greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Exposure to biomass smoke increase cardiovascular diseases.

Burning biomass fuel is a major source of indoor air pollution ; about 40 % of Thai people still use biomass for cooking .
There is increasing evidence of the association between biomass smoke exposure and serious health effects including cardiovascular disease .
The object of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between biomass use for household cooking and cardiovascular outcome , including coronary heart disease , hypertension , high cholesterol , diabetes mellitus , and stroke among rural villagers in Phitsanulok , Thailand .
Data from 1078 households were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , cooking practices , and cooking fuel , types of fuel they normally used for cooking , were collected.After being adjusted for gender , age , cigarette smoke , secondhand smoke , and exposure to other sources of air pollution , it was found that the family members of cooks using biomass fuel were at risk of coronary heart disease ( CHD ; OR=4.35 ; 95 % CI 0.10-18.97 ) , hypertension ( OR=1.61 ; 95 % CI 1.10-2.35 ) , high cholesterol ( HC ; OR=2.74 ; 95 % CI 1.66-4.53 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % CI 1.03-3.46 ) .
Compared to LPG use , using wood was associated with stroke ( OR=7.64 ; 95 % CI 1.18-49.61 ) , and using charcoal was associated with HC ( OR=1.52 ; 95 % CI 1.04-2.24 ) .
Compared to never user , household cooks who sometimes use charcoal had an increased risk of hypertension ( OR=2.04 ; 95 % CI 1.32-3.15 ) , HC ( OR=2.61 ; 95 % CI 1.63-4.18 ) , and diabetes ( OR=2.09 ; 95 % CI 1.17-3.73 ) ; and cooks who often use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( OR=3.17 ; 95 % CI 1.04-9.71 ) , and HC ( OR=1.52 ; 95 % CI 1.02-2.27 ) to their family members.The study results were consistent with those found in studies from other parts of the world , and supports that exposure to biomass smoke increase cardiovascular diseases .
The issue should receive more attention , and promotion of clean fuel use is a prominent action .

Burning biomass fuel is a major source of indoor air pollution; about 40% of Thai people still use biomass for cooking. There is increasing evidence of the association between biomass smoke exposure and serious health effects including cardiovascular disease. The object of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between biomass use for household cooking and cardiovascular outcome, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and stroke among rural villagers in Phitsanulok, Thailand. Data from 1078 households were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. In each household, data on cardiovascular disease, cooking practices, and cooking fuel, types of fuel they normally used for cooking, were collected.After being adjusted for gender, age, cigarette smoke, secondhand smoke, and exposure to other sources of air pollution, it was found that the family members of cooks using biomass fuel were at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD; OR=4.35; 95%CI 0.10-18.97), hypertension (OR=1.61; 95%CI 1.10-2.35), high cholesterol (HC; OR=2.74; 95%CI 1.66-4.53), and diabetes (OR=1.88; 95%CI 1.03-3.46). Compared to LPG use, using wood was associated with stroke (OR=7.64; 95%CI 1.18-49.61), and using charcoal was associated with HC (OR=1.52; 95%CI 1.04-2.24). Compared to never user, household cooks who sometimes use charcoal had an increased risk of hypertension (OR=2.04; 95%CI 1.32-3.15), HC (OR=2.61; 95%CI 1.63-4.18), and diabetes (OR=2.09; 95%CI 1.17-3.73); and cooks who often use charcoal had an elevated risk of stroke (OR=3.17; 95%CI 1.04-9.71), and HC (OR=1.52; 95%CI 1.02-2.27) to their family members.The study results were consistent with those found in studies from other parts of the world, and supports that exposure to biomass smoke increase cardiovascular diseases. The issue should receive more attention, and promotion of clean fuel use is a prominent action.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Impact of particulate matter on the clinical characteristics of rhinitis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS : To investigate the association between PMconcentration and the severity of rhinitis symptoms .
METHODS : Retrospective analysis of the data of 590 participants prospectively enrolled in a regional population-based cohort study was performed .
The ambient PMconcentrations were measured at 12 different observatories located in three cities .
All participants were screened for allergic sensitization by skin prick tests and asked to complete questionnaires regarding their rhinitis symptoms .
The severity and duration of rhinitis were analyzed and compared at different levels of PMconcentrationRESULTS : On multivariate analysis , the PMconcentration significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ presence of sensitized allergen , region , and the time of enrolment ( β = 0.102 , P = .021 ) .
Positive correlation was found between PMconcentration and the duration of allergic rhinitis symptoms ( β = 0.082 , P = .077 ) .
In the stratified analysis on the atopic status , there was a significant correlation between PMconcentration and the severity and duration of rhinitis symptoms in those without allergic sensitization ( β = 0.104 ; P = .032 and β = 0.104 ; P = .011 , respectively ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the annual PM10 concentration and severity and duration of rhinitis symptoms suggests the necessity of intensive management of rhinitis patients exposed to elevated levels of ambient PM10 concentration .

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the association between PMconcentration and the severity of rhinitis symptoms.
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.
METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the data of 590 participants prospectively enrolled in a regional population-based cohort study was performed. The ambient PMconcentrations were measured at 12 different observatories located in three cities. All participants were screened for allergic sensitization by skin prick tests and asked to complete questionnaires regarding their rhinitis symptoms. The severity and duration of rhinitis were analyzed and compared at different levels of PMconcentrationRESULTS: On multivariate analysis, the PMconcentration significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms when adjusting for age, sex, presence of sensitized allergen, region, and the time of enrolment (β = 0.102, P = .021). Positive correlation was found between PMconcentration and the duration of allergic rhinitis symptoms (β = 0.082, P = .077). In the stratified analysis on the atopic status, there was a significant correlation between PMconcentration and the severity and duration of rhinitis symptoms in those without allergic sensitization (β = 0.104; P = .032 and β = 0.104; P = .011, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: The significant correlation between the annual PM10 concentration and severity and duration of rhinitis symptoms suggests the necessity of intensive management of rhinitis patients exposed to elevated levels of ambient PM10 concentration.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 2020.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--The Biosecurity Myth That is Destroying Small Farming

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greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Second and third trimesters of pregnancy are shown to be sensitive windows of exposure to air pollut

Second and third trimesters of pregnancy are shown to be sensitive windows of exposure to air pollution affecting fetal telomere length.

Telomere length ( TL ) is a biomarker of biological aging that may be affected by prenatal exposure to air pollution .
The aim of this study was to assess the association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and TL in maternal blood cells ( leukocytes ) , placenta and umbilical cord blood cells , sampled immediately after birth in 296 Danish mother-child pairs from a birth cohort .
Exposure data was obtained using the high-resolution and spatial-temporal air pollution modeling system DEHM-UBM-AirGIS for PM , PM , SO , NH , black carbon ( BC ) , organic carbon @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , NO , and NOat residential and occupational addresses of the participating women for the full duration of the pregnancy .
The association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and TL was investigated using distributed lag models .
There were significant and positive associations between TL in umbilical cord blood cells and prenatal exposure to BC , OC , NO , NO , CO , and Oduring the second trimester .
TL in umbilical cord blood was significantly and inversely associated with prenatal exposure to PM , BC , OC , SO , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ trimester .
There were similar inverse associations between TL from umbilical cord blood cells and air pollution exposure at the residential and occupational addresses .
There were weaker or no associations between air pollution exposure and TL in placenta tissue and maternal blood cells .
In conclusion , both the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are shown to be sensitive windows of exposure to air pollution affecting fetal TL .

Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker of biological aging that may be affected by prenatal exposure to air pollution. The aim of this study was to assess the association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and TL in maternal blood cells (leukocytes), placenta and umbilical cord blood cells, sampled immediately after birth in 296 Danish mother-child pairs from a birth cohort. Exposure data was obtained using the high-resolution and spatial-temporal air pollution modeling system DEHM-UBM-AirGIS for PM, PM, SO, NH, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), CO, O, NO, and NOat residential and occupational addresses of the participating women for the full duration of the pregnancy. The association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and TL was investigated using distributed lag models. There were significant and positive associations between TL in umbilical cord blood cells and prenatal exposure to BC, OC, NO, NO, CO, and Oduring the second trimester. TL in umbilical cord blood was significantly and inversely associated with prenatal exposure to PM, BC, OC, SO, NH, CO and NOduring the third trimester. There were similar inverse associations between TL from umbilical cord blood cells and air pollution exposure at the residential and occupational addresses. There were weaker or no associations between air pollution exposure and TL in placenta tissue and maternal blood cells. In conclusion, both the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are shown to be sensitive windows of exposure to air pollution affecting fetal TL.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Effects of long-standing exposure to heavy-duty diesel vehicle traffic on respiratory symptoms and a

Effects of long-standing exposure to heavy-duty diesel vehicle traffic on respiratory symptoms and airway inflammation in older adults.

