greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--Nuts and their effect on gut microbiota, gut function and symptoms in adults.

Nuts contain fibre , unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols that may impact the composition of the gut microbiota and overall gut health .
This study aimed to assess the impact of nuts on gut microbiota , gut function and gut symptoms via a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials ( RCTs ) in healthy adults .
Eligible RCTs were identified by systematic searches of five electronic databases , hand searching of conference abstracts , clinical trials databases , back-searching reference lists and contact with key stakeholders .
Eligible studies were RCTs administering tree nuts or peanuts in comparison @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to faecal microbiota , function or symptoms .
Two reviewers independently screened papers , performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment .
Outcome data were synthesised as weighted mean difference ( WMD ) or standardised mean difference ( SMD ) using a random effects model .
This review was registered on PROSPERO ( CRD42019138169 ) .
Eight studies reporting nine RCTs were included , investigating almonds ( = 5 ) , walnuts ( = 3 ) and pistachios ( = 1 ) .
Nut consumption significantly increased ( SMD : 0.40 ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; = 0.01 ) , ( SMD : 0.44 ; 95 % CI , 0.13 , 0.75 ; = 0.005 ) , ( SMD : 0.33 ; 95 % CI , 0.02 , 0.64 ; = 0.03 ) and ( SMD : 0.36 ; 95 % CI , 0.10 , 0.62 ; = 0.006 ) , and significantly decreased ( SMD : -0.31 ; 95 % CI , -0.62 , -0.00 ; = 0.05 ) .
There was no effect of nuts on bacterial phyla , diversity or stool output .
Further parallel @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in faecal microbiota and incorporating functional and clinical outcomes , are needed .

Nuts contain fibre, unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols that may impact the composition of the gut microbiota and overall gut health. This study aimed to assess the impact of nuts on gut microbiota, gut function and gut symptoms via a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy adults. Eligible RCTs were identified by systematic searches of five electronic databases, hand searching of conference abstracts, clinical trials databases, back-searching reference lists and contact with key stakeholders. Eligible studies were RCTs administering tree nuts or peanuts in comparison to control, measuring any outcome related to faecal microbiota, function or symptoms. Two reviewers independently screened papers, performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Outcome data were synthesised as weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) using a random effects model. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019138169). Eight studies reporting nine RCTs were included, investigating almonds (= 5), walnuts (= 3) and pistachios (= 1). Nut consumption significantly increased(SMD: 0.40; 95% CI, 0.10, 0.71;= 0.01),(SMD: 0.44; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.75;= 0.005),(SMD: 0.33; 95% CI, 0.02, 0.64;= 0.03) and(SMD: 0.36; 95% CI, 0.10, 0.62;= 0.006), and significantly decreased(SMD: -0.31; 95% CI, -0.62, -0.00;= 0.05). There was no effect of nuts on bacterial phyla, diversity or stool output. Further parallel design RCTs, powered to detect changes in faecal microbiota and incorporating functional and clinical outcomes, are needed.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--The importance of nuts in the prevention of various diseases.

Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids , protein , dietary fiber , a number of micronutrients and biologically active substances.of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the role of nuts in human nutrition.. Large prospective cohort studies show an association between regular consumption of nuts ( > = 140 g per week ) and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease .
In randomized controlled trials , strong evidence has been obtained that consuming nuts lowers blood cholesterol and improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Recent epidemiological studies show that high @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; rather , the inclusion of nuts in the hypocaloric diet can help to control or reduce body weight and waist circumference .
A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows that nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes and from chronic diseases .
`` Nut snack '' is a good strategy to avoid weight gain and improve chemical composition of the diet..
Adequate replacement of some foods in the diet with nuts does not cause body weight increase and helps to prevent a number of diseases .

Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein, dietary fiber, a number of micronutrients and biologically active substances.of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the role of nuts in human nutrition.. Large prospective cohort studies show an association between regular consumption of nuts (>= 140 g per week) and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. In randomized controlled trials, strong evidence has been obtained that consuming nuts lowers blood cholesterol and improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent epidemiological studies show that high nut consumption does not increase body weight; rather, the inclusion of nuts in the hypocaloric diet can help to control or reduce body weight and waist circumference. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows that nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes and from chronic diseases."Nut snack"is a good strategy to avoid weight gain and improve chemical composition of the diet.. Adequate replacement of some foods in the diet with nuts does not cause body weight increase and helps to prevent a number of diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--Consumption of Brazil nuts could decrease oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients.

The Brazil nut ( ) originating from the Amazon region is one of the richest known sources of selenium ( Se ) , a micronutrient that is essential and required for optimal physiological functioning .
This mineral presents several health benefits , including improvement of the redox cellular status and maintenance of genomic stability .
Knowing that type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2D ) is strongly linked to oxidative stress and consequently DNA damage , the aim of this study was to assess theantioxidative effects of Se through Brazil nut consumption and its potential in preventing oxidative DNA damage induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this , the Comet assay ( single-cell gel electrophoresis ) was used to measure DNA damage in peripheral blood cells harvested before and after supplementation with Brazil nut .
Comet assay was also appliedto measure the potential of Se to prevent oxidative damage to DNA induced by HOin blood of type 2 diabetes patients collected before and after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut .
We found that supplementation with Brazil nuts significantly increased serum Se levels .
Furthermore , we observed a significant increase in fasting blood glucose after six months @ @ @ @ @ @ @ no significant effect was observed on the levels of glycated hemoglobin .
Finally , we noticed that the cells were more resistant to HO-induced DNA damage after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut .
Thus , consumption of Brazil nuts could decrease oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients , probably through the antioxidative effects of Se .

The Brazil nut () originating from the Amazon region is one of the richest known sources of selenium (Se), a micronutrient that is essential and required for optimal physiological functioning. This mineral presents several health benefits, including improvement of the redox cellular status and maintenance of genomic stability. Knowing that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is strongly linked to oxidative stress and consequently DNA damage, the aim of this study was to assess theantioxidative effects of Se through Brazil nut consumption and its potential in preventing oxidative DNA damage induced by HO. In order to accomplish this, the Comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) was used to measure DNA damage in peripheral blood cells harvested before and after supplementation with Brazil nut. Comet assay was also appliedto measure the potential of Se to prevent oxidative damage to DNA induced by HOin blood of type 2 diabetes patients collected before and after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut. We found that supplementation with Brazil nuts significantly increased serum Se levels. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in fasting blood glucose after six months of consuming Brazil nuts; however, no significant effect was observed on the levels of glycated hemoglobin. Finally, we noticed that the cells were more resistant to HO-induced DNA damage after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut. Thus, consumption of Brazil nuts could decrease oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients, probably through the antioxidative effects of Se.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--Peptides from walnut protect hepatic HepG2 cells from high glucose-induced insulin resistance and ox

Peptides from walnut protect hepatic HepG2 cells from high glucose-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance ( IR ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) .
Bioactive peptides from nuts have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and IR .
However , the specific mechanisms underlying their activity remain unclear .
This study investigated the protective effects of three novel peptides derived from Juglans mandshurica Maxim.
, LVRL , LRYL , and VLLALVLLR , against high glucose-induced IR and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells .
The possible mechanisms underlying these effects were also elucidated .
The walnut-derived peptides improved glucose consumption , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 4 ( GLUT4 ) translocation , and elevated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 ( IRS-1 ) , phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) , and protein kinase B ( Akt ) .
They also increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) , catalase ( CAT ) , and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , the nuclear transport of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) , and the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) .
Furthermore , the walnut-derived peptides reduced high glucose-induced ROS overproduction and the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) , and p38 .
These results suggested that walnut-derived peptides protect HepG2 cells from high glucose-induced IR and oxidative stress by activating IRS-1/PI3 K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways .

Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bioactive peptides from nuts have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and IR. However, the specific mechanisms underlying their activity remain unclear. This study investigated the protective effects of three novel peptides derived from Juglans mandshurica Maxim., LVRL, LRYL, and VLLALVLLR, against high glucose-induced IR and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The possible mechanisms underlying these effects were also elucidated. The walnut-derived peptides improved glucose consumption, glucose uptake, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and elevated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt). They also increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the nuclear transport of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, the walnut-derived peptides reduced high glucose-induced ROS overproduction and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. These results suggested that walnut-derived peptides protect HepG2 cells from high glucose-induced IR and oxidative stress by activating IRS-1/PI3 K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--Aronia dry extracts standardized to 25% of anthocyanins depresses the level of markers of inflammati

Aronia dry extracts standardized to 25% of anthocyanins depresses the level of markers of inflammation and lipid peroxidation.

Aronia fruits contain many valuable components that are beneficial to human health .
However , fruits are characterized by significant variations in chemical composition dependent on the growing conditions and harvesting period .
Therefore , there is a need to formulate the extracts with a precisely defined content of health-promoting substances .
Aronia dry extracts ( ADE ) were prepared from frozen pomace applying water extraction , followed by purification and spray-drying .
Subsequently , the content of anthocyanins , phenolic acids , and polyphenols was determined .
The high-quality chokeberry pomace enabled obtaining extracts with anthocyanin content much higher @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , it was found that the antioxidant capacity of aronia extracts exceeded those found in other fruit preparations .
Antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties were evaluated using a 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ( EPR ) spectroscopy ( DPPH-EPR ) test and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ( ORAC ) assay .
The inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the level of inflammatory markers have been also investigated using lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -stimulated RAW 264 cells .
It was revealed that ADE standardized to 25 % of anthocyanins depresses the level of markers of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ beta ( IL-1β ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) ) in in vitro conditions .
Additionally , it was confirmed that ADE at all analyzed concentrations did not show any cytotoxic effect as demonstrated by 3- ( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) assay .

