greenmedinfo--2020-04-16--Curcumin is a promising inhibitor of genotype 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Curcumin is a promising inhibitor of genotype 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

BACKGROUND : Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ( PRRSV ) could lead to pandemic diseases and huge financial losses @ @ @ @ @ .
Curcumin , a natural compound , has been reported to serve as an entry @ @ @ @ @ , chikungunya virus and vesicular stomatitis virus .
In this study , we investigated the @ @ @ @ @ early stages of PRRSV infection .
RESULTS : Curcumin inhibited infection of Marc-145 cells and @ @ @ @ @ ) by four different genotype 2 PRRSV strains , but had no effect on the @ @ @ @ @ proteins on Marc-145 cells and PAMs or on PRRSV binding to Marc-145 cells .
However @ @ @ @ @ steps of the PRRSV infection process : virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion .
CONCLUSIONS @ @ @ @ @ an inhibition of genotype 2 PRRSV infection by curcumin is virus strain-independent , and mainly @ @ @ @ @ cell fusion mediated by virus .
Collectively , these results demonstrate that curcumin holds promise @ @ @ @ @ .

BACKGROUND: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could lead to pandemic diseases and huge financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. Curcumin, a natural compound, has been reported to serve as an entry inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of curcumin on early stages of PRRSV infection.
RESULTS: Curcumin inhibited infection of Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) by four different genotype 2 PRRSV strains, but had no effect on the levels of major PRRSV receptor proteins on Marc-145 cells and PAMs or on PRRSV binding to Marc-145 cells. However, curcumin did block two steps of the PRRSV infection process: virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that an inhibition of genotype 2 PRRSV infection by curcumin is virus strain-independent, and mainly inhibited by virus internalization and cell fusion mediated by virus. Collectively, these results demonstrate that curcumin holds promise as a new anti-PRRSV drug.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-16--Antiviral potential of natural compounds against influenza virus hemagglutinin.

Influenza virus of different subtypes H1N1 , H2N2 , H3N2 and H5N1 cause many human pandemic deaths and threatening the people worldwide .
The Hemagglutinin ( HA ) protein mediates viral attachment to host receptors act as an attractive target .
The sixteen natural compounds have been chosen to target the HA protein .
Molecular docking studies have been performed to find binding affinity of the compounds .
Out of the sixteen , three compounds CI , CII and CIII found to posses a higher binding affinity .
The molecular dynamics ( MD ) simulation has been performed to study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nine different complexes CI , CII , CIII bound with H1 , H2 , H3 proteins and the results were compared .
The molecular mechanics Poission-Boltzmann surface area ( MM-PBSA ) method is used to compare the binding free energy , its different energy components and per residue binding contribution .
The H1 subtype shows higher binding preference for all the curcumin derivatives than H2 and H3 .
The binding capability of protein subtypes with curcumin derivatives and the binding affinity of curcumin compounds are in the order H1 > H2 > H3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The two -O-CH3- groups present in the CI compound help to have strong binding with HA protein than CII and CIII .
The van der Waals interaction energy plays a significant role for binding in all the complexes .
The hydrogen bonding interactions were monitored throughout the MD simulation .
The conserved region ( 153-155 ) and the helix region ( 193-194 ) of H1 , H2 , H3 protein subtypes are found to possess higher binding susceptibility for binding of the curcumin derivatives .

Influenza virus of different subtypes H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 cause many human pandemic deaths and threatening the people worldwide. The Hemagglutinin (HA) protein mediates viral attachment to host receptors act as an attractive target. The sixteen natural compounds have been chosen to target the HA protein. Molecular docking studies have been performed to find binding affinity of the compounds. Out of the sixteen, three compounds CI, CII and CIII found to posses a higher binding affinity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been performed to study the structural, dynamical properties for the nine different complexes CI, CII, CIII bound with H1, H2, H3 proteins and the results were compared. The molecular mechanics Poission-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method is used to compare the binding free energy, its different energy components and per residue binding contribution. The H1 subtype shows higher binding preference for all the curcumin derivatives than H2 and H3. The binding capability of protein subtypes with curcumin derivatives and the binding affinity of curcumin compounds are in the order H1>H2>H3 and CI>CII>CIII respectively. The two -O-CH3- groups present in the CI compound help to have strong binding with HA protein than CII and CIII. The van der Waals interaction energy plays a significant role for binding in all the complexes. The hydrogen bonding interactions were monitored throughout the MD simulation. The conserved region (153-155) and the helix region (193-194) of H1, H2, H3 protein subtypes are found to possess higher binding susceptibility for binding of the curcumin derivatives.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Effects of curcumin on NF-κB, AP-1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus infecti

Effects of curcumin on NF-κB, AP-1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus infection.

Curcumin is a yellow-orange powder derived from the Curcuma longa plant .
Curcumin has been used extensively in traditional medicine @ @ @ @ @ is non-toxic and shown different therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory , anti-cancer , antiviral , @ @ @ @ @ , and anti-oxidant .
Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) is a small DNA member @ @ @ @ @ Hepadnaviridae family ) which is a highly contagious blood-borne viral pathogen .
HBV infection is @ @ @ @ @ with 2 billion people infected throughout the world and 350 million suffering from chronic HBV @ @ @ @ @ that curcumin as a natural product could be employed in the treatment of HBV patients @ @ @ @ @ that curcumin exerts its therapeutic effects on HBV patients via targeting a variety of cellular @ @ @ @ @ Wnt/β-catenin , Ap1 , STAT3 , MAPK , and NF-κB signaling .
Here , we @ @ @ @ @ curcumin on patients who infected with HBV .
Moreover , we highlighted main signaling pathways @ @ @ @ @ AP1 , and Wnt/β-catenin signaling ) which affected by curcumin in HBV infections .

Curcumin is a yellow-orange powder derived from the Curcuma longa plant. Curcumin has been used extensively in traditional medicine for centuries. This component is non-toxic and shown different therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasites, and anti-oxidant. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA member of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (Hepadnaviridae family) which is a highly contagious blood-borne viral pathogen. HBV infection is a major public health problem with 2 billion people infected throughout the world and 350 million suffering from chronic HBV infection. Increasing evidence indicated that curcumin as a natural product could be employed in the treatment of HBV patients. It has been showed that curcumin exerts its therapeutic effects on HBV patients via targeting a variety of cellular and molecular pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Ap1, STAT3, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling. Here, we summarized the therapeutic effects of curcumin on patients who infected with HBV. Moreover, we highlighted main signaling pathways (eg, NF-κB, AP1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling) which affected by curcumin in HBV infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Synergic effect of curcumin and its structural analogue (Monoacetylcurcumin) on anti-influenza virus

Synergic effect of curcumin and its structural analogue (Monoacetylcurcumin) on anti-influenza virus infection.