In the present study , we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to traffic from a heavy-duty diesel-fueled vehicle area on respiratory symptoms and airway inflammation in a nonsmoking adult and elderly population .
Respiratory symptoms were evaluated by the ISAAC questionnaire ( International Study of Asthma and Allergies questionnaire ) , and airway inflammation was assessed by fractional exhaled nitric oxide ( FeNO ) .
Forty volunteers were selected from the 112 volunteers who completed the ISAAC questionnaire for the measurement of FeNO .
The FeNO population comprised seven men ( six aged ≥ 64 years old , four @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 32 women ( 27 aged ≥ 64 years old , nine aged ≥ 75 years old ) .
FeNO levels were tracked for six months , from November 2014 to June 2015 .
Results : Twenty-four percent of the volunteers reported having had wheezing in the chest in the last 12 months .
However , only 2.7 % of the volunteers reported doctor-diagnosed asthma .
There was a positive association between FeNO and pollutants in most of the study months .
An increase of 1 μg min NOwas associated with a mean increase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an increase of 1 μg min Owas associated with a mean increase of 1.06 ppb in FeNO .
The relative risk for NOranged from 1.009 to 1.32 and that for Oranged from 1.014 to 1.020 .
Conclusion : The frequency of respiratory symptoms was much higher than the previously described levels of 6 % in the Brazilian adult population .
In summary , a high frequency of respiratory symptoms and high levels of FeNO were described in an underdiagnosed adult population living very close to a heavy-duty diesel-traffic area .
Older elderly adults @ @ @ @ @ @ @ younger adults .

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to traffic from a heavy-duty diesel-fueled vehicle area on respiratory symptoms and airway inflammation in a nonsmoking adult and elderly population. Respiratory symptoms were evaluated by the ISAAC questionnaire (International Study of Asthma and Allergies questionnaire), and airway inflammation was assessed by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Forty volunteers were selected from the 112 volunteers who completed the ISAAC questionnaire for the measurement of FeNO. The FeNO population comprised seven men (six aged ≥ 64 years old, four aged ≥ 75 years old) and 32 women (27 aged ≥ 64 years old, nine aged ≥ 75 years old). FeNO levels were tracked for six months, from November 2014 to June 2015. Results: Twenty-four percent of the volunteers reported having had wheezing in the chest in the last 12 months. However, only 2.7% of the volunteers reported doctor-diagnosed asthma. There was a positive association between FeNO and pollutants in most of the study months. An increase of 1 μg min NOwas associated with a mean increase of 1.08 ppb in FeNO, and an increase of 1 μg min Owas associated with a mean increase of 1.06 ppb in FeNO. The relative risk for NOranged from 1.009 to 1.32 and that for Oranged from 1.014 to 1.020. Conclusion: The frequency of respiratory symptoms was much higher than the previously described levels of 6% in the Brazilian adult population. In summary, a high frequency of respiratory symptoms and high levels of FeNO were described in an underdiagnosed adult population living very close to a heavy-duty diesel-traffic area. Older elderly adults presented greater susceptibility to airway inflammation than younger adults.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Air pollution exposures in childhood, adolescence and adulthood were associated with increased risk

Air pollution exposures in childhood, adolescence and adulthood were associated with increased risk of asthma attacks, rhinitis and low lung function.

OBJECTIVES : To investigate if air pollution and greenness exposure from birth till adulthood affects adult asthma , rhinitis and lung function .
METHODS : We analysed data from 3428 participants ( mean age 28 ) in the RHINESSA study in Norway and Sweden .
Individual mean annual residential exposures to nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) , particulate matter ( PMand PM ) , black carbon ( BC ) , ozone ( O ) and greenness ( normalized difference vegetation index ( NDVI ) ) were averaged across susceptibility windows ( 0-10 years , 10-18 years , lifetime , adulthood @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and analysed in relation to physician diagnosed asthma ( ever/allergic/non-allergic ) , asthma attack last 12 months , current rhinitis and low lung function ( lower limit of normal ( LLN ) , z-scores of forced expiratory volumein one second ( FEV ) , forced vital capacity ( FVC ) and FEV/FVC below 1.64 ) .
We performed logistic regression for asthma attack , rhinitis and LLN lung function ( clustered with family and study centre ) , and conditional logistic regression with a matched case-control design for ever/allergic/non-allergic asthma .
Multivariable models @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
RESULTS : Childhood , adolescence and adult exposure to NO , PMand Owere associated with an increased risk of asthma attacks ( ORs between 1.29 and 2.25 ) , but not with physician diagnosed asthma .
For rhinitis , adulthood exposures seemed to be most important .
Childhood and adolescence exposures to PMand Owere associated with lower lung function , in particular FEV ( range ORs 2.65 to 4.21 ) .
No associations between NDVI and asthma or rhinitis were revealed , but increased NDVI was associated with lower FEVand FVC in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to 1.74 ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Air pollution exposures in childhood , adolescence and adulthood were associated with increased risk of asthma attacks , rhinitis and low lung function in adulthood .
Greenness was not associated with asthma or rhinitis , but was a risk factor for low lung function .

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if air pollution and greenness exposure from birth till adulthood affects adult asthma, rhinitis and lung function.
METHODS: We analysed data from 3428 participants (mean age 28) in the RHINESSA study in Norway and Sweden. Individual mean annual residential exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO), particulate matter (PMand PM), black carbon (BC), ozone (O) and greenness (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were averaged across susceptibility windows (0-10 years, 10-18 years, lifetime, adulthood (year before study participation)) and analysed in relation to physician diagnosed asthma (ever/allergic/non-allergic), asthma attack last 12 months, current rhinitis and low lung function (lower limit of normal (LLN), z-scores of forced expiratory volumein one second (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV/FVC below 1.64). We performed logistic regression for asthma attack, rhinitis and LLN lung function (clustered with family and study centre), and conditional logistic regression with a matched case-control design for ever/allergic/non-allergic asthma. Multivariable models were adjusted for parental asthma and education.
RESULTS: Childhood, adolescence and adult exposure to NO, PMand Owere associated with an increased risk of asthma attacks (ORs between 1.29 and 2.25), but not with physician diagnosed asthma. For rhinitis, adulthood exposures seemed to be most important. Childhood and adolescence exposures to PMand Owere associated with lower lung function, in particular FEV(range ORs 2.65 to 4.21). No associations between NDVI and asthma or rhinitis were revealed, but increased NDVI was associated with lower FEVand FVC in all susceptibility windows (range ORs 1.39 to 1.74).
CONCLUSIONS: Air pollution exposures in childhood, adolescence and adulthood were associated with increased risk of asthma attacks, rhinitis and low lung function in adulthood. Greenness was not associated with asthma or rhinitis, but was a risk factor for low lung function.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Associations of air pollution and greenness with mortality in Greece.

BACKGROUND : Epidemiological studies have documented the adverse effects of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter ( PM ) on health , while there has been less research on the effects of nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) , black carbon ( BC ) and especially ozone ( O ) .
Furthermore , there is limited evidence for the synergistic effects of exposure to pollutants and greenness .
We investigated the association of long-term exposure to air pollution and greenness with natural-cause , cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in Greece using an ecological study design .
METHODS : Mortality and socioeconomic data @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the 2011 census data .
Annual average PM , NO , BC and Oconcentrations for 2010 were derived from 100 × 100 m surfaces predicted by hybrid LUR models .
The normalized difference vegetation index was used to assess greenness .
We applied Poisson regression models on standardized mortality rates adjusted for socioeconomic indicators and lung cancer rates , accounting for spatial autocorrelation .
Theanalysis was conducted initially for the whole country and then separately for urban and rural areas .
We assessed interactions between pollutants and greenness and applied two-exposure models .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) increase in PM , NOand BC was associated with increases in natural-cause mortality ( Relative Risk ( RR ) 1.09 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.08 , 1.11 ; RR 1.03 ( 95 % CI : 1.03 , 1.04 ) and RR 1.02 ( 95 % CI : 1.02 , 1.03 ) , respectively ) , while PMand NOwere also associated with cause-specific mortality .
Greenness was associated with lower natural-cause ( RR 0.95 , 95 % CI : 0.94 , 0.96 per IQR ) and cause-specific mortality @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protective association with O ( natural-cause mortality RR 0.79 , 95 % CI : 0.76 , 0.82 per IQR ) .
All associations were stronger in urban areas .
We estimated negative statistically significant interactions between air pollution and greenness for respiratory morality and positive ones for cardiovascular mortality .
Estimates were mostly robust to co-exposure adjustment .
CONCLUSIONS : Our findings support associations of air pollution and greenness with mortality , both in urban and rural areas of Greece .
Further research is needed to elaborate on the synergies in cause-specific mortality @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pollutants and greenness may imply differential biological mechanisms for cause-specific mortality and warrant further investigation .

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have documented the adverse effects of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) on health, while there has been less research on the effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO), black carbon (BC) and especially ozone (O). Furthermore, there is limited evidence for the synergistic effects of exposure to pollutants and greenness. We investigated the association of long-term exposure to air pollution and greenness with natural-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in Greece using an ecological study design.
METHODS: Mortality and socioeconomic data were obtained from 1035 municipal units from the 2011 census data. Annual average PM, NO, BC and Oconcentrations for 2010 were derived from 100 × 100 m surfaces predicted by hybrid LUR models. The normalized difference vegetation index was used to assess greenness. We applied Poisson regression models on standardized mortality rates adjusted for socioeconomic indicators and lung cancer rates, accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Theanalysis was conducted initially for the whole country and then separately for urban and rural areas. We assessed interactions between pollutants and greenness and applied two-exposure models.
RESULTS: An interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM, NOand BC was associated with increases in natural-cause mortality (Relative Risk (RR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.11; RR 1.03 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.04) and RR 1.02 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.03), respectively), while PMand NOwere also associated with cause-specific mortality. Greenness was associated with lower natural-cause (RR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94, 0.96 per IQR) and cause-specific mortality. For all outcomes we estimated a protective association with O(natural-cause mortality RR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.82 per IQR). All associations were stronger in urban areas. We estimated negative statistically significant interactions between air pollution and greenness for respiratory morality and positive ones for cardiovascular mortality. Estimates were mostly robust to co-exposure adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support associations of air pollution and greenness with mortality, both in urban and rural areas of Greece. Further research is needed to elaborate on the synergies in cause-specific mortality. Our results on the interactions between pollutants and greenness may imply differential biological mechanisms for cause-specific mortality and warrant further investigation.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Association between air pollution and multiple sclerosis.