Aronia fruits contain many valuable components that are beneficial to human health. However, fruits are characterized by significant variations in chemical composition dependent on the growing conditions and harvesting period. Therefore, there is a need to formulate the extracts with a precisely defined content of health-promoting substances. Aronia dry extracts (ADE) were prepared from frozen pomace applying water extraction, followed by purification and spray-drying. Subsequently, the content of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and polyphenols was determined. The high-quality chokeberry pomace enabled obtaining extracts with anthocyanin content much higher than the typical market standards. Moreover, it was found that the antioxidant capacity of aronia extracts exceeded those found in other fruit preparations. Antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties were evaluated using a 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy (DPPH-EPR) test and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the level of inflammatory markers have been also investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264 cells. It was revealed that ADE standardized to 25% of anthocyanins depresses the level of markers of inflammation and lipid peroxidation (Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in in vitro conditions. Additionally, it was confirmed that ADE at all analyzed concentrations did not show any cytotoxic effect as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--A. melanocarpa may have potential as a nutraceutical agent for the suppression of airway inflammatio

A. melanocarpa may have potential as a nutraceutical agent for the suppression of airway inflammation.

To demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity offruit extract , human bronchial epithelial cells ( BEAS-2B ) were treated with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) and the effects of aronia bioactive fraction ( ABF ) , anthocyanin enriched extract from the fruit ofwere evaluated .
Following pretreatment with ABFat 10-25µg /mL , BEAS-2B cells were exposed to LPS and the expression of inflammatory mediators ( tumor necrosis factor [ TNF ] -α , interleukin [ IL ] -6 , IL-8 , regulated upon activation , normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted [ RANTES ] , IL-1β , cyclooxygenase-2 [ COX-2 ] , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ] ) was analyzed .
In LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells , ABFpretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-8 , RANTES , IL-1β , and COX-2 at doses of 10 and 25 µg/mL .
ABFalso attenuated the secretion of TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-8 , and RANTES protein , as demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay .
Western blot analyses revealed the decreased expression of COX-2 and iNOS following ABFtreatment .
ROS production was decreased , and the cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 and S phases following ABFpretreatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potential as a nutraceutical agent for the suppression of airway inflammation .

To demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity offruit extract, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the effects of aronia bioactive fraction (ABF), anthocyanin enriched extract from the fruit ofwere evaluated. Following pretreatment with ABFat 10-25µg /mL, BEAS-2B cells were exposed to LPS and the expression of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted [RANTES], IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) was analyzed. In LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells, ABFpretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, IL-1β, and COX-2 at doses of 10 and 25 µg/mL. ABFalso attenuated the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES protein, as demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analyses revealed the decreased expression of COX-2 and iNOS following ABFtreatment. ROS production was decreased, and the cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 and S phases following ABFpretreatment. Our results suggest that ABFmay have potential as a nutraceutical agent for the suppression of airway inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-13--The role of ginsenoside Rb1 in bone homeostasis.

Panax ginseng，as a well-known medical plant with economic value，has a long history of use for treating various diseases in Asian @ @ @ @ @ evidences suggest that ginsenoside Rb1，which is the major bioactive components of the plant , have @ @ @ @ @ on treating aging related diseases such as : cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , central @ @ @ @ @ ) , and osteoporosis ( OP ) .
Recently , considerable attentions have been focused @ @ @ @ @ anti-osteoporosis agent .
It has been reported that ginsenoside Rb1 could promote osteoblast differentiation by @ @ @ @ @ protein / regulating the Wnt / βcatenin signaling pathway .
Besides that , studies also @ @ @ @ @ inhibit the NF-κB receptor activation ( RANKL ) activity , thereby achieving the curative effect @ @ @ @ @ , this article aim to review the research progress of the mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 @ @ @ @ @ , with a view to providing reference for further research on the anti-osteoporosis effect of @ @ @ @

Panax ginseng，as a well-known medical plant with economic value，has a long history of use for treating various diseases in Asian. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidences suggest that ginsenoside Rb1，which is the major bioactive components of the plant, have a variety of biological effects on treating aging related diseases such as: cardiovascular disease (CVD), central nervous system disease (CNSD), and osteoporosis (OP). Recently, considerable attentions have been focused on ginsenoside Rb1 as an anti-osteoporosis agent. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rb1 could promote osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating the expression of RNUX2 protein / regulating the Wnt / βcatenin signaling pathway. Besides that, studies also demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 could inhibit the NF-κB receptor activation (RANKL) activity, thereby achieving the curative effect of preventing osteoporosis. Therefore, this article aim to review the research progress of the mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 in preventing and treating osteoporosis, with a view to providing reference for further research on the anti-osteoporosis effect of this natural compound.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Anti-biofilm activities of manuka honey against Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Manuka honey ( MH ) has been shown anti-bacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria .
However , the inhibitory effect @ @ @ @ @ byO157 : H7 has not yet been examined .
In this study , MH significantly @ @ @ @ @ Moreover , pre- and post-treatment with MH also significantly reducedO157 : H7 biofilm .
Cellular @ @ @ @ @ viability ofO157 : H7 biofilm cells was reduced in the presence of MH .
Further @ @ @ @ @ MH-treatedO157 : H7 biofilm was significantly reduced by over 70 % .
Collectively , this @ @ @ @ @ anti-biofilm properties of MH which could be applied to controlO157 : H7 .

Manuka honey (MH) has been shown anti-bacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. However, the inhibitory effect of MH on biofilm formation byO157:H7 has not yet been examined. In this study, MH significantly reducedO157:H7 biofilm. Moreover, pre- and post-treatment with MH also significantly reducedO157:H7 biofilm. Cellular metabolic activities exhibited that the viability ofO157:H7 biofilm cells was reduced in the presence of MH. Further, colony forming unit of MH-treatedO157:H7 biofilm was significantly reduced by over 70%. Collectively, this study suggests the potential of anti-biofilm properties of MH which could be applied to controlO157:H7.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Manuka honey microneedles for enhanced wound healing and the prevention of methicillin-resistant Sta

Manuka honey microneedles for enhanced wound healing and the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Manuka honey ( MH ) is currently used as a wound treatment and suggested to be effective in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) elimination .
We sought to optimize the synthesis of MH microneedles ( MHMs ) while maintaining the MH therapeutic effects .
MHMs were synthesized using multiple methods and evaluated with in vitro assays .
MHMs demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity against MRSA at concentrations ≥ 10 % of honey , with vacuum-prepared honey appearing to be the most bactericidal , killing bacterial concentrations as high as 8 × 10 CFU/mL .
The wound-healing assay demonstrated that , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the cooked honey had incomplete wound closure , the vacuum-treated honey trended towards faster wound closure .
In this study , we demonstrate that the method of MHM synthesis is crucial to maintaining MH properties.We optimized the synthesis of MHMs and demonstrated their potential utility in the treatment of MRSA infections as well as in wound healing .
This is the first report of using MH as a substrate for the formation of dissolvable microneedles .
This data supports the need for further exploration of thisnew approach in a wound-healing model and opens @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MH as a component of microneedle scaffolds .

Manuka honey (MH) is currently used as a wound treatment and suggested to be effective in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) elimination. We sought to optimize the synthesis of MH microneedles (MHMs) while maintaining the MH therapeutic effects. MHMs were synthesized using multiple methods and evaluated with in vitro assays. MHMs demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity against MRSA at concentrations ≥ 10% of honey, with vacuum-prepared honey appearing to be the most bactericidal, killing bacterial concentrations as high as 8 × 10 CFU/mL. The wound-healing assay demonstrated that, at concentrations of 0.1%, while the cooked honey had incomplete wound closure, the vacuum-treated honey trended towards faster wound closure. In this study, we demonstrate that the method of MHM synthesis is crucial to maintaining MH properties.We optimized the synthesis of MHMs and demonstrated their potential utility in the treatment of MRSA infections as well as in wound healing. This is the first report of using MH as a substrate for the formation of dissolvable microneedles. This data supports the need for further exploration of thisnew approach in a wound-healing model and opens the door for the future use of MH as a component of microneedle scaffolds.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Effect of manuka honey on biofilm-associated genes expression during methicillin-resistant Staphyloc

Effect of manuka honey on biofilm-associated genes expression during methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) are among the most important biofilm-forming pathogens responsible for hard-to-treat infections .
Looking for alternatives to antibiotics that prevent biofilm formation , we investigated the effects of manuka honey on the transcriptional profile of genes essential for staphylococcal biofilm formation using qRT-PCR .
mRNA from two hospital MRSA strains ( strong and weak biofilm producer ) were isolated after 4 , 8 , 12 and 24 h from cells grown in biofilm .
Manuka honey at 1/2 minimum biofilm inhibition concentration ( MBIC ) significantly reduced MRSA cell viability in biofilm .
Manuka honey @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , elastin- ( ebps ) and fibrinogen binding protein ( fib ) , and icaA and icaD involved inbiosynthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in both weakly and strongly adhering strain compared to the control ( untreated biofilm ) .
Expression levels of cna ( collagen binding protein ) and map/eap ( extracellular adherence protein-Eap ) were reduced in weakly adhering strain .
The lowest expression of investigated genes was observed after 12 h of manuka honey treatment at 1/2 MBIC .
This study showed that the previously unknown mechanism of manuka honey @ @ @ @ @ @ @ due to reduction in expression of crucial genes associated with staphylococcal biofilm .

