greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Synergic effects of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplement on germ cell development and testicular

Synergic effects of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplement on germ cell development and testicular tissue structure in chlorpyrifos-treated animal model.

Insecticide chlorpyrifos ( CPF ) with increased oxidative stress , structural destruction , and hemostasis of testicular tissue leads to male infertility .
The present study investigated the protective effect of exercise ( Exe ) and eugenol supplementation ( Sup ) on CPF-induced testicular spermatogenic disorders in male rats .
In this experimental study , 21 adult male albino rats were divided into seven groups , control ( Co : 6 weeks ) , CPF ( 6 weeks ) , Co + Oil ( 2 weeks healthy food and 4 weeks oil ) , Co + Dimethylsulfoxide ( DMSO : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Sup ) , CPF + Exe ( 2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe ) , and CPF + Exe + Sup ( 2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe + Sup ) group .
All treatments were done intraperitoneally ( 5 days a week ) .
Exe groups were subjected to run at moderate exercise intensity for 5 days per week over 6 weeks .
DMSO groups were administered to the equal volume of vehicle for 6 consecutive weeks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with Co2 gas and then alterations in testicular histology and sperm parameters were evaluated .
Protein expression of PLZF and IGFα in the CPF group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group ( p ˂ 0.001 for both ) .
It was shown that CPF + Exe + Sup ( p ˂ 0.001 ) and CPF + Sup ( p ˂ 0.01 ) groups had asignificant increase in protein expression of PLZF , but the protein expression of IGFα showed a significant increase just in the CPF + Exe + Sup @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Also , CPF caused a significant decrease in Leydig counts , Sertoli cell count , spermatogonium counts , spermatocyte cell count , spermatid cell count , and tunica thickness as well as a significant increase in testicle diameter ( p ˂ 0.01 ) and ducts diameter compared with the control group .
It seems that aerobic exercise with eugenol supplementation suppresses the disruption effects of CPF on testicular tissue ( cellular and structural ) by increasing the antioxidant capacity and improving the secretion of sex hormones .
Therefore , the aerobic exercise with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ targets for male infertility that need further study .

Insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) with increased oxidative stress, structural destruction, and hemostasis of testicular tissue leads to male infertility. The present study investigated the protective effect of exercise (Exe) and eugenol supplementation (Sup) on CPF-induced testicular spermatogenic disorders in male rats. In this experimental study, 21 adult male albino rats were divided into seven groups, control (Co: 6 weeks), CPF (6 weeks), Co + Oil (2 weeks healthy food and 4 weeks oil), Co + Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO: 6 weeks), CPF + Sup (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Sup), CPF + Exe (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe), and CPF + Exe + Sup (2 weeks CPF and 4 weeks CPF + Exe + Sup) group. All treatments were done intraperitoneally (5 days a week). Exe groups were subjected to run at moderate exercise intensity for 5 days per week over 6 weeks. DMSO groups were administered to the equal volume of vehicle for 6 consecutive weeks. Finally, the animals were sacrificed with Co2 gas and then alterations in testicular histology and sperm parameters were evaluated. Protein expression of PLZF and IGFα in the CPF group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (p ˂ 0.001 for both). It was shown that CPF + Exe + Sup (p ˂ 0.001) and CPF + Sup (p ˂ 0.01) groups had asignificant increase in protein expression of PLZF, but the protein expression of IGFα showed a significant increase just in the CPF + Exe + Sup group (p ˂ 0.001). Also, CPF caused a significant decrease in Leydig counts, Sertoli cell count, spermatogonium counts, spermatocyte cell count, spermatid cell count, and tunica thickness as well as a significant increase in testicle diameter (p ˂ 0.01) and ducts diameter compared with the control group. It seems that aerobic exercise with eugenol supplementation suppresses the disruption effects of CPF on testicular tissue (cellular and structural) by increasing the antioxidant capacity and improving the secretion of sex hormones. Therefore, the aerobic exercise with supplement of the eugenol has potential therapeutic targets for male infertility that need further study.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Eugenol attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Eugenol , as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus , has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R ) injury .
Nonetheless , the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated .
In the present study , cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) in rats .
HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion ( OGD/R ) to mimic cerebral I/R injury .
The results showed that eugenol pre-treatment relieved cerebral I/R injury as evidenced by improving neurological deficits and reducing infarct volume .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ was further promoted by eugenol administration .
Moreover , rapamycin , an activator of autophagy , promoted eugenol-induced decreases in neurological score , infarct volume , brain water content , and apoptosis .
However , pretreatment with 3-MA , an inhibitor of autophagy , led to the opposite results .
Similarly , eugenol pretreatment increased the viability and restrained apoptosis of OGD/R-challenged HT22 cells .
OGD/R-induced autophagy was strengthened by eugenol .
Mechanically , eugenol promoted autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathwayand .
In conclusion , pretreatment with eugenol attenuated cerebral I/R injury @ @ @ @ @ @

Eugenol, as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus, has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nonetheless, the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated. In the present study, cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury. The results showed that eugenol pre-treatment relieved cerebral I/R injury as evidenced by improving neurological deficits and reducing infarct volume. Autophagy was induced by MCAO, which was further promoted by eugenol administration. Moreover, rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, promoted eugenol-induced decreases in neurological score, infarct volume, brain water content, and apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy, led to the opposite results. Similarly, eugenol pretreatment increased the viability and restrained apoptosis of OGD/R-challenged HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced autophagy was strengthened by eugenol. Mechanically, eugenol promoted autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathwayand. In conclusion, pretreatment with eugenol attenuated cerebral I/R injury by inducing autophagyAMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Effect of artificial sweeteners on insulin resistance among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Introduction : Incidence of diabetes mellitus has increased over the past few years , mainly due to our eating habits and physical inactivity .
This also includes the use of artificial sweetening agents which have broadly replaced other forms of sugars and have shown a paradoxical , negative effect on blood glucose .
Ingestion of these artificial sweeteners ( AS ) results in the release of insulin from pancreas which is mistaken for glucose ( due to their sweet taste ) .
This increases the levels of insulin in blood eventually leading to decreased receptor activity due to insulin resistance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study that was conducted on patients diagnosed with type-2 diabetes mellitus of a tertiary care hospital in Central India .
All the diabetics that presented in the OPD were divided into 2 groups based on whether they use AS ( group A ) or not ( group B ) .
Insulin resistance was calculated for each group using HOMA-IR and graphs were plotted .
Results : The HOMAIR values for Group A and B ranged from 0.9-24.33 and 0.12-10.83 with mean values 7.39 and 2.6 , respectively , showing that the ones who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The study also showed that the duration of use of artificial sweeteners had a direct impact on insulin resistance .

Introduction: Incidence of diabetes mellitus has increased over the past few years, mainly due to our eating habits and physical inactivity. This also includes the use of artificial sweetening agents which have broadly replaced other forms of sugars and have shown a paradoxical, negative effect on blood glucose. Ingestion of these artificial sweeteners (AS) results in the release of insulin from pancreas which is mistaken for glucose (due to their sweet taste). This increases the levels of insulin in blood eventually leading to decreased receptor activity due to insulin resistance.
Methodology: It is a crosssectional study that was conducted on patients diagnosed with type-2 diabetes mellitus of a tertiary care hospital in Central India. All the diabetics that presented in the OPD were divided into 2 groups based on whether they use AS (group A) or not (group B). Insulin resistance was calculated for each group using HOMA-IR and graphs were plotted.
Results: The HOMAIR values for Group A and B ranged from 0.9-24.33 and 0.12-10.83 with mean values 7.39 and 2.6, respectively, showing that the ones who used AS had a higher insulin resistance. The study also showed that the duration of use of artificial sweeteners had a direct impact on insulin resistance.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Naringenin ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage.

Hepatic fibrosis emerges upon exposure of liver to various chemicals and if not treated , it develops various diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer .
Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) is a widely used toxin in animal models to develop hepatic fibrosis .
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in cells causes stress in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) and various mechanisms are involved in the cell to reduce the damage caused by these unfolding proteins .
The most well known of these is the unfolded protein response .
Further , autophagy works to remove these proteins if the damage can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In our study , we investigated the effects of naringenin ( NRG ) , a flavanon abundant in citrus fruits , on ER stress and autophagy in CCl-injured rat liver .
The animals were given 0.2 mL/kg of CClfor 10 days and treatment group was administered 100 mg/kg of NRG for 14 days .
Histopathological examination was performed to show liver damage and to determine the therapeutic properties of the active substance .
Transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) analysis was carried out to establish cell level damage and effect of treatment .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ and autophagy markers of liver were measured .
According to our findings , TEM demonstrated positive effect of NRG and histological examinations reported ameliorative effects .
In addition , NRG reduced levels of ER stress markers and inhibited autophagy significantly compared to CCl-treated group .
As a result , NRG significantly reduced damage in hepatocytes and provided a significant amelioration .