Air pollution is a major public health threat .
The present study is the first systematic review ( SR ) to determine the association of exposure to air pollution and Multiple Sclerosis ( MS ) Progression .
A Literature search was carried out using relevant keywords within several international databases .
A comprehensive literature search was carried out systematically and yielded 24 eligible studies concerning the relationship of exposure to air pollution including criteria air pollutants such as particulate matter , NOx and SOx , CO , traffic noise , etc .
and MS disease .
The results of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant relationship between exposure to air pollution and MS development and progression .
Although the effect of air pollution in the pathogenesis of MS is notfully known , according to the results of the included studies exposure to polluted air can stimulate several mechanisms that act as risk factors for developing MS and for having disease relapses or neurological disability .
The major potential mechanism is Dysimmune inflammatory responses subsequent oxidative stress ( OS ) , which leads to neuroinflammation and breakdown of the normal balance between immunity and self-tolerance .
Air pollutants @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reactive oxygen species ( ROSs ) and nitrogen reactive species ( RNSs ) which can initiate inflammatory cascades via the redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) and NF-κB that recruit and activate neutrophils , monocytes , and dendritic cells that stimulate the adaptive immune responses such as Th1 and Th17 inﬂammatory responses .
The uncontrolled inflammatory responses following these events cause cell death and the release of self-antigens capable of stimulatingthe production of auto-aggressive T-cells via enhancing antigen presentation and facilitate entry of these cells to the central nervous system .
Thus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the systemic inflammation and immune imbalance development and progression , powerful risk factors in MS .

Air pollution is a major public health threat. The present study is the first systematic review (SR) to determine the association of exposure to air pollution and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Progression. A Literature search was carried out using relevant keywords within several international databases. A comprehensive literature search was carried out systematically and yielded 24 eligible studies concerning the relationship of exposure to air pollution including criteria air pollutants such as particulate matter, NOx and SOx, CO, traffic noise, etc. and MS disease. The results of the included studies reveal that there was a significant relationship between exposure to air pollution and MS development and progression. Although the effect of air pollution in the pathogenesis of MS is notfully known, according to the results of the included studies exposure to polluted air can stimulate several mechanisms that act as risk factors for developing MS and for having disease relapses or neurological disability. The major potential mechanism is Dysimmune inflammatory responses subsequent oxidative stress (OS), which leads to neuroinflammation and breakdown of the normal balance between immunity and self-tolerance. Air pollutants induce and sustain chemical reactions that produce reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and nitrogen reactive species (RNSs) which can initiate inflammatory cascades via the redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB that recruit and activate neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells that stimulate the adaptive immune responses such as Th1 and Th17 inﬂammatory responses. The uncontrolled inflammatory responses following these events cause cell death and the release of self-antigens capable of stimulatingthe production of auto-aggressive T-cells via enhancing antigen presentation and facilitate entry of these cells to the central nervous system. Thus, oxidative stress is the culprit in the systemic inflammation and immune imbalance development and progression, powerful risk factors in MS.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Air pollution might be an important trigger for atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND : The short-term effect of ambient air pollution on atopic dermatitis ( AD ) , along with its effect modifiers , has not been fully addressed in previous studies .
OBJECTIVE : To examine the short-term associations between air pollution and AD , and identify effect modifications by age and season .
METHODS : We used the Generalized Additive Model to evaluate the short-term effect of ambient air pollution on daily hospital visits for AD , adjusting for potential confounders .
Subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifications by season ( warm and cool ) and age @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
RESULTS : A total of 29,972 hospital visits for atopic dermatitis were recorded in Guangzhou , China from January 19 , 2013 to December 31 , 2017 .
Among them , 72.8 % were children , and 51.4 % occurred in cool season .
Both acute effects and delayed effects on AD hospital visits were significant for all air pollutants .
Stronger effects were observed in cool season , approximately 1.7 to 3.0 times higher than those in warm season .
Stronger effects were also observed among children , approximately 1.3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ adults .
Sensitivity analyses indicated our results were robust .
CONCLUSION : Air pollution might be an important trigger for atopic dermatitis in subtropical Guangzhou , China .
Children are more vulnerable than adults and effects are stronger in the cooler season .

BACKGROUND: The short-term effect of ambient air pollution on atopic dermatitis (AD), along with its effect modifiers, has not been fully addressed in previous studies.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the short-term associations between air pollution and AD, and identify effect modifications by age and season.
METHODS: We used the Generalized Additive Model to evaluate the short-term effect of ambient air pollution on daily hospital visits for AD, adjusting for potential confounders. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifications by season (warm and cool) and age (<18 years and≥18 years old).
RESULTS: A total of 29,972 hospital visits for atopic dermatitis were recorded in Guangzhou, China from January 19, 2013 to December 31, 2017. Among them, 72.8% were children, and 51.4% occurred in cool season. Both acute effects and delayed effects on AD hospital visits were significant for all air pollutants. Stronger effects were observed in cool season, approximately 1.7 to 3.0 times higher than those in warm season. Stronger effects were also observed among children, approximately 1.3 to 1.8 times higher than those among adults. Sensitivity analyses indicated our results were robust.
CONCLUSION: Air pollution might be an important trigger for atopic dermatitis in subtropical Guangzhou, China. Children are more vulnerable than adults and effects are stronger in the cooler season.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Our data suggest that PM2.5 is positively correlated with the incidence of diabetes in the elderly.

Background : Research investigating the effect of air pollution on diabetes incidence is mostly conducted in Europe and the United States and often produces conflicting results .
The link between meteorological factors and diabetes incidence remains to be explored .
We aimed to explore associations between air pollution and diabetes incidence and to estimate the nonlinear and lag effects of meteorological factors on diabetes incidence .
Methods : Our study included 19,000 people aged≥60 years from the Binhai New District without diabetes at baseline .
The generalized additive model ( GAM ) and the distributed lag nonlinear model ( DLNM @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of air pollutants and meteorological factors on the incidence of diabetes .
In the model combining the GAM and DLNM , the impact of each factor ( delayed by 30 days ) was first observed separately to select statistically significant factors , which were then incorporated into the final multivariate model .
The association between air pollution and the incidence of diabetes was assessed in subgroups based on age , sex , and body mass index ( BMI ) .
Results : We found that cumulative RRs for diabetes incidence were 1.026 ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and 1.051 ( 1.019-1.083 ) per 10 g/mincrease in PM , PM , and NO , respectively , as well as 1.156 ( 1.058-1.264 ) per 1 mg/mincrease in CO in a single-pollutant model .
Increased temperature , excessive humidity or dryness , and shortened sunshine duration were positively correlated with the incidence of diabetes in single-factor models .
After adjusting for temperature , humidity , and sunshine , the risk of diabetes increased by 9.2 % ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) :2.1 % -16.8 % ) per 10 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that women , the elderly ( ≥75 years ) , and obese subjects were more susceptible to the effect of PM .
Conclusion : Our data suggest that PMis positively correlated with the incidence of diabetes in the elderly , and the relationship between various meteorological factors and diabetes in the elderly is nonlinear .

Background: Research investigating the effect of air pollution on diabetes incidence is mostly conducted in Europe and the United States and often produces conflicting results. The link between meteorological factors and diabetes incidence remains to be explored. We aimed to explore associations between air pollution and diabetes incidence and to estimate the nonlinear and lag effects of meteorological factors on diabetes incidence.
Methods: Our study included 19,000 people aged≥60 years from the Binhai New District without diabetes at baseline. The generalized additive model (GAM) and the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) were used to explore the effect of air pollutants and meteorological factors on the incidence of diabetes. In the model combining the GAM and DLNM, the impact of each factor (delayed by 30 days) was first observed separately to select statistically significant factors, which were then incorporated into the final multivariate model. The association between air pollution and the incidence of diabetes was assessed in subgroups based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).
Results: We found that cumulative RRs for diabetes incidence were 1.026 (1.011-1.040), 1.019 (1.012-1.026), and 1.051 (1.019-1.083) per 10 g/mincrease in PM, PM, and NO, respectively, as well as 1.156 (1.058-1.264) per 1 mg/mincrease in CO in a single-pollutant model. Increased temperature, excessive humidity or dryness, and shortened sunshine duration were positively correlated with the incidence of diabetes in single-factor models. After adjusting for temperature, humidity, and sunshine, the risk of diabetes increased by 9.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):2.1%-16.8%) per 10 g/mincrease in PM. We also found that women, the elderly (≥75 years), and obese subjects were more susceptible to the effect of PM.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that PMis positively correlated with the incidence of diabetes in the elderly, and the relationship between various meteorological factors and diabetes in the elderly is nonlinear.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Exposure to air pollution from industrial sources might be contributing to the incidence of acute ch

Exposure to air pollution from industrial sources might be contributing to the incidence of acute childhood leukemia cases in urban settings in Colombia.

