin alone induces moderate levels of apoptosis. Cell survival was greatly reduced when cells were treated with morusin and 3-MA. Taken together, morusin induces autophagy, which is an impediment for morusin-induced apoptosis, suggesting combined treatment of morusin with an autophagic inhibitor would increase the efficacy of morusin as an anti-cancer drug.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin shows potent antitumor activity for human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is one of the most aggressive cancers with high mortality worldwide .
Research and development of novel agents for HCC therapy is in demand , urgently .
Morusin has been reported to exhibit potential cytotoxic activity in several cancer cell lines .
However , whether it has potential antiangiogenic activity especially in HCC remains unclear .
In the current study , we found that morusin exerted growth inhibition effects on human HCC cells ( HepG2 and Hep3B ) in vitro and human HCC cell ( HepG2 ) xenografts in vivo .
Moreover , apoptosis induction @ @ @ @ @ @ @ morusin treatment along with an increase in the expression of active caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio .
More importantly , morusin inhibited proliferation , migration , and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) in vitro and downregulated angiogenic proteins in HCC cells and HUVECs .
In vivo , tumor angiogenesis was also attenuated after morusin treatment .
In addition , morusin suppressed constitutive as well as IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in HCC cells and corresponding tumor tissues .
Overall , morusin has a potential anticancer effect on human @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting anti-angiogenesis .
The corresponding mechanism might be associated with the attenuation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway .
Morusin might serve as a promising novel anticancer agent in HCC therapy , and requires further study .

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with high mortality worldwide. Research and development of novel agents for HCC therapy is in demand, urgently. Morusin has been reported to exhibit potential cytotoxic activity in several cancer cell lines. However, whether it has potential antiangiogenic activity especially in HCC remains unclear. In the current study, we found that morusin exerted growth inhibition effects on human HCC cells (HepG2 and Hep3B) in vitro and human HCC cell (HepG2) xenografts in vivo. Moreover, apoptosis induction was observed in a dose-dependent manner after morusin treatment along with an increase in the expression of active caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. More importantly, morusin inhibited proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and downregulated angiogenic proteins in HCC cells and HUVECs. In vivo, tumor angiogenesis was also attenuated after morusin treatment. In addition, morusin suppressed constitutive as well as IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in HCC cells and corresponding tumor tissues. Overall, morusin has a potential anticancer effect on human HCC cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting anti-angiogenesis. The corresponding mechanism might be associated with the attenuation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Morusin might serve as a promising novel anticancer agent in HCC therapy, and requires further study.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Dietary supplementation with purified mulberry anthocyanins can protect against body weight gain.

We present our experiment about adding anthocyanins to the daily food of mice .
Three kinds of anthocyanins ( cyanidin-3-glucoside @ @ @ @ @ purified from Chinese mulberry ( Morus australis Poir ) were evaluated for suppressing body weight @ @ @ @ @ mice fed with high-fat diet ( HFD ) .
The results from a 12-week experiment @ @ @ @ @ mulberry anthocyanins ( MACN ) of 40 or 200mg/kg can significantly inhibit body weight gain @ @ @ @ @ insulin , lower the size of adipocytes , attenuate lipid accumulation and decrease the leptin @ @ @ @ @ supplementation with MACN can protect against body weight gain of the diet-induced obese mice .

We present our experiment about adding anthocyanins to the daily food of mice. Three kinds of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside) purified from Chinese mulberry (Morus australis Poir) were evaluated for suppressing body weight gain of the male C57BL/6 mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). The results from a 12-week experiment show that consumption of purified mulberry anthocyanins (MACN) of 40 or 200mg/kg can significantly inhibit body weight gain, reduce the resistance to insulin, lower the size of adipocytes, attenuate lipid accumulation and decrease the leptin secretion. Thus, dietary supplementation with MACN can protect against body weight gain of the diet-induced obese mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Increasing doses of blueberry polyphenols alters colonic metabolism and calcium absorption in ovarie

Increasing doses of blueberry polyphenols alters colonic metabolism and calcium absorption in ovariectomized rats.

SCOPE : Blueberries are rich sources of bioactive polyphenols that may provide health benefits when consumed regularly , leading to their increased marketing as dietary supplements .
However , the metabolic changes associated with consuming concentrated doses of purified polyphenols , as may be present in dietary supplements , are unknown , especially when considering the colonic metabolites formed .
This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of high doses of purified blueberry polyphenols .
METHODS AND RESULTS : 5-month old , ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats are acutely dosed with purified blueberry polyphenols ( 0 , 75 , 350 , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weight ( bw ) ) andCa to measure calcium absorption .
Blood and urine are collected for 48 h after dosing and phenolic metabolites measured via ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS/MS ) .
The most prominent metabolites are colonically generated cinnamic and hippuric acids .
Smaller amounts of other phenolic acids , flavonols , and anthocyanins are also detected .
Most metabolites follow a dose-response relationship , though several show saturated absorption .
Maximal metabolite concentrations are reached within 12 h for a majority of compounds measured , while some @ @ @ @ @ @ @ up to 24 h post-dosing .
Calcium absorption is significantly increased in the highest dose group ( p = 0.03 ) .
CONCLUSION : These results indicate that increased doses of blueberry polyphenols induce changes in intestinal phenolic metabolism and increase calcium absorption .