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are among the most important biofilm-forming pathogens responsible for hard-to-treat infections. Looking for alternatives to antibiotics that prevent biofilm formation, we investigated the effects of manuka honey on the transcriptional profile of genes essential for staphylococcal biofilm formation using qRT-PCR. mRNA from two hospital MRSA strains (strong and weak biofilm producer) were isolated after 4, 8, 12 and 24 h from cells grown in biofilm. Manuka honey at 1/2 minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) significantly reduced MRSA cell viability in biofilm. Manuka honey downregulated the genes encoding laminin- (eno), elastin- (ebps) and fibrinogen binding protein (fib), and icaA and icaD involved inbiosynthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in both weakly and strongly adhering strain compared to the control (untreated biofilm). Expression levels of cna (collagen binding protein) and map/eap (extracellular adherence protein-Eap) were reduced in weakly adhering strain. The lowest expression of investigated genes was observed after 12 h of manuka honey treatment at 1/2 MBIC. This study showed that the previously unknown mechanism of manuka honey action involved inhibition of S. aureus adhesion due to reduction in expression of crucial genes associated with staphylococcal biofilm.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Antibacterial and anti-virulence activity of manuka honey against genetically diverse Staphylococcus

Antibacterial and anti-virulence activity of manuka honey against genetically diverse Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

causes opportunistic infections in dogs .
It also has significant zoonotic potential , with the emergence of multidrug-resistance leading to difficulty treating both animal and human infections .
Manuka honey has previously been reported to inhibit many bacterial pathogens including methicillin resistantand is successfully utilised in both clinical and veterinary practice .
Here we evaluated the ability of manuka honey to inhibit strains ofgrowth alone and in combination with antibiotics , and its capacity to modulate virulence within multipleAll 18 of the genetically diversestrains sequenced and tested were inhibited by≤ 12 % ( w/v ) medical grade manuka honey , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was observed .
The susceptibility of the isolates to four of these antibiotics was significantly increased ( p ≤0.05 ) when combined with sub lethal concentrations of honey , although sensitivity to oxacillin was decreased .
Virulence ( DNase , protease and haemolysin ) activity was also significantly reduced ( p ≤ 0.05 ) in over half of isolates when cultured with sub lethal concentrations of honey ( 13 , 9 and 10 isolates respectively ) .
These findings highlight the potential for manuka honey to be utilised againstinfections.is an important member of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ can cause opportunistic infections in both pets and their owners .
The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance inhighlights that this opportunistic zoonotic pathogen can cause infections which require prolonged and intensive treatment to resolve .
Manuka honey has proven efficacy against many bacterial pathogens and is an accepted topical treatment for infections in both veterinary and clinical practice so is a particularly appropriate antimicrobial for use with zoonotic pathogens such asHere we demonstrate that manuka honey is not only highly potent against novel multi-drug resistantisolates , but also acts synergistically with clinically relevant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ modulatesvirulence activity , even at subinhibitory concentrations .
In a clinical setting these attributes may assist in controlling infection , allowing a more rapid resolution and reducing antibiotic use .

causes opportunistic infections in dogs. It also has significant zoonotic potential, with the emergence of multidrug-resistance leading to difficulty treating both animal and human infections. Manuka honey has previously been reported to inhibit many bacterial pathogens including methicillin resistantand is successfully utilised in both clinical and veterinary practice. Here we evaluated the ability of manuka honey to inhibit strains ofgrowth alone and in combination with antibiotics, and its capacity to modulate virulence within multipleAll 18 of the genetically diversestrains sequenced and tested were inhibited by≤ 12% (w/v) medical grade manuka honey, although tolerance to five clinically relevant antibiotics was observed. The susceptibility of the isolates to four of these antibiotics was significantly increased (p ≤0.05) when combined with sub lethal concentrations of honey, although sensitivity to oxacillin was decreased. Virulence (DNase, protease and haemolysin) activity was also significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in over half of isolates when cultured with sub lethal concentrations of honey (13, 9 and 10 isolates respectively). These findings highlight the potential for manuka honey to be utilised againstinfections.is an important member of the skin microbial community in animals and can cause opportunistic infections in both pets and their owners. The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance inhighlights that this opportunistic zoonotic pathogen can cause infections which require prolonged and intensive treatment to resolve. Manuka honey has proven efficacy against many bacterial pathogens and is an accepted topical treatment for infections in both veterinary and clinical practice so is a particularly appropriate antimicrobial for use with zoonotic pathogens such asHere we demonstrate that manuka honey is not only highly potent against novel multi-drug resistantisolates, but also acts synergistically with clinically relevant antibiotics. In addition, manuka honey modulatesvirulence activity, even at subinhibitory concentrations. In a clinical setting these attributes may assist in controlling infection, allowing a more rapid resolution and reducing antibiotic use.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Manuka honey versus saline sinus irrigation in the treatment of cystic fibrosis-associated chronic r

Manuka honey versus saline sinus irrigation in the treatment of cystic fibrosis-associated chronic rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVES : Manuka honey attacks biofilms , which contribute to bacterial persistence in cystic fibrosis sinusitis .
The primary objective was to determine feasibility of investigating manuka honey as an irrigation treatment for cystic fibrosis sinusitis and secondarily to assess the treatment 's preliminary effectiveness .
PARTICIPANTS : Subjects had recalcitrantcystic fibrosis sinusitis and previous sinus surgery .
They received manuka honey or saline sinus irrigations twice daily for 30 days .
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Main outcomes were recruitment/retention rates andtolerability .
Preliminary effectivenesswas assessed based onquality of life Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic change scores and post-treatment culture @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 13 subjects were enrolled , and 77 % ( 10/13 ) were included in the analysis .
Manuka honey irrigations were well-tolerated.The quality of lifechange score was clinically significant for manuka honey ( -9 [ -14 , -6 ] ) but not saline ( -5 [ -9 , -1 ] ) , although the differencewas not statistically significant ( p=0.29 ) .
Lund-Kennedy endoscopic change score was significantly better for manuka honey ( -3 [ -5 , -3 ] ) versussaline ( 0 [ 0,0 ] ) ( p=0.006 ) .
There @ @ @ @ @ @ @ between manuka honey ( 1/5 , 20 % ) and saline ( 0/5 , 0 % ) ( p=1.00 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Manuka honey irrigations were well tolerated , and retention rates were high.Preliminary data showed thatmanuka honey achieved a clinically important difference in quality of life score anda significantly better endoscopic outcome .
Microbiological controlwas difficult to achieve .
A future definitive trial would require multi-institutional recruitment .

OBJECTIVES: Manuka honey attacks biofilms, which contribute to bacterial persistence in cystic fibrosis sinusitis. The primary objective was to determine feasibility of investigating manuka honey as an irrigation treatment for cystic fibrosis sinusitis and secondarily to assess the treatment's preliminary effectiveness.
DESIGN: Prospective, single-blinded (clinician only), randomized, parallel two-armpilot trial.
SETTING: Tertiary rhinology clinic.
PARTICIPANTS: Subjects had recalcitrantcystic fibrosis sinusitis and previous sinus surgery. They received manuka honey or saline sinus irrigations twice daily for 30 days.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Main outcomes were recruitment/retention rates andtolerability. Preliminary effectivenesswas assessed based onquality of life Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic change scores and post-treatment culture negativity.
RESULTS: Over 10 months, 13 subjects were enrolled, and 77% (10/13) were included in the analysis. Manuka honey irrigations were well-tolerated.The quality of lifechange score was clinically significant for manuka honey (-9 [-14,-6]) but not saline (-5 [-9,-1]), although the differencewas not statistically significant (p=0.29). Lund-Kennedy endoscopic change score was significantly better for manuka honey (-3 [-5,-3]) versussaline (0 [0,0]) (p=0.006). There was no difference in post-treatment culture negativity between manuka honey (1/5, 20%) and saline (0/5, 0%) (p=1.00).
CONCLUSIONS: Manuka honey irrigations were well tolerated, and retention rates were high.Preliminary data showed thatmanuka honey achieved a clinically important difference in quality of life score anda significantly better endoscopic outcome. Microbiological controlwas difficult to achieve. A future definitive trial would require multi-institutional recruitment.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Royal jelly improves anti-cancer effects and suppresses adverse events of molecular targeted therapy

Royal jelly improves anti-cancer effects and suppresses adverse events of molecular targeted therapy by regulating TNF-α and TGF-β in renal cell carcinoma.