Curcumin ( Cur ) , a polyphenolic compound extracted from spice and common food colourant turmeric , contains versatile bio-activities @ @ @ @ @ , a structural analogue of Cur , differs from Cur by acetyl modification , but @ @ @ @ @ analysis revealed MAC effectively inhibited influenza virus infection ( IAV ) to a similar extent @ @ @ @ @ to , curcumin .
Both compounds mildly reduced viral NA activity .
Surprisingly , unlike @ @ @ @ @ of IAV did not occur through the blocking of HA activity .
However , MAC @ @ @ @ @ the prerequisite signalling for efficient IAV propagation .
A much stronger inhibition effect on IAV @ @ @ @ @ treatment was in combination with Cur .
Collectively , MAC demonstrated clear antiviral activity , @ @ @ @ @ multiple mechanisms that were not identical to Cur .
Importantly , Cur and MAC in @ @ @ @ @ .

Curcumin (Cur), a polyphenolic compound extracted from spice and common food colourant turmeric, contains versatile bio-activities. Monoacetylcurcumin (MAC), a structural analogue of Cur, differs from Cur by acetyl modification, but retains enone groups. Comparative analysis revealed MAC effectively inhibited influenza virus infection (IAV) to a similar extent as, if not superior to, curcumin. Both compounds mildly reduced viral NA activity. Surprisingly, unlike Cur, the MAC inhibition of IAV did not occur through the blocking of HA activity. However, MAC strongly dampened Akt phosphorylation, the prerequisite signalling for efficient IAV propagation. A much stronger inhibition effect on IAV infection was observed when MAC treatment was in combination with Cur. Collectively, MAC demonstrated clear antiviral activity, and likely inhibited IAV via multiple mechanisms that were not identical to Cur. Importantly, Cur and MAC in combination synergistically inhibited IAV infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Inhibition of dengue virus by curcuminoids.

The dengue virus is considered to be a globally important human pathogen prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world .
According to a recent estimate , the disease burden due to DENV infections is∼390 million infections per year globally in ∼100 countries including the southern US , Puerto Rico and Hawaii , resulting in nearly ∼25,000 deaths mostly among children .
Despite the significant morbidity and mortality that results from DENV infections , there is currently no effective chemotherapeutic treatment for DENV infections .
We identified curcumin as an inhibitor of DENV2 NS2B/NS3protease in a previous high-throughput screening @ @ @ @ @ @ @ four analogues of curcumin ( curcuminoids ) and tested the in vitro protease inhibition activity and inhibition of replication by cell-based assays .
The results revealed that curcumin is a weak inhibitor of the viral protease .
However , the analogues exhibited more potent inhibition of DENV infectivity in plaque assays suggesting that the cellular pathway ( s ) required for viral replication and/or assembly are targeted by thesecompounds .
Further analysis shows that inhibition of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis , and of actin polymerization by curcuminoids , are likely to be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DENV2-infected cells .
Three of the curcumin derivatives possess good selectivity indices ( SI ) ( > 10 ) when compared to the parent curcumin .

The dengue virus is considered to be a globally important human pathogen prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. According to a recent estimate, the disease burden due to DENV infections is∼390 million infections per year globally in ∼100 countries including the southern US, Puerto Rico and Hawaii, resulting in nearly ∼25,000 deaths mostly among children. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality that results from DENV infections, there is currently no effective chemotherapeutic treatment for DENV infections. We identified curcumin as an inhibitor of DENV2 NS2B/NS3protease in a previous high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign. We synthesized four analogues of curcumin (curcuminoids) and tested the in vitro protease inhibition activity and inhibition of replication by cell-based assays. The results revealed that curcumin is a weak inhibitor of the viral protease. However, the analogues exhibited more potent inhibition of DENV infectivity in plaque assays suggesting that the cellular pathway(s) required for viral replication and/or assembly are targeted by thesecompounds. Further analysis shows that inhibition of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, and of actin polymerization by curcuminoids, are likely to be involved as their mode of action in DENV2-infected cells. Three of the curcumin derivatives possess good selectivity indices (SI) (>10) when compared to the parent curcumin.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Antibacterial effects of curcumin encapsulated in nanoparticles on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas

Antibacterial effects of curcumin encapsulated in nanoparticles on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through downregulation of efflux pumps.

Curcumin as a flavonoid from the rhizome of Curcuma longa has antibacterial , antiviral and antifungal activity .
Multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is continuously increasing in hospitals .
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin encapsulated in micellar/polymersome nanoparticles as an efflux pump inhibitor ( EPI ) on the expression of mexX and oprM genes in curcumin-treated and -untreated isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with ciprofloxacin ( sub-MICs ) alone and/or in combination with curcumin-encapsulated in micellar/polymersome nanoparticles .
The expression of mexX and oprM genes was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ -untreated bacteria after 24 h. Curcumin-encapsulated in nanoparticles ( 400 µg/mL ) induced cell death up to 50 % in ciprofloxacin-treated ( 1/2MIC ) resistant isolates during 24 h , while the bacteria treated with ciprofloxacin ( without curcumin ) were not inhibited .
Also , curcumin in different concentrations increased effect of ciprofloxacin ( sub-MICs ) .
Downregulation of mexX and oprM genes was observed in cells treated with curcumin and ciprofloxacin compared to cells treated with ciprofloxacin alone .
It seems that curcumin can be used as complementary drug in ciprofloxacin-resistant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pumps and trapping ciprofloxacin on bacterial cells and increasing the effects of drug .

Curcumin as a flavonoid from the rhizome of Curcuma longa has antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity. Multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is continuously increasing in hospitals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin encapsulated in micellar/polymersome nanoparticles as an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) on the expression of mexX and oprM genes in curcumin-treated and -untreated isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with ciprofloxacin (sub-MICs) alone and/or in combination with curcumin-encapsulated in micellar/polymersome nanoparticles. The expression of mexX and oprM genes was quantitatively evaluated by qRT-PCR in curcumin-treated and -untreated bacteria after 24 h. Curcumin-encapsulated in nanoparticles (400 µg/mL) induced cell death up to 50% in ciprofloxacin-treated (1/2MIC) resistant isolates during 24 h, while the bacteria treated with ciprofloxacin (without curcumin) were not inhibited. Also, curcumin in different concentrations increased effect of ciprofloxacin (sub-MICs). Downregulation of mexX and oprM genes was observed in cells treated with curcumin and ciprofloxacin compared to cells treated with ciprofloxacin alone. It seems that curcumin can be used as complementary drug in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates through downregulating genes involved in efflux pumps and trapping ciprofloxacin on bacterial cells and increasing the effects of drug.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Curcumin is an APE1 redox inhibitor and exhibits an antiviral activity against KSHV replication and

Curcumin is an APE1 redox inhibitor and exhibits an antiviral activity against KSHV replication and pathogenesis.

Curcumin , a polyphenol , is the main bioactive compound in dietary spice turmeric curcuma longa .
It possesses anti-inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ and shows potentials in treating or preventing particular diseases such as oxidative and inflammatory conditions @ @ @ @ @ , anxiety , hyperlipidemia and cancers .
The diverse range and potential health beneficial effects @ @ @ @ @ intensive investigation into the phytochemical .
However , a concern has been also raised if @ @ @ @ @ profile and is a Pan-Assay INterference compound ( PAINS ) .
Here we present evidence @ @ @ @ @ a PAINS , but an inhibitor to APE1 redox function that affects many genes and @ @ @ @ @ the wide range of effects of curcumin on diverse human diseases and predicts a potential @ @ @ @ @ infection and virus-associated cancer .
As a proof-of-concept , we demonstrated that curcumin is able @ @ @ @ @ sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and inhibit the pathogenic processes of angiogenesis and cell invasion .