Hepatic fibrosis emerges upon exposure of liver to various chemicals and if not treated, it develops various diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl) is a widely used toxin in animal models to develop hepatic fibrosis. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in cells causes stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and various mechanisms are involved in the cell to reduce the damage caused by these unfolding proteins. The most well known of these is the unfolded protein response. Further, autophagy works to remove these proteins if the damage cannot be repaired and is permanent. In our study, we investigated the effects of naringenin (NRG), a flavanon abundant in citrus fruits, on ER stress and autophagy in CCl-injured rat liver. The animals were given 0.2 mL/kg of CClfor 10 days and treatment group was administered 100 mg/kg of NRG for 14 days. Histopathological examination was performed to show liver damage and to determine the therapeutic properties of the active substance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out to establish cell level damage and effect of treatment. In addition, levels of ER stress and autophagy markers of liver were measured. According to our findings, TEM demonstrated positive effect of NRG and histological examinations reported ameliorative effects. In addition, NRG reduced levels of ER stress markers and inhibited autophagy significantly compared to CCl-treated group. As a result, NRG significantly reduced damage in hepatocytes and provided a significant amelioration.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Citrus fruit-derived flavonoid naringenin and the expression of hepatic organic cation transporter 1

Citrus fruit-derived flavonoid naringenin and the expression of hepatic organic cation transporter 1 protein in diabetic rats treated with metformin.

Naringenin possesses many pharmacological effects and may modulate metformin disposition .
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of naringenin on hepatic expression of organic cation transporter 1 ( OCT 1 ) protein and its associated effects on metformin-associated hyperlactataemia in diabetes .
Forty-nine male Sprague Dawley rats randomly assigned to 7 groups ( n =7 ) , were orally treated daily with 3.0 ml/kg body weight ( BW ) of distilled water ( group 1 ) or 60 mg/kg BW of naringenin ( groups 2 and 5 ) or 250 mg/kg BW of metformin ( groups @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dissolved in distilled water .
Similarly , group 7 was given metformin and naringenin .
Groups 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 were administered intraperitoneally with streptozotocin at a single dose of 60 mg/kg BW to induce diabetes .
Glucose tolerance tests were performed .
The animals were killed after 8 weeks of treatment , blood was collected and livers excised for further biochemical analysis .
Lowered body weight , increased polydipsia and reduced hepatic glycogen concentrations were observed in diabetic rats compared to controls .
Naringenin only significantly decreased plasma lactate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly increased plasma lactate levels in diabetic compared to non-treated diabetic animals .
Metformin only but not naringenin significantly increased plasma lactate levels in non-diabetic compared to control rats .
Furthermore , naringenin with or without metformin but not metformin only significantly increased hepatic OCT1 expression in diabetic compared to non-treated diabetic rats .
Contrastingly , metformin only but not naringenin significantly increased hepatic OCT 1 expression in non-diabetic rats compared to controls .
Diabetic rats treated with metformin exhibited significantly increased plasma metformin concentrations compared to non-diabetic but naringenin significantly dropped this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were significantly lower in diabetic rats treated with metformin compared to non-diabetic rats but significantly increased when naringenin was added .
These results suggest that naringenin ameliorated hyperglycaemia-induced reduction in hepatic OCT 1 expression leading to metformin accumulation and increased lactic acid production .

Naringenin possesses many pharmacological effects and may modulate metformin disposition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of naringenin on hepatic expression of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT 1) protein and its associated effects on metformin-associated hyperlactataemia in diabetes. Forty-nine male Sprague Dawley rats randomly assigned to 7 groups (n =7), were orally treated daily with 3.0 ml/kg body weight (BW) of distilled water (group 1) or 60 mg/kg BW of naringenin (groups 2 and 5) or 250 mg/kg BW of metformin (groups 3 and 6), respectively, dissolved in distilled water. Similarly, group 7 was given metformin and naringenin. Groups 4, 5, 6 and 7 were administered intraperitoneally with streptozotocin at a single dose of 60 mg/kg BW to induce diabetes. Glucose tolerance tests were performed. The animals were killed after 8 weeks of treatment, blood was collected and livers excised for further biochemical analysis. Lowered body weight, increased polydipsia and reduced hepatic glycogen concentrations were observed in diabetic rats compared to controls. Naringenin only significantly decreased plasma lactate levels while metformin only or with naringenin significantly increased plasma lactate levels in diabetic compared to non-treated diabetic animals. Metformin only but not naringenin significantly increased plasma lactate levels in non-diabetic compared to control rats. Furthermore, naringenin with or without metformin but not metformin only significantly increased hepatic OCT1 expression in diabetic compared to non-treated diabetic rats. Contrastingly, metformin only but not naringenin significantly increased hepatic OCT 1 expression in non-diabetic rats compared to controls. Diabetic rats treated with metformin exhibited significantly increased plasma metformin concentrations compared to non-diabetic but naringenin significantly dropped this parameter. Conversely, hepatic metformin concentrations were significantly lower in diabetic rats treated with metformin compared to non-diabetic rats but significantly increased when naringenin was added. These results suggest that naringenin ameliorated hyperglycaemia-induced reduction in hepatic OCT 1 expression leading to metformin accumulation and increased lactic acid production.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Naringenin inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing.

Bacterial quorum sensing ( QS ) is a cell-to-cell communication system that governs the expression of a large set of genes involved in bacterial-host interactions , including the production of virulence factors .
Conversely , the hosts can produce anti-QS compounds to impair virulence of bacterial pathogens .
One of these inhibitors is the plant flavonoid naringenin , which impairs the production of QS-regulatedvirulence factors .
In the present work , we analyze the molecular basis for such inhibition .
Our data indicate that naringenin produces its effect by directly binding the QS regulator LasR , hence competing with its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ -L-homoserine lactone ( 3OC12-HSL ) .
Theanalysis of LasR binding to its cognate target DNA showed that the capacity of naringenin to outcompete 3OC12-HSL , when the latter is previously bound to LasR , is low .
By using anLasR-based biosensor strain , which does not produce 3OC12-HSL , we determined that the inhibition of LasR is more efficient when naringenin binds to nascent LasR than when this regulator is already activated through 3OC12-HSL binding .
According to these findings , at early exponential growth phase , when the amount of 3OC12-HSL is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ response , whereas at later stages of growth , once 3OC12-HSL concentration reaches a threshold enough for binding LasR , naringenin would not efficiently inhibit the QS response .
To test this hypothesis , we analyze the potential effect of naringenin over the QS response by adding naringenin tocultures at either time zero ( early inhibition ) or at stationary growth phase ( late inhibition ) .
In early inhibitory conditions , naringenin inhibited the expression of QS-regulated genes , as well as the production of the QS-regulated virulence factors , pyocyanin and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ conditions , theQS response was not inhibited by naringenin .
Therefore , this time-dependent inhibition may compromise the efficiency of this flavonoid , which will be effective just when used against bacterial populations presenting low cellular densities , and highlight the importance of searching for QS inhibitors whose mechanism of action does not depend on the QS status of the population .

Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system that governs the expression of a large set of genes involved in bacterial-host interactions, including the production of virulence factors. Conversely, the hosts can produce anti-QS compounds to impair virulence of bacterial pathogens. One of these inhibitors is the plant flavonoid naringenin, which impairs the production of QS-regulatedvirulence factors. In the present work, we analyze the molecular basis for such inhibition. Our data indicate that naringenin produces its effect by directly binding the QS regulator LasR, hence competing with its physiological activator,-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL). Theanalysis of LasR binding to its cognate target DNA showed that the capacity of naringenin to outcompete 3OC12-HSL, when the latter is previously bound to LasR, is low. By using anLasR-based biosensor strain, which does not produce 3OC12-HSL, we determined that the inhibition of LasR is more efficient when naringenin binds to nascent LasR than when this regulator is already activated through 3OC12-HSL binding. According to these findings, at early exponential growth phase, when the amount of 3OC12-HSL is low, naringenin should proficiently inhibit theQS response, whereas at later stages of growth, once 3OC12-HSL concentration reaches a threshold enough for binding LasR, naringenin would not efficiently inhibit the QS response. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the potential effect of naringenin over the QS response by adding naringenin tocultures at either time zero (early inhibition) or at stationary growth phase (late inhibition). In early inhibitory conditions, naringenin inhibited the expression of QS-regulated genes, as well as the production of the QS-regulated virulence factors, pyocyanin and elastase. Nevertheless, in late inhibitory conditions, theQS response was not inhibited by naringenin. Therefore, this time-dependent inhibition may compromise the efficiency of this flavonoid, which will be effective just when used against bacterial populations presenting low cellular densities, and highlight the importance of searching for QS inhibitors whose mechanism of action does not depend on the QS status of the population.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Naringin may have a therapeutic effect on endothelial injury-related disorders.

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of several cardiovascular diseases .
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL ) -induced apoptosis , endothelial-mesenchymal transition ( EndMT ) , and inflammation are crucial for the progression of cardiovascular diseases , including atherosclerosis .
Naringin , a major compound from tomatoes , grapefruits , and related citrus , reportedly exhibits potential protective effects during atherosclerosis development ; however , its effect on ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell ( HUVEC ) damage remains unknown .
In the present study , we investigated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities of naringin against ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and concentration-dependently inhibited ox-LDL-induced cell injury and apoptosis .
Additionally , naringin restored endothelial barrier integrity by preventing VE-cadherin disassembly and F-actin remodeling , and down-regulated pro-inflammatory factors like IL-1β , IL-6 , and IL-18 , in the HUVECs .
We also demonstrated that naringin treatment restored ox-LDL-induced YAP ( yes-associated protein ) down-regulation , given the YAP-shRNA attenuated cytoprotective effect of naringin on ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury and apoptosis .
Collectively , our data indicate that naringin reversed ox-LDL-triggered HUVEC apoptosis , EndMT , and inflammation by inhibiting the YAP pathway .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ effect on endothelial injury-related disorders .