Acute leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and has been associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens .
This study aimed to identify clusters of acute childhood leukemia ( ACL ) cases and analyze their relationship with proximity to industrial sources of air pollution in three capital cities in Colombia during 2000-2015 .
Incident ACL cases were obtained from the population cancer registries for the cities of Bucaramanga , Cali , and Medellín .
The inventory of industrial sources of emissions to the air was obtained from the regional environmental authorities and industrial conglomerates were identified .
The Kulldorf 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ city clusters and to identify clusters around industrial conglomerates .
Multivariable spatial modeling assessed the effect of distance and direction from the industrial conglomerates controlling for socioeconomic status .
We identified industrials sectors within a buffer of 1 km around industrial conglomerates related to the ACL clusters .
Incidence rates showed geographical heterogeneity with low spatial autocorrelation within cities .
The spatio-temporal tests identified one cluster in each city .
The industries located within 1 km around the ACL clusters identified in the three cities represent different sectors .
Exposure to air pollution @ @ @ @ @ @ @ incidence of ACL cases in urban settings in Colombia .

Acute leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and has been associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens. This study aimed to identify clusters of acute childhood leukemia (ACL) cases and analyze their relationship with proximity to industrial sources of air pollution in three capital cities in Colombia during 2000-2015. Incident ACL cases were obtained from the population cancer registries for the cities of Bucaramanga, Cali, and Medellín. The inventory of industrial sources of emissions to the air was obtained from the regional environmental authorities and industrial conglomerates were identified. The Kulldorf's circular scan test was used to detect city clusters and to identify clusters around industrial conglomerates. Multivariable spatial modeling assessed the effect of distance and direction from the industrial conglomerates controlling for socioeconomic status. We identified industrials sectors within a buffer of 1 km around industrial conglomerates related to the ACL clusters. Incidence rates showed geographical heterogeneity with low spatial autocorrelation within cities. The spatio-temporal tests identified one cluster in each city. The industries located within 1 km around the ACL clusters identified in the three cities represent different sectors. Exposure to air pollution from industrial sources might becontributing to the incidence of ACL cases in urban settings in Colombia.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Air pollution was associated with higher incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

RATIONALE : Current evidence on the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and new onset of chronic lung disease is inconclusive .
OBJECTIVE : To examine associations of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) and adult-onset asthma with past exposure to fine particulate matter ( PM2.5 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , ozone ( O3 ) , and the redox-weighted average of NO2 and O3 ( Ox ) , and characterize the concentration-response relationship .
METHODS : We conducted a population-based cohort study of all Ontarians , aged 35 to 85 years , from 2001 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ residential exposures to selected pollutants with 1-year lag were estimated during follow-up .
We used Cox proportional and Aalen 's additive hazards models to quantify the pollution-disease associations , and characterized the shape of these relationships using newly developed non-linear risk models .
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Among 5.1 million adults , we identified 340,733 and 218,005 incident cases of COPD and asthma , respectively .
We found positive associations of COPD with PM2.5 per interquartile-range ( IQR ) increase of 3.4µg/m3 ( hazard ratio , 1.07 ; 95 % confidence interval @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 1.04 ; 1.02-1.05 ) , O3 per 6.3ppb ( 1.04 ; 1.03-1.04 ) , and Ox per 4.4ppb ( 1.03 ; 1.03-1.03 ) .
By contrast , we did not find strong evidence linking these pollutants to adult-onset asthma .
Additionally , we quantified that eachIQR increase in pollution exposure yielded 3.0 ( 2.4-3.6 ) excess cases of COPD per 100,000 adults for PM2.5 , 3.2 ( 2.0-4.3 ) for NO2 , 1.9 ( 1.3-2.5 ) for O3 , 2.3 ( 1.7-2.9 ) for Ox .
Furthermore , most pollutant-COPD relationships exhibited @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was associated with higher incidence of COPD , but not adult-onset asthma .

RATIONALE: Current evidence on the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and new onset of chronic lung disease is inconclusive.
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and adult-onset asthma with past exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and the redox-weighted average of NO2 and O3 (Ox), and characterize the concentration-response relationship.
METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study of all Ontarians, aged 35 to 85 years, from 2001 to 2015. 3-year moving average of residential exposures to selected pollutants with 1-year lag were estimated during follow-up. We used Cox proportional and Aalen's additive hazards models to quantify the pollution-disease associations, and characterized the shape of these relationships using newly developed non-linear risk models.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among 5.1 million adults, we identified 340,733 and 218,005 incident cases of COPD and asthma, respectively. We found positive associations of COPD with PM2.5 per interquartile-range (IQR) increase of 3.4µg/m3 (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.08), NO2 per 13.9ppb (1.04; 1.02-1.05), O3 per 6.3ppb (1.04; 1.03-1.04), and Ox per 4.4ppb (1.03; 1.03-1.03). By contrast, we did not find strong evidence linking these pollutants to adult-onset asthma. Additionally, we quantified that eachIQR increase in pollution exposure yielded 3.0 (2.4-3.6) excess cases of COPD per 100,000 adults for PM2.5, 3.2 (2.0-4.3) for NO2, 1.9 (1.3-2.5) for O3, 2.3 (1.7-2.9) for Ox. Furthermore, most pollutant-COPD relationships exhibited supralinear shapes.
CONCLUSIONS: Air pollution was associated with higher incidence of COPD, but not adult-onset asthma.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--The systematic review suggested an inverse association between air pollution and head circumference

The systematic review suggested an inverse association between air pollution and head circumference at birth.

It has been observed that air pollution can affect newborn health due to the negative effects of pollutants on pregnancy development .
However , few studies have evaluated the impact of maternal exposure to urban air pollution on head circumference ( HC ) at birth .
Reduced head growth during pregnancy may be associated with neurocognitive deficits in childhood .
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between maternal exposure to air pollution and HC at birth and to provide context with a systematic review to investigate this association .
This was a prospective study of low-risk @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Brazil .
Exposure to pollutants , namely , nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) and ozone ( O ) , was measured during each trimester using passive personal samplers .
We measured newborn HC until 24 h after birth .
We used multiple linear regression models to evaluate the association between pollutants and HC while controlling for known determinants of pregnancy .
To perform the systematic review , four different electronic databases were searched through November 2018 : CENTRAL , EMBASE , LILACS , and MEDLINE .
We selected longitudinal or transversal designs associating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Two reviewers evaluated the inclusion criteria and risk of bias and extracted data from the included papers .
Thirteen studies were selected for the systematic review .
We evaluated 391 patients , and we did not observe a significant association between air pollution and HC .
Regarding the systematic review , 13 studies were selected for the systematic review , 8 studies showed an inverse association between maternal exposure to pollutants and HC , 4 showed no association , and one observed a directassociation .
In the city of São Paulo , maternal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with HC at birth .
The systematic review suggested an inverse association between air pollution and HC at birth .

It has been observed that air pollution can affect newborn health due to the negative effects of pollutants on pregnancy development. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of maternal exposure to urban air pollution on head circumference (HC) at birth. Reduced head growth during pregnancy may be associated with neurocognitive deficits in childhood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between maternal exposure to air pollution and HC at birth and to provide context with a systematic review to investigate this association. This was a prospective study of low-risk pregnant women living in São Paulo, Brazil. Exposure to pollutants, namely, nitrogen dioxide (NO) and ozone (O), was measured during each trimester using passive personal samplers. We measured newborn HC until 24 h after birth. We used multiple linear regression models to evaluate the association between pollutants and HC while controlling for known determinants of pregnancy. To perform the systematic review, four different electronic databases were searched through November 2018: CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS,and MEDLINE. We selected longitudinal or transversal designs associating air pollution and HC at birth. Two reviewers evaluated the inclusion criteria and risk of bias and extracted data from the included papers. Thirteen studies were selected for the systematic review. We evaluated 391 patients, and we did not observe a significant association between air pollution and HC. Regarding the systematic review, 13 studies were selected for the systematic review, 8 studies showed an inverse association between maternal exposure to pollutants and HC, 4 showed no association, and one observed a directassociation. In the city of São Paulo, maternal exposure to pollutants was not significantly associated with HC at birth. The systematic review suggested an inverse association between air pollution and HC at birth.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Adverse birth outcomes related to NO 2 and PM exposure: European systematic review and meta-analysis

Adverse birth outcomes related to NO 2 and PM exposure: European systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a growing number of international studies on the association between ambient air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes , and this systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted focusing on European countries , to assess the crucial public health issue of this suspected association on this geographical area .
A systematic literature search ( based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses , PRISMA , guidelines ) has been performed on all European epidemiological studies published up until 1 April 2020 , on the association between maternal exposure during pregnancy to nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ risk of adverse birth outcomes , including : low birth weight ( LBW ) and preterm birth ( PTB ) .
Fourteen articles were included in the systematic review and nine of them were included in the meta-analysis .
Our meta-analysis was conducted for 2 combinations of NOexposure related to birth weight and PTB .
Our systematic review revealed that risk of LBW increases with the increase of air pollution exposure ( including PM , PMand NO ) during the whole pregnancy .
Our meta-analysis found that birth weight decreases with NOincrease ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ confidence interval ( CI ) ( -28.03 , 0.77 ) ) and the risk of PTB increase for 10µg/m3 increase in NO ( pooled odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.07 , 95 % CI ( 0.90 , 1.28 ) ) .
However , the results were not statistically significant .
Our finding support the main international results , suggesting that increased air pollution exposure during pregnancy might contribute to adverse birth outcomes , especially LBW .
This body of evidence has limitations that impede the formulation of firm conclusions .
Further studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ called to resolve the limitations which could affect the strength of association such as : the exposure assessment , the critical windows of exposure during pregnancy , and the definition of adverse birth outcomes .
This analysis of limitations of the current body of research could be used as a baseline for further studies and may serve as basis for reflection for research agenda improvements .