SCOPE: Blueberries are rich sources of bioactive polyphenols that may provide health benefits when consumed regularly, leading to their increased marketing as dietary supplements. However, the metabolic changes associated with consuming concentrated doses of purified polyphenols, as may be present in dietary supplements, are unknown, especially when considering the colonic metabolites formed. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of high doses of purified blueberry polyphenols.
METHODS AND RESULTS: 5-month old, ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats are acutely dosed with purified blueberry polyphenols (0, 75, 350, and 1000 mg total polyphenols per kg body weight (bw)) andCa to measure calcium absorption. Blood and urine are collected for 48 h after dosing and phenolic metabolites measured via ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The most prominent metabolites are colonically generated cinnamic and hippuric acids. Smaller amounts of other phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins are also detected. Most metabolites follow a dose-response relationship, though several show saturated absorption. Maximal metabolite concentrations are reached within 12 h for a majority of compounds measured, while some (e.g., hippuric acid) peaked up to 24 h post-dosing. Calcium absorption is significantly increased in the highest dose group (p = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that increased doses of blueberry polyphenols induce changes in intestinal phenolic metabolism and increase calcium absorption.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Medicinal plants and natural products as neuroprotective agents in age-related macular degeneration.

The retina may suffer neurodegenerative damages , as other tissues of the central nervous system do , and serious eye @ @ @ @ @ of them is age-related macular degeneration , which causes progressive loss of vision due to @ @ @ @ @ age-related macular degeneration focuses on antioxidant agents and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds , among @ @ @ @ @ stress and reduce neovascularisation respectively .
The phytochemicals , medicinal plants and/or plant-diet supplements might @ @ @ @ @ prevention or treatment of age-related macular degeneration owing to their antioxidant and anti-vascular endothelial growth @ @ @ @ @ article presents the most investigated plants and natural products in relation to age-related macular degeneration @ @ @ @ @ ginkgo , bilberry and blueberry , curcuma or turmeric , carotenoids , polyphenols , and @ @ @ @ @ study provides up-to-date information on the effects , treatments , safety and efficiency of these @ @ @

The retina may suffer neurodegenerative damages, as other tissues of the central nervous system do, and serious eye diseases may develop. One of them is age-related macular degeneration, which causes progressive loss of vision due to retina degeneration. Treatment of age-related macular degeneration focuses on antioxidant agents and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds, among others, that prevent/diminish oxidative stress and reduce neovascularisation respectively. The phytochemicals, medicinal plants and/or plant-diet supplements might be a useful adjunct in prevention or treatment of age-related macular degeneration owing to their antioxidant and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor properties. This review article presents the most investigated plants and natural products in relation to age-related macular degeneration, such as saffron, ginkgo, bilberry and blueberry, curcuma or turmeric, carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins C and E. This study provides up-to-date information on the effects, treatments, safety and efficiency of these phytotherapy products.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Prevention of atherosclerosis by berries: The case of blueberries.

Berry consumption has been associated with cardiovascular disease prevention in recent years .
Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases .
However , research on the prevention of atherosclerosis through consuming individual whole berries , specifically direct evidence , remains scarce .
Therefore , further elucidating the role that berries play in the prevention of atherosclerosis is warranted .
In this perspective , blueberries were selected to articulate research strategies for studying atheroprotective effects of berries .
Studies from human subjects and various animal models are summarized .
The mechanisms by which blueberries may act , through @ @ @ @ @ @ @ improving endothelial dysfunction , regulating cholesterol accumulation and trafficking , along with potentially influencing gut microbiota , are also discussed .
Blueberries contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds , which were widely indicated as major bioactive compounds .
Nonetheless , the metabolites/catabolites after blueberry consumption , such as simple phenolic acids , rather than original compounds in berries , may be the actual in vivo bioactive compounds .
Future research should focus on obtaining more direct evidence , preferably in humans , understanding of the mechanisms of action at the molecular level , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which compounds act synergistically to convey health benefits .
The research strategy discussed here may also be applied to the studies of other fruits and berries .

Berry consumption has been associated with cardiovascular disease prevention in recent years. Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases. However, research on the prevention of atherosclerosis through consuming individual whole berries, specifically direct evidence, remains scarce. Therefore, further elucidating the role that berries play in the prevention of atherosclerosis is warranted. In this perspective, blueberries were selected to articulate research strategies for studying atheroprotective effects of berries. Studies from human subjects and various animal models are summarized. The mechanisms by which blueberries may act, through reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammation, improving endothelial dysfunction, regulating cholesterol accumulation and trafficking, along with potentially influencing gut microbiota, are also discussed. Blueberries contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds, which were widely indicated as major bioactive compounds. Nonetheless, the metabolites/catabolites after blueberry consumption, such as simple phenolic acids, rather than original compounds in berries, may be the actual in vivo bioactive compounds. Future research should focus on obtaining more direct evidence, preferably in humans, understanding of the mechanisms of action at the molecular level, and identifying bioactive compounds as well as which compounds act synergistically to convey health benefits. The research strategy discussed here may also be applied to the studies of other fruits and berries.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Blueberry and mulberry juice prevent obesity development in C57BL/6 mice.