Curcumin, a polyphenol, is the main bioactive compound in dietary spice turmeric curcuma longa. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-neoplastic properties and shows potentials in treating or preventing particular diseases such as oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, hyperlipidemia and cancers. The diverse range and potential health beneficial effects has generated enthusiasm leading to intensive investigation into the phytochemical. However, a concern has been also raised if curcumin has a promiscuous bioassay profile and is a Pan-Assay INterference compound (PAINS). Here we present evidence indicating that curcumin is not a PAINS, but an inhibitor to APE1 redox function that affects many genes and pathways. This discovery explains the wide range of effects of curcumin on diverse human diseases and predicts a potential application in treatment of viral infection and virus-associated cancer. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that curcumin is able to efficiently block Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and inhibit the pathogenic processes of angiogenesis and cell invasion.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Anti-infective properties of the golden spice curcumin.

The search for novel anti-infectives is one of the most important challenges in natural product research , as diseases caused @ @ @ @ @ and fungi are influencing the human society all over the world .
Natural compounds are @ @ @ @ @ anti-infectives .
Accordingly , curcumin , has been used for centuries in Asian traditional medicine @ @ @ @ @ Numerous studies have shown that curcumin possesses a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties @ @ @ @ @ , as anti-inflammatory , anti-angiogenic and anti-neoplastic , while no toxicity is associated with the @ @ @ @ @ 's antiviral and antibacterial activity was investigated , and it was shown to act against @ @ @ @ @ the influenza virus , hepatitis C virus , HIV and strains of , , and @ @ @ @ @ curcumin has not yet been approved as a therapeutic antiviral agent .
This review summarizes @ @ @ @ @ perspectives of the antiviral , antibacterial , and antifungal effects of curcumin .

The search for novel anti-infectives is one of the most important challenges in natural product research, as diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi are influencing the human society all over the world. Natural compounds are a continuing source of novel anti-infectives. Accordingly, curcumin, has been used for centuries in Asian traditional medicine to treat various disorders. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin possesses a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties, acting, for example, as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-neoplastic, while no toxicity is associated with the compound. Recently, curcumin's antiviral and antibacterial activity was investigated, and it was shown to act against various important human pathogens like the influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV and strains of,, and. Despite the potency, curcumin has not yet been approved as a therapeutic antiviral agent. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future perspectives of the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of curcumin.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Antiviral activity of curcumin-nanoemulsion associated with photodynamic therapy in vulvar cell line

Antiviral activity of curcumin-nanoemulsion associated with photodynamic therapy in vulvar cell lines transducing different variants of HPV-16.

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia ( VIN ) is associated with human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection .
Curcumin is a natural bioactive compound with antineoplastic properties .
The use of nanoparticles containing curcumin could allow a better performance of this compound in therapies .
So , VIN biopsies were collected and HPV DNA detection was performed by PCR , positive samples were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ( RFLP ) and HPV-16 variants were determined by sequencing .
HPV-16 positive vulva carcinoma cells ( A431 ) were transduced with E-P and E-350G HPV-16 E6 variants .
The viability of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by MTT assay .
Besides , apoptosis was evaluated by enzymatic activity of Caspase-3/7 .
The cell viability assay showed that both the empty nanoemulsion ( NE-V ) and the nanoemulsion of curcumin ( NE-CUR ) had little effect on cell viability as compared to control cells .
Additionally , we observed that cells irradiated in the presence of NE-CUR presented 90 % of cell death .
The apoptosis assay further revealed a significant increase in the activity of caspases 3 and 7 in A431 cells expressing both HPV-16 E6 variants after treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the HPV transduced A431 cells to organotypic cultures and observed that the combination of treatments affected tissue architecture with evident signals of tissue damage .
We concluded that nanoemulsions attain good biocompatibility , since no cytotoxicity was observed and NE-CUR associated with photoactivation showed promising results , leading to death only in cells subjected to irradiation .
This drug delivery system associated with photodynamic therapy may become promising in the treatment of vulva lesions .

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Curcumin is a natural bioactive compound with antineoplastic properties. The use of nanoparticles containing curcumin could allow a better performance of this compound in therapies. So, VIN biopsies were collected and HPV DNA detection was performed by PCR, positive samples were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and HPV-16 variants were determined by sequencing. HPV-16 positive vulva carcinoma cells (A431) were transduced with E-P and E-350G HPV-16 E6 variants. The viability of the transduced cells treated with nanoemulsions was determined by MTT assay. Besides, apoptosis was evaluated by enzymatic activity of Caspase-3/7. The cell viability assay showed that both the empty nanoemulsion (NE-V) and the nanoemulsion of curcumin (NE-CUR) had little effect on cell viability as compared to control cells. Additionally, we observed that cells irradiated in the presence of NE-CUR presented 90% of cell death. The apoptosis assay further revealed a significant increase in the activity of caspases 3 and 7 in A431 cells expressing both HPV-16 E6 variants after treatment with NE-CUR. Finally, we submitted the HPV transduced A431 cells to organotypic cultures and observed that the combination of treatments affected tissue architecture with evident signals of tissue damage. We concluded that nanoemulsions attain good biocompatibility, since no cytotoxicity was observed and NE-CUR associated with photoactivation showed promising results, leading to death only in cells subjected to irradiation. This drug delivery system associated with photodynamic therapy may become promising in the treatment of vulva lesions.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Antiviral effects of curcumin derivatives as potent inhibitors of influenza H1N1 neuraminidase.

Curcumin derivatives have been shown to inhibit replication of human influenza A viruses ( IAVs ) .
However , it is not clear whether curcumin and its derivatives can inhibit neuraminidase ( NA ) of influenza virus .
In this study , a meaningful 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship model ( comparative molecular field analysis R = 0.997 , q = 0.527 , s = 0.064 , F = 282.663 ) was built to understand the chemical-biological interactions between their activities and neuraminidase .
Molecular docking was used to predict binding models between curcumin derivatives and neuraminidase .
Real-time polymerase chain @ @ @ @ @ @ @ might have direct effects on viral particle infectivity in H1N1-infected lung epithelial ( MDCK ) cells .
Neuraminidase activation assay showed that five active curcumin derivatives decreased H1N1-induced neuraminidase activation in MDCK cells .
Indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that two active curcumin derivatives ( tetramethylcurcumin and curcumin ) down-regulated the nucleoprotein expression .
Curcumin inhibited IAV in vivo .
The therapeutic mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of influenza viral pneumonia is related to improving the immune functionof infected mice and regulating secretion of tumor necrosis-α , interleukin-6 , and interferon-γ .
These @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by blocking neuraminidase in the cellular model and curcumin also has anti-IAV activity in the animal model .