There is a growing number of international studies on the association between ambient air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and this systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted focusing on European countries, to assess the crucial public health issue of this suspected association on this geographical area. A systematic literature search (based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA, guidelines) has been performed on all European epidemiological studies published up until 1 April 2020, on the association between maternal exposure during pregnancy to nitrogen dioxide (NO) or particular matter (PM) and the risk of adverse birth outcomes, including: low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB). Fourteen articles were included in the systematic review and nine of them were included in the meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis was conducted for 2 combinations of NOexposure related to birth weight and PTB. Our systematic review revealed that risk of LBW increases with the increase of air pollution exposure (including PM, PMand NO) during the whole pregnancy. Our meta-analysis found that birth weight decreases with NOincrease (pooled beta = -13.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-28.03, 0.77)) and the risk of PTB increase for 10µg/m3 increase in NO(pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% CI (0.90, 1.28)). However, the results were not statistically significant. Our finding support the main international results, suggesting that increased air pollution exposure during pregnancy might contribute to adverse birth outcomes, especially LBW. This body of evidence has limitations that impede the formulation of firm conclusions. Further studies, well-focused on European countries, are called to resolve the limitations which could affect the strength of association such as: the exposure assessment, the critical windows of exposure during pregnancy, and the definition of adverse birth outcomes. This analysis of limitations of the current body of research could be used as a baseline for further studies and may serve as basis for reflection for research agenda improvements.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Association of ambient air pollution with cardiovascular disease risks in people with type 2 diabete

Association of ambient air pollution with cardiovascular disease risks in people with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND : Evidence is limited on excess risks of cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) associated with ambient air pollution in diabetic populations .
Survival analyses without considering the spatial structure and possible spatial correlations in health and environmental data may affect the precision of estimation of adverse environmental pollution effects .
We assessed the association between air pollution and CVDs in type 2 diabetes through a Bayesian spatial survival approach .
METHODS : Taiwan 's national-level health claims and air pollution databases were utilized .
Fine individual-level latitude and longitude were used to determine pollution exposure .
The exponential spatial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ analyzed in our Bayesian model compared to traditional Weibull and Cox models .
RESULTS : There were 2072 diabetic patients included in analyses .
PMand SOwere significant CVD risk factors in our Bayesian model , but such associations were attenuated or underestimated in traditional models ; adjusted hazard ratio ( HR ) and 95 % credible interval ( CrI ) or confidence interval ( CI ) of CVDs for a 1 μg/mincrease in the monthly PMconcentration for our model , the Weibull and Cox models was 1.040 ( 1.004-1.073 ) , 0.994 ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , respectively .
With a 1 ppb increase in the monthly SOconcentration , adjusted HR ( 95 % CrI or CI ) was 1.886 ( 1.642-2.113 ) , 1.092 ( 1.022-1.168 ) , and 1.091 ( 1.021-1.166 ) for these models , respectively .
CONCLUSIONS : Against traditional non-spatial analyses , our Bayesian spatial survival model enhances the assessment precision for environmental research with spatial survival data to reveal significant adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution among vulnerable diabetic patients .

BACKGROUND: Evidence is limited on excess risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with ambient air pollution in diabetic populations. Survival analyses without considering the spatial structure and possible spatial correlations in health and environmental data may affect the precision of estimation of adverse environmental pollution effects. We assessed the association between air pollution and CVDs in type 2 diabetes through a Bayesian spatial survival approach.
METHODS: Taiwan's national-level health claims and air pollution databases were utilized. Fine individual-level latitude and longitude were used to determine pollution exposure. The exponential spatial correlation between air pollution and CVDs was analyzed in our Bayesian model compared to traditional Weibull and Cox models.
RESULTS: There were 2072 diabetic patients included in analyses. PMand SOwere significant CVD risk factors in our Bayesian model, but such associations were attenuated or underestimated in traditional models; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% credible interval (CrI) or confidence interval (CI) of CVDs for a 1 μg/mincrease in the monthly PMconcentration for our model, the Weibull and Cox models was 1.040 (1.004-1.073), 0.994 (0.984-1.004), and 0.994 (0.984-1.004), respectively. With a 1 ppb increase in the monthly SOconcentration, adjusted HR (95% CrI or CI) was 1.886 (1.642-2.113), 1.092 (1.022-1.168), and 1.091 (1.021-1.166) for these models, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Against traditional non-spatial analyses, our Bayesian spatial survival model enhances the assessment precision for environmental research with spatial survival data to reveal significant adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution among vulnerable diabetic patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--The exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3 were risk factors for preeclampsia in the first and second trim

The exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3 were risk factors for preeclampsia in the first and second trimester of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND : Ambient air pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem in China .
The results were inconsistent on that air pollution was a risk factor of preeclampsia in pregnancy .
METHODS : Total 116,042 pregnant women were enrolled from 22 hospitals in 10 cities of Hebei Province , China from January 1 , 2015 to December 31 , 2017 .
The parturients were divided into preeclampsia group ( PE group ) and non-preeclampsia group ( non-PE group ) .
The data of air pollutants , namely , particulate matter ( PM ) 2.5 , PM , NO , SO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Environmental Inspection Station .
RESULTS : Among the 116,042 pregnant women , 2988 ( 2.57 % ) pregnant women were diagnosed with preeclampsia .
The concentrations of exposed PM , PM , NOand Oin the PE group were significantly higher than those in the non-PE group , and they were risk factors of the PE group in the first and second trimester of pregnancy respectively .
The concentrations of exposed SOand CO in PE patients and non-PE women were not different , but high concentration of these air pollutants were risk factors to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : The exposure to PM , PM , NO , Owere risk factors for preeclampsia in the first and second trimester of pregnancy , while only at high level , SOand CO were risk factors for preeclampsia in the second trimester of pregnancy .

BACKGROUND: Ambient air pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem in China. The results were inconsistent on that air pollution was a risk factor of preeclampsia in pregnancy.
METHODS: Total 116,042 pregnant women were enrolled from 22 hospitals in 10 cities of Hebei Province, China from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. The parturients were divided into preeclampsia group (PE group) and non-preeclampsia group (non-PE group). The data of air pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM)2.5, PM, NO, SO, CO, Owere collected from China Environmental Inspection Station.
RESULTS: Among the 116,042 pregnant women, 2988 (2.57%) pregnant women were diagnosed with preeclampsia. The concentrations of exposed PM, PM, NOand Oin the PE group were significantly higher than those in the non-PE group, and they were risk factors of the PE group in the first and second trimester of pregnancy respectively. The concentrations of exposed SOand CO in PE patients and non-PE women were not different, but high concentration of these air pollutants were risk factors to PE in the second trimester.
CONCLUSION: The exposure to PM, PM, NO, Owere risk factors for preeclampsia in the first and second trimester of pregnancy, while only at high level, SOand CO were risk factors for preeclampsia in the second trimester of pregnancy.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 in late pregnancy reduced gestational age at delivery among Massachusetts

Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 in late pregnancy reduced gestational age at delivery among Massachusetts neonates.

: There is a lack of evidence on causal effects of air pollution on gestational age ( GA ) at delivery .
Methods : Inverse probability weighting ( IPW ) quantile regression was applied to derive causal marginal population-level GA reduction for GA percentiles associated with increased ambient particulate matter with diameter < 2.5μm ( PM ) levels at maternal residential address for each trimester and the month preceding delivery using Massachusetts birth registry 2001 to 2015 .
Stratified analyses were conducted for neonatal sex , maternal age/race/education , and extreme ambient temperature conditions .
Results : For neonates at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 75th , and 97.5th percentiles of GA at delivery , we estimated an adjusted GA reduction of 4.2 days ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] = 3.4 , 5.0 ) , 1.9 days ( 1.6 , 2.1 ) , 1.2 days ( 1.0 , 1.4 ) , 0.82 days ( 0.72 , 0.92 ) , 0.74 days ( 0.54 , 0.94 ) , and 0.54 days ( 0.15 , 0.93 ) for each 5μg/m3 increment in third trimester average PMlevels .
Final gestational month average exposure yielded a similar effect @ @ @ @ @ @ @ neonates of younger ( younger than 35 years ) and African American mothers as well as with high/low extreme temperature exposure in third trimester were more affected .
Estimates were consistently higher at lower GA percentiles , indicating preterm/early-term births being more affected .
Low-exposure analyses yielded similar results , restricting to areas with PMlevels under US ambient annual standard of 12μg/m .
Conclusions : Prenatal exposure to PMin late pregnancy reduced GA at delivery among Massachusetts neonates , especially among preterm/early-term births , male neonates , and neonates of younger and African @ @ @ @ @ @ @ temperature amplifies the effect of PMon GA .

: There is a lack of evidence on causal effects of air pollution on gestational age (GA) at delivery.
Methods: Inverse probability weighting (IPW) quantile regression was applied to derive causal marginal population-level GA reduction for GA percentiles associated with increased ambient particulate matter with diameter<2.5μm (PM) levels at maternal residential address for each trimester and the month preceding delivery using Massachusetts birth registry 2001 to 2015. Stratified analyses were conducted for neonatal sex, maternal age/race/education, and extreme ambient temperature conditions.
Results: For neonates at 2.5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 97.5th percentiles of GA at delivery, we estimated an adjusted GA reduction of 4.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.4, 5.0), 1.9 days (1.6, 2.1), 1.2 days (1.0, 1.4), 0.82 days (0.72, 0.92), 0.74 days (0.54, 0.94), and 0.54 days (0.15, 0.93) for each 5μg/m3 increment in third trimester average PMlevels. Final gestational month average exposure yielded a similar effect with greater magnitude. Male neonates and neonates of younger (younger than 35 years) and African American mothers as well as with high/low extreme temperature exposure in third trimester were more affected. Estimates were consistently higher at lower GA percentiles, indicating preterm/early-term births being more affected. Low-exposure analyses yielded similar results, restricting to areas with PMlevels under US ambient annual standard of 12μg/m.
Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to PMin late pregnancy reduced GA at delivery among Massachusetts neonates, especially among preterm/early-term births, male neonates, and neonates of younger and African American mothers. Exposure to extremely high/low temperature amplifies the effect of PMon GA.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Rapid increase in mortality attributable to PM 2.5 exposure in India over 1998-2015.