Molecular targeted therapies are commonly used in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) .
However , the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic interventions require enhancement to improve prognosis in these patients .
Royal jelly ( RJ ) has anti-cancer effects and adverse events across a variety of types of malignancy .
The present study investigated the detailed mechanism underlying the effects of oral administration of RJ in patients with advanced RCC that were treated with molecular targeted agents in a randomized clinical trial .
The study cohort comprised 16 patients treated with RJ and 17 patients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α and transforming growth factor ( TGF ) -β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays .
The results of the present study demonstrated a larger decrease in tumor size upon supplementing patients with RJ following molecular targeted therapy compared with that in patients administered with the placebo .
Patients exhibited reduced anorexia and fatigue in the RJ group compared with the placebo group .
The relative dose intensity for patients in the RJ group was higher than that in patients in the placebo group .
Post- @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of TNF-α and TGF-β in patients in the RJ group were lower than those in patients in the placebo group , and these ratios correlated with decreasing tumor size and frequency of anorexia or fatigue in patients .
In conclusion , the results of the present study indicated that oral intake of RJ improved the efficacy and safety of molecular targeted therapy in patients with RCC and changed the levels of TNF-α and TGF-β in the serum of patients , which is speculated to serve an important role in RJ-induced biological activities .

Molecular targeted therapies are commonly used in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic interventions require enhancement to improve prognosis in these patients. Royal jelly (RJ) has anti-cancer effects and adverse events across a variety of types of malignancy. The present study investigated the detailed mechanism underlying the effects of oral administration of RJ in patients with advanced RCC that were treated with molecular targeted agents in a randomized clinical trial. The study cohort comprised 16 patients treated with RJ and 17 patients treated with a placebo. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results of the present study demonstrated a larger decrease in tumor size upon supplementing patients with RJ following molecular targeted therapy compared with that in patients administered with the placebo. Patients exhibited reduced anorexia and fatigue in the RJ group compared with the placebo group. The relative dose intensity for patients in the RJ group was higher than that in patients in the placebo group. Post- and pre-treatment ratios of the serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β in patients in the RJ group were lower than those in patients in the placebo group, and these ratios correlated with decreasing tumor size and frequency of anorexia or fatigue in patients. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that oral intake of RJ improved the efficacy and safety of molecular targeted therapy in patients with RCC and changed the levels of TNF-α and TGF-β in the serum of patients, which is speculated to serve an important role in RJ-induced biological activities.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Effects of concurrent use of royal jelly with hydroxyapatite on bone healing.

Background : Bone grafts have been used to enhance bone fracture healing in orthopedic surgery .
Bone grafts enhance bone healing either by mechanical support or acting as a scaffold for bone formation .
Fresh autograft is the most effective biomaterial because it is histocompatible with less complication about transmissible disease .
Hydroxyapatite is a well-established material for bone repair and very comparable to natural apatite providing a strong biomechanical interlock with host tissue .
Royal jelly is the principal food for the honeybee queen .
This biomaterial has been demonstrated to have several pharmacological activities , such as antiallergic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : This study was design to evaluate the effect of concurrent using of Royal jelly with hydroxyapatite on bone healing in rabbit model .
Methods : 15 adult rabbits weighting approximately 2 kg had been used .
They were divided into three groups randomly .
In first group ( N = 5 ) mid radius bone defect created and left empty .
The second group ( N = 5 ) filled with hydroxy apatite alone and the last group ( N = 5 ) filled with royal jelly and hydroxy apatite combination .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ and 42nd after operation .
Histopathological evaluation was done on 56postoperative day .
Results : Radiological evaluation showed significant superior bone healing in hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-Royal jelly groups in comparison to control group .
Control group was the inferior group between three groups .
There were not any significant differences between three groups in histopathological group .
Conclusion : In conclusion our study showed the best results with using the hydroxyl apatite and Royal-jelly group because they provide not only scaffold for bone healing but also do , they provide some osteoinduction materials @ @ @ @

Background: Bone grafts have been used to enhance bone fracture healing in orthopedic surgery. Bone grafts enhance bone healing either by mechanical support or acting as a scaffold for bone formation. Fresh autograft is the most effective biomaterial because it is histocompatible with less complication about transmissible disease. Hydroxyapatite is a well-established material for bone repair and very comparable to natural apatite providing a strong biomechanical interlock with host tissue. Royal jelly is the principal food for the honeybee queen. This biomaterial has been demonstrated to have several pharmacological activities, such as antiallergic, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects.
Objectives: This study was design to evaluate the effect of concurrent using of Royal jelly with hydroxyapatite on bone healing in rabbit model.
Methods: 15 adult rabbits weighting approximately 2 kg had been used. They were divided into three groups randomly. In first group (N = 5) mid radius bone defect created and left empty. The second group (N = 5) filled with hydroxy apatite alone and the last group (N = 5) filled with royal jelly and hydroxy apatite combination. Radiological evaluation performed on days14th, 28th and 42nd after operation. Histopathological evaluation was done on 56postoperative day.
Results: Radiological evaluation showed significant superior bone healing in hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-Royal jelly groups in comparison to control group. Control group was the inferior group between three groups. There were not any significant differences between three groups in histopathological group.
Conclusion: In conclusion our study showed the best results with using the hydroxyl apatite and Royal-jelly group because they provide not only scaffold for bone healing but also do, they provide some osteoinduction materials for bone healing.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Bee products are effective in symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : The most common infectious disease in children is acute upper respiratory tract infection ( URTI ) .
Many drugs , especially antitussive drugs , are used for symptomatic treatment .
Bee products ( propolis , royal jelly , and honey ) have antiviral , antibacterial , and antioxidant properties , and they have synergistic effects with antibiotics .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture of bee products in URTI in children .
METHODS : The patients were divided into four groups consisting of two bacterial groups receiving either antibiotics @ @ @ @ @ @ @ viral groups treated with either placebo or bee products .
Disease severity and improvement duration were assessed by the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale ( CARIFS ) Score .
RESULTS : One hundred and four patients ( 59 male , 56.7 % ; 45 female , 43.3 % ) aged between 5‒12 years were included in the study .
Fifty patients ( 48 % ) were evaluated for bacterial infections and 54 ( 52 % ) for viral infections .
Patients with viral infection receiving a mixture product showed earlier improvement @ @ @ @ @ @ @ scores were significantly lower in antibiotic + mixture group on day-2 and day-4 , compared to antibiotic alone group ( p < 0.05 ) .
None of the patients developed any reactions or side effects to the mixture product .
CONCLUSIONS : Bee products are effective in symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract infections .
Bee products can be considered as a good treatment option because the available drugs already used for symptomatic treatment are not cost effective and can also have serious side effects in children .

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The most common infectious disease in children is acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Many drugs, especially antitussive drugs, are used for symptomatic treatment. Bee products (propolis, royal jelly, and honey) have antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, and they have synergistic effects with antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture of bee products in URTI in children.
METHODS: The patients were divided into four groups consisting of two bacterial groups receiving either antibiotics or antibiotics + bee products and two viral groups treated with either placebo or bee products. Disease severity and improvement duration were assessed by the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) Score.
RESULTS: One hundred and four patients (59 male, 56.7%; 45 female, 43.3%) aged between 5‒12 years were included in the study. Fifty patients (48%) were evaluated for bacterial infections and 54 (52%) for viral infections. Patients with viral infection receiving a mixture product showed earlier improvement, compared to placebo group. CARIFS scores were significantly lower in antibiotic + mixture group on day-2 and day-4, compared to antibiotic alone group (p<0.05). None of the patients developed any reactions or side effects to the mixture product.
CONCLUSIONS: Bee products are effective in symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Bee products can be considered as a good treatment option because the available drugs already used for symptomatic treatment are not cost effective and can also have serious side effects in children.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Royal jelly consumption may ameliorate decreases in femoral bone mineral density and strength in pos

Royal jelly consumption may ameliorate decreases in femoral bone mineral density and strength in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of royal jelly ( RJ ) supplementation on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women .
METHODS : This was a randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial .
Seventy-two healthy postmenopausal women aged 45-60 years within 5 years after menopause were randomized into two groups : women in the RJ group ( = 36 ) received capsules containing dried RJ ( equivalent to 3000 mg of fresh RJ ) ; and women in the placebo group ( = 36 ) received placebo daily for 6 months .
Bone mineral density ( BMD @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and left proximal femur , hip structural analysis ( HSA ) of the left hip , and bone turnover markers were measured .
RESULTS : Although women in the placebo group experienced a significant loss of BMD and deterioration in HSA parameters of the femur , no significant differences were found in these parameters in women in the RJ group .
The levels of total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide ( P1NP ) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase decreased significantly in the placebo group ; however , the total P1NP level , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly different in the RJ group at postintervention compared with baseline .
CONCLUSION : RJ consumption may ameliorate decreases in femoral BMD and strength in postmenopausal women .

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of royal jelly (RJ) supplementation on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women.
METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Seventy-two healthy postmenopausal women aged 45-60 years within 5 years after menopause were randomized into two groups: women in the RJ group ( = 36) received capsules containing dried RJ (equivalent to 3000 mg of fresh RJ); and women in the placebo group ( = 36) received placebo daily for 6 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and left proximal femur, hip structural analysis (HSA) of the left hip, and bone turnover markers were measured.
RESULTS: Although women in the placebo group experienced a significant loss of BMD and deterioration in HSA parameters of the femur, no significant differences were found in these parameters in women in the RJ group. The levels of total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase decreased significantly in the placebo group; however, the total P1NP level, a marker of bone formation, was not significantly different in the RJ group at postintervention compared with baseline.
CONCLUSION: RJ consumption may ameliorate decreases in femoral BMD and strength in postmenopausal women.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Bee venom has a favourable safety profile in the prevention of fructose-induced NASH.