OBJECTIVES : To establish whether blueberry ( Vaccinium ashei ) and mulberry ( Morus australis Poir ) juice , anthocyanin @ @ @ @ @ help counteract obesity .
DESIGN : And Methods : Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a @ @ @ @ @ with or without blueberry and mulberry juice for 12 weeks .
Body weight , serum @ @ @ @ @ and adipose tissues morphology , insulin and leptin were assessed .
RESULTS : Mice fed @ @ @ @ @ , insulin resistance , serum and hepatic lipids .
In comparison , blueberry and mulberry @ @ @ @ @ , decreased the serum cholesterol , reduced the resistance to insulin , attenuated lipid accumulation @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSION : These results indicate that blueberry and mulberry juice may help counteract obesity @

OBJECTIVES: To establish whether blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) and mulberry (Morus australis Poir) juice, anthocyanin rich fruit juice, may help counteract obesity.
DESIGN: And Methods: Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without blueberry and mulberry juice for 12 weeks. Body weight, serum and hepatic lipids, liver and adipose tissues morphology, insulin and leptin were assessed.
RESULTS: Mice fed HFD exhibited increased body weight, insulin resistance, serum and hepatic lipids. In comparison, blueberry and mulberry juice inhibited body weight gain, decreased the serum cholesterol, reduced the resistance to insulin, attenuated lipid accumulation and decreased the leptin secretin.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that blueberry and mulberry juice may help counteract obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--This study suggests that Morus australis root has hepatoprotective potential.

Morus australis distributed widely in China has high value in food and agriculture .
Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as major constituents of M. australis root from Shaanxi province , China , while the protective effect of M. australis root on liver injury has never been determined in detail .
In this study , the hepatoprotective ability of M. australis root was investigated in vivo and in vitro .
The ethanol-water extract prepared from M. australis root showed protection on alcohol-induced liver damage in mice by decreasing the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase , aspartate transaminase , triacylglycerol @ @ @ @ @ @ @ contents .
Furthermore , among 12 major constituents of M. australis root , 10 flavonoids ( especially 1 ) showed protection against carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) -intoxicated HepG2 cell lines by decreased lactic dehydrogenase levels .
In addition a validated HPLC-DAD method was established for the quantitative analysis of 10 flavonoids in the bioactive extract .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Our results showed that M. australis root extract significantly alleviated the liver damage in mice .
Ten flavonoids from the root of this plant exhibited protection on CCl-intoxicated HepG2 cell lines .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hepatoprotective potential as a promising supplement for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases .

Morus australis distributed widely in China has high value in food and agriculture. Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as major constituents of M. australis root from Shaanxi province, China, while the protective effect of M. australis root on liver injury has never been determined in detail. In this study, the hepatoprotective ability of M. australis root was investigated in vivo and in vitro. The ethanol-water extract prepared from M. australis root showed protection on alcohol-induced liver damage in mice by decreasing the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, triacylglycerol and malondialdehyde, and by increasing glutathione contents. Furthermore, among 12 major constituents of M. australis root, 10 flavonoids (especially 1) showed protection against carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-intoxicated HepG2 cell lines by decreased lactic dehydrogenase levels. In addition a validated HPLC-DAD method was established for the quantitative analysis of 10 flavonoids in the bioactive extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our results showed that M. australis root extract significantly alleviated the liver damage in mice. Ten flavonoids from the root of this plant exhibited protection on CCl-intoxicated HepG2 cell lines. This study suggests that Morus australis root has hepatoprotective potential as a promising supplement for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-04--Morusin inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth by down-regulating c-Myc in human gastric cance

Morusin inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth by down-regulating c-Myc in human gastric cancer.

Morusin is a pure extract from the root bark of ( Moraceae ) .
In recent years , morusin has @ @ @ @ @ biological activity in some types of human cancers through different mechanisms .
Here , we @ @ @ @ @ effect and mechanism of morusin on gastric cancer .
Morusin markedly inhibited gastric cancer cell @ @ @ @ @ Cyclins , such as CDK2 , CDK4 , Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1 .
Additionally @ @ @ @ @ .
Up-regulation of CDKs and Cyclins in gastric cancer cells was induced by c-Myc binding @ @ @ @ @ CDKs and the Cyclin promoter .
In addition , compared with the control group , @ @ @ @ @ expression of c-Myc and c-Myc protein binding at the E-Box regions .
Based on these @ @ @ @ @ in gastric cancer cells and found that overexpressing c-Myc rescued morusin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation @ @ @ @ @ results suggest that morusin inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth by down-regulating c-Myc in human @ @ @

Morusin is a pure extract from the root bark of(Moraceae). In recent years, morusin has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor biological activity in some types of human cancers through different mechanisms. Here, we attempted to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of morusin on gastric cancer. Morusin markedly inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation by down-regulating CDKs and Cyclins, such as CDK2, CDK4, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1. Additionally, morusin suppressed tumor growthand. Up-regulation of CDKs and Cyclins in gastric cancer cells was induced by c-Myc binding at the E-Box regions of CDKs and the Cyclin promoter. In addition, compared with the control group, the morusin-treated group showed reduced expression of c-Myc and c-Myc protein binding at the E-Box regions. Based on these results, we overexpressed c-Myc in gastric cancer cells and found that overexpressing c-Myc rescued morusin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth. These results suggest that morusin inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth by down-regulating c-Myc in human gastric cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-05--Physiological impact of the N95 filtering facepiece respirator on healthcare workers.