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of several cardiovascular diseases. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced apoptosis, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and inflammation are crucial for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Naringin, a major compound from tomatoes, grapefruits, and related citrus, reportedly exhibits potential protective effects during atherosclerosis development; however, its effect on ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) damage remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities of naringin against ox-LDL-induced endothelial cells, and the underlying mechanism. Naringin pretreatment significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited ox-LDL-induced cell injury and apoptosis. Additionally, naringin restored endothelial barrier integrity by preventing VE-cadherin disassembly and F-actin remodeling, and down-regulated pro-inflammatory factors like IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, in the HUVECs. We also demonstrated that naringin treatment restored ox-LDL-induced YAP (yes-associated protein) down-regulation, given the YAP-shRNA attenuated cytoprotective effect of naringin on ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury and apoptosis. Collectively, our data indicate that naringin reversed ox-LDL-triggered HUVEC apoptosis, EndMT, and inflammation by inhibiting the YAP pathway. Therefore, naringin may have a therapeutic effect on endothelial injury-related disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Medical Testimony by Dr. Wodarg on the "Corona Panic"

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greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Naringin provides neuroprotection in CCL2-induced cognition impairment by attenuating neuronal apopt

Naringin provides neuroprotection in CCL2-induced cognition impairment by attenuating neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus.

BACKGROUND : Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 ( CCL2 ) is one of the most widely recognised proinflammatory chemokines in cognitive disorders .
Currently , CCL2-targeting drugs are extremely limited .
Thus , this study aimed to explore the neuroprotection afforded by naringin in CCL2-induced cognitive impairment in rats .
METHODS : Before the CCL2 intra-hippocampal injection , rats were treated with naringin for 3 consecutive days via intraperitoneal injection .
Two days post-surgery , the Morris water maze ( MWM ) and novel object recognition ( NORT ) tests were performed to detect spatial learning and memory and object @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dUTP nick-end labelling ( TUNEL ) staining were performed to assess histopathological changes in the hippocampus .
Commercial kits were used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and the content of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) .
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) was performed to examine the relative mRNA expression of interleukin 1β , ( IL-1β ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , glutamate/aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) , glutamate transporter-1 ( GLT-1 ) , phosphate-activated glutaminase ( PAG ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caspase-8 ) , cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 3 ( caspase-3 ) , cell lymphoma/leukaemia-2 ( Bcl-2 ) , andBcl-2 associated X protein ( Bax ) .
RESULTS : In the MWM , the average escape latency and average swimming distance were significantly reduced and the crossing times were increased in the naringin-treated groups , compared with the CCL2 group .
The NORT results revealed that , compared with the CCL2 rats , the discrimination index in the naringin-treated rats increased significantly .
Nissl and TUNEL staining revealed that naringin protected the structure and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ zone of the hippocampus .
In the naringin-treated groups , the SOD and GSH-Px activities were increased , whereas the MDA levels were decreased .
Furthermore , in the naringin-treated groups , the relative mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was significantly decreased ; GLAST and GLT-1 mRNA expression levels were increased , whereas PAG was decreased .
In the naringin-treated groups , the relative mRNA expression levels of caspase-8 , caspase-3 , and Bax were decreased , whereas that of Bcl-2 was increased .
CONCLUSION : Collectively , these data indicated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The underlying mechanisms could be associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation , oxidative stress , apoptosis , and the regulation of glutamate metabolism .

BACKGROUND: Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) is one of the most widely recognised proinflammatory chemokines in cognitive disorders. Currently, CCL2-targeting drugs are extremely limited. Thus, this study aimed to explore the neuroprotection afforded by naringin in CCL2-induced cognitive impairment in rats.
METHODS: Before the CCL2 intra-hippocampal injection, rats were treated with naringin for 3 consecutive days via intraperitoneal injection. Two days post-surgery, the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NORT) tests were performed to detect spatial learning and memory and object cognition, respectively. Nissl staining and dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining were performed to assess histopathological changes in the hippocampus. Commercial kits were used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine the relative mRNA expression of interleukin 1β, (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 8 (caspase-8), cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 3 (caspase-3), cell lymphoma/leukaemia-2 (Bcl-2), andBcl-2 associated X protein (Bax).
RESULTS: In the MWM, the average escape latency and average swimming distance were significantly reduced and the crossing times were increased in the naringin-treated groups, compared with the CCL2 group. The NORT results revealed that, compared with the CCL2 rats, the discrimination index in the naringin-treated rats increased significantly. Nissl and TUNEL staining revealed that naringin protected the structure and survival of the neurons in the CA1 zone of the hippocampus. In the naringin-treated groups, the SOD and GSH-Px activities were increased, whereas the MDA levels were decreased. Furthermore, in the naringin-treated groups, the relative mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 was significantly decreased; GLAST and GLT-1 mRNA expression levels were increased, whereas PAG was decreased. In the naringin-treated groups, the relative mRNA expression levels of caspase-8, caspase-3, and Bax were decreased, whereas that of Bcl-2 was increased.
CONCLUSION: Collectively, these data indicated that naringin alleviated the CCL2-induced cognitive impairment. The underlying mechanisms could be associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of glutamate metabolism.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-18--Colon targeting of naringin for enhanced cytoprotection against indomethacin-induced colitis.

Background : Naringin is a promising anti-inflammatory drug against various disorders including ulcerative colitis .
However , its oral bioavailability is low ( 8 % ) possibly due to cleavage at the upper gut .
Consequently , colon targeting would be necessary for drug protection at the upper gut , enhanced oral bioavailability and potentiated cytoprotection against colitis .
Methodology : This study involved the formulation of compression-coated tablets of naringin employing mixtures of pH-sensitive Eudragit L100-55 ( EUD-L100-55 ) and different time-dependent polymers including ethyl cellulose ( EC ) , sodium alginate ( ALG ) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose @ @ @ @ @ @ @ release was assessed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy ( FT-IR ) and differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) .
Tablets were evaluated in vitro .
Surface morphology of the optimized tablets either before or after exposure to the different release media was examined employing scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) .
Cytoprotection potential of the optimized tablets against indomethacin-induced colitis in rabbits was screened and compared to core tablets through a histopathological examination of colon , measurement of serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( pANCA ) and immunohistochemical localization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DSC results may indicate drug-polymers interaction during release .
Release retardation could be related to polymer swelling that was in the order of SCMC > ALG > EC .
SEM examination indicated more porous coats at the buffers relative to the acidic medium .
Colon targeting was expected in case of coats of 5 % ALG , 5 % SCMC and 10 % EC ( w/w ) in combination with EUD-L100-55 ; thus , they were selected for in vivo evaluation .
Effective cytoprotection of selected tablets against indomethacin-induced colitis was indicated by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in mucosal damage , serum levels of pANCA and TNF-α expression compared to untreated colitis and core-pretreated groups .
Compared to EC , higher cytoprotection potential of ALG- and SCMC-based tablets was reflected by lower concentration ( 5 % w/w ) to provide cytoprotection against indomethacin-induced colitis .

Background: Naringin is a promising anti-inflammatory drug against various disorders including ulcerative colitis. However, its oral bioavailability is low (8%) possibly due to cleavage at the upper gut. Consequently, colon targeting would be necessary for drug protection at the upper gut, enhanced oral bioavailability and potentiated cytoprotection against colitis.
Methodology: This study involved the formulation of compression-coated tablets of naringin employing mixtures of pH-sensitive Eudragit L100-55 (EUD-L100-55) and different time-dependent polymers including ethyl cellulose (EC), sodium alginate (ALG) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC). Drug-polymer interaction during release was assessed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tablets were evaluated in vitro. Surface morphology of the optimized tablets either before or after exposure to the different release media was examined employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytoprotection potential of the optimized tablets against indomethacin-induced colitis in rabbits was screened and compared to core tablets through a histopathological examination of colon, measurement of serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and immunohistochemical localization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
Results: FT-IR and DSC results may indicate drug-polymers interaction during release. Release retardation could be related to polymer swelling that was in the order of SCMC>ALG>EC. SEM examination indicated more porous coats at the buffers relative to the acidic medium. Colon targeting was expected in case of coats of 5% ALG, 5% SCMC and 10% EC (w/w) in combination with EUD-L100-55; thus, they were selected for in vivo evaluation. Effective cytoprotection of selected tablets against indomethacin-induced colitis was indicated by a significant (<0.05) reduction in mucosal damage, serum levels of pANCA and TNF-α expression compared to untreated colitis and core-pretreated groups. Compared to EC, higher cytoprotection potential of ALG- and SCMC-based tablets was reflected by lower concentration (5% w/w) to provide cytoprotection against indomethacin-induced colitis.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Thymoquinone and silymarin is quite effective in preventing tissue damage in the brain following the

Thymoquinone and silymarin is quite effective in preventing tissue damage in the brain following the ischemia reperfusion.

AIM : We aimed to show whether ischemia reperfusion ( I/R ) injury causes damage on brain or not , and whether thymoquinone and silymarin , as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herbs , have beneficial effects on this damage or not .
METHODS : Forty Wistar albino rats were carried out and were randomized to 4 groups with equal numbers ( n=10 ) : sham group , implemented of only anesthesia ; control group , implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury ; silymarin group , implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 200 milligram/kg silymarin ip @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 20 mg/kg thymoquinone .
Serum lipid hydroperoxide ( LOOH ) and total free sulfhydryl ( Sh ) levels were determined .
Light microscopy was used to evaluate histological changes in brain tissue .
RESULTS : Serum LOOH levels ( 0.21± 0.04 for control group , 0.29 ± 0.01 for sham group , 0.23 ± 0.09 for silymarin group , 0.29 ± 0.09 for thymoquinone group ) were significantly higher and Sh levels ( 10.74 ± 1.71 for control group , 6.82 ± 0.24 for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ silymarin group , 8.41 ± 1.12 for thymoquinone group ) were significantly lower in control , silymarin and thymoquinone groups compared to control group ( p < 0.05 for all ) .
According to the histopathologic damage score assessment , it was seen that the damage decreased significantly in the silymarin and the thymoquinone groups .
CONCLUSION : We showed that tissue damage also occurs in brain following the ischemia reperfusion .
It was shown that thymoquinone and silymarin is quite effective in preventing this damage .