BACKGROUND : There is a causative relation between the increased hepatic steatohepatitis prevalence and sweeteners intake , fructose in particular .
Despite an increasing understanding of the mechanisms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) pathogenesis , there are no drugs approved for it .
OBJECTIVES : Evaluate the effect of bee venom ( BV ) treatment on the fructose-induced NASH in rats and demonstrate its possible molecular mechanisms .
METHODS : NASH was induced in rats by 10 % fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks .
BV was administered ( 0.1 mg/kg , i.p . )
3 times per @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the experiment .
Sera were used for the determination of lipids , cholesterol , glucose , insulin , and liver enzymes .
Hepatic gene expressions of farnesoid X receptor ( FXR ) α and the liver X receptor ( LXR ) were determined .
Hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein ( SREBP ) 1/2 , oxidative stress , and inflammation parameters were measured .
Liver parts were used for histopathological examination .
Small intestine was removed for the determination of tight junction proteins .
RESULTS : Fructose caused overt histological damage in the liver @ @ @ @ @ @ @ changes in all parameters measured .
BV effectively prevented these changes , presumably through amelioration of hepatic SREBP1/2 , LXR , and FXRα expression as well as intestinal tight junction proteins .
CONCLUSION : These findings support the therapeutic usefulness of BV , a remedy with a favorable safety profile , in the prevention of fructose-induced NASH .

BACKGROUND: There is a causative relation between the increased hepatic steatohepatitis prevalence and sweeteners intake, fructose in particular. Despite an increasing understanding of the mechanisms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis, there are no drugs approved for it.
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect of bee venom (BV) treatment on the fructose-induced NASH in rats and demonstrate its possible molecular mechanisms.
METHODS: NASH was induced in rats by 10% fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks. BV was administered (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) 3 times per week during the last 2 weeks of the experiment. Sera were used for the determination of lipids, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and liver enzymes. Hepatic gene expressions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)α and the liver X receptor (LXR) were determined. Hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1/2, oxidative stress, and inflammation parameters were measured. Liver parts were used for histopathological examination. Small intestine was removed for the determination of tight junction proteins.
RESULTS: Fructose caused overt histological damage in the liver, and this was associated with parallel changes in all parameters measured. BV effectively prevented these changes, presumably through amelioration of hepatic SREBP1/2, LXR, and FXRα expression as well as intestinal tight junction proteins.
CONCLUSION: These findings support the therapeutic usefulness of BV, a remedy with a favorable safety profile, in the prevention of fructose-induced NASH.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Protective effects of bee venom against endotoxemia-related acute kidney injury.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury ( AKI ) is a leading cause of death in hospitalized patients worldwide .
Despite decades of effort , there is no effective treatment for preventing the serious medical condition .
Bee venom has long been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases .
However , whether bee venom has protective effects against lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced AKI has not been explored .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bee venom on LPS-induced AKI .
The administration of bee venom alleviated renal dysfunction and structural injury in LPS-treated mice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ markers after LPS treatment were also suppressed by bee venom .
Mechanistically , bee venom significantly reduced plasma and tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cell infiltration into damaged kidneys .
In addition , mice treated with bee venom exhibited reduced renal expression of lipid peroxidation markers after LPS injection .
Moreover , bee venom attenuated tubular cell apoptosis in the kidneys of LPS-treated mice .
In conclusion , these results suggest that bee venom attenuates LPS-induced renal dysfunction and structural injury via the suppression of inflammation , oxidative stress , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a useful therapeutic option for preventing endotoxemia-related AKI .

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a leading cause of death in hospitalized patients worldwide. Despite decades of effort, there is no effective treatment for preventing the serious medical condition. Bee venom has long been used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, whether bee venom has protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI has not been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bee venom on LPS-induced AKI. The administration of bee venom alleviated renal dysfunction and structural injury in LPS-treated mice. Increased renal levels of tubular injury markers after LPS treatment were also suppressed by bee venom. Mechanistically, bee venom significantly reduced plasma and tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cell infiltration into damaged kidneys. In addition, mice treated with bee venom exhibited reduced renal expression of lipid peroxidation markers after LPS injection. Moreover, bee venom attenuated tubular cell apoptosis in the kidneys of LPS-treated mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that bee venom attenuates LPS-induced renal dysfunction and structural injury via the suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, and tubular cell apoptosis, and might be a useful therapeutic option for preventing endotoxemia-related AKI.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Antimicrobial properties of Apis mellifera’s bee venom.

Bee venom ( BV ) is a rich source of secondary metabolites from honeybees ( L. ) .
It contains @ @ @ @ @ including peptides , proteins , enzymes , and volatile metabolites .
The compounds contribute to @ @ @ @ @ functions as per its anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects .
The antimicrobial action of BV has @ @ @ @ @ in vivo experiments against bacteria , viruses , and fungi .
The synergistic therapeutic interactions @ @ @ @ @ been reported .
The synergistic effect contributes to a decrease in the loading and maintenance @ @ @ @ @ the side effects of chemotherapy , and a decrease in drug resistance .
To our @ @ @ @ @ no reviews on the impact of BV and its antimicrobial constituents thus far .
The @ @ @ @ @ to address the antimicrobial properties of BV and its compounds .

Bee venom (BV) is a rich source of secondary metabolites from honeybees (L.). It contains a variety of bioactive ingredients including peptides, proteins, enzymes, and volatile metabolites. The compounds contribute to the venom's observed biological functions as per its anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The antimicrobial action of BV has been shown in vitro and in vivo experiments against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The synergistic therapeutic interactions of BV with antibiotics has been reported. The synergistic effect contributes to a decrease in the loading and maintenance dosage, a decrease in the side effects of chemotherapy, and a decrease in drug resistance. To our knowledge, there have been no reviews on the impact of BV and its antimicrobial constituents thus far. The purpose of this review is to address the antimicrobial properties of BV and its compounds.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that bee venom acupuncture could be beneficial as a

This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that bee venom acupuncture could be beneficial as an adjuvant treatment for shoulder pain.

Objectives : Our review aimed to summarize and evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of bee venom acupuncture ( BVA ) in the treatment of shoulder pain .
Methods : Randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) evaluating the effectiveness of BVA on shoulder pain were searched up to October 2019 in 11 electronic databases ( Medline , Embase , CENTRAL , CiNii , CNKI , VIP , Wanfang , Kmbase , NDSL , RISS , OASIS ) .
The methodological quality of the included RCTs were evaluated using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed .
Results : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and four studies were included in the meta-analysis .
Comparing BVA plus conventional therapy ( CT ) with saline injection plus CT , it showed an effect in favor of BVA plus CT in visual analog scale ( VAS ) and pain rating scale ( PRS ) ( p = 0.02 , p = 0.009 , respectively ) .
Comparing BVA plus physiotherapy ( PT ) with saline injection plus PT , it showed that there was no significant difference in VAS and verbal rating scale ( VRS ) between the two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and meta-analysis suggest that BVA could be beneficial as an adjuvant treatment for shoulder pain .

Objectives: Our review aimed to summarize and evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of bee venom acupuncture (BVA) in the treatment of shoulder pain.
Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of BVA on shoulder pain were searched up to October 2019 in 11 electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, CiNii, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, Kmbase, NDSL, RISS, OASIS). The methodological quality of the included RCTs were evaluated using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed.
Results: Seven studies were included in the review, and four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Comparing BVA plus conventional therapy (CT) with saline injection plus CT, it showed an effect in favor of BVA plus CT in visual analog scale (VAS) and pain rating scale (PRS) (p = 0.02, p = 0.009, respectively). Comparing BVA plus physiotherapy (PT) with saline injection plus PT, it showed that there was no significant difference in VAS and verbal rating scale (VRS) between the two groups.
Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that BVA could be beneficial as an adjuvant treatment for shoulder pain.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Bee venom and its major constituent melittin might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for in

Bee venom and its major constituent melittin might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the radiation response of solid tumors.

Pathological angiogenesis and apoptosis evasion are common hallmarks of cancer .
The present work was an endeavor to evaluate the influence of bee venom ( BV ) or its major constituent melittin ( MEL ) as antiapoptotic and angiogenic regulator modifier on the tumor growth and the cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation targeting the improvement of cancer therapeutic protocols .
BV ( 0.56 mg/kg/day ) and MEL ( 500µg/kg body weight/day ) were injected intraperitoneally to mice bearing 1 cmsolid tumor of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma ( EAC ) for 21 consecutive days .
Mice were whole-body exposed to 1 Gray @ @ @ @ @ @ @ doses ) .
Treatment with BV or MEL markedly suppresses the proliferation of tumor in EAC mice .
The concentrations of m-RNA for angiogenic factors ( TNF-α , VEGF ) as well as MMPs 2 and 9 activities and NO concentration were significantly decreased , combined with improvementsin apoptotic regulators ( caspase-3 activity ) and normal cells redox tone ( catalase and free radicals content ) compared with EAC mice .
Moreover , the histopathological investigation confirms the improvement exerted by BV or MEL in the EAC mice group or EAC + R @ @ @ @ @ @ @ modulatory effect of BV on tumor when compared with EAC + BV mice .
Convincingly , the role of BV or MEL as a natural antiangiogenic in the biological sequelae after radiation exposure is verified .
Hence , BV and its major constituent MEL might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the radiation response of solid tumors .