OBJECTIVE : To assess the physiological impact of the N95 filtering facepiece respirator ( FFR ) on healthcare workers .
METHODS : Ten healthcare workers each conducted multiple 1-hour treadmill walking sessions , at 1.7 miles/h , and at 2.5 miles/h , while wearing FFR with exhalation valve , FFR without exhalation valve , and without FFR ( control session ) .
We monitored heart rate , respiratory rate , tidal volume , minute volume , blood oxygen saturation , and transcutaneously measured P ( CO2 ) .
We also measured user comfort and exertion , FFR moisture retention , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the FFR 's dead space .
RESULTS : There were no significant differences between FFR and control in the physiological variables , exertion scores , or comfort scores .
There was no significant difference in moisture retention between FFR with and without exhalation valve .
Two subjects had peak P ( CO2 ) > or = 50 mm Hg .
The FFR with exhalation valve offered no benefit in physiological burden over the FFR without valve .
The FFR dead-space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels did not meet the Occupational Safety and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CONCLUSIONS : In healthy healthcare workers , FFR did not impose any important physiological burden during 1 hour of use , at realistic clinical work rates , but the FFR dead-space carbon dioxide and oxygen levels were significantly above and below , respectively , the ambient workplace standards , and elevated P ( CO2 ) is a possibility .
Exhalation valve did not significantly ameliorate the FFR 's P ( CO2 ) impact .

OBJECTIVE: To assess the physiological impact of the N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) on healthcare workers.
METHODS: Ten healthcare workers each conducted multiple 1-hour treadmill walking sessions, at 1.7 miles/h, and at 2.5 miles/h, while wearing FFR with exhalation valve, FFR without exhalation valve, and without FFR (control session). We monitored heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, blood oxygen saturation, and transcutaneously measured P(CO2). We also measured user comfort and exertion, FFR moisture retention, and the carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in the FFR's dead space.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences between FFR and control in the physiological variables, exertion scores, or comfort scores. There was no significant difference in moisture retention between FFR with and without exhalation valve. Two subjects had peak P(CO2)>or = 50 mm Hg. The FFR with exhalation valve offered no benefit in physiological burden over the FFR without valve. The FFR dead-space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels did not meet the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's ambient workplace standards.
CONCLUSIONS: In healthy healthcare workers, FFR did not impose any important physiological burden during 1 hour of use, at realistic clinical work rates, but the FFR dead-space carbon dioxide and oxygen levels were significantly above and below, respectively, the ambient workplace standards, and elevated P(CO2) is a possibility. Exhalation valve did not significantly ameliorate the FFR's P(CO2) impact.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-05--Using N95 mask to prevent serious emerging infectious diseases should be weighed against potential r

Using N95 mask to prevent serious emerging infectious diseases should be weighed against potential respiratory consequences associated with extended N95 mask usage.

BACKGROUND : Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases have led to guidelines recommending the routine use of N95 respirators for healthcare workers , many of whom are women of childbearing age .
The respiratory effects of prolonged respirator use on pregnant women are unclear although there has been no definite evidence of harm from past use .
METHODS : We conducted a two-phase controlled clinical study on healthy pregnant women between 27 to 32 weeks gestation .
In phase I , energy expenditure corresponding to the workload of routine nursing tasks was determined .
In phase II , pulmonary function of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and exercising to the predetermined workload while breathing ambient air first , then breathing through N95-mask materials .
RESULTS : Exercising at 3 MET while breathing through N95-mask materials reduced mean tidal volume ( TV ) by 23.0 % ( 95 % CI -33.5 % to -10.5 % , p CONCLUSIONS : Breathing through N95 mask materials have been shown to impede gaseous exchange and impose an additional workload on the metabolic system of pregnant healthcare workers , and this needs to be taken into consideration in guidelines for respirator use .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ serious emerging infectious diseases should be weighed against potential respiratory consequences associated with extended N95 respirator usage .
TRIAL REGISTRATION : The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov , identifier NCT00265926 .

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases have led to guidelines recommending the routine use of N95 respirators for healthcare workers, many of whom are women of childbearing age. The respiratory effects of prolonged respirator use on pregnant women are unclear although there has been no definite evidence of harm from past use.
METHODS: We conducted a two-phase controlled clinical study on healthy pregnant women between 27 to 32 weeks gestation. In phase I, energy expenditure corresponding to the workload of routine nursing tasks was determined. In phase II, pulmonary function of 20 subjects was measured whilst at rest and exercising to the predetermined workload while breathing ambient air first, then breathing through N95-mask materials.
RESULTS: Exercising at 3 MET while breathing through N95-mask materials reduced mean tidal volume (TV) by 23.0 % (95 % CI -33.5 % to -10.5 %, p < 0.001) and lowered minute ventilation (VE) by 25.8 % (95 % CI -34.2 % to -15.8 %, p < 0.001), with no significant change in breathing frequency compared to breathing ambient air. Volumes of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide expired (VCO2) were also significantly reduced; VO2 by 13.8 % (95 % CI -24.2 % to -3 %, p = 0.013) and VCO2 by 17.7 %, (95 % CI -28.1 % to-8.6 %, p = 0.001). Although no changes in the inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were demonstrated, breathing through N95-mask materials during low intensity work (3 MET) reduced expired oxygen concentration by 3.2 % (95 % CI: -4.1 % to -2.2 %, p < 0.001), and increased expired carbon dioxide by 8.9 % (95 % CI: 6.9 % to 13.1 %; p<0.001) suggesting an increase in metabolism. There were however no changes in the maternal and fetal heart rates, finger-tip capillary lactate levels and oxygen saturation and rating of perceived exertion at the work intensity investigated.
CONCLUSIONS: Breathing through N95 mask materials have been shown to impede gaseous exchange and impose an additional workload on the metabolic system of pregnant healthcare workers, and this needs to be taken into consideration in guidelines for respirator use. The benefits of using N95 mask to prevent serious emerging infectious diseases should be weighed against potential respiratory consequences associated with extended N95 respirator usage.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT00265926.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-05--Wearing an N95 mask for 4 hours during HD significantly reduced PaO2 and increased respiratory adver