AIM: We aimed to show whether ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury causes damage on brain or not, and whether thymoquinone and silymarin, as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herbs, have beneficial effects on this damage or not.
METHODS: Forty Wistar albino rats were carried out and were randomized to 4 groups with equal numbers (n=10): sham group, implemented of only anesthesia; control group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury; silymarin group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 200 milligram/kg silymarin ip and thymoquinone group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 20 mg/kg thymoquinone. Serum lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and total free sulfhydryl (Sh) levels were determined. Light microscopy was used to evaluate histological changes in brain tissue.
RESULTS: Serum LOOH levels (0.21± 0.04 for control group, 0.29 ± 0.01 for sham group, 0.23 ± 0.09 for silymarin group, 0.29 ± 0.09 for thymoquinone group) were significantly higher and Sh levels (10.74 ± 1.71 for control group, 6.82 ± 0.24 for sham group, 9.12 ± 1.04 for silymarin group, 8.41 ± 1.12 for thymoquinone group)were significantly lower in control, silymarin and thymoquinone groups compared to control group (p<0.05 for all). According to the histopathologic damage score assessment, it was seen that the damage decreased significantly in the silymarin and the thymoquinone groups.
CONCLUSION: We showed that tissue damage also occurs in brain following the ischemia reperfusion. It was shown that thymoquinone and silymarin is quite effective in preventing this damage.
KEY WORDS: Brain, Hydroperoxide levels, Ischemia reperfusion injury, Sulfhydryl levels, Silymarin, Thymoquinone.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--The carotenoid compound of saffron crocetin alleviates effects of ischemia reperfusion injury.

Renal impairment is associated with high mortality rates in severely ill patients .
The need to prevent and treat renal damage underlines the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that characterize it .
This could also enable early diagnosis and the design of alternative therapeutic approaches .
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of crocetin , a known antioxidant , on the prevention of renal damage due to ischemia-reperfusion injury and the investigation of the mechanisms involved .
The present study was performed on C57BL/6 mice aged 10-12 weeks .
The animals had access to water @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , as described in materials and methods , was completed at 24 h , in which case the kidneys were removed for further study , both at tissue morphology ( with immunohistochemistry ) and changes in the level of miRs ' expression by qRT-PCR .
Accordingly , using the automatic precision analyzer , the serum levels of the basic parameters currently used clinically for the monitoring of renal function were determined .
The administration of crocetin , despite the short presence of the substance in the body , affects all the biochemical parameters @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acid , and ions of Na , K , Cl , P , Mg and Ca ) , causing significant decrease of their measured values .
Crocetin also resulted in a significant limitation of the inflammation elements and the degree of epithelial damage .
Furthermore , the administration of crocetin appears to restore levels of expression of miR21 , miR127 and miR132 .

Renal impairment is associated with high mortality rates in severely ill patients. The need to prevent and treat renal damage underlines the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that characterize it. This could also enable early diagnosis and the design of alternative therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of crocetin, a known antioxidant, on the prevention of renal damage due to ischemia-reperfusion injury and the investigation of the mechanisms involved. The present study was performed on C57BL/6 mice aged 10-12 weeks. The animals had access to water and food ad libitum. The experiment, as described in materials and methods, was completed at 24 h, in which case the kidneys were removed for further study, both at tissue morphology (with immunohistochemistry) and changes in the level of miRs' expression by qRT-PCR. Accordingly, using the automatic precision analyzer, the serum levels of the basic parameters currently used clinically for the monitoring of renal function were determined. The administration of crocetin, despite the short presence of the substance in the body, affects all the biochemical parameters analyzed (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ions of Na, K, Cl, P, Mg and Ca),causing significant decrease of their measured values. Crocetin also resulted in a significant limitation of the inflammation elements and the degree of epithelial damage. Furthermore, the administration of crocetin appears to restore levels of expression of miR21, miR127 and miR132.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Delivering crocetin across the blood-brain barrier by using γ-cyclodextrin to treat Alzheimer's dise

Delivering crocetin across the blood-brain barrier by using γ-cyclodextrin to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Crocetin ( CRT ) has shown various neuroprotective effects such as antioxidant activities and the inhibition of amyloidβ fibril formation , and thus is a potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) .
However , poor water solubility and bioavailability are the major obstacles in formulation development and pharmaceutical applications of CRT .
In this study , a novel water-soluble CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex suitable for intravenous injection was developed .
The inclusion complex was nontoxic to normal neuroblastoma cells ( N2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells ) and AD model cells ( 7PA2 cells ) .
Furthermore , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression of C-terminus fragments and level ofamyloid β in 7PA2 cell line as compared to the CRT free drug .
Both inclusion complex and CRT were able to prevent SH-SY5Y cell death from HO-induced toxicity .
The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies showed that CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex significantly increased the bioavailability of CRT and facilitated CRT crossing the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain .
This data shows a water-soluble γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex helped to deliver CRT across the blood-brain barrier .
This success should fuel further pharmaceutical research on CRT in the treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ research on γ-cyclodextrin with other drugs that have so far not been explored .

Crocetin (CRT) has shown various neuroprotective effects such as antioxidant activities and the inhibition of amyloidβ fibril formation, and thus is a potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, poor water solubility and bioavailability are the major obstacles in formulation development and pharmaceutical applications of CRT. In this study, a novel water-soluble CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex suitable for intravenous injection was developed. The inclusion complex was nontoxic to normal neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells and SH-SY5Y cells) and AD model cells (7PA2 cells). Furthermore, it showed stronger ability to downregulate the expression of C-terminus fragments and level ofamyloid β in 7PA2 cell line as compared to the CRT free drug. Both inclusion complex and CRT were able to prevent SH-SY5Y cell death from HO-induced toxicity. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies showed that CRT-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex significantly increased the bioavailability of CRT and facilitated CRT crossing the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain. This data shows a water-soluble γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex helped to deliver CRT across the blood-brain barrier. This success should fuel further pharmaceutical research on CRT in the treatment for AD, and it should engender research on γ-cyclodextrin with other drugs that have so far not been explored.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--A report of family case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed in Wuhan and treated using

A report of family case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.

In December 2019 , an outbreak of novel Coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) occurred in Wuhan , Hubei Province , China @ @ @ @ @ 2020 , it has led to 66 492 confirmed patients in China and high mortality @ @ @ @ @ 914 ) in Wuhan .
Here we report the first family case of coronavirus disease @ @ @ @ @ in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine @ @ @ @ @ ) .
This report describes the identification , diagnosis , clinical course , and management @ @ @ @ @ family , suggests the expected therapeutic effects of SHL on COVID-19 , and warrants further @ @ @

In December 2019, an outbreak of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. By February 14, 2020, it has led to 66 492 confirmed patients in China and high mortality up to∼2.96% (1123/37 914) in Wuhan. Here we report the first family case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid (SHL). This report describes the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management of three cases from a family, suggests the expected therapeutic effects of SHL on COVID-19, and warrants further clinical trials.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Based on historical records and human evidence of SARS and H1N1 influenza prevention, Chinese herbal

OBJECTIVE : Since December 2019 , an outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) occurred in Wuhan , and rapidly spread to almost all parts of China .
This was followed by prevention programs recommending Chinese medicine ( CM ) for the prevention .
In order to provide evidence for CM recommendations , we reviewed ancient classics and human studies .
METHODS : Historical records on prevention and treatment of infections in CM classics , clinical evidence of CM on the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) and H1N1 influenza , and CM prevention programs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the COVID-19 outbreak were retrieved from different databases and websites till 12 February , 2020 .
Research evidence included data from clinical trials , cohort or other population studies using CM for preventing contagious respiratory virus diseases .
RESULTS : The use of CM to prevent epidemics of infectious diseases was traced back to ancient Chinese practice cited in Huangdi 's Internal Classic ( Huang Di Nei Jing ) where preventive effects were recorded .
There were 3 studies using CM for prevention of SARS and 4 studies for H1N1 influenza .
None @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SARS in the 3 studies .
The infection rate of H1N1 influenza in the CM group was significantly lower than the non-CM group ( relative risk 0.36 , 95 % confidence interval 0.24-0.52 ; n=4 ) .
For prevention of COVID-19 , 23 provinces in China issued CM programs .
The main principles of CM use were to tonify qi to protect from external pathogens , disperse wind and discharge heat , and resolve dampness .
The most frequently used herbs included Radix astragali ( Huangqi ) , Radix glycyrrhizae ( Gancao ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae ( Baizhu ) , Lonicerae Japonicae Flos ( Jinyinhua ) , and Fructus forsythia ( Lianqiao ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Based on historical records and human evidence of SARS and H1N1 influenza prevention , Chinese herbal formula could be an alternative approach for prevention of COVID-19 in high-risk population .
Prospective , rigorous population studies are warranted to confirm the potential preventive effect of CM .