PM-attributable deaths and years of life lost ( YLL ) due to specific causes during 1998-2015 in India were estimated @ @ @ @ @ IER ) model .
The estimated PM-mortality in India revealed an annual increasing rate of @ @ @ @ @ period .
Spatially , deaths due to the exposure to ambient PMconcentrated mostly in populated @ @ @ @ @ northern states contributed 43 % to the national PM-attributable deaths in 2015 .
PM-attributable deaths @ @ @ @ @ % during 1998-2015 due to the changes of PMonly , and deaths due to lung @ @ @ @ @ the largest sensitivity to increasing ambient PM .
The findings of this study suggest that @ @ @ @ @ should be implemented in North India due to their dominant contributions to the current health @ @ @ @ @ rapid growth of LC related deaths with increasing ambient PMshould not be neglected .

PM-attributable deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to specific causes during 1998-2015 in India were estimated using the integrated exposure-response (IER) model. The estimated PM-mortality in India revealed an annual increasing rate of 2.7% during the study period. Spatially, deaths due to the exposure to ambient PMconcentrated mostly in populated North India, and four northern states contributed 43% to the national PM-attributable deaths in 2015. PM-attributable deaths in India increased by 21% during 1998-2015 due to the changes of PMonly, and deaths due to lung cancer (LC) revealed the largest sensitivity to increasing ambient PM. The findings of this study suggest that aggressive air pollution control strategies should be implemented in North India due to their dominant contributions to the current health risks. Moreover, the rapid growth of LC related deaths with increasing ambient PMshould not be neglected.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-10--Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause m

Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population.

Background : Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution .
We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups .
Methods : We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 ( = 4,401,348 ) .
We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case .
We modelled NO , fine particulate matter ( PM ) , black carbon ( BC ) particles , and ozone ( O ) as five-year average concentrations at the residential @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cases and 3,426,533 controls in conditional logistic regression with adjustment for individual and neighbourhood level socio-demographic variables .
Findings : In single pollutant models , a 10 μg/m ( BC : 1 μg/m ) increase in NO , PM , BC , and Owas associated with natural cause mortality rate ratios ( MRR ) of 1·05 ( 95 % confidence interval 1·04-1·06 ) , 1·08 ( 1·04-1·13 ) , 1·05 ( 1·02-1·08 ) , and 0·96 ( 0·95-0·97 ) , respectively .
The patterns were similar for respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CVD mortality .
The rate differences for a unit increase in PM , NO , and BC were largest among those with the lowest income ; this pattern was not detected when considering the relative risk measure , MRR .
Interpretation : Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population and the strength of the association differed by socioeconomic group .
We recommend that future studies express socioeconomic differences in absolute rather than relative risk .

Background: Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups.
Methods: We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 ( = 4,401,348). We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case. We modelled NO, fine particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC) particles, and ozone (O) as five-year average concentrations at the residential addresses of 672,895 all natural cause mortality cases and 3,426,533 controls in conditional logistic regression with adjustment for individual and neighbourhood level socio-demographic variables.
Findings: In single pollutant models, a 10 μg/m(BC: 1 μg/m) increase in NO, PM, BC, and Owas associated with natural cause mortality rate ratios (MRR) of 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·04-1·06), 1·08 (1·04-1·13), 1·05 (1·02-1·08), and 0·96 (0·95-0·97), respectively. The patterns were similar for respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality. Owas associated with higher risk of CVD mortality. The rate differences for a unit increase in PM, NO, and BC were largest among those with the lowest income; this pattern was not detected when considering the relative risk measure, MRR.
Interpretation: Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population and the strength of the association differed by socioeconomic group. We recommend that future studies express socioeconomic differences in absolute rather than relative risk.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Berries: A Top Anti-Diabetes Food

Berries: A Top Anti-Diabetes Food

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--The protective effect of Phellinus linteus decoction on podocyte injury in the kidney.

BACKGROUND : This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Phellinus linteus ( Mesima ) decoction on podocyte injury in a rat model of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis ( FSGS ) and evaluate the potential mechanisms .
METHODS : FSGS resembling primary FSGS in humans was established in rats by uninephrectomy and the repeated injection of doxorubicin .
The FSGS rats were randomly divided into the model group , low-dose group of P. linteus decoction ( PLD-LD ) , medium-dose group of P. linteus decoction ( PLD-MD ) , and high-dose group of P. linteus decoction ( PLD-HD ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ after 12 weeks and the molecular indicators of renal function and the renal pathological changes were examined .
RESULTS : FSGS developed within 12 weeks in the test group and showed progressive proteinuria and segmental glomerular scarring .
Urinary protein , serum creatinine , urea nitrogen , triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced following the 12-week intervention with P.linteus decoction , especially in the PLD-LD group .
Renal nephrin and podocin were markedly increased .
Moreover , the pathological damage in the renal tissue was alleviated by the PLD-LD intervention .
CONCLUSION : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ injury in the FSGS rat model , thus minimizing the progression of glomerular sclerosis and improving renal function .

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Phellinus linteus (Mesima) decoction on podocyte injury in a rat model of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and evaluate the potential mechanisms.
METHODS: FSGS resembling primary FSGS in humans was established in rats by uninephrectomy and the repeated injection of doxorubicin. The FSGS rats were randomly divided into the model group, low-dose group of P. linteus decoction (PLD-LD), medium-dose group of P. linteus decoction (PLD-MD), and high-dose group of P. linteus decoction (PLD-HD). Blood and urine analysis were performed after 12 weeks and the molecular indicators of renal function and the renal pathological changes were examined.
RESULTS: FSGS developed within 12 weeks in the test group and showed progressive proteinuria and segmental glomerular scarring. Urinary protein, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced following the 12-week intervention with P.linteus decoction, especially in the PLD-LD group. Renal nephrin and podocin were markedly increased. Moreover, the pathological damage in the renal tissue was alleviated by the PLD-LD intervention.
CONCLUSION: The P. linteus decoction alleviated the podocyte injury in the FSGS rat model, thus minimizing the progression of glomerular sclerosis and improving renal function.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Hispolon induces apoptosis against prostate DU145 cancer cells via modulation of mitochondrial and S

Hispolon induces apoptosis against prostate DU145 cancer cells via modulation of mitochondrial and STAT3 pathways.

Hispolon , a bioactive polyphenolic entity extracted from Phellinus linteus , possesses anticancer , antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties .
Despite the reported therapeutic effects of this natural chemical entity , inhibitory potential of hispolon towards prostate carcinoma DU145 cells and mechanism of its action are yet to be explicated .
Deregulated STAT3 pathway performs multifaceted functions in facilitating the development of cancer .
Here , we have investigated the mechanism of hispolon by which it exerts its anticancer effects in DU145 cells and whether its anticancer activity is mediated by modulation of STAT3 .
Our outcomes show that hispolon significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ well as arrested cell cycle at S phase .
S phase arrest induced by hispolon was associated with downregulation of cyclin B1 , cyclin D1 and CDK4 while up-regulation of p21 .
Moreover , hispolon treatment leads towards induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent mode in DU145 cells .
Hispolon induced modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins lead towards loss of MMP allowing the discharge of cytochrome c from mitochondrial porin channels which triggered the cascade of caspases ultimately causing cellular death .
We further investigated the role of hispolon in mediating deregulated STAT3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potential to downregulate the p-STAT3 expression with no effect on total STAT3 .
Contemporaneously , these results represent that hispolon 's anticancer mechanism of action proceeds via downregulating the phosphorylation of STAT3 and induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway .

Hispolon, a bioactive polyphenolic entity extracted from Phellinus linteus, possesses anticancer, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Despite the reported therapeutic effects of this natural chemical entity, inhibitory potential of hispolon towards prostate carcinoma DU145 cells and mechanism of its action are yet to be explicated. Deregulated STAT3 pathway performs multifaceted functions in facilitating the development of cancer. Here, we have investigated the mechanism of hispolon by which it exerts its anticancer effects in DU145 cells and whether its anticancer activity is mediated by modulation of STAT3. Our outcomes show that hispolon significantly halted the multiplication of DU145 cells as well as arrested cell cycle at S phase. S phase arrest induced by hispolon was associated with downregulation of cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and CDK4 while up-regulation of p21. Moreover, hispolon treatment leads towards induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent mode in DU145 cells. Hispolon induced modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins lead towards loss of MMP allowing the discharge of cytochrome c from mitochondrial porin channels which triggered the cascade of caspases ultimately causing cellular death. We further investigated the role of hispolon in mediating deregulated STAT3 pathways in DU145 cells. Hispolon has potential to downregulate the p-STAT3 expression with no effect on total STAT3. Contemporaneously, these results represent that hispolon's anticancer mechanism of action proceeds via downregulating the phosphorylation of STAT3 and induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Hispolon: A natural polyphenol and emerging cancer killer by multiple cellular signaling pathways.