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Most patients with end-stage renal disease ( ERSD ) visiting our hospital for hemodialysis treatment during the SARS outbreak wore an N95 mask .
Data on the physiological stress imposed by the wearing of N95 masks remains limited .
This study investigated the physiological impact of wearing an N95 mask during hemodialysis ( HD ) on patients with ESRD .
METHODS : ESRD patients who received regular HD at National Taiwan University Hospital between April to June 2003 were enrolled .
Each patient wore a new N95 mask ( 3M Model 8210 ) during HD ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ clinical symptoms and arterial blood gas measured before and at the end of HD were compared .
RESULTS : Thirty nine patients ( 23 men ; mean age , 57.2 years ) were recruited for participation in the study .
Seventy percent of the patients showed a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen ( PaO2 ) , and 19 % developed various degrees of hypoxemia .
Wearing an N95 mask significantly reduced the PaO2 level ( 101.7 +/- 12.6 to 92.7 +/- 15.8 mm Hg , p = 0.006 ) , increased the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 18.8 +/- 2.7/min , p < 0.001 ) , and increased the occurrence of chest discomfort ( 3 to 11 patients , p = 0.014 ) and respiratory distress ( 1 to 17 patients , p < 0.001 ) .
Baseline PaO2 level was the only significant predictor of the magnitude of PaO2 reduction ( p < 0.001 ) .
CONCLUSION : Wearing an N95 mask for 4 hours during HD significantly reduced PaO2 and increased respiratory adverse effects in ESRD patients .

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most patients with end-stage renal disease (ERSD) visiting our hospital for hemodialysis treatment during the SARS outbreak wore an N95 mask. Data on the physiological stress imposed by the wearing of N95 masks remains limited. This study investigated the physiological impact of wearing an N95 mask during hemodialysis (HD) on patients with ESRD.
METHODS: ESRD patients who received regular HD at National Taiwan University Hospital between April to June 2003 were enrolled. Each patient wore a new N95 mask (3M Model 8210) during HD (4 hours). Vital signs, clinical symptoms and arterial blood gas measured before and at the end of HD were compared.
RESULTS: Thirty nine patients (23 men; mean age, 57.2 years) were recruited for participation in the study. Seventy percent of the patients showed a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and 19% developed various degrees of hypoxemia. Wearing an N95 mask significantly reduced the PaO2 level (101.7 +/- 12.6 to 92.7 +/- 15.8 mm Hg, p = 0.006), increased the respiratory rate (16.8 +/- 2.8 to 18.8 +/- 2.7/min, p<0.001), and increased the occurrence of chest discomfort (3 to 11 patients, p = 0.014) and respiratory distress (1 to 17 patients, p<0.001). Baseline PaO2 level was the only significant predictor of the magnitude of PaO2 reduction (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: Wearing an N95 mask for 4 hours during HD significantly reduced PaO2 and increased respiratory adverse effects in ESRD patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-05--Preliminary report on surgical mask induced de-oxygenation during major surgery.

OBJECTIVES : This study was undertaken to evaluate whether the surgeons ' oxygen saturation of hemoglobin was affected by the @ @ @ @ @ major operations .
METHODS : Repeated measures , longitudinal and prospective observational study was performed @ @ @ @ @ pulse oximeter pre and postoperatively .
RESULTS : Our study revealed a decrease in the @ @ @ @ @ ( SpO2 ) and a slight increase in pulse rates compared to preoperative values in @ @ @ @ @ decrease was more prominent in the surgeons aged over 35 .
CONCLUSIONS : Considering our @ @ @ @ @ the surgeon 's increase and SpO2 decrease after the first hour .
This early change @ @ @ @ @ due to the facial mask or the operational stress .
Since a very small decrease @ @ @ @ @ , reflects a large decrease in PaO2 , our findings may have a clinical value @ @ @ @ @ the surgeons .