OBJECTIVE: Since December 2019, an outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, and rapidly spread to almost all parts of China. This was followed by prevention programs recommending Chinese medicine (CM) for the prevention. In order to provide evidence for CM recommendations, we reviewed ancient classics and human studies.
METHODS: Historical records on prevention and treatment of infections in CM classics, clinical evidence of CM on the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and H1N1 influenza, and CM prevention programs issued by health authorities in China since the COVID-19 outbreak were retrieved from different databases and websites till 12 February, 2020. Research evidence included data from clinical trials, cohort or other population studies using CM for preventing contagious respiratory virus diseases.
RESULTS: The use of CM to prevent epidemics of infectious diseases was traced back to ancient Chinese practice cited in Huangdi's Internal Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing) where preventive effects were recorded. There were 3 studies using CM for prevention of SARS and 4 studies for H1N1 influenza. None of the participants who took CM contracted SARS in the 3 studies. The infection rate of H1N1 influenza in the CM group was significantly lower than the non-CM group (relative risk 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.52; n=4). For prevention of COVID-19, 23 provinces in China issued CM programs. The main principles of CM use were to tonify qi to protect from external pathogens, disperse wind and discharge heat, and resolve dampness. The most frequently used herbs included Radix astragali (Huangqi), Radix glycyrrhizae (Gancao), Radix saposhnikoviae (Fangfeng), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Baizhu), Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (Jinyinhua), and Fructus forsythia (Lianqiao).
CONCLUSIONS: Based on historical records and human evidence of SARS and H1N1 influenza prevention, Chinese herbal formula could be an alternative approach for prevention of COVID-19 in high-risk population. Prospective, rigorous population studies are warranted to confirm the potential preventive effect of CM.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Traditional Chinese medicine is a resource for drug discovery against 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-C

Traditional Chinese medicine is a resource for drug discovery against 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--The effect of Saffron supplementation on waist circumference, HA1C, and glucose metabolism.

OBJECTIVE : Carotenoids ( including zeaxanthin and lycopene ) and phytosterols reportedly confer beneficial effects on metabolic profile and function , which is of clinical importance .
Thus , we sought to review the saffron effects on waist circumstance ( WC ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , and HA1C concentrations reported in Randomized Control Trials ( RCTs ) .
METHOD : A comprehensive systematic electronic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE , Embase , Google Scholar , Cochrane , Web of sciences , and SCOPUS to identify RCTs up to February 2019 without any language restrictions .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ calculated with DerSimonian-Laird random .
PRISMA guidelines adhered to for this meta-analysis .
RESULT : Nine articles with 12 arms containing 595 participants were included in this study .
Our study found WC was significantly reduced ( WMD : -2.18 cm , 95 % CI : -4.05 , -0.32 ) and FPG ( WMD : -6.54 mg/dl , 95 % CI : -10.22 , -2.85 ) following saffron intervention .
Subgroup analysis highlighted that FPG levels ( WMD : -10.24 mg/dl , 95 % CI : -15.76 , -4.72 ) reduced significantly when @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
There was no significant effect on HA1C levels ( WMD : -0.13 mg/dl , 95 % CI : -0.31 , 0.04 ) following saffron intervention .
CONCLUSION : In conclusion , the present study indicates beneficial effects on WC and FPG , following saffron supplementation .

OBJECTIVE: Carotenoids (including zeaxanthin and lycopene) and phytosterols reportedly confer beneficial effects on metabolic profile and function, which is of clinical importance. Thus, we sought to review the saffron effects on waist circumstance (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HA1C concentrations reported in Randomized Control Trials (RCTs).
METHOD: A comprehensive systematic electronic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Web of sciences, and SCOPUS to identify RCTs up to February 2019 without any language restrictions. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) calculated with DerSimonian-Laird random. PRISMA guidelines adhered to for this meta-analysis.
RESULT: Nine articles with 12 arms containing 595 participants were included in this study. Our study found WC was significantly reduced (WMD: -2.18 cm, 95 % CI: -4.05, -0.32) and FPG (WMD: -6.54 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -10.22, -2.85) following saffron intervention. Subgroup analysis highlighted that FPG levels (WMD: -10.24 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -15.76, -4.72) reduced significantly when intervention duration was longer than twelve weeks. There was no significant effect on HA1C levels (WMD: -0.13 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -0.31, 0.04) following saffron intervention.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study indicates beneficial effects on WC and FPG, following saffron supplementation.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--In this study, the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection were fever, cough, and fatigue.

BACKGROUND : Recent studies have focused initial clinical and Epidemiologic characteristics on the COVID-19 , mainly revealing situation in Wuhan , Hubei .
AIM : To reveal more data on the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients outside of Wuhan , in Zhejiang , China .
METHODS : 88 cases of laboratory-confirmed and 3 cases of clinical-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to five hospitals in Zhejiang province , China .
Data were collected from 20 January 2020 to 11 February 2020 .
RESULTS : Of all 91 patients , 88 ( 96.70 % ) were laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with throat swab @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 3 ( 3.30 % ) were clinical-diagnosed COVID-19 cases .
The median age of the patients was 50 ( 36.5-57 ) years , and female accounted for 59.34 % .
In this sample 40 ( 43.96 % ) patients had contracted the diseases from local cases , 31 ( 34.07 % ) patients had been to Wuhan/Hubei , 8 ( 8.79 % ) cases had contacted with people from Wuhan , 11 ( 12.09 % ) cases were confirmed aircraft transmission .
In particular within the city of Ningbo , 60.52 % cases @ @ @ @ @ @ @ held in a temple .
The most common symptoms were fever ( 71.43 % ) , cough ( 60.44 % ) and fatigue ( 43.96 % ) .
The median of incubation period was 6 ( IQR , 3-8 ) days and the median time from first visit to a doctor to confirmed diagnosis was 1 ( 1-2 ) days .
According to the Chest computed tomography scans , 67.03 % cases had bilateral pneumonia .
CONCLUSIONS : Social activity cluster , family cluster and travel by airplane were how COVID-19 patients get @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in Zhejiang .

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have focused initial clinical and Epidemiologic characteristics on the COVID-19, mainly revealing situation in Wuhan, Hubei.
AIM: To reveal more data on the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients outside of Wuhan, in Zhejiang, China.
DESIGN: Retrospective case series.
METHODS: 88 cases of laboratory-confirmed and 3 cases of clinical-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to five hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. Data were collected from 20 January 2020 to 11 February 2020.
RESULTS: Of all 91 patients, 88 (96.70%) were laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with throat swab samples that tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 while 3 (3.30%) were clinical-diagnosed COVID-19 cases. The median age of the patients was 50 (36.5-57) years, and female accounted for 59.34%. In this sample 40 (43.96%) patients had contracted the diseases from local cases, 31 (34.07%) patients had been to Wuhan/Hubei, 8 (8.79%) cases had contacted with people from Wuhan, 11 (12.09%) cases were confirmed aircraft transmission. In particular within the city of Ningbo, 60.52% cases can be traced back to an event held in a temple. The most common symptoms were fever (71.43%), cough (60.44%) and fatigue (43.96%). The median of incubation period was 6 (IQR, 3-8) days and the median time from first visit to a doctor to confirmed diagnosis was 1 (1-2) days. According to the Chest computed tomography scans, 67.03% cases had bilateral pneumonia.
CONCLUSIONS: Social activity cluster, family cluster and travel by airplane were how COVID-19 patients get transmitted and could be rapidly diagnosed COVID-19 in Zhejiang.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Crocin contributed to the alleviation of some complications of diabetes.

Background : Diabetes is regarded as an epidemiological threat for the twenty-first century .
Phytochemicals with known pharmaceutical properties have gained interest in the field of alleviating secondary complications of diseases .
Such a substance is crocin , a basic constituent of saffron ( ) .
The present study aimed at examining the beneficial effects of per os crocin administration on the antioxidant status , blood biochemical profile , hepatic gene expression and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity ( PAI-1 ) in the liver , kidney and plasma ( an important marker of pre-diabetic status and major factor of thrombosis in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ well as of rats with nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetes .
Results : Diabetes disrupted the oxidation-antioxidation balance , while crocin improved the antioxidant state in the liver by significantly affecting SOD1 gene expression and/or by restoring SOD and total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) levels .
In the kidney , crocin improved hydrogen peroxide decomposing activity and TAC .
In blood , hepatic transaminases ALT and AST decreased significantly , while there was a trend of decrease regarding blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) levels .
The expression of PAI-1 gene was affected in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kg .
Conclusions : Crocin treatment contributed in restoring some parameters after diabetes induction , primarily by affecting significantly hepatic transaminases ALT and AST , SOD1 and PAI-1 gene expression and nephric HOdecomposing activity .
In conclusion , crocin did contribute to the alleviation of some complications of diabetes .

Background: Diabetes is regarded as an epidemiological threat for the twenty-first century. Phytochemicals with known pharmaceutical properties have gained interest in the field of alleviating secondary complications of diseases. Such a substance is crocin, a basic constituent of saffron (). The present study aimed at examining the beneficial effects of per os crocin administration on the antioxidant status, blood biochemical profile, hepatic gene expression and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1) in the liver, kidney and plasma (an important marker of pre-diabetic status and major factor of thrombosis in diabetes) of healthy rats, as well as of rats with nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Results: Diabetes disrupted the oxidation-antioxidation balance, while crocin improved the antioxidant state in the liver by significantly affecting SOD1 gene expression and/or by restoring SOD and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. In the kidney, crocin improved hydrogen peroxide decomposing activity and TAC. In blood, hepatic transaminases ALT and AST decreased significantly, while there was a trend of decrease regarding blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The expression of PAI-1 gene was affected in the liver by the dose of 50 mg kg.
Conclusions: Crocin treatment contributed in restoring some parameters after diabetes induction, primarily by affecting significantly hepatic transaminases ALT and AST, SOD1 and PAI-1 gene expression and nephric HOdecomposing activity. In conclusion, crocin did contribute to the alleviation of some complications of diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--At this point in the pandemic of COVID-19 infection there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 undergoes i

At this point in the pandemic of COVID-19 infection there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 undergoes intrauterine or transplacental transmission from infected pregnant women to their fetuses.