Curcumin derivatives have been shown to inhibit replication of human influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, it is not clear whether curcumin and its derivatives can inhibit neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus. In this study, a meaningful 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship model (comparative molecular field analysis R = 0.997, q = 0.527, s = 0.064, F = 282.663) was built to understand the chemical-biological interactions between their activities and neuraminidase. Molecular docking was used to predict binding models between curcumin derivatives and neuraminidase. Real-time polymerase chain reactions showed thatthe five active curcumin derivatives might have direct effects on viral particle infectivity in H1N1-infected lung epithelial (MDCK) cells. Neuraminidase activation assay showed that five active curcumin derivatives decreased H1N1-induced neuraminidase activation in MDCK cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that two active curcumin derivatives (tetramethylcurcumin and curcumin) down-regulated the nucleoprotein expression. Curcumin inhibited IAV in vivo. The therapeutic mechanism of curcumin in the treatment of influenza viral pneumonia is related to improving the immune functionof infected mice and regulating secretion of tumor necrosis-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ. These results indicate that curcumin derivatives inhibit IAV by blocking neuraminidase in the cellular model and curcumin also has anti-IAV activity in the animal model.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-15--Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro

Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro.

In recent decades , chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) has re-emerged , leading to outbreaks of chikungunya fever in Africa , Asia and Central and South America .
The disease is characterized by a rapid onset febrile illness with ( poly ) arthralgia , myalgia , rashes , headaches and nausea .
In 30 to 40 % of the cases , CHIKV infection causes persistent ( poly ) arthralgia , lasting for months or even years after initial infection .
Despite the drastic re-emergence and clinical impact there is no vaccine nor antiviral compound available to prevent or control CHIKV @ @ @ @ @ @ @ antiviral potential of tomatidine towards CHIKV infection .
We demonstrate that tomatidine potently inhibits virus particle production of multiple CHIKV strains .
Time-of -addition experiments in Huh7 cells revealed that tomatidine acts at a post-entry step of the virus replication cycle .
Furthermore , a marked decrease in the number of CHIKV-infected cells was seen , suggesting that tomatidine predominantly acts early in infection yet after virus attachment and cell entry .
Antiviral activity was still detected at 24 hours post-infection , indicating that tomatidine controls multiple rounds of CHIKV replication .
Solasodine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tomatidine , also showed strong albeit less potent antiviral activity towards CHIKV .
In conclusion , this study identifies tomatidine as a novel compound to combat CHIKV infection in vitro .

In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged, leading to outbreaks of chikungunya fever in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. The disease is characterized by a rapid onset febrile illness with (poly)arthralgia, myalgia, rashes, headaches and nausea. In 30 to 40% of the cases, CHIKV infection causes persistent (poly)arthralgia, lasting for months or even years after initial infection. Despite the drastic re-emergence and clinical impact there is no vaccine nor antiviral compound available to prevent or control CHIKV infection. Here, we evaluated the antiviral potential of tomatidine towards CHIKV infection. We demonstrate that tomatidine potently inhibits virus particle production of multiple CHIKV strains. Time-of -addition experiments in Huh7 cells revealed that tomatidine acts at a post-entry step of the virus replication cycle. Furthermore, a marked decrease in the number of CHIKV-infected cells was seen, suggesting that tomatidine predominantly acts early in infection yet after virus attachment and cell entry. Antiviral activity was still detected at 24 hours post-infection, indicating that tomatidine controls multiple rounds of CHIKV replication. Solasodine and sarsasapogenin, two structural derivatives of tomatidine, also showed strong albeit less potent antiviral activity towards CHIKV. In conclusion, this study identifies tomatidine as a novel compound to combat CHIKV infection in vitro.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-12--Prestigious VACCINE Journal: Flu Vaccine Increases Coronavirus Infection Risk 36%

A new study published in the prestigious journal Vaccine , a peer-reviewed medical journal , published by Elsevier , titled Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among Department of Defense personnel during the 2017-2018 influenza season , reveals that influenza vaccination may increase the risk of infection from other respiratory viruses -- a phenomenon known as virus interference .
The purpose of the study was to evaluate so-called “ test negative study designs , ” which are used to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness without consideration for the effects the flu vaccine may have in changing the risk of infection for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , which the authors point out may result in , “ potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction.
” They elaborate further : “ The virus interference phenomenon goes against the basic assumption of the test-negative vaccine effectiveness study that vaccination does not change the risk of infection with other respiratory illness , thus potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction .
This study aimed to investigate virus interference by comparing respiratory virus status among Department of Defense personnel based on their influenza vaccination status .
Furthermore , individual @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vaccination were examined.
” The study results fly directly in the face of recent health recommendations that one should get an influenza vaccine to protect against Coronavirus-19 .
According to the study , “ vaccine derived virus interference was significantly associated with coronavirus and human metapneumovirus.
” More specifically , That represents a 36 % and 51 % increased risk of coronavirus and human metapneumovirus in influenza vaccinated individuals , respectively .
While the study did find there was significant protection with flu vaccination against most influenza viruses , including also parainfluenza , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ previous research raises red flags .
A 2018 study published in PNAS found that receiving a flu vaccination in the current and previous season may increase aerosol shedding of flu particles 6.3 times more as compared with having no vaccination in those two seasons .

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A new study published in the prestigious journal Vaccine, a peer-reviewed medical journal, published by Elsevier, titled Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among Department of Defense personnel during the 2017-2018 influenza season, reveals that influenza vaccination may increase the risk of infection from other respiratory viruses -- a phenomenon known as virus interference.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate so-called “test negative study designs,” which are used to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness without consideration for the effects the flu vaccine may have in changing the risk of infection for other viruses which can cause respiratory illness, which the authors point out may result in, “potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction.” They elaborate further:
“The virus interference phenomenon goes against the basic assumption of the test-negative vaccine effectiveness study that vaccination does not change the risk of infection with other respiratory illness, thus potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction. This study aimed to investigate virus interference by comparing respiratory virus status among Department of Defense personnel based on their influenza vaccination status. Furthermore, individual respiratory viruses and their association with influenza vaccination were examined.”
The study results fly directly in the face of recent health recommendations that one should get an influenza vaccine to protect against Coronavirus-19.
According to the study, “vaccine derived virus interference was significantly associated with coronavirus and human metapneumovirus.” More specifically,
“Examining non-influenza viruses specifically, the odds of both coronavirus and human metapneumovirus in vaccinated individuals were significantly higher when compared to unvaccinated individuals (OR = 1.36 and 1.51, respectively) (Table 5).”
That represents a 36% and 51% increased risk of coronavirus and human metapneumovirus in influenza vaccinated individuals, respectively.
While the study did find there was significant protection with flu vaccination against most influenza viruses, including also parainfluenza, RSV, and non-influenza virus coinfections, previous research raises red flags. A 2018 study published in PNAS found that receiving a flu vaccination in the current and previous season may increase aerosol shedding of flu particles 6.3 times more as compared with having no vaccination in those two seasons.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-11--Chinese Medical Team Report Successful Treatment of Coronavirus Patients with High-Dose Vitamin C

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greenmedinfo--2020-03-11--Coronavirus: Why it's not Like the Other Fake Epidemics


greenmedinfo--2020-03-11--OP-ED: Coronavirus: Why it's not Like the Other Fake Epidemics