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to evaluate whether the surgeons' oxygen saturation of hemoglobin was affected by the surgical mask or not during major operations.
METHODS: Repeated measures, longitudinal and prospective observational study was performed on 53 surgeons using a pulse oximeter pre and postoperatively.
RESULTS: Our study revealed a decrease in the oxygen saturation of arterial pulsations (SpO2) and a slight increase in pulse rates compared to preoperative values in all surgeon groups. The decrease was more prominent in the surgeons aged over 35.
CONCLUSIONS: Considering our findings, pulse rates of the surgeon's increase and SpO2 decrease after the first hour. This early change in SpO2 may be either due to the facial mask or the operational stress. Since a very small decrease in saturation at this level, reflects a large decrease in PaO2, our findings may have a clinical value for the health workers and the surgeons.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-05--Pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirators.

BACKGROUND : Filtering facepiece respirators are the most common respirator worn by US health care and industrial workers , yet @ @ @ @ @ physiologic impact of wearing this protective equipment .
METHODS : Twenty young , healthy subjects @ @ @ @ @ a low-moderate ( 5.6 km/h ) work rate while wearing 4 different models of N95 @ @ @ @ @ hour each , 2 models of which were equipped with exhalation valves , while being @ @ @ @ @ RESULTS : Compared with controls , respirator use was associated with mean 1 hour increases @ @ @ @ @ , 5.7-10.6 beats per minute , P CONCLUSION : The pulmonary and heart rate responses @ @ @ @ @ respirator for 1 hour at a low-moderate work rate are relatively small and should generally @ @ @ @ @ persons .

BACKGROUND: Filtering facepiece respirators are the most common respirator worn by US health care and industrial workers, yet little is known on the physiologic impact of wearing this protective equipment.
METHODS: Twenty young, healthy subjects exercised on a treadmill at a low-moderate (5.6 km/h) work rate while wearing 4 different models of N95 filtering facepiece respirators for 1 hour each, 2 models of which were equipped with exhalation valves, while being monitored for physiologic variables.
RESULTS: Compared with controls, respirator use was associated with mean 1 hour increases in heart rate (range, 5.7-10.6 beats per minute, P<.001), respiratory rate (range, 1.4-2.4 breaths per minute, P<.05), and transcutaneous carbon dioxide (range, 1.7-3.0 mm Hg, P<.001). No significant differences in oxygen saturation between controls and respirators were noted (P>.05).
CONCLUSION: The pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing a filtering facepiece respirator for 1 hour at a low-moderate work rate are relatively small and should generally be well tolerated by healthy persons.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--The use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of labor

OBJECTIVE : Previous meta-analyses concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine the effect of N95 respirators .
We aimed to assess the effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks for prevention of influenza by collecting randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) .
METHODS : We searched PubMed , EMbase and The Cochrane Library from the inception to January 27 , 2020 to identify relevant systematic reviews .
The RCTs included in systematic reviews were identified .
Then we searched the latest published RCTs from the above three databases and searched ClinicalTrials.gov for unpublished RCTs .
Two reviewers independently extracted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled estimates by using RevMan 5.3 software .
RESULTS : A total of six RCTs involving 9 171 participants were included .
There were no statistically significant differences in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza ( RR = 1.09 , 95 % CI 0.92-1.28 , P > .05 ) , laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections ( RR = 0.89 , 95 % CI 0.70-1.11 ) , laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection ( RR = 0.74 , 95 % CI 0.42-1.29 ) and influenzalike illness ( RR = 0.61 , 95 % CI 0.33-1.14 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Meta-analysis indicated a protective effect of N95 respirators against laboratory-confirmed bacterial colonization ( RR = 0.58 , 95 % CI 0.43-0.78 ) .
CONCLUSION : The use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza .
It suggests that N95 respirators should not be recommended for general public and nonhigh-risk medical staff those are not in close contact with influenza patients or suspected patients .

OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine the effect of N95 respirators. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks for prevention of influenza by collecting randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMbase and The Cochrane Library from the inception to January 27, 2020 to identify relevant systematic reviews. The RCTs included in systematic reviews were identified. Then we searched the latest published RCTs from the above three databases and searched ClinicalTrials.gov for unpublished RCTs. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled estimates by using RevMan 5.3 software.
RESULTS: A total of six RCTs involving 9 171 participants were included. There were no statistically significant differences in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.92-1.28, P > .05), laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.70-1.11), laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.42-1.29) and influenzalike illness (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.33-1.14) using N95 respirators and surgical masks. Meta-analysis indicated a protective effect of N95 respirators against laboratory-confirmed bacterial colonization (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.43-0.78).
CONCLUSION: The use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza. It suggests that N95 respirators should not be recommended for general public and nonhigh-risk medical staff those are not in close contact with influenza patients or suspected patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--There was a higher risk of coronavirus infection in health care workers who wore a mask compared to

There was a higher risk of coronavirus infection in health care workers who wore a mask compared to a respirator.

There are few published data on the protection of masks or respirators against coronavirus infections .
This is an important research question to inform the response to the COVID-19 epidemic .
The transmission modes of human coronaviruses are similar , thought to be by droplet , contact and sometimes airborne routes .
There are several randomised clinical trials of masks and respirators , but most used clinical endpoints or tested only for influenza .
In four trials which we conducted , we tested for human coronaviruses , but only composite viral endpoints were reported in the trials .
We reviewed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of our trials .
Laboratory-confirmed coronavirus infections were identified in our community household trial ( 1 case ) , health worker trials ( 8 cases ) and trial of mask use by sick patients ( 19 cases ) .
No coronavirus infections were transmitted in households to parents who wore P2 or surgical masks , but one child with coronavirus infection transmitted infection to a parent in the control arm .
No transmissions to close contacts occurred when worn by sick patients with coronavirus infections .
There was a higher risk of coronavirus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compared to a respirator , but the difference was not statistically significant .
These are the only available data on coronavirus infections associated with mask or respirator use .
More clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of respiratory protection against coronavirus infections .