The emergence of a novel coronavirus , termed SARS-CoV-2 , and the potentially life-threating respiratory disease that it can produce , COVID-19 , has rapidly spread across the globe creating a massive public health problem .
Previous epidemics of many emerging viral infections have typically resulted in poor obstetrical outcomes including maternal morbidity and mortality , maternal-fetal transmission of the virus , and perinatal infections and death .
This communication reviews the effects of two previous coronavirus infections - severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) caused by SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS ) caused by MERS-CoV @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , it analyzes literature describing 38 pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns in China to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the mothers and infants including clinical , laboratory and virologic data , and the transmissibility of the virus from mother to fetus .
This analysis reveals that unlike coronavirus infections of pregnant women caused by SARS and MERS , in these 38 pregnant women COVID-19 did not lead to maternal deaths .
Importantly , and similar to pregnancies with SARS and MERS , there were no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission @ @ @ @ @ @ @ their fetuses .
All neonatal specimens tested , including in some cases placentas , were negative by rt-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 .
At this point in the global pandemic of COVID-19 infection there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 undergoes intrauterine or transplacental transmission from infected pregnant women to their fetuses .
Analysis of additional cases is necessary to determine if this remains true .

The emergence of a novel coronavirus, termed SARS-CoV-2, and the potentially life-threating respiratory disease that it can produce, COVID-19, has rapidly spread across the globe creating a massive public health problem. Previous epidemics of many emerging viral infections have typically resulted in poor obstetrical outcomes including maternal morbidity and mortality, maternal-fetal transmission of the virus, and perinatal infections and death. This communication reviews the effects of two previous coronavirus infections - severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV - on pregnancy outcomes. In addition, it analyzes literature describing 38 pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns in China to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the mothers and infants including clinical, laboratory and virologic data, and the transmissibility of the virus from mother to fetus. This analysis reveals that unlike coronavirus infections of pregnant women caused by SARS and MERS, in these 38 pregnant women COVID-19 did not lead to maternal deaths. Importantly, and similar to pregnancies with SARS and MERS, there were no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mothers with COVID-19 to their fetuses. All neonatal specimens tested, including in some cases placentas, were negative by rt-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. At this point in the global pandemic of COVID-19 infection there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 undergoes intrauterine or transplacental transmission from infected pregnant women to their fetuses. Analysis of additional cases is necessary to determine if this remains true.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Two case reports of COVID-19 in the third trimester, with both mothers and newborns having excellent

Two case reports of COVID-19 in the third trimester, with both mothers and newborns having excellent outcomes.

We presented two cases of COVID-19 associated SARS-CoV-2 infection during third trimester of pregnancy .
Both mothers and newborns had @ @ @ @ @ to identify SARS-CoV-2 in all the products of conception and the newborns .
This report @ @ @ @ @ of intrauterine infection by vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 .

We presented two cases of COVID-19 associated SARS-CoV-2 infection during third trimester of pregnancy. Both mothers and newborns had excellent outcomes. We failed to identify SARS-CoV-2 in all the products of conception and the newborns. This report provided evidence of low risk of intrauterine infection by vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--COVID-19 appears to show frequent fever, dry cough, and increase of inflammatory cytokines.

BACKGROUND : From December 2019 to February 2020 , 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) has caused a serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) in Wuhan , China .
Related clinical features are needed .
METHODS : We reviewed 69 patients who were hospitalized in Union hospital in Wuhan between January 16 to January 29 , 2020 .
All patients were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the final date of follow-up was February 4 , 2020 .
RESULTS : The median age of 69 enrolled patients was 42.0 years ( IQR @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 46 % ) were men .
The most common symptoms were fever ( 60 [ 87 % ] ) , cough ( 38 [ 55 % ] ) , and fatigue ( 29 [ 42 % ] ) .
Most patients received antiviral therapy ( 66 [ 98.5 % ] of 67 patients ) and antibiotic therapy ( 66 [ 98.5 % ] of 67 patients ) .
As of February 4 , 2020 , 18 ( 26.9 % ) of 67 patients had been discharged , and five patients had died , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
According to the lowest SpO2 during admission , cases were divided into the SpO2≥90 % group ( n=55 ) and the SpO2 < 90 % group ( n=14 ) .
All 5 deaths occurred in the SpO2 < 90 % group .
Compared with SpO2≥90 % group , patients of the SpO2 < 90 % group were older , and showed more comorbidities and higher plasma levels of IL6 , IL10 , lactate dehydrogenase , and c reactive protein .
Arbidol treatment showed tendency to improve the discharging rate and decrease the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to show frequent fever , dry cough , and increase of inflammatory cytokines , and induced a mortality rate of 7.5 % .
Older patients or those with underlying comorbidities are at higher risk of death .

BACKGROUND: From December 2019 to February 2020, 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Related clinical features are needed.
METHODS: We reviewed 69 patients who were hospitalized in Union hospital in Wuhan between January 16 to January 29, 2020. All patients were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the final date of follow-up was February 4, 2020.
RESULTS: The median age of 69 enrolled patients was 42.0 years (IQR 35.0-62.0), and 32 patients (46%) were men. The most common symptoms were fever (60[87%]), cough (38[55%]), and fatigue (29[42%]). Most patients received antiviral therapy (66 [98.5%] of 67 patients) and antibiotic therapy (66 [98.5%] of 67 patients). As of February 4, 2020, 18 (26.9%) of 67 patients had been discharged, and five patients had died, with a mortality rate of 7.5%. According to the lowest SpO2 during admission, cases were divided into the SpO2≥90% group (n=55) and the SpO2<90% group (n=14). All 5 deaths occurred in the SpO2<90% group. Compared with SpO2≥90% group, patients of the SpO2<90% group were older, and showed more comorbidities and higher plasma levels of IL6, IL10, lactate dehydrogenase, and c reactive protein. Arbidol treatment showed tendency to improve the discharging rate and decrease the mortality rate.
CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 appears to show frequent fever, dry cough, and increase of inflammatory cytokines, and induced a mortality rate of 7.5%. Older patients or those with underlying comorbidities are at higher risk of death.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--This study suggests the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains viable in the aerosols for 3 hours, for 72 hours on

This study suggests the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains viable in the aerosols for 3 hours, for 72 hours on stainless steel and plastic, for 4 hours on copper, and for 24 hours on cardboard.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Judge Andrew Napolitano: Coronavirus fear lets government assault our freedom in violation of Consti

Judge Andrew Napolitano: Coronavirus fear lets government assault our freedom in violation of Constitution

During the Civil War , when President Abraham Lincoln thought it expedient to silence those in the Northern states who challenged his wartime decisions by incarcerating them in military prisons in the name of public safety , he was rebuked by a unanimous Supreme Court .
The essence of the rebuke is that no matter the state of difficulties – whether war or pestilence – the Constitution protects our natural rights , and its provisions are to be upheld when they pinch as well as when they comfort .
This basic principle of American law – our rights can only @ @ @ @ @ @ @ process – is being put to a severe test today in most American states .
Here is the backstory .
The coronavirus pandemic , which has ravaged portions of China and Italy , has arrived in the United States and our central planners have panicked .
We do not have a free market here in the health care delivery system ; rather , we have thousands of pages of regulations and control at the federal , state and local levels .
That control was revealed as manifestly deficient and ignorant when the virus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protective of their control of health care – an area of governance that the Supreme Court has ruled is nowhere delegated to them in the Constitution , and but for their power to tax those who defy them , would be nonexistent – that they insisted that only the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta could be trusted to test for the virus .
It took weeks of begging by governors and mayors for the feds to relent .
Of course , once they acknowledged that labs throughout the country are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tests , they realized that their incompetence had deprived all physicians as well as most private sector and state government-owned labs of the test kits themselves .
We all know how central economic planning diminishes freedom and adds to the cost of products .
Now we know that central micromanagement of health care can kill people .
But these mayors and governors were not to be outdone by the feds in their totalitarian impulses .
Many of them , particularly in the Northeast and the West Coast , have issued decrees that are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to silence dissent .
The governors of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Connecticut have all issued decrees closing most retail establishments , particularly all restaurants , bars and theaters .
The governor of New Jersey is threatening to ban all travel after dark .
And the mayor of New York City is threatening to ban all travel all the time .
The fulfillment of these totalitarian impulses has put more than 1 million folks out of work , closed thousands of businesses and impaired the fundamental rights of tens of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of numerous sections of the Constitution .
The Contracts Clause of the Constitution prohibits the states from interfering with lawful contracts , such as leases and employment agreements .
And the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the states from interfering with life , liberty or property without a trial at which the state must prove fault .
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires just compensation when the state meaningfully interferes with an owner ’ s chosen lawful use of his property .
Taken together , these clauses reveal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Constitution itself .
Add to this the threat of punishment that has accompanied these decrees and the fact that they are executive decrees , not legislation , and one can see the paramount rejection of basic democratic and constitutional principles in the minds and words and deeds of those who have perpetrated them .
Add to all this , the protection in the First Amendment of the right to associate and the judicially recognized right to travel – both of which are natural rights – and it is clear that these nanny @ @ @ @ @ @ @ unworthy of respect or compliance .
Why is this happening ?
Throughout history , free people have been willing to accept the devil 's bargain of trading liberty for safety when they are fearful .
We supinely accept the shallow and hollow offers of government that somehow less liberty equals more safety .
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR OPINION NEWSLETTER This happened here with the Alien and Sedition Acts in the 1790s when the Federalists feared a second revolution , during the Civil War when Lincoln feared dissent and Congress feared @ @ @ @ @ @ @ President Woodrow Wilson suppressed the speech he hated and feared , and during the Great Depression when President Franklin Delano Roosevelt feared economic calamity and seized property without compensation .
And , after 9/11 , fearing another attack , Congress secretly crafted the Patriot Act 's circumvention of the Fourth Amendment and creation of the total surveillance state .
This sordid history came about when the public was fearful of the unknown and trustful of the government 's bargain .
But the safety offered for the liberty sacrificed never came to pass .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ APP Moreover , liberty is natural and personal .
You can sacrifice yours , but you can not sacrifice mine .
The natural nature of personal liberty – Thomas Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence calls our rights inalienable and James Madison 's Ninth Amendment reflects their nature as limitless – insulates their existence and exercise in a free society from totalitarian and even majoritarian interference .
Today the fear of contagion gives government cover for its assaults on freedom and poses a question the government does not want to answer : If liberty @ @ @ @ @ @ @ crisis , then is it really liberty ; or is it just a license , via a temporary government permission slip , subject to the whims of politicians in power ?