Nature as an infinite treasure of chemotypes and pharmacophores will continue to play an imperative role in the drug discovery .
Natural products ( NPs ) such as plant and fungal metabolites have emerged as leads in drug discovery during recent years due to their efficacy , safety and selectivity .
The current review summarizes natural sources as well as pharmacological potential of hispolon which is a major constituent of traditional medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus .
The study aims to update the scientific community about recent developments of hispolon in the arena of natural drugs by providing insights into its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , a polyphenol has been reported to possess anticancer , antidiabetic , antioxidant , antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities .
It fights against cancer via induction of apoptosis , halting cell cycle and inhibition of metastasis by targeting various cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt , MAPK and NF-κB .
The current review proposes that hispolon provides a novel opportunity for pharmacological applications and its styrylpyrone carbon skeleton might serve as an attractive scaffold for drug development .
However , future researches are recommended to assess bioavailability , toxicological limits , pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles @ @ @ @ @ @ @ its potential as a potent multi-targeted drug in the near future .

Nature as an infinite treasure of chemotypes and pharmacophores will continue to play an imperative role in the drug discovery. Natural products (NPs) such as plant and fungal metabolites have emerged as leads in drug discovery during recent years due to their efficacy, safety and selectivity. The current review summarizes natural sources as well as pharmacological potential of hispolon which is a major constituent of traditional medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus. The study aims to update the scientific community about recent developments of hispolon in the arena of natural drugs by providing insights into its present status in therapeutic pursuits. Hispolon, a polyphenol has been reported to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. It fights against cancer via induction of apoptosis, halting cell cycle and inhibition of metastasis by targeting various cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB. The current review proposes that hispolon provides a novel opportunity for pharmacological applications and its styrylpyrone carbon skeleton might serve as an attractive scaffold for drug development. However, future researches are recommended to assess bioavailability, toxicological limits, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of hispolon, in order to establish its potential as a potent multi-targeted drug in the near future.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Elucidating the anti-melanoma effect and mechanisms of Hispolon.

There is a rapid increase in the incidence of melanoma which has led to a global crisis .
Thus , there is a great need for developing novel , safe and effective drugs for the treatment of melanoma .
Hispolon is a small molecular weight polyphenol derived from Phellinus linteus , which has antioxidant , anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities .
Hispolon has been reported to induce apoptosis in gastric cancer , hepatocellular carcinoma , and myeloid leukemia .
However , the anticancer effect in melanoma is not well elucidated .
Thus , our present study was to investigate the anti-cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
B16BL6 cells were treated with different concentrations of hispolon for 24 h and the effect on oxidative stress , mitochondrial functions , apoptosis and cell proliferation were studied .
Hispolon is a potent generator of reactive oxygen species , nitrite and lipid peroxide levels .
Furthermore , it significantly inhibits the expression of Bcl-2 and promotes the expression ofBax , increases the activity of caspase 1 and 3 , inhibits mitochondrial Complex I and IV activities .
By the above mechanisms , hispolon dose-dependently exhibited the antimelanoma effect similar to the well @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , hispolon can be a potent anti-melanoma drugin the future if the pharmacodynamic effects and the toxicological studies are appropriately carried out .

There is a rapid increase in the incidence of melanoma which has led to a global crisis. Thus, there is a great need for developing novel, safe and effective drugs for the treatment of melanoma. Hispolon is a small molecular weight polyphenol derived from Phellinus linteus, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Hispolon has been reported to induce apoptosis in gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and myeloid leukemia. However, the anticancer effect in melanoma is not well elucidated. Thus, our present study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of hispolon on melanoma cancer cells. B16BL6 cells were treated with different concentrations of hispolon for 24 h and the effect on oxidative stress, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and cell proliferation were studied. Hispolon is a potent generator of reactive oxygen species, nitrite and lipid peroxide levels. Furthermore, it significantly inhibits the expression of Bcl-2 and promotes the expression ofBax, increases the activity of caspase 1 and 3, inhibits mitochondrial Complex I and IV activities. By the above mechanisms, hispolon dose-dependently exhibited the antimelanoma effect similar to the well established pharmacological agent, curcumin. Thus, hispolon can be a potent anti-melanoma drugin the future if the pharmacodynamic effects and the toxicological studies are appropriately carried out.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Anti-inflammatory activity of Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelium.

Acute lung injury ( ALI ) is characterized by inflammation of the lung tissue and oxidative injury caused by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species .
Studies have suggested that anti-inflammatory or antioxidant agents could be used for the treatment of ALI with a good outcome .
Therefore , our study aimed to test whether the mycelium extract of ( SS-1 ) , believed to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties , could be used against the excessive inflammatory response associated with lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) -induced ALI in mice and to investigate its possible mechanism of action .
The experimental @ @ @ @ @ @ @ could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation .
SS-1 could reduce the number of inflammatory cells , inhibit myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity , regulate the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the signal transduction of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the lung tissue , and inhibit high mobility group box-1 protein 1 ( HNGB1 ) activity in BALF .
In addition , SS-1 could affect the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 ( HO-1 ) and Thioredoxin-1 ( Trx-1 ) in the lung tissue and regulate signal transduction in the KRAB-associated protein-1 ( KAP1 ) /nuclear factor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1 ( Keap1 ) pathway .
Histological results showed that administration of SS-1 prior to induction could inhibit the large-scale LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration of the lung tissue .
Therefore , based on all experimental results , we propose that SS-1 exhibits a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI in mice .
The mycelium ofcan potentially be used for the treatment or prevention of inflammation-related diseases .

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammation of the lung tissue and oxidative injury caused by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Studies have suggested that anti-inflammatory or antioxidant agents could be used for the treatment of ALI with a good outcome. Therefore, our study aimed to test whether the mycelium extract of(SS-1), believed to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could be used against the excessive inflammatory response associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALI in mice and to investigate its possible mechanism of action. The experimental results showed that the administration of SS-1 could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation. SS-1 could reduce the number of inflammatory cells, inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, regulate the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the signal transduction of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the lung tissue, and inhibit high mobility group box-1 protein 1 (HNGB1) activity in BALF. In addition, SS-1 could affect the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) in the lung tissue and regulate signal transduction in the KRAB-associated protein-1 (KAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor Nrf2/Kelch Like ECH associated Protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. Histological results showed that administration of SS-1 prior to induction could inhibit the large-scale LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration of the lung tissue. Therefore, based on all experimental results, we propose that SS-1 exhibits a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI in mice. The mycelium ofcan potentially be used for the treatment or prevention of inflammation-related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Sanghuangporus sanghuang triterpenoids had high antioxidant activities.

The scientific name of the traditional Chinese medicinal fungus , Sanghuang , has been clarified and confirmed that it is @ @ @ @ @ in the recently discovered genus , Sanghuangporus .
To maximize the yield of the active @ @ @ @ @ from authentic Sanghuangporus sanghuang , four parameters of the extraction process , including the extraction @ @ @ @ @ extraction temperature , and ethanol concentration were determined .
The Box-Behnken experimental design and the @ @ @ @ @ to optimize the triterpenoid extraction processes of Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelium .
The results showed that @ @ @ @ @ extraction processes were not simple linear relationships .
Optimum conditions of ultrasonic extraction required an @ @ @ @ @ a 1:20 solid-liquid ratio , a 20-min extraction time , and a 60 °C extraction @ @ @ @ @ maximum triterpenoid extraction of 13.30 mg/g .
Antioxidant capacity tests showed that the Sanghuangporus sanghuang @ @ @ @ @ for hydroxyl free radicals , superoxide anions , 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals , and 2,2'-azinobis- ( @ @ @ @ @ that the Sanghuangporus sanghuang triterpenoids had high antioxidant activities .

The scientific name of the traditional Chinese medicinal fungus, Sanghuang, has been clarified and confirmed that it is a new species -Sanghuangporus sanghuang in the recently discovered genus, Sanghuangporus. To maximize the yield of the active ingredients such as the triterpenoids from authentic Sanghuangporus sanghuang, four parameters of the extraction process, including the extraction time, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and ethanol concentration were determined. The Box-Behnken experimental design and the response surface method were used to optimize the triterpenoid extraction processes of Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelium. The results showed that the parameters of the triterpenoid extraction processes were not simple linear relationships. Optimum conditions of ultrasonic extraction required an 80% ethanol concentration, a 1:20 solid-liquid ratio, a 20-min extraction time, and a 60 °C extraction temperature, to obtain a maximum triterpenoid extraction of 13.30 mg/g. Antioxidant capacity tests showed that the Sanghuangporus sanghuang triterpenoids had high clearance capabilities for hydroxyl free radicals, superoxide anions, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals, and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) radicals, indicating that the Sanghuangporus sanghuang triterpenoids had high antioxidant activities.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Co-delivery of hispolon and doxorubicin liposomes improves efficacy against melanoma cells.

Hispolon is a small molecular weight polyphenol that has antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and anti-proliferative activities .
Our recent study has demonstrated hispolon as a potent apoptosis inducer in melanoma cell lines .
Doxorubicin is a broad spectrum first-line treatment for various kinds of cancers .
In this study , co-delivery of doxorubicin and hispolon using a liposomal system in B16BL6 melanoma cell lines for synergistic cytotoxic effects was investigated .
Liposomes were prepared using a lipid film hydration method and loaded with doxorubicin or hispolon .
The formulations were characterized for particle size distribution , release profile , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ addition , in vitro cytotoxicity , in vitro cell apoptosis , and cellular uptake were evaluated .
Liposomes exhibited small particle size ( mean diameter ~ 100 nm ) and narrow size distribution ( polydispersity index ( 90 % ) .
The release from liposomes showed slower release compared to free drug solution as an additional time required for the release of drug from the liposome lipid bilayer .
Liposome loaded with doxorubicin or hispolon exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity against B16BL6 melanoma cells as compared to doxorubicin solution or hispolon solution .
Likewise @ @ @ @ @ @ @ showed two-fold and three-fold higher cytotoxicity , as compared to hispolon liposomes or doxorubicin liposomes , respectively .
In addition , co-delivery of doxorubicin and hispolon in liposomes enhanced apoptosis more than the individual drugs in the liposome formulation .
In conclusion , the co-delivery of hispolon and doxorubicin could be a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against melanoma .