There are few published data on the protection of masks or respirators against coronavirus infections. This is an important research question to inform the response to the COVID-19 epidemic. The transmission modes of human coronaviruses are similar, thought to be by droplet, contact and sometimes airborne routes. There are several randomised clinical trials of masks and respirators, but most used clinical endpoints or tested only for influenza. In four trials which we conducted, we tested for human coronaviruses, but only composite viral endpoints were reported in the trials. We reviewed and analysed the coronavirus data from four of our trials. Laboratory-confirmed coronavirus infections were identified in our community household trial (1 case), health worker trials (8 cases) and trial of mask use by sick patients (19 cases). No coronavirus infections were transmitted in households to parents who wore P2 or surgical masks, but one child with coronavirus infection transmitted infection to a parent in the control arm. No transmissions to close contacts occurred when worn by sick patients with coronavirus infections. There was a higher risk of coronavirus infection in HCWs who wore a mask compared to a respirator, but the difference was not statistically significant. These are the only available data on coronavirus infections associated with mask or respirator use. More clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of respiratory protection against coronavirus infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--The protection provided by surgical masks may be insufficient in environments containing potentially

The protection provided by surgical masks may be insufficient in environments containing potentially hazardous submicrometer-sized aerosols.

BACKGROUND : Historically , surgical masks have been worn to protect patients from being infected by large , pathogen-containing aerosol droplets emitted by health care personnel .
Today , emphasis has shifted from solely protecting the patient to protecting the health care worker as well .
As a result of new procedures used in operating rooms and clinical areas , aerosolized hazardous agents in the submicrometer size range are being produced , posing a potential threat to health care workers .
METHODS : Eight surgical masks were tested for aerosol particle penetration through their filter media and through induced face-seal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ filter penetration ranged from 20 % to nearly 100 % for submicrometer-sized particles .
In comparison , a dust-mist-fume respirator used in industrial settings had significantly less penetration through its filter medium .
When the surgical masks had artificially induced face-seal leaks , the concentration of submicrometer-sized particles inside the mask increased slightly ; in contrast , the more protective dust-mist-fume respirator showed a fourfold increase in aerosol penetration into the mask with an artificial leak 4 mm in diameter .
CONCLUSION : We conclude that the protection provided by surgical masks may @ @ @ @ @ @ @ submicrometer-sized aerosols .

BACKGROUND: Historically, surgical masks have been worn to protect patients from being infected by large, pathogen-containing aerosol droplets emitted by health care personnel. Today, emphasis has shifted from solely protecting the patient to protecting the health care worker as well. As a result of new procedures used in operating rooms and clinical areas, aerosolized hazardous agents in the submicrometer size range are being produced, posing a potential threat to health care workers.
METHODS: Eight surgical masks were tested for aerosol particle penetration through their filter media and through induced face-seal leaks.
RESULTS: The percentage of filter penetration ranged from 20% to nearly 100% for submicrometer-sized particles. In comparison, a dust-mist-fume respirator used in industrial settings had significantly less penetration through its filter medium. When the surgical masks had artificially induced face-seal leaks, the concentration of submicrometer-sized particles inside the mask increased slightly; in contrast, the more protective dust-mist-fume respirator showed a fourfold increase in aerosol penetration into the mask with an artificial leak 4 mm in diameter.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that the protection provided by surgical masks may be insufficient in environments containing potentially hazardous submicrometer-sized aerosols.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--Wearing multi-layer operating room masks for every visit to patient rooms had no effect on nose or t

Wearing multi-layer operating room masks for every visit to patient rooms had no effect on nose or throat carriage rates.

The use of masks was related to the acquisition from patients of beta-haemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus in the nose/throat @ @ @ @ @ unit .
The study took place over 10 weeks ; wearing multi-layer operating room masks @ @ @ @ @ rooms had no effect on nose or throat carriage rates , although airborne dispersal from @ @ @ @

The use of masks was related to the acquisition from patients of beta-haemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus in the nose/throat of staff in a burns unit. The study took place over 10 weeks; wearing multi-layer operating room masks for every visit to patient rooms had no effect on nose or throat carriage rates, although airborne dispersal from patients was high.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--There are fewer data to support the use of masks or respirators to prevent becoming infected.