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
“The Constitution of the United States is a law for rulers and people, equally in war and in peace, and covers with the shield of its protection all classes of men, at all times and under all circumstances." – Ex parte Milligan, U.S. Supreme Court (1866)
During the Civil War, when President Abraham Lincoln thought it expedient to silence those in the Northern states who challenged his wartime decisions by incarcerating them in military prisons in the name of public safety, he was rebuked by a unanimous Supreme Court.
The essence of the rebuke is that no matter the state of difficulties – whether war or pestilence – the Constitution protects our natural rights, and its provisions are to be upheld when they pinch as well as when they comfort.
This basic principle of American law – our rights can only be interfered with by means of due process – is being put to a severe test today in most American states.
JUDGE ANDREW NAPOLITANO: IN CORONAVIRUS RESPONSE, CONSTITUTION RESTRICTS MANDATORY GOVERNMENT QUARANTINES
Here is the backstory.
The coronavirus pandemic, which has ravaged portions of China and Italy, has arrived in the United States and our central planners have panicked. We do not have a free market here in the health care delivery system; rather, we have thousands of pages of regulations and control at the federal, state and local levels.
That control was revealed as manifestly deficient and ignorant when the virus struck.
The feds have been so protective of their control of health care – an area of governance that the Supreme Court has ruled is nowhere delegated to them in the Constitution, and but for their power to tax those who defy them, would be nonexistent – that they insisted that only the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta could be trusted to test for the virus.
It took weeks of begging by governors and mayors for the feds to relent. Of course, once they acknowledged that labs throughout the country are as competent as theirs to conduct the tests, they realized that their incompetence had deprived all physicians as well as most private sector and state government-owned labs of the test kits themselves.
We all know how central economic planning diminishes freedom and adds to the cost of products. Now we know that central micromanagement of health care can kill people.
But these mayors and governors were not to be outdone by the feds in their totalitarian impulses. Many of them, particularly in the Northeast and the West Coast, have issued decrees that are as profoundly unconstitutional as Lincoln's efforts to silence dissent.
The governors of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut have all issued decrees closing most retail establishments, particularly all restaurants, bars and theaters. The governor of New Jersey is threatening to ban all travel after dark. And the mayor of New York City is threatening to ban all travel all the time.
"Now we know that central micromanagement of health care can kill people."
The fulfillment of these totalitarian impulses has put more than 1 million folks out of work, closed thousands of businesses and impaired the fundamental rights of tens of millions of persons – all in violation of numerous sections of the Constitution.
The Contracts Clause of the Constitution prohibits the states from interfering with lawful contracts, such as leases and employment agreements.
And the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the states from interfering with life, liberty or property without a trial at which the state must prove fault.
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires just compensation when the state meaningfully interferes with an owner’s chosen lawful use of his property.
Taken together, these clauses reveal the significant protections of private property in the Constitution itself. Add to this the threat of punishment that has accompanied these decrees and the fact that they are executive decrees, not legislation, and one can see the paramount rejection of basic democratic and constitutional principles in the minds and words and deeds of those who have perpetrated them.
Add to all this, the protection in the First Amendment of the right to associate and the judicially recognized right to travel – both of which are natural rights – and it is clear that these nanny state rules are unconstitutional, unlawful and unworthy of respect or compliance.
Why is this happening? Throughout history, free people have been willing to accept the devil's bargain of trading liberty for safety when they are fearful. We supinely accept the shallow and hollow offers of government that somehow less liberty equals more safety.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR OPINION NEWSLETTER
This happened here with the Alien and Sedition Acts in the 1790s when the Federalists feared a second revolution, during the Civil War when Lincoln feared dissent and Congress feared defeat, during World War I when President Woodrow Wilson suppressed the speech he hated and feared, and during the Great Depression when President Franklin Delano Roosevelt feared economic calamity and seized property without compensation.
And, after 9/11, fearing another attack, Congress secretly crafted the Patriot Act's circumvention of the Fourth Amendment and creation of the total surveillance state.
This sordid history came about when the public was fearful of the unknown and trustful of the government's bargain. But the safety offered for the liberty sacrificed never came to pass.
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
Moreover, liberty is natural and personal. You can sacrifice yours, but you cannot sacrifice mine. The natural nature of personal liberty – Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence calls our rights inalienable and James Madison's Ninth Amendment reflects their nature as limitless – insulates their existence and exercise in a free society from totalitarian and even majoritarian interference.
Today the fear of contagion gives government cover for its assaults on freedom and poses a question the government does not want to answer: If liberty can be taken away in times of crisis, then is it really liberty; or is it just a license, via a temporary government permission slip, subject to the whims of politicians in power?


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 pati

The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients.

Following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS-CoV ) , another highly pathogenic coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 ( previously known as 2019-nCoV ) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan , China , and rapidly spreads around the world .
This virus shares highly homological sequence with SARS-CoV , and causes acute , highly lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) with clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV .
The most characteristic symptom of patients with COVID-19 is respiratory distress , and most of the patients admitted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ spontaneously .
Additionally , some patients with COVID-19 also showed neurologic signs , such as headache , nausea , and vomiting .
Increasing evidence shows that coronaviruses are not always confined to the respiratory tract and that they may also invade the central nervous system inducing neurological diseases .
The infection of SARS-CoV has been reported in the brains from both patients and experimental animals , where the brainstem was heavily infected .
Furthermore , some coronaviruses have been demonstrated able to spread via a synapse-connected route to the medullary cardiorespiratory center from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and lower respiratory airways .
Considering the high similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 , it remains to make clear whether the potential invasion of SARS-CoV2 is partially responsible for the acute respiratory failure of patients with COVID-19 .
Awareness of this may have a guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory failure .

Following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), another highly pathogenic coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019-nCoV) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spreads around the world. This virus shares highly homological sequence with SARS-CoV, and causes acute, highly lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The most characteristic symptom of patients with COVID-19 is respiratory distress, and most of the patients admitted to the intensive care could not breathe spontaneously. Additionally, some patients with COVID-19 also showed neurologic signs, such as headache, nausea, and vomiting. Increasing evidence shows that coronaviruses are not always confined to the respiratory tract and that they may also invade the central nervous system inducing neurological diseases. The infection of SARS-CoV has been reported in the brains from both patients and experimental animals, where the brainstem was heavily infected. Furthermore, some coronaviruses have been demonstrated able to spread via a synapse-connected route to the medullary cardiorespiratory center from the mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the lung and lower respiratory airways. Considering the high similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, it remains to make clear whether the potential invasion of SARS-CoV2 is partially responsible for the acute respiratory failure of patients with COVID-19. Awareness of this may have a guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory failure.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Chinese herbal treatments classically used for treating viral respiratory infection might contain di

Chinese herbal treatments classically used for treating viral respiratory infection might contain direct anti-2019-nCoV compounds.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Traditional Chinese Medicine increased clinical cure rate by 33% in patients wild mild COVID-19 symp

Traditional Chinese Medicine increased clinical cure rate by 33% in patients wild mild COVID-19 symptoms.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Neuroprotective effects of saffron on the late cerebral ischemia injury through inhibiting astroglio

Neuroprotective effects of saffron on the late cerebral ischemia injury through inhibiting astrogliosis and glial scar formation.