Pathological angiogenesis and apoptosis evasion are common hallmarks of cancer. The present work was an endeavor to evaluate the influence of bee venom (BV) or its major constituent melittin (MEL) as antiapoptotic and angiogenic regulator modifier on the tumor growth and the cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation targeting the improvement of cancer therapeutic protocols. BV (0.56 mg/kg/day) and MEL (500µg/kg body weight/day) were injected intraperitoneally to mice bearing 1 cmsolid tumor of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) for 21 consecutive days. Mice were whole-body exposed to 1 Gray (Gy) ofγ-radiation (2 fractionated doses). Treatment with BV or MEL markedly suppresses the proliferation of tumor in EAC mice. The concentrations of m-RNA for angiogenic factors (TNF-α, VEGF) as well as MMPs 2 and 9 activities and NO concentration were significantly decreased, combined with improvementsin apoptotic regulators (caspase-3 activity) and normal cells redox tone (catalase and free radicals content) compared with EAC mice. Moreover, the histopathological investigation confirms the improvement exerted by BV or MEL in the EAC mice group or EAC + R group. Exposure to γ-radiation sustained the modulatory effect of BV on tumor when compared with EAC + BV mice. Convincingly, the role of BV or MEL as a natural antiangiogenic in the biological sequelae after radiation exposure is verified. Hence, BV and its major constituent MEL might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the radiation response of solid tumors.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Systemic bee venom exerts anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of arthriti

Systemic bee venom exerts anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model of arthritis.

Bee venom ( BV ) is widely used as a traditional China medicine to treat various conditions , including rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) .
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic BV ( 60 mg/kg ) as an anti-arthritic natural product , compare it with Methotrexate and determine the possible underlying mechanisms of BV action using complete Freund 's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats .
The development of signs of RA signs ( knee joint circumference and arthritis scoring index ) was evaluated .
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , serum tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were measured at the end of the study .
Histopathological examination followed by immunostaining of NF-κB ( P65 ) was performed on the affected knee joints .
Additionally , cyclooxygenase ( COX ) inhibition activity , carrageenan paw edema test and acetic acid writhing tests were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the assessed dose and compared with diclofenac .
An acute toxicity test was performed to establish the safety of BV at high doses .
The results of the present study highlighted the potential of systemic BV on preventing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ BV also significantly reduced serum levels of TNF-α , IL-1β and NF-κB in the affected joints .
In addition to its potent analgesic activity , BV exhibited favorable inhibitory activity of the COX pathway in bothandmodels .
Therefore , high dose administration of systemic BV displayed safe and promising anti-arthritic , anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties through regulation of different mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of RA .

Bee venom (BV) is widely used as a traditional China medicine to treat various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic BV (60 mg/kg) as an anti-arthritic natural product, compare it with Methotrexate and determine the possible underlying mechanisms of BV action using complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. The development of signs of RA signs (knee joint circumference and arthritis scoring index) was evaluated. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were measured at the end of the study. Histopathological examination followed by immunostaining of NF-κB (P65) was performed on the affected knee joints. Additionally,cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition activity, carrageenan paw edema test and acetic acid writhing tests were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the assessed dose and compared with diclofenac. An acute toxicity test was performed to establish the safety of BV at high doses. The results of the present study highlighted the potential of systemic BV on preventing the development of signs of RA. BV also significantly reduced serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-κB in the affected joints. In addition to its potent analgesic activity, BV exhibited favorable inhibitory activity of the COX pathway in bothandmodels. Therefore, high dose administration of systemic BV displayed safe and promising anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties through regulation of different mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of RA.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Melittin from Apis florea venom as a promising therapeutic agent for skin cancer treatment.

Melittin , a major component found in bee venom , is produced by thespecies of the honey bee .
In this study , the effect of melittin derived from ( Mel-AF ) , which is a wild honey bee species that is indigenous to Thailand , was investigated against human malignant melanoma ( A375 ) cells .
In this study , Mel-AF exhibited considerable potential in the anti-proliferative action of A375 cells .
Subsequently , the cellular mechanism of Mel-AF that induced cell death was investigated in terms of apoptosis .
As a result , gene and protein expression levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ release and caspase-9 expression , eventually triggered the release of the caspase-3 executioner upon Mel-AF .
We then determined that apoptosis-mediated cell death was carried out through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway .
Moreover , advanced abilities , including cell motility and invasion , were significantly suppressed .
Mel-AF manipulated the actin arrangement via the trapping of stress fibers that were found underneath the membrane , which resulted in the defective actin cytoskeleton organization .
Consequently , the expression of EGFR , a binding protein to F-actin , was also found to be suppressed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Mel-AF in the inhibition of progressive malignant activity through the disruption of actin cytoskeleton-EGFR interaction and the EGFR signaling system .
Thus , the findings of our current study indicate the potential usefulness of Mel-AF in cancer treatments as an apoptosis inducer and a potential actin-targeting agent .

Melittin, a major component found in bee venom, is produced by thespecies of the honey bee. In this study, the effect of melittin derived from(Mel-AF), which is a wild honey bee species that is indigenous to Thailand, was investigated against human malignant melanoma (A375) cells. In this study, Mel-AF exhibited considerable potential in the anti-proliferative action of A375 cells. Subsequently, the cellular mechanism of Mel-AF that induced cell death was investigated in terms of apoptosis. As a result, gene and protein expression levels, which indicated the activation of cytochrome-c release and caspase-9 expression, eventually triggered the release of the caspase-3 executioner upon Mel-AF. We then determined that apoptosis-mediated cell death was carried out through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, advanced abilities, including cell motility and invasion, were significantly suppressed. Mel-AF manipulated the actin arrangement via the trapping of stress fibers that were found underneath the membrane, which resulted in the defective actin cytoskeleton organization. Consequently, the expression of EGFR, a binding protein to F-actin, was also found to be suppressed. This outcome strongly supports the effects of Mel-AF in the inhibition of progressive malignant activity through the disruption of actin cytoskeleton-EGFR interaction and the EGFR signaling system. Thus, the findings of our current study indicate the potential usefulness of Mel-AF in cancer treatments as an apoptosis inducer and a potential actin-targeting agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Bee venom melittin protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.

Inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury .
Acute kidney injury ( AKI ) is associated with systemic and intrarenal inflammation as the inflammatory process decreases renal function and promotes progression to advanced chronic kidney disease .
Macrophages are key mediators of the inflammatory response ; their activation influences the immune system and may have various effects .
Classically activated type I macrophages ( M1 ) produce a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the lesion site .
However , anti-inflammatory type II macrophages ( M2 ) are alternatively activated upon exposure to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ healing and tissue repair following AKI .
Here , we used melittin from bee venom to enhance the polarization of M2 macrophages and promote renal recovery after AKI .
Melittin was administered to mice intraperitoneally for 5 days at various concentrations ( 10 , 50 , and 100µg/kg ) ; serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) levels were analyzed 72 h after cisplatin administration to confirm renal dysfunction .
Melittin inhibited the cisplatin-induced increase in creatinine and BUN , an indicator of renal dysfunction .
The expression of M1 markers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of M2 markers ( CD206 , Arg1nase I ) increased after melittin administration .
Consistently , tubular necrosis was substantially reduced in melittin-treated mice .
Thus , melittin alleviates cisplatin-induced AKI by regulating M2 macrophage expression .

Inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with systemic and intrarenal inflammation as the inflammatory process decreases renal function and promotes progression to advanced chronic kidney disease. Macrophages are key mediators of the inflammatory response; their activation influences the immune system and may have various effects. Classically activated type I macrophages (M1) produce a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the lesion site. However, anti-inflammatory type II macrophages (M2) are alternatively activated upon exposure to anti-inflammatory cytokines and are associated with wound healing and tissue repair following AKI. Here, we used melittin from bee venom to enhance the polarization of M2 macrophages and promote renal recovery after AKI. Melittin was administered to mice intraperitoneally for 5 days at various concentrations (10, 50, and 100µg/kg); serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were analyzed 72 h after cisplatin administration to confirm renal dysfunction. Melittin inhibited the cisplatin-induced increase in creatinine and BUN, an indicator of renal dysfunction. The expression of M1 markers (CD16/32) decreasedsignificantly, whereas that of M2 markers (CD206, Arg1nase I) increased after melittin administration. Consistently, tubular necrosis was substantially reduced in melittin-treated mice. Thus, melittin alleviates cisplatin-induced AKI by regulating M2 macrophage expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Antioxidant effect of acetyl-l-carnitine against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity.

OBJECTIVE : Cisplatin ( CDDP ) toxicity is a dose-limiting clinical problem in clinical practice , mainly because of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity .
However , the mechanism of CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity is poorly understood .
Acetyl-l-carnitine ( ALCAR ) is an antioxidant agent with protective effects against the side effects of various chemotherapeutics .
CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity and the protective role of ALCAR were evaluated in this study .
METHODS : Morphological changes were evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections , and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 , superoxide dismutase-2 ( SOD-2 ) , inducible nitrite oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , cyclooxygenase-2 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of athymic nude mice carrying xenograft neuroblastoma tumors .
Mice were randomized ( six/group ) to the control , CDDP ( 16 mg/kg ) , and ALCAR ( 200 mg/kg ) +CDDP ( 16 mg/kg ) groups .
Results were analyzed using nonparametric tests .
RESULTS : No difference was observed in the rates of cardiac necrosis , dilated/congested blood vessels , hemorrhage , polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration , edema , and pyknotic nuclei among the groups .
SOD-2 expression was increased in the CDDP group but not in the ALCAR+CDDP group .
iNOS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not significantly different among the groups .
CONCLUSIONS : ALCAR might be a candidate protective agent for CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity .
SOD-2 , as a member of the oxidant system , should be evaluated in further studies as a biomarker of cardiotoxicity .

OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin (CDDP) toxicity is a dose-limiting clinical problem in clinical practice, mainly because of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity. However, the mechanism of CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity is poorly understood. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) is an antioxidant agent with protective effects against the side effects of various chemotherapeutics. CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity and the protective role of ALCAR were evaluated in this study.
METHODS: Morphological changes were evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2), inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, and Bcl-2 was performed using the hearts of athymic nude mice carrying xenograft neuroblastoma tumors. Mice were randomized (six/group) to the control, CDDP (16 mg/kg), and ALCAR (200 mg/kg)+CDDP (16 mg/kg) groups. Results were analyzed using nonparametric tests.
RESULTS: No difference was observed in the rates of cardiac necrosis, dilated/congested blood vessels, hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, edema, and pyknotic nuclei among the groups. SOD-2 expression was increased in the CDDP group but not in the ALCAR+CDDP group. iNOS, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 levels were not significantly different among the groups.
CONCLUSIONS: ALCAR might be a candidate protective agent for CDDP-induced cardiotoxicity. SOD-2, as a member of the oxidant system, should be evaluated in further studies as a biomarker of cardiotoxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut.

BACKGROUND : Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B ( SEB ) is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens that exerts profound toxic effects by inducing cytokine storm .
When SEB is inhaled , it can cause Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( ARDS ) , which is often fatal and currently there are no effective treatment modalities .
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH : We used mouse model of SEB-mediated ARDS to test the efficacy ofΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) .
These mice were monitored for lung inflammation , alterations in gut and lung microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) .
Gene dysregulation of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ arrays .
Fecal microbiota transplantation ( FMT ) was performed to confirm the role of microbiota in suppressing ARDS .
KEY RESULTS : While SEB triggered ARDS and 100 % mortality in mice , THC protected the mice from fatality effects .
Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB .
THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species , Ruminococcus gnavus , but decreased pathogenic microbiota , Akkermansia muciniphila .
FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SEB-mediated ARDS .
THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA , of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response .
Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1 & 2 , β-defensin-2 , claudin , zonula-1 , occludin-1 , Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating β-defensin-1 .
CONCLUSIONS : Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways .

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B (SEB) is one of the most potent bacterial superantigens that exerts profound toxic effects by inducing cytokine storm. When SEB is inhaled, it can cause Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is often fatal and currently there are no effective treatment modalities.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used mouse model of SEB-mediated ARDS to test the efficacy ofΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). These mice were monitored for lung inflammation, alterations in gut and lung microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Gene dysregulation of lung epithelial cells was studied by transcriptome arrays. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm the role of microbiota in suppressing ARDS.
KEY RESULTS: While SEB triggered ARDS and 100% mortality in mice, THC protected the mice from fatality effects. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that THC caused significant and similar alterations in microbiota in the lungs and gut of mice exposed to SEB. THC significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial species, Ruminococcus gnavus, but decreased pathogenic microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila. FMT confirmed that THC-mediated reversal of microbial dysbiosis played crucial role in attenuation of SEB-mediated ARDS. THC treatment also led to increase in SCFA, of which propionic acid was found to inhibit the inflammatory response. Transcriptome array showed that THC up-regulated several genes like lysozyme-1&2,β-defensin-2, claudin, zonula-1, occludin-1, Mucin2 and Muc5b while downregulating β-defensin-1.
CONCLUSIONS: Current study demonstrates for the first time that THC attenuates SEB-mediated ARDS and toxicity by altering the microbiota in the lungs and the gut as well as promoting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-14--Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol prevents mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( ARDS ) causes up to 40 % mortality in humans and is difficult to treat .
ARDS is also one of the major triggers of mortality associated with coronavirus-induced disease ( COVID-19 ) .
We used a mouse model of ARDS induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B ( SEB ) , which triggers 100 % mortality , to investigate the mechanisms through whichΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) attenuates ARDS .
SEB was used to trigger ARDS in C3H mice .
These mice were treated with THC and analyzed for survival , ARDS , cytokine storm , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the lungs were used to perform single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis .
A database analysis of human COVID-19 patients was also performed to compare the signaling pathways with SEB-mediated ARDS .
The treatment of SEB-mediated ARDS mice with THC led to a 100 % survival , decreased lung inflammation , and the suppression of cytokine storm .
This was associated with immune cell apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway , as suggested by single-cell RNA sequencing .
A transcriptomic analysis of immune cells from the lungs revealed an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , metabolomic analysis revealed elevated serum concentrations of amino acids , lysine , n-acetyl methionine , carnitine , and propionyl L-carnitine in THC-treated mice .
THC caused the downregulation of miR-185 , which correlated with an increase in the pro-apoptotic gene targets .
Interestingly , the gene expression datasets from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) of human COVID-19 patients showed some similarities between cytokine and apoptotic genes with SEB-induced ARDS .
Collectively , this study suggests that the activation of cannabinoid receptors may serve as a therapeutic modality to treat ARDS @ @ @ @

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes up to 40% mortality in humans and is difficult to treat. ARDS is also one of the major triggers of mortality associated with coronavirus-induced disease (COVID-19). We used a mouse model of ARDS induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), which triggers 100% mortality, to investigate the mechanisms through whichΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) attenuates ARDS. SEB was used to trigger ARDS in C3H mice. These mice were treated with THC and analyzed for survival, ARDS, cytokine storm, and metabolome. Additionally, cells isolated from the lungs were used to perform single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. A database analysis of human COVID-19 patients was also performed to compare the signaling pathways with SEB-mediated ARDS. The treatment of SEB-mediated ARDS mice with THC led to a 100% survival, decreased lung inflammation, and the suppression of cytokine storm. This was associated with immune cell apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway, as suggested by single-cell RNA sequencing. A transcriptomic analysis of immune cells from the lungs revealed an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes following THC treatment. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed elevated serum concentrations of amino acids, lysine, n-acetyl methionine, carnitine, and propionyl L-carnitine in THC-treated mice. THC caused the downregulation of miR-185, which correlated with an increase in the pro-apoptotic gene targets. Interestingly, the gene expression datasets from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of human COVID-19 patients showed some similarities between cytokine and apoptotic genes with SEB-induced ARDS. Collectively, this study suggests that the activation of cannabinoid receptors may serve as a therapeutic modality to treat ARDS associated with COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Protective effect of bergapten in acetic acid-induced colitis.

Bergapten ( 5-methoxysporalen ) is a furanocoumarin extracted from several species of citrus and bergamot oil .
Bergamot essential oil is used traditionally in the management of inflammatory conditions .
Previous studies on bergapten have explored mainly itsanti-inflammatory activities which include suppression of the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukins as well as prostaglandins .
Bergapten enhances the clearance of neutrophils and macrophages from the site of inflammation and reduces oxidative stress by inhibition of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) .
Bergapten was assessed for its anti-inflammatory properties in acetic acid-inducedcolitis .
Animals were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 6 ) groups ( n = 5 ) after acclimatization .
Colitis was induced by rectal administration using 4 % /acetic acid in Sprague Dawley rats after pre-treatment for 5 days .
Bergapten was administered at doses of 3 , 10 , and 30 mg kg .
while the control group received saline 5 mL kgand the standard drug employed was sulphasalazine at a dose of 500 mg kg .
Assessments made for colon-weight-to-length ratio , colonic injury , and mucosal mast cell degranulation .
There were reduced colon-weight-to-length ratios in animals treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for doses 10 and 30 mg kgcompared to the disease control group Both macroscopic and microscopic damage were reduced as well , with a lesser percentage of degranulated mast cells .
Macroscopic damage was reduced for bergapten at doses 10 and 30 mg kgsignificantly atandrespectively .
Similarly , microscopic damage was reduced atandrespectively for bergapten 10 and 30 mg kg .
The reduction of degranulation by bergapten was significant at .
There was generally reduced damage at inflammatory sites as well as decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells .
Overall , bergapten reduces inflammation @ @ @ @ @

Bergapten (5-methoxysporalen) is a furanocoumarin extracted from several species of citrus and bergamot oil. Bergamot essential oil is used traditionally in the management of inflammatory conditions. Previous studies on bergapten have explored mainly itsanti-inflammatory activities which include suppression of the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukins as well as prostaglandins. Bergapten enhances the clearance of neutrophils and macrophages from the site of inflammation and reduces oxidative stress by inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bergapten was assessed for its anti-inflammatory properties in acetic acid-inducedcolitis. Animals were obtained and randomly placed in six (6) groups (n = 5) after acclimatization. Colitis was induced by rectal administration using 4%/acetic acid in Sprague Dawley rats after pre-treatment for 5 days. Bergapten was administered at doses of 3, 10, and 30 mg kg. while the control group received saline 5 mL kgand the standard drug employed was sulphasalazine at a dose of 500 mg kg. Assessments made for colon-weight-to-length ratio, colonic injury, and mucosal mast cell degranulation. There were reduced colon-weight-to-length ratios in animals treated with bergapten which was significant () for doses 10 and 30 mg kgcompared to the disease control group Both macroscopic and microscopic damage were reduced as well, with a lesser percentage of degranulated mast cells. Macroscopic damage was reduced for bergapten at doses 10 and 30 mg kgsignificantly atandrespectively. Similarly, microscopic damage was reduced atandrespectively for bergapten 10 and 30 mg kg. The reduction of degranulation by bergapten was significant at. There was generally reduced damage at inflammatory sites as well as decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells. Overall, bergapten reduces inflammation in acetic acid-induced colitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Evaluation of lipid and cholesterol-lowering effect of bioflavonoids from bergamot extract.