Hispolon is a small molecular weight polyphenol that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Our recent study has demonstrated hispolon as a potent apoptosis inducer in melanoma cell lines. Doxorubicin is a broad spectrum first-line treatment for various kinds of cancers. In this study, co-delivery of doxorubicin and hispolon using a liposomal system in B16BL6 melanoma cell lines for synergistic cytotoxic effects was investigated. Liposomes were prepared using a lipid film hydration method and loaded with doxorubicin or hispolon. The formulations were characterized for particle size distribution, release profile, and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vitro cell apoptosis, and cellular uptake were evaluated. Liposomes exhibited small particle size (mean diameter ~ 100 nm) and narrow size distribution (polydispersity index (< 0.2) and high drug EE% (> 90%). The release from liposomes showed slower release compared to free drug solution as an additional time required for the release of drug from the liposome lipid bilayer. Liposome loaded with doxorubicin or hispolon exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity against B16BL6 melanoma cells as compared to doxorubicin solution or hispolon solution. Likewise, co-delivery of hispolon and doxorubicin liposomes showed two-fold and three-fold higher cytotoxicity, as compared to hispolon liposomes or doxorubicin liposomes, respectively. In addition, co-delivery of doxorubicin and hispolon in liposomes enhanced apoptosis more than the individual drugs in the liposome formulation. In conclusion, the co-delivery of hispolon and doxorubicin could be a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against melanoma.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Hispolon suppresses the LPS-induced activation of inflammatory pathways.

The anti-inflammatory effect of hispolon has identified it as one of the most important compounds from .
The research objectives were to study this compound using an animal model by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced acute lung injury .
Hispolon treatment reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator NO , TNF-α , IL-1β , and IL-6 induced by LPS challenge in the lung tissues , as well as decreasing their histological alterations and protein content .
Total cell number was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) .
Moreover , hispolon inhibited iNOS , COX-2 and IκB-α @ @ @ @ @ @ @ catalase , SOD , GPx , TLR4 , AKT , HO-1 , Nrf-2 , Keap1 and PPARγ expression , after LPS challenge .
It also regulated apoptosis , ER stress and the autophagy signal transduction pathway .
The results of this study show that hispolon regulates LPS-induced ER stress ( increasing CHOP , PERK , IRE1 , ATF6 and GRP78 protein expression ) , apoptosis ( decreasing caspase-3 and Bax and increasing Bcl-2 expression ) and autophagy ( reducing LC3 I/II and Beclin-1 expression ) .
This in vivo experimental study suggests that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pathways , oxidative injury , ER stress , apoptosis and autophagy and has the potential to be used therapeutically in major anterior segment lung diseases .

The anti-inflammatory effect of hispolon has identified it as one of the most important compounds from. The research objectives were to study this compound using an animal model by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Hispolon treatment reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by LPS challenge in the lung tissues, as well as decreasing their histological alterations and protein content. Total cell number was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, hispolon inhibited iNOS, COX-2 and IκB-α and phosphorylated IKK andMAPK, while increasing catalase, SOD, GPx, TLR4, AKT, HO-1, Nrf-2, Keap1 and PPARγ expression, after LPS challenge. It also regulated apoptosis, ER stress and the autophagy signal transduction pathway. The results of this study show that hispolon regulates LPS-induced ER stress (increasing CHOP, PERK, IRE1, ATF6 and GRP78 protein expression), apoptosis (decreasing caspase-3 and Bax and increasing Bcl-2 expression) and autophagy (reducing LC3 I/II and Beclin-1 expression). This in vivo experimental study suggests that hispolon suppresses the LPS-induced activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative injury, ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy and has the potential to be used therapeutically in major anterior segment lung diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Purification and antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activity of extracellular polysaccharopeptide fro

Purification and antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory activity of extracellular polysaccharopeptide from sanghuang mushroom.

BACKGROUND : Sanghuang mushrooms are medicinal fungi widely used in eastern Asia .
In this study , the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a novel extracellular polysaccharopeptide , sanghuang extracellular polysaccharopeptide ( SePSP ) was investigated .
The SePSP was purified from the submerged fermentation broth of a sanghuang mycelium , Sanghuangporus lonicericola strain CBS17 , which was isolated from a wild sanghuang fruiting body .
RESULTS : The SePSP was extracted using an ethanol precipitation procedure , followed by diethylaminoethanol ( DEAE ) anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography .
The mass ratio of the polysaccharide and peptide components in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ determining its free radical scavenging abilities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) , the hydroxyl free radical , and the superoxide anion free radical , as well as its total reducing power , SePSP was shown to have strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro .
Further , SePSP effectively alleviated dextran sodium sulfate ( DSS ) -induced ulcerative colitis ( UC ) in mice .
Administration of 200 mg kgSePSP by gavage for 7 days prevented body weight loss ; significantly reduced the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines , including TNF-α and IL-1β ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ IL-10 in the colon , and decreased the malondialdehyde concentration from 6.42 to 4.82 μmol Lin the blood in UC mice .
CONCLUSION : The SePSP had strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro and effectively alleviated DSS-induced UC in mice .
The in vivo therapeutic efficacy in DSS-induced UC may be mediated by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting oxidative stress .
The findings provide a scientific rationale for the use of bioactive nutraceuticals from sanghuang mushrooms to develop functional foods for the prevention and treatment of UC.© 2020 Society of @ @ @

BACKGROUND: Sanghuang mushrooms are medicinal fungi widely used in eastern Asia. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a novel extracellular polysaccharopeptide, sanghuang extracellular polysaccharopeptide (SePSP) was investigated. The SePSP was purified from the submerged fermentation broth of a sanghuang mycelium, Sanghuangporus lonicericola strain CBS17, which was isolated from a wild sanghuang fruiting body.
RESULTS: The SePSP was extracted using an ethanol precipitation procedure, followed by diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The mass ratio of the polysaccharide and peptide components in the purified SePSP was approximately 4.87:1. By determining its free radical scavenging abilities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the hydroxyl free radical, and the superoxide anion free radical, as well as its total reducing power, SePSP was shown to have strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro. Further, SePSP effectively alleviated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Administration of 200 mg kgSePSP by gavage for 7 days prevented body weight loss; significantly reduced the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β; increased mRNA level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the colon, and decreased the malondialdehyde concentration from 6.42 to 4.82 μmol Lin the blood in UC mice.
CONCLUSION: The SePSP had strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro and effectively alleviated DSS-induced UC in mice. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy in DSS-induced UC may be mediated by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting oxidative stress. The findings provide a scientific rationale for the use of bioactive nutraceuticals from sanghuang mushrooms to develop functional foods for the prevention and treatment of UC.© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Structural characterization and hypoglycemic activity of an intracellular polysaccharide from Sanghu

Structural characterization and hypoglycemic activity of an intracellular polysaccharide from Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia.

A neutral polysaccharide ( SSIPS1 ) was isolated and purified from cultured mycelia of Sanghuangporus sanghuang by DEAE Sepharose Fast @ @ @ @ @ .
Basic monosaccharide composition indicated that SSIPS1 was mainly composed of d-glucose .
The results @ @ @ @ @ suggested that the glycosidic linkages of SSIPS1 were elucidated to consisted of 1,4-linkedα-d-glucopyranose ( Glcp @ @ @ @ @ points at O-6 .
The two branches were composed of 1,4-linked α-D-Glcp terminated with α-D-Glcp @ @ @ @ @ β-Galp terminated by α-D-Glcp .
Moreover , its chain conformation was revealed to present a @ @ @ @ @ NaNOwith a hydrodynamic radius and radius of gyration of 3.26 and 6.45 nm by multi-angle @ @ @ @ @ a single chain of 0.559 nm observed by atomic force microscopy .
Further , SSIPS1 @ @ @ @ @ against α-amylase and α-glucosidase , and it had hypoglycemic effects on in vitro insulin resistance @ @ @ @ @ .

A neutral polysaccharide (SSIPS1) was isolated and purified from cultured mycelia of Sanghuangporus sanghuang by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-100 columns. Basic monosaccharide composition indicated that SSIPS1 was mainly composed of d-glucose. The results of methylation and 2D-NMR analysis suggested that the glycosidic linkages of SSIPS1 were elucidated to consisted of 1,4-linkedα-d-glucopyranose (Glcp) residues with two branched points at O-6. The two branches were composed of 1,4-linked α-D-Glcp terminated with α-D-Glcp, 1,4-linked α-D-Glcp and 1,4-linked β-Galp terminated by α-D-Glcp. Moreover, its chain conformation was revealed to present a flexible chain conformation in 0.1 NaNOwith a hydrodynamic radius and radius of gyration of 3.26 and 6.45 nm by multi-angle laser light scattering, with a single chain of 0.559 nm observed by atomic force microscopy. Further, SSIPS1 exhibited a potential inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and it had hypoglycemic effects on in vitro insulin resistance of HepG2 cells as well.