This study is to explore the neuroprotective effects and involved glial scar of saffron ( Crocus sativus L. ) on the late cerebral ischemia in rats .
Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) in Sprague Dawley rats that were randomly divided into sham group , MCAO group , edaravone group ( as a positive control ) and saffron groups ( saffron extract 30 , 100 , 300 mg/kg ) .
Saffron was administered orally at 2 h at the first day and once daily from day 2 to 42 after ischemia .
Behavioral @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 46 after ischemia to evaluate the effects of saffron .
Infarct volume , survival neuron density , activated astrocyte , and the thickness of glial scar were also detected .
GFAP , neurocan , phosphocan , neurofilament expressions and inflammatory cytokine contents were detected by Western-blotting and ELISA methods , respectively .
Saffron improved the body weight loss , neurological deficit and spontaneous activity .
It also ameliorated anxiety-like state and cognitive dysfunction , which were detected by elevated plus maze ( EPM ) , marble burying test ( MBT ) and novel @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Toluidine blue staining found that saffron treatment decreased the infarct volume and increased the neuron density in cortex in the ischemic boundary zone .
The activated astrocyte number and the thickness of glial scar in the penumbra zone reduced after saffron treatment .
Additionally , saffron decreased the contents of IL-6 and IL-1β , increased the content of IL-10 in the ischemic boundary zone .
GFAP , neurocan , and phosphocan expressions in ischemic boundary zone and ischemic core zone all decreased after saffron treatment .
Saffron exerted neuroprotective effects on late cerebral @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glial scar formation after ischemic injury .

This study is to explore the neuroprotective effects and involved glial scar of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the late cerebral ischemia in rats. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Sprague Dawley rats that were randomly divided into sham group, MCAO group, edaravone group (as a positive control) and saffron groups (saffron extract 30, 100, 300 mg/kg). Saffron was administered orally at 2 h at the first day and once daily from day 2 to 42 after ischemia. Behavioral changes were detected from day 43 to 46 after ischemia to evaluate the effects of saffron. Infarct volume, survival neuron density, activated astrocyte, and the thickness of glial scar were also detected. GFAP, neurocan, phosphocan, neurofilament expressions and inflammatory cytokine contents were detected by Western-blotting and ELISA methods, respectively. Saffron improved the body weight loss, neurological deficit and spontaneous activity. It also ameliorated anxiety-like state and cognitive dysfunction, which were detected by elevated plus maze (EPM), marble burying test (MBT) and novel object recognition test (NORT). Toluidine blue staining found that saffron treatment decreased the infarct volume and increased the neuron density in cortex in the ischemic boundary zone. The activated astrocyte number and the thickness of glial scar in the penumbra zone reduced after saffron treatment. Additionally, saffron decreased the contents of IL-6 and IL-1β, increased the content of IL-10 in the ischemic boundary zone. GFAP, neurocan, and phosphocan expressions in ischemic boundary zone and ischemic core zone all decreased after saffron treatment. Saffron exerted neuroprotective effects on late cerebral ischemia, associating with attenuating astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemic injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review

Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND : An outbreak of Novel Coronavirus ( COVID -19 ) in Wuhan , China , the epidemic is more widespread than initially estimated , with cases now confirmed in multiple countries .
AIMS : The aim of the meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in the COVID-19 infection patients and the risk of underlying diseases in severe patients compared to non-severe patients .
METHODS : A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed , EMBASE , and Web of sciences until February 25 , 2020 .
Risk ratio ( OR ) and 95 % confidence intervals @ @ @ @ @ @ @ models .
RESULTS : Eight studies were included in the meta- analysis , including 46248 infected patients .
The result showed the most prevalent clinical symptom was fever ( 91 ± 3 , 95 % CI 86-97 % ) , followed by cough ( 67 ± 7 , 95 % CI 59-76 % ) , fatigue ( 51 ± 0 , 95 % CI 34-68 % ) and dyspnea ( 30 ± 4 , 95 % CI 21-40 % ) .
The most prevalent comorbidity were hypertension ( 17 ± 7 , 95 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 8 ± 6 , 95 % CI 6-11 % ) , followed by cardiovascular diseases ( 5 ± 4 , 95 % CI 4-7 % ) and respiratory system disease ( 2 ± 0 , 95 % CI 1-3 % ) .
Compared with the Non-severe patient , the pooled odds ratio of hypertension , respiratory system disease , cardiovascular disease in severe patients were ( OR 2.36 , 95 % CI : 1.46-3.83 ) , ( OR 2.46 , 95 % CI : 1.76-3.44 ) and ( OR 3.42 , 95 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CONCLUSION : We assessed the prevalence of comorbidities in the COVID-19 infection patients and found underlying disease , including hypertension , respiratory system disease and cardiovascular , may be a risk factor for severe patients compared with Non-severe patients .

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (COVID -19) in Wuhan, China, the epidemic is more widespread than initially estimated, with cases now confirmed in multiple countries.
AIMS: The aim of the meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in the COVID-19 infection patients and the risk of underlying diseases in severe patients compared to non-severe patients.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of sciences until February 25, 2020. Risk ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models.
RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the meta- analysis, including 46248 infected patients. The result showed the most prevalent clinical symptom was fever ( 91 ± 3, 95% CI 86-97% ), followed by cough (67 ± 7, 95% CI 59-76%), fatigue ( 51 ± 0, 95% CI 34-68% ) and dyspnea ( 30 ± 4, 95% CI 21-40%). The most prevalent comorbidity were hypertension (17 ± 7, 95% CI 14-22%) and diabetes ( 8 ± 6, 95% CI 6-11% ), followed by cardiovascular diseases ( 5 ± 4, 95% CI 4-7% ) and respiratory system disease( 2 ± 0, 95% CI 1-3% ). Compared with the Non-severe patient, the pooled odds ratio of hypertension, respiratory system disease, cardiovascular disease in severe patients were (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46-3.83), (OR 2.46, 95% CI: 1.76-3.44) and (OR 3.42, 95% CI: 1.88-6.22)respectively.
CONCLUSION: We assessed the prevalence of comorbidities in the COVID-19 infection patients and found underlying disease, including hypertension, respiratory system disease and cardiovascular, may be a risk factor for severe patients compared with Non-severe patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--Ferulic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice via its potent anti-inflammatory eff

Ferulic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice via its potent anti-inflammatory effect.

Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors .
The pathogenesis of AD is still not completely clear .
Steroid topical therapy has severe side effects for chronic AD symptoms and new therapeutic options are urgently needed .
Ferulic acid ( FA ) is a novel natural dietary polyphenol with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.FA was assessed in BALB/c mice with AD-like lesions resulted from repetitive applications of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene ( DNCB ) .
Molecular and serological properties of the AD lesions as well as the overall symptomatic score @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AD , including the severity of skin lesion and incidence of scratching behavior .
Systemically , FA markedly decreased DNCB-induced Th2 cytokines and IgE in the peripheral blood .
In the local tissue with AD lesions , FA suppressed DNCB-stimulated mRNA production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α , interleukin ( IL ) -4 , IL-6 , and IL-31 .
In THP-1 cells , a human monocyte model , FA dose-dependently suppressed DNCB-elicited up-regulation of CD54 and CD86 at cell surface , secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ findings demonstrated that FA could serve as a promising therapeutic agent in AD treatment .

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of AD is still not completely clear. Steroid topical therapy has severe side effects for chronic AD symptoms and new therapeutic options are urgently needed. Ferulic acid (FA) is a novel natural dietary polyphenol with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.FA was assessed in BALB/c mice with AD-like lesions resulted from repetitive applications of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Molecular and serological properties of the AD lesions as well as the overall symptomatic score were evaluated.FA ameliorated the overall symptoms of AD, including the severity of skin lesion and incidence of scratching behavior. Systemically, FA markedly decreased DNCB-induced Th2 cytokines and IgE in the peripheral blood. In the local tissue with AD lesions, FA suppressed DNCB-stimulated mRNA production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-31. In THP-1 cells, a human monocyte model, FA dose-dependently suppressed DNCB-elicited up-regulation of CD54 and CD86 at cell surface, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and NFκB signaling activation.Our findings demonstrated that FA could serve as a promising therapeutic agent in AD treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-19--These findings suggest that ferulic acid may protect H9c2 cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Ferulic acid protects against cardiac injury by scavenging free radicals .
However , the role of mitophagy in ferulic acid-induced @ @ @ @ @ the present study , H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and ferulic acid treatment during @ @ @ @ @ impact of ferulic acid on oxidative damage in H9c2 cells .
Our results showed that @ @ @ @ @ induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction , evidenced by a decline in the @ @ @ @ @ and ATP depletion and recovery of the membrane potential .
We also found that mitophagy @ @ @ @ @ autophagy , was excessively activated in H9c2 cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation .
Ferulic acid reduced @ @ @ @ @ lysosomes , down-regulated the PINK1/Parkin pathway , and was accompanied by increased p62 and decreased @ @ @ @ @ also antagonistically reduced the activation of mitophagy by rapamycin .
These findings suggest that ferulic @ @ @ @ @ against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy .
Accordingly , our findings may provide a @ @ @ @ @ for ferulic acid in clinical prevention and treatment of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury .

Ferulic acid protects against cardiac injury by scavenging free radicals. However, the role of mitophagy in ferulic acid-induced cardioprotection remains obscure. In the present study, H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and ferulic acid treatment during hypoxia. We illustrated the impact of ferulic acid on oxidative damage in H9c2 cells. Our results showed that ferulic acid significantly attenuated apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by a decline in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and ATP depletion and recovery of the membrane potential. We also found that mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, was excessively activated in H9c2 cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Ferulic acid reduced the binding of mitochondria to lysosomes, down-regulated the PINK1/Parkin pathway, and was accompanied by increased p62 and decreased LC3-II/LC3-I levels. Ferulic acid also antagonistically reduced the activation of mitophagy by rapamycin. These findings suggest that ferulic acid may protect H9c2 cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Accordingly, our findings may provide a potential target and powerful reference for ferulic acid in clinical prevention and treatment of hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.