As always , I suggest new readers go back and acquaint themselves with all my articles on the coronavirus situation .
I ca n't possibly recapitulate the full scope of details , evidence , and analysis each time I write a piece .
In today 's episode of virus fakery and population mind control , I examine the one important difference between this phony epidemic and its predecessors -- West Nile , SARS , MERS , Swine Flu , Ebola , Zika .
Size matters .
That 's the difference .
By which I mean , the size of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ raging outbreaks , '' the people controlling the operation ( CDC , WHO , etc . )
were content to let their propaganda fade out after a short time .
And as quickly as the false threat was invented , it began to dissolve .
This time , however , the controllers feel sufficiently emboldened to pour fuel on the fire of the lie and build it into an illusion of conflagration .
That 's the long and the short of this story .
In all other respects , the 2020 `` epidemic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : farcical announcement of an outbreak ; miraculously quick and dubious `` discovery '' of a virus ; deployment of diagnostic tests that do n't work ; deceptive inflation of case numbers ; ludicrous claim of global spread ; where actual illness is occurring , a cover-up of the true reasons , which have nothing to do with a virus .
But since the total tonnage of fear porn propaganda is much larger this time around , mass quarantines are possible .
These quarantines , for the dim and uninformed , appear to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the virus is highly volatile and dangerous .
In turn , the quarantines , and an accompanying urge for `` self-isolation , '' torpedo trade and industries and markets .
The world population , one more time , is tuned up to accept any and all medical dictates .
To put it another way , the current coronavirus fantasy could have been floated with the half-hearted intensity of prior epidemic duds .
However , for no other reason than the desire to tighten the screws of control , the choice was made to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this time .
For that purpose , China was an ideal starting point .
The government would n't hesitate to lock down 100 million citizens -- thus ramping up the `` seriousness of the matter '' from the get-go -- kicking off a worldwide dither .
China was the model .
As I predicted , other nations would pick up the cue and feel comfortable about following suit .
A deranged Italian politician has now quarantined a quarter of the country 's population .
On the bright side , the controllers are overplaying @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , given their front men fatuously predicting 40 to 70 percent of the world population will become `` infected , '' and millions will die .
When that does n't happen , a good many people will remember those bloated projections .
The boy-who-cried-wolf factor will kick in , regardless of how many social media platforms try to erase the past through censorship .
Here is an informal list of current predictions , from various sources .
I suggest you keep it , in order to remember what to remind doomsayers of , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ n't work ; the virus will spread unchecked all over the globe ; the rate of transmission of the virus and the death rate will escalate ; the virus is actually a devastating bioweapon , against which the human immune system has no defense ; the virus ' genetic makeup , containing elements of the deadliest virus ever discovered , HIV , will wreak unprecedented havoc .
You can add other world-ending predictions as you find them .
Oh , there is one other difference between this phony epidemic and previous incarnations : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other social media .
And given the degree of censorship that now prevails on social media -- particularly the lunatic prohibition against `` treating tragedies as hoaxes '' -- billions of tidbits of epidemic fear porn have the upper hand .
It 's almost as if , once social media had their censors firmly in place , the green light , signaling `` coast clear to launch the 2020 epidemic fairy tale , '' flashed on .

Originally published on www.blog.nomorefakenews.com
OP-ED by Jon Rappoport
As always, I suggest new readers go back and acquaint themselves with all my articles on the coronavirus situation. I can't possibly recapitulate the full scope of details, evidence, and analysis each time I write a piece.
In today's episode of virus fakery and population mind control, I examine the one important difference between this phony epidemic and its predecessors--West Nile, SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Ebola, Zika.
Size matters. That's the difference.
By which I mean, the size of the lie.
In previous incarnations of "raging outbreaks," the people controlling the operation (CDC, WHO, etc.) were content to let their propaganda fade out after a short time. And as quickly as the false threat was invented, it began to dissolve.
This time, however, the controllers feel sufficiently emboldened to pour fuel on the fire of the lie and build it into an illusion of conflagration.
That's the long and the short of this story.
In all other respects, the 2020 "epidemic" is identical to the previous duds: farcical announcement of an outbreak; miraculously quick and dubious "discovery" of a virus; deployment of diagnostic tests that don't work; deceptive inflation of case numbers; ludicrous claim of global spread; where actual illness is occurring, a cover-up of the true reasons, which have nothing to do with a virus.
But since the total tonnage of fear porn propaganda is much larger this time around, mass quarantines are possible. These quarantines, for the dim and uninformed, appear to prove (but don't) that the virus is highly volatile and dangerous.
In turn, the quarantines, and an accompanying urge for "self-isolation," torpedo trade and industries and markets.
The world population, one more time, is tuned up to accept any and all medical dictates.
To put it another way, the current coronavirus fantasy could have been floated with the half-hearted intensity of prior epidemic duds. However, for no other reason than the desire to tighten the screws of control, the choice was made to shove more counterfeit chips across the table this time.
For that purpose, China was an ideal starting point. The government wouldn't hesitate to lock down 100 million citizens--thus ramping up the "seriousness of the matter" from the get-go--kicking off a worldwide dither. China was the model. As I predicted, other nations would pick up the cue and feel comfortable about following suit. A deranged Italian politician has now quarantined a quarter of the country's population.
On the bright side, the controllers are overplaying their hand. How could they not, given their front men fatuously predicting 40 to 70 percent of the world population will become "infected," and millions will die. When that doesn't happen, a good many people will remember those bloated projections. The boy-who-cried-wolf factor will kick in, regardless of how many social media platforms try to erase the past through censorship.
Here is an informal list of current predictions, from various sources. I suggest you keep it, in order to remember what to remind doomsayers of, when the dust clears: containment won't work; the virus will spread unchecked all over the globe; the rate of transmission of the virus and the death rate will escalate; the virus is actually a devastating bioweapon, against which the human immune system has no defense; the virus' genetic makeup, containing elements of the deadliest virus ever discovered, HIV, will wreak unprecedented havoc. You can add other world-ending predictions as you find them.
Oh, there is one other difference between this phony epidemic and previous incarnations: the recent gigantic expansion of YouTube and other social media. And given the degree of censorship that now prevails on social media--particularly the lunatic prohibition against "treating tragedies as hoaxes"--billions of tidbits of epidemic fear porn have the upper hand.
It's almost as if, once social media had their censors firmly in place, the green light, signaling "coast clear to launch the 2020 epidemic fairy tale," flashed on.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Bioweapons Expert Speaks Out About Novel Coronavirus


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Blueberry based meals reduce postprandial inflammation in obese subjects.