Several natural products have been reported to be involved in the suppression of adipogenesis .
In this study , we @ @ @ @ @ ( BE ) decreased the accumulation of intracellular lipids in murine pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells during @ @ @ @ @ inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity and the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes could be used @ @ @ @ @ treatment and prevention of obesity .
The results of this study show a reduction of @ @ @ @ @ droplet accumulation in the presence of the BE , suggesting the potential of BE as @ @ @ @ @ the content of cholesterol and body fat and prevent a gain in body weight .
@ @ @ @ @ result of high percentages of flavonoid compounds such as neoriocitrin , naringin and neohesperidin , @ @ @ @ @ BE , led to significant inhibition of DPPH free radical , demonstrating a strong radical @ @ @

Several natural products have been reported to be involved in the suppression of adipogenesis. In this study, we reveal that a bergamot extract (BE) decreased the accumulation of intracellular lipids in murine pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenic differentiation. Both the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity and the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes could be used as a strategy for the treatment and prevention of obesity. The results of this study show a reduction of HMG-CoA activity and of lipid droplet accumulation in the presence of the BE, suggesting the potential of BE as an anti-adipogenic agent to lower the content of cholesterol and body fat and prevent a gain in body weight. Moreover, BE as the result of high percentages of flavonoid compounds such as neoriocitrin, naringin and neohesperidin, the main flavonoids contained in BE, led to significant inhibition of DPPH free radical, demonstrating a strong radical scavenging activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Naringin modulates UVB radiation-induced DNA damage and photoaging.

We have proven that naringin , a phytonutrient , diminishes oxidative damage and inflammatory responses by modulating PPAR-γ expressions in @ @ @ @ @ -induced NIH-3T3 cells .
However , the role of naringin against DNA damage , photoaging @ @ @ @ @ cells has yet to be studied , necessitating investigation .
We show that Naringin pretreatment @ @ @ @ @ damage and potentially modulates NER gene ( XPC , TFIIH , XPE , ERCC1 , @ @ @ @ @ thereby augmenting DNA repair .
We determined experimentally that naringin pretreatment prevents UVB-induced nuclear fragmentation @ @ @ @ @ well as altering UVB-induced apoptotic marker ( Bax , BCl-2 , Caspase-9 , and Caspase-3 @ @ @ @ @ In addition , naringin pretreatment inhibits UVB-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP-2 , MMP-9 and MMP-13 @ @ @ @ @ cells .
Therefore , we report that naringin can effectively avert UVB-mediated DNA damage , @ @ @ @ @ NIH-3T3 cells .

We have proven that naringin, a phytonutrient, diminishes oxidative damage and inflammatory responses by modulating PPAR-γ expressions in ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB)-induced NIH-3T3 cells. However, the role of naringin against DNA damage, photoaging, and apoptosis in NIH-3T3 cells has yet to be studied, necessitating investigation. We show that Naringin pretreatment significantly reduces UVB-induced alkaline DNA damage and potentially modulates NER gene (XPC, TFIIH, XPE, ERCC1, and GAPDH) expression, thereby augmenting DNA repair. We determined experimentally that naringin pretreatment prevents UVB-induced nuclear fragmentation in NIH-3T3 cells, as well as altering UVB-induced apoptotic marker (Bax, BCl-2, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3) expression in them. In addition, naringin pretreatment inhibits UVB-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13) expression in these 3T3 cells. Therefore, we report that naringin can effectively avert UVB-mediated DNA damage, photoaging, and apoptosis in NIH-3T3 cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Naringenin and naringin in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Cardiovascular disease is an important cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide .
Flavonoids , such as naringin , and naringenin @ @ @ @ @ the treatment or prevention of various disorders such as obesity , cardiac diseases , diabetes @ @ @ @ @ Naringin and naringenin have significant therapeutic potential in several diseases through anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory , @ @ @ @ @ flavonoids play a protective role in human pathophysiology .
In this review , based on @ @ @ @ @ present a summary of the impact of naringin , and naringenin on cardiovascular disease , @ @ @ @ @ basic roles of naringin and naringenin and their mechanisms of actions in cardiovascular disease and @ @ @ @ @ data collected in this review may serve as a comprehensive reference for the effects of @ @ @ @ @ cardiovascular disease , which may be beneficial for further research and for the design of @ @ @ @ @ new therapeutic options for cardiovascular diseases .

Cardiovascular disease is an important cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Flavonoids, such as naringin, and naringenin are important natural phytochemicals in the treatment or prevention of various disorders such as obesity, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Naringin and naringenin have significant therapeutic potential in several diseases through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions; these flavonoids play a protective role in human pathophysiology. In this review, based on the latest evidence, we present a summary of the impact of naringin, and naringenin on cardiovascular disease, and analyze and discuss the basic roles of naringin and naringenin and their mechanisms of actions in cardiovascular disease and other vascular dysfunction. The data collected in this review may serve as a comprehensive reference for the effects of naringin, and naringenin in cardiovascular disease, which may be beneficial for further research and for the design of naringin and naringenin analogs as new therapeutic options for cardiovascular diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Lactoferrin peptides limit pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine production by LPS-activated human

Lactoferrin peptides limit pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine production by LPS-activated human macrophages.

The neutrophil granule protein lactoferrin is cleaved and accumulates in efferocytic macrophages as inflammation is resolved .
Two peptides present @ @ @ @ @ fragment of lactoferrin promote the termination of inflammation in vivo by enhancing murine macrophage reprogramming @ @ @ @ @ that these two bioactive tripeptides , phenylalanine-lysine-aspartic acid and phenylalanine-lysine-glutamic acid ( FKD and FKE @ @ @ @ @ ERK and cJun activation following human macrophage exposure to LPS .
In addition , these @ @ @ @ @ 1-10μM ) modulate human macrophage reprogramming to an anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving phenotype .
This was reflected by @ @ @ @ @ IL-6 secretion and increased IL-10 levels .
Moreover , we found naturally occurring FKE analogs @ @ @ @ @ can recapitulate the activity ofthe short peptide in regulating macrophage cytokine secretion , whereas a @ @ @ @ @ in this respect .
Curiously , FKD and FKE also regulated cytokine production by bone @ @ @ @ @ in a very different fashion than their effect on human macrophages .
Thus , lactoferrin @ @ @ @ @ cytokine production by LPS-activated human macrophages and thereby enhance the resolution of inflammation .

The neutrophil granule protein lactoferrin is cleaved and accumulates in efferocytic macrophages as inflammation is resolved. Two peptides present within a resolution-associated 17 kDa fragment of lactoferrin promote the termination of inflammation in vivo by enhancing murine macrophage reprogramming. Here, we report that these two bioactive tripeptides, phenylalanine-lysine-aspartic acid and phenylalanine-lysine-glutamic acid (FKD and FKE, respectively), inhibit ERK and cJun activation following human macrophage exposure to LPS. In addition, these peptides at low concentrations (1-10μM) modulate human macrophage reprogramming to an anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving phenotype. This was reflected by inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion and increased IL-10 levels. Moreover, we found naturally occurring FKE analogs (FKECH and FKECHLA) can recapitulate the activity ofthe short peptide in regulating macrophage cytokine secretion, whereas a reversed EKF peptide was inert in this respect. Curiously, FKD and FKE also regulated cytokine production by bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages, but in a very different fashion than their effect on human macrophages. Thus, lactoferrin peptides limit pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine production by LPS-activated human macrophages and thereby enhance the resolution of inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Lactoferrin as potential preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic is rapidly advancing across the globe despite drastic public and personal health @ @ @ @ @ supplements have been proposed as potentially useful against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( @ @ @ @ @ coronavirus that causes COVID-19 , but few have been clinically established .
Lactoferrin ( Lf @ @ @ @ @ , non-toxic glycoprotein that is orally available as a nutritional supplement and has established in @ @ @ @ @ wide range of viruses , including SARS-CoV , a closely related coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2 .
@ @ @ @ @ immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that may be especially relevant to the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ the underlying biological mechanisms of Lf as an antiviral and immune regulator , and propose @ @ @ @ @ preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19 .
We hope that further research and development of @ @ @ @ @ its role for COVID-19 .

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly advancing across the globe despite drastic public and personal health measures. Antivirals and nutritional supplements have been proposed as potentially useful against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, but few have been clinically established. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring, non-toxic glycoprotein that is orally available as a nutritional supplement and has established in vitro antiviral efficacy against a wide range of viruses, including SARS-CoV, a closely related coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, Lf possesses unique immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that may be especially relevant to the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 cases. Here we review the underlying biological mechanisms of Lf as an antiviral and immune regulator, and propose its unique potential as a preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. We hope that further research and development of Lf nutritional supplementation would establish its role for COVID-19.