Influenza viruses circulate around the world every year .
From time to time new strains emerge and cause global pandemics @ @ @ @ @ health agencies recommended the use of face masks during the 2009 influenza A ( H1N1 @ @ @ @ @ the English-language literature on this subject to inform public health preparedness .
There is some @ @ @ @ @ of masks or respirators during illness to protect others , and public health emphasis on @ @ @ @ @ help to reduce influenza virus transmission .
There are fewer data to support the use @ @ @ @ @ prevent becoming infected .
Further studies in controlled settings and studies of natural infections in @ @ @ @ @ required to better define the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing influenza virus @ @

Influenza viruses circulate around the world every year. From time to time new strains emerge and cause global pandemics. Many national and international health agencies recommended the use of face masks during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. We reviewed the English-language literature on this subject to inform public health preparedness. There is some evidence to support the wearing of masks or respirators during illness to protect others, and public health emphasis on mask wearing during illness may help to reduce influenza virus transmission. There are fewer data to support the use of masks or respirators to prevent becoming infected. Further studies in controlled settings and studies of natural infections in healthcare and community settings are required to better define the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing influenza virus transmission.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-06--ace mask use in health care workers has not been demonstrated to provide benefit in terms of cold sy

BACKGROUND : Health care workers outside surgical suites in Asia use surgical-type face masks commonly .
Prevention of upper respiratory infection is one reason given , although evidence of effectiveness is lacking .
METHODS : Health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Japan were randomized into 2 groups : 1 that wore face masks and 1 that did not .
They provided information about demographics , health habits , and quality of life .
Participants recorded symptoms daily for 77 consecutive days , starting in January 2008 .
Presence of a cold was determined based on a previously @ @ @ @ @ @ @ number of colds between groups was compared , as were risk factors for experiencing cold symptoms .
RESULTS : Thirty-two health care workers completed the study , resulting in 2464 subject days .
There were 2 colds during this time period , 1 in each group .
Of the 8 symptoms recorded daily , subjects in the mask group were significantly more likely to experience headache during the study period ( P CONCLUSION : Face mask use in health care workers has not been demonstrated to provide benefit in terms of cold symptoms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is needed to definitively establish noninferiority of no mask use .

BACKGROUND: Health care workers outside surgical suites in Asia use surgical-type face masks commonly. Prevention of upper respiratory infection is one reason given, although evidence of effectiveness is lacking.
METHODS: Health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Japan were randomized into 2 groups: 1 that wore face masks and 1 that did not. They provided information about demographics, health habits, and quality of life. Participants recorded symptoms daily for 77 consecutive days, starting in January 2008. Presence of a cold was determined based on a previously validated measure of self-reported symptoms. The number of colds between groups was compared, as were risk factors for experiencing cold symptoms.
RESULTS: Thirty-two health care workers completed the study, resulting in 2464 subject days. There were 2 colds during this time period, 1 in each group. Of the 8 symptoms recorded daily, subjects in the mask group were significantly more likely to experience headache during the study period (P<.05). Subjects living with children were more likely to have high cold severity scores over the course of the study.
CONCLUSION: Face mask use in health care workers has not been demonstrated to provide benefit in terms of cold symptoms or getting colds. A larger study is needed to definitively establish noninferiority of no mask use.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--Huge COVID Case-Counting Deception at the CDC

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By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--CENSORED: COVID19 PCR Tests are Scientifically Meaningless - Everything We've Been Told about COVID

CENSORED: COVID19 PCR Tests are Scientifically Meaningless - Everything We've Been Told about COVID is a HOAX!


greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--OB/GYN Docs in U.S. Want COVID-19 Vaccines Tested on Pregnant Women


greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--Israel Defense Ministry Launches COVID-19 Voice Test for Americans


greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--Can the elastic of surgical face masks stimulate ear protrusion in children?

In this period of the Covid-19 pandemic , a protective mask has become a common object of use to contain virus transmission .
The imminent need for masks has led many governments to produce them , including surgical masks with elastic loops or masks with side cuts at the ears .
Among those on the market , surgical masks with elastic loops are the ones most chosen by parents for their children .
These elastics cause constant compression on the skin and , consequently , on the cartilage of the auricle , leading to erythematous and painful lesions of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for many hours a day .
Pre-adolescent children have undeveloped auricular cartilage with less resistance to deformation ; prolonged pressure from the elastic loops of the mask at the hollow or , even worse , at the anthelix level can influence the correct growth and angulation of the outer ear .
In fact , unlike when using conservative methods for the treatment of protruding ears , this prolonged pressure can increase the cephaloauricular angle of the outer auricle .
It is important for the authorities supplying the masks to be aware of this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be found while maintaining the possibility of legitimate prevention of the potential spread of the virus.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article .
For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings , please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .

In this period of the Covid-19 pandemic, a protective mask has become a common object of use to contain virus transmission. The imminent need for masks has led many governments to produce them, including surgical masks with elastic loops or masks with side cuts at the ears. Among those on the market, surgical masks with elastic loops are the ones most chosen by parents for their children. These elastics cause constant compression on the skin and, consequently, on the cartilage of the auricle, leading to erythematous and painful lesions of the retroauricular skin when the masks are used for many hours a day. Pre-adolescent children have undeveloped auricular cartilage with less resistance to deformation; prolonged pressure from the elastic loops of the mask at the hollow or, even worse, at the anthelix level can influence the correct growth and angulation of the outer ear. In fact, unlike when using conservative methods for the treatment of protruding ears, this prolonged pressure can increase the cephaloauricular angle of the outer auricle. It is important for the authorities supplying the masks to be aware of this potential risk and for alternative solutions to be found while maintaining the possibility of legitimate prevention of the potential spread of the virus.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266.


greenmedinfo--2020-07-07--CDC Surge Stats Exaggerated

CDC Surge Stats Exaggerated