A pilot study was carried out on five obese/overweight patients suffering from metabolic syndrome , with the aim to evaluate postprandial effects of high fat/high glycemic load meals enriched by blueberries .
Postprandial urine samples were analyzed byH-NMR spectroscopy after 2 and 4 h from ingestion to identify potential markers of blueberry intake .
Significant decrease of methylamines , acetoacetate , acetone and succinate , known indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus , were observed after the intake of meals enriched with blueberries .
On the other hand , an accumulation of-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid and 3- ( 3'-hydroxyphenyl ) -3-hydropropionic acid @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and procyanidins was detected .
Real-time PCR-analysis of mRNAs obtained from mononuclear blood cells showed significant changes in cytokine gene expression levels after meals integrated with blueberries .
In particular , the mRNAs expression of interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and Transforming Growth Factor-β ( TGF-β ) , pro and anti-inflammation cytokines , respectively , significantly decreased and increased after blueberry supplementation , indicating a positive impact of blueberry ingestion in the reduction of risk of inflammation .
The combined analysis of the urine metabolome and clinical markers represents a promising approach in monitoring @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with metabolic syndrome .

A pilot study was carried out on five obese/overweight patients suffering from metabolic syndrome, with the aim to evaluate postprandial effects of high fat/high glycemic load meals enriched by blueberries. Postprandial urine samples were analyzed byH-NMR spectroscopy after 2 and 4 h from ingestion to identify potential markers of blueberry intake. Significant decrease of methylamines, acetoacetate, acetone and succinate, known indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus, were observed after the intake of meals enriched with blueberries. On the other hand, an accumulation of-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid and 3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydropropionic acid originating from gut microbial dehydrogenation of proanthocyanidins and procyanidins was detected. Real-time PCR-analysis of mRNAs obtained from mononuclear blood cells showed significant changes in cytokine gene expression levels after meals integrated with blueberries. In particular, the mRNAs expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), pro and anti-inflammation cytokines, respectively, significantly decreased and increased after blueberry supplementation, indicating a positive impact of blueberry ingestion in the reduction of risk of inflammation. The combined analysis of the urine metabolome and clinical markers represents a promising approach in monitoring the metabolic impact of blueberries in persons with metabolic syndrome.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Green tea catechins reduce postprandial glucose concentrations.

Green tea polyphenols , particularly catechins , decrease fasting and postprandial glucose .
However , no studies have compared the timing of green tea ingestion on glucose metabolism and changes in catechin concentrations .
Here , we examined the effects of timing of acute catechin-rich green tea ingestion on postprandial glucose metabolism in young men .
Seventeen healthy young men completed four trials involving blood collection in a fasting state and at 30 , 60 , 120 , and 180 min after meal consumption in a random order : 1 ) morning placebo trial ( 09:00 h ; MP trial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 17:00 h ; EP trial ) , 3 ) morning catechin-rich green tea trial ( 09:00 h ; MGT trial ) , and 4 ) evening catechin-rich green tea trial ( 17:00 h ; EGT trial ) .
The concentrations of glucose at 120 min ( P=.031 ) and 180 min ( P=.013 ) after meal intake were significantly higher in the MGT trials than in the MP trials .
Additionally , the concentration of glucose was significantly lower in EGT trials than in the EP trials at 60 min ( P=.014 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were significantly lower in the green tea trials than in the placebo trials at 30 min ( morning : P=.010 , evening : P=.006 ) and 60 min ( morning : P=.001 , evening : P=.006 ) after meal intake in both the morning and evening trials .
Our study demonstrated that acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea in the evening reduced postprandial plasma glucose concentrations .

Green tea polyphenols, particularly catechins, decrease fasting and postprandial glucose. However, no studies have compared the timing of green tea ingestion on glucose metabolism and changes in catechin concentrations. Here, we examined the effects of timing of acute catechin-rich green tea ingestion on postprandial glucose metabolism in young men. Seventeen healthy young men completed four trials involving blood collection in a fasting state and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after meal consumption in a random order: 1) morning placebo trial (09:00 h; MP trial), 2) evening placebo trial (17:00 h; EP trial), 3) morning catechin-rich green tea trial (09:00 h; MGT trial), and 4) evening catechin-rich green tea trial (17:00 h; EGT trial). The concentrations of glucose at 120 min (P=.031) and 180 min (P=.013) after meal intake were significantly higher in the MGT trials than in the MP trials. Additionally, the concentration of glucose was significantly lower in EGT trials than in the EP trials at 60 min (P=.014). Moreover, the concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were significantly lower in the green tea trials than in the placebo trials at 30 min (morning: P=.010, evening: P=.006) and 60 min (morning: P=.001, evening: P=.006) after meal intake in both the morning and evening trials. Our study demonstrated that acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea in the evening reduced postprandial plasma glucose concentrations.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Mulberry leaf polyphenols attenuate postprandial glucose absorption via inhibition of disaccharidase

Mulberry leaf polyphenols attenuate postprandial glucose absorption via inhibition of disaccharidases activity and glucose transport in Caco-2 cells.

The present study attempted to evaluate the mechanism of action and bioactivity of mulberry leaf polyphenols ( MLPs ) in type-2 diabetes prevention via inhibition of disaccharidase and glucose transport .
MLPs were purified with D101 resin and the main composition was determined as chlorogenic acid , rutin , benzoic acid and hyperoside .
MLPs demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on disaccharidases derived from both mouse and Caco-2 cells , and the order of IC50 value was : murine sucrase ( 7.065 mg mL-1 ) > murine maltase ( 4.037 mg mL-1 ) > Caco-2 cell maltase ( 0.732 mg @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.146 mg mL-1 ) .
MLPs showed the strongest inhibitory effect on sucrase derived from Caco-2 cells and played a role in lowering postprandial glucose mainly by inhibiting sucrase activity .
The Caco-2 monolayer cell model was established to simulate the glucose transport process in the human small intestine .
We found that within the concentration range of 0.5-2 mg mL-1 , MLPs significantly inhibited glucose transport , and the inhibition rate increased with time and dose .
The effect of phlorizin ( SGLT1 inhibitor ) in the control group showed a similar @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MLPs may inhibit glucose transport mainly by inhibiting the SGLT1 transporter .
RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that MLPs inhibited glucose absorption by suppressing the SGLT1-GLUT2 pathway via downregulation of the mRNA expression of phospholipase , protein kinase A and protein kinase C .

The present study attempted to evaluate the mechanism of action and bioactivity of mulberry leaf polyphenols (MLPs) in type-2 diabetes prevention via inhibition of disaccharidase and glucose transport. MLPs were purified with D101 resin and the main composition was determined as chlorogenic acid, rutin, benzoic acid and hyperoside. MLPs demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on disaccharidases derived from both mouse and Caco-2 cells, and the order of IC50 value was: murine sucrase (7.065 mg mL-1)>murine maltase (4.037 mg mL-1)>Caco-2 cell maltase (0.732 mg mL-1)>Caco-2 cell sucrase (0.146 mg mL-1). MLPs showed the strongest inhibitory effect on sucrase derived from Caco-2 cells and played a role in lowering postprandial glucose mainly by inhibiting sucrase activity. The Caco-2 monolayer cell model was established to simulate the glucose transport process in the human small intestine. We found that within the concentration range of 0.5-2 mg mL-1, MLPs significantly inhibited glucose transport, and the inhibition rate increased with time and dose. The effect of phlorizin (SGLT1 inhibitor) in the control group showed a similar effect on glucose transport, revealing that MLPs may inhibit glucose transport mainly by inhibiting the SGLT1 transporter. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that MLPs inhibited glucose absorption by suppressing the SGLT1-GLUT2 pathway via downregulation of the mRNA expression of phospholipase, protein kinase A and protein kinase C.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Orange pomace fiber lowers postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in men with increased car

Orange pomace fiber lowers postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in men with increased cardiometabolic risk.

BACKGROUND : Prospective cohort studies show that higher dietary fiber intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk , yet the impact on postprandial glucose and insulin responses is unclear .
OBJECTIVE : This study aims to evaluate the effects of orange beverages with differing fiber concentrations on postprandial glycemic responses ( secondary outcome measure ) after a sequential breakfast and lunch challenge in men with increased cardiometabolic risk .
METHODS : Thirty-six men ( aged 30-65 y ; body mass index 25-30 kg/m ( 2 ) : fasting triacylglycerol or total cholesterol concentrations : 0.8-2.2 or 6.0-8.0 mmol/L , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mixed breakfast and were randomly assigned to consume 240 mL Tropicana ( PepsiCo , Inc. ) pure premium orange juice without pulp ( OJ ) , OJ with 5.5 g added orange pomace fiber ( OPF ) , juice made from lightly blended whole orange , or an isocaloric sugar-matched control ( Control ) on 4 occasions separated by 2 wk .
A medium-fat mixed lunch was provided at 330 min .
Blood samples were collected before breakfast and on 11 subsequent occasions for 420 min ( 3 time points postlunch ) to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and inflammatory biomarker responses .
Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for data analysis .
RESULTS : OPF significantly ( P < 0.05 ) reduced the maximal change in glucose concentrations ( 1.9± 0.21 mmol/L ) reached after breakfast compared with other treatments ( 2.3-2.4 mmol/L ) and after lunch ( 3.0 ± 0.05 mmol/L ) compared with OJ ( 3.6 ± 0.05 mmol/L ) .
The maximal change in insulin concentration ( 313 ± 25 pmol/L ) was also lower compared with Control ( 387 ± 30 pmol/L ) and OJ ( 418 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly delayed the time to reach the peak glucose concentration compared with Control and OJ , and of insulin compared with Control after breakfast .
CONCLUSION : OPF consumed with breakfast may lower postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to typical meal ingestion in men with increased cardiometabolic risk .
This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01963416 .

BACKGROUND: Prospective cohort studies show that higher dietary fiber intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk, yet the impact on postprandial glucose and insulin responses is unclear.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effects of orange beverages with differing fiber concentrations on postprandial glycemic responses (secondary outcome measure) after a sequential breakfast and lunch challenge in men with increased cardiometabolic risk.
METHODS: Thirty-six men (aged 30-65 y; body mass index 25-30 kg/m(2): fasting triacylglycerol or total cholesterol concentrations: 0.8-2.2 or 6.0-8.0 mmol/L, respectively) were provided with a high-fat mixed breakfast and were randomly assigned to consume 240 mL Tropicana (PepsiCo, Inc.) pure premium orange juice without pulp (OJ), OJ with 5.5 g added orange pomace fiber (OPF), juice made from lightly blended whole orange, or an isocaloric sugar-matched control (Control) on 4 occasions separated by 2 wk. A medium-fat mixed lunch was provided at 330 min. Blood samples were collected before breakfast and on 11 subsequent occasions for 420 min (3 time points postlunch) to determine postprandial glucose, insulin, lipid, and inflammatory biomarker responses. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for data analysis.
RESULTS: OPF significantly (P<0.05) reduced the maximal change in glucose concentrations (1.9± 0.21 mmol/L) reached after breakfast compared with other treatments (2.3-2.4 mmol/L) and after lunch (3.0 ± 0.05 mmol/L) compared with OJ (3.6 ± 0.05 mmol/L). The maximal change in insulin concentration (313 ± 25 pmol/L) was also lower compared with Control (387 ± 30 pmol/L) and OJ (418 ± 39pmol/L) after breakfast. OPF significantly delayed the time to reach the peak glucose concentration compared with Control and OJ, and of insulin compared with Control after breakfast.
CONCLUSION: OPF consumed with breakfast may lower postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to typical meal ingestion in men with increased cardiometabolic risk. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01963416.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Fiber attenuates hypertriglyceridemia after a high fat meal.

The consumption of fiber-rich foods may negate the deleterious effects of high-fat meals on postprandial triglyceridemia and endothelial function .
Despite supportive data in adults , little is known about the effects of high-fat and high-fiber foods on cardiovascular health parameters in pediatric populations .
In this crossover trial , male and female adolescents ( = 10 ; 14.1 + 2.6 years ; range 10-17 years ) consumed ( 1 ) low-fat , low-fiber , ( 2 ) low-fat , high-fiber , ( 3 ) high-fat , low-fiber , and ( 4 ) high-fat , high-fiber breakfast meals in randomized @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Baseline and 4 h post-meal blood was obtained for determination of glucose , insulin and triglyceride concentrations .
Endothelial function was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) .
Postprandial FMD was not significantly changed after any meal .
However , regression analyses revealed a significant inverse relationship between the change in 4 h triglyceride concentration and change in 4 h FMD for the high-fat , low-fiber meal ( β = -0.087 ; 95 % CI = -0.138 to -0.037 ; = 0.001 ) that was no longer significant in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ = -0.044 ; 95 % CI = -0.117 to 0.029 ; = 0.227 ) .
Interpretation of these analyses must be qualified by acknowledging that between-meal comparison revealed that the two regression lines were not statistically different ( = 0.226 ) .
Addition of high-fiber cereal to the high-fat meal also reduced 4 h postprandial triglyceride increases by ~50 % ( = 0.056 ) .
A high-fiber breakfast cereal did not attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses after consumption of a low-fat meal .
While further work is needed to confirm these results @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the potential importance of cereal fiber in blunting the inverse relationship between postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and FMD after consumption of a high-fat meal in adolescents .

The consumption of fiber-rich foods may negate the deleterious effects of high-fat meals on postprandial triglyceridemia and endothelial function. Despite supportive data in adults, little is known about the effects of high-fat and high-fiber foods on cardiovascular health parameters in pediatric populations. In this crossover trial, male and female adolescents (= 10; 14.1 + 2.6 years; range 10-17 years) consumed (1) low-fat, low-fiber, (2) low-fat, high-fiber, (3) high-fat, low-fiber, and (4) high-fat, high-fiber breakfast meals in randomized order, each following an overnight fast. Baseline and 4 h post-meal blood was obtained for determination of glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations. Endothelial function was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Postprandial FMD was not significantly changed after any meal. However, regression analyses revealed a significant inverse relationship between the change in 4 h triglyceride concentration and change in 4 h FMD for the high-fat, low-fiber meal (β = -0.087; 95% CI = -0.138 to -0.037;= 0.001) that was no longer significant in the high-fat, high-fiber meal (β = -0.044; 95% CI = -0.117 to 0.029;= 0.227). Interpretation of these analyses must be qualified by acknowledging that between-meal comparison revealed that the two regression lines were not statistically different (= 0.226). Addition of high-fiber cereal to the high-fat meal also reduced 4 h postprandial triglyceride increases by ~50% (= 0.056). A high-fiber breakfast cereal did not attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses after consumption of a low-fat meal. While further work is needed to confirm these results in larger cohorts, our findings indicate the potential importance of cereal fiber in blunting the inverse relationship between postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and FMD after consumption of a high-fat meal in adolescents.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Coffee polyphenols modulate whole-body substrate oxidation and suppress postprandial hyperglycaemia,

Coffee polyphenols modulate whole-body substrate oxidation and suppress postprandial hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia.

Postprandial energy metabolism , including postprandial hyperglycaemia , hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia , is related to the risk for developing obesity and CVD .
In the present study , we examined the effects of polyphenols purified from coffee ( coffee polyphenols ( CPP ) ) on postprandial carbohydrate and lipid metabolism , and whole-body substrate oxidation in C57BL/6J mice .
In mice that co-ingested CPP with a lipid-carbohydrate ( sucrose or starch ) -mixed emulsion , the respiratory quotient determined by indirect calorimetry was significantly lower than that in control mice , whereas there was no difference in VO2 ( energy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ postprandial energy partitioning .
CPP also suppressed postprandial increases in plasma glucose , insulin , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and TAG levels .
Inhibition experiments on digestive enzymes revealed that CPP inhibits maltase and sucrase , and , to a lesser extent , pancreatic lipase in a concentration-dependent manner .
Among the nine kinds of polyphenols ( caffeoyl quinic acids ( CQA ) , di-CQA , feruloyl quinic acids ( FQA ) ) contained in CPP , di-CQA showed more potent inhibitory activity than CQA or FQA on these digestive enzymes , suggesting a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of postprandial energy metabolism .
These results suggest that CPP modulates whole-body substrate oxidation by suppressing postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia , and these effects are mediated by inhibiting digestive enzymes .

Postprandial energy metabolism, including postprandial hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia, is related to the risk for developing obesity and CVD. In the present study, we examined the effects of polyphenols purified from coffee (coffee polyphenols (CPP)) on postprandial carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and whole-body substrate oxidation in C57BL/6J mice. In mice that co-ingested CPP with a lipid-carbohydrate (sucrose or starch)-mixed emulsion, the respiratory quotient determined by indirect calorimetry was significantly lower than that in control mice, whereas there was no difference in VO2 (energy expenditure), indicating that CPP modulates postprandial energy partitioning. CPP also suppressed postprandial increases in plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and TAG levels. Inhibition experiments on digestive enzymes revealed that CPP inhibits maltase and sucrase, and, to a lesser extent, pancreatic lipase in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the nine kinds of polyphenols (caffeoyl quinic acids (CQA), di-CQA, feruloyl quinic acids (FQA)) contained in CPP, di-CQA showed more potent inhibitory activity than CQA or FQA on these digestive enzymes, suggesting a predominant role of di-CQA in the regulation of postprandial energy metabolism. These results suggest that CPP modulates whole-body substrate oxidation by suppressing postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, and these effects are mediated by inhibiting digestive enzymes.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Dietary anthocyanin-rich Haskap phytochemicals inhibit postprandial hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia

Dietary anthocyanin-rich Haskap phytochemicals inhibit postprandial hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in rats.

Haskap ( Lonicera caerulea L. ) fruit contains some bioactive phenolic phytochemicals , mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside ( cy3-glc ) and chlorogenic acid .
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin-rich phenolic phytochemical ( containing 13.2 % anthocyanin ) purified from a Haskap fruit ( named Haskap phytochemical ) on postprandial serum triglyceride and blood glucose levels .
The Haskap phytochemical ( containing cy 3-glc at 300 mg/kg of body weight ) was administered orally to rats fasted for 24 h and 30 min later , a corn oil emulsion was administered to these rats .
After @ @ @ @ @ @ @ measured .
An increase in serum triglyceride concentration and the AUC significantly lowered in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than in the saline-administered group .
To evaluate the effect of serum glucose levels , the Haskap phytochemical was orally administered to rats fasted for 24 h and sucrose solution ( 2 g/kg of body weight ) was administered to these rats after 30 min .
After the administration , blood glucose level was measured .
The Haskap phytochemical significantly reduced the increase in blood glucose levels and AUC in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to investigate the long-term effects of Haskap phytochemical intake , high-fat diet ( HF diet ) with 1.5 % or 3.0 % Haskap phytochemical was administered to rats for four weeks .
The investigation of chronological changes in the serum components of the rats fed HF diets in addition to the administration of Haskap phytochemical showed that the increase in serum triglyceride concentrations , total cholesterol concentrations and blood glucose were significantly suppressed compared to the HF diet-fed control ( HF-control ) .
These results suggest that the decrease in postprandial blood lipids @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Haskap phytochemical ingestion is due to anthocyanin and other polyphenols contained in the Haskap phytochemical .

Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) fruit contains some bioactive phenolic phytochemicals, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside (cy3-glc) and chlorogenic acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin-rich phenolic phytochemical (containing 13.2% anthocyanin) purified from a Haskap fruit (named Haskap phytochemical) on postprandial serum triglyceride and blood glucose levels. The Haskap phytochemical (containing cy 3-glc at 300 mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally to rats fasted for 24 h and 30 min later, a corn oil emulsion was administered to these rats. After the administration, serum triglyceride concentration was measured. An increase in serum triglyceride concentration and the AUC significantly lowered in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than in the saline-administered group. To evaluate the effect of serum glucose levels, the Haskap phytochemical was orally administered to rats fasted for 24 h and sucrose solution (2 g/kg of body weight) was administered to these rats after 30 min. After the administration, blood glucose level was measured. The Haskap phytochemical significantly reduced the increase in blood glucose levels and AUC in the Haskap phytochemical-administered group than in the saline-administered group. Furthermore, to investigate the long-term effects of Haskap phytochemical intake, high-fat diet (HF diet) with 1.5% or 3.0% Haskap phytochemical was administered to rats for four weeks. The investigation of chronological changes in the serum components of the rats fed HF diets in addition to the administration of Haskap phytochemical showed that the increase in serum triglyceride concentrations, total cholesterol concentrations and blood glucose were significantly suppressed compared to the HF diet-fed control (HF-control). These results suggest that the decrease in postprandial blood lipids and blood glucose by short or long-term Haskap phytochemical ingestion is due to anthocyanin and other polyphenols contained in the Haskap phytochemical.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--These results suggest that combined administration of black soybean with fenofibrate enhances the an

These results suggest that combined administration of black soybean with fenofibrate enhances the antihyperlipidemic action of fenofibrate.

Black soybeans ( Glycine max ( L. ) Merr . )
are known to be rich in polyphenols , including anthocyanins , and they have been consumed since ancient times for their beneficial effects on health .
In addition , it has been reported that black soybean ( BS ) seed coat may ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance .
In the present study , we administered BS extract to type 2 diabetics for 2 months to investigate the effects of BS on glycemic control and lipid metabolism parameters .
In addition , we administered BS and antihyperlipidemic agent , fenofibrate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ complicated by postprandial hyperlipidemia for 2 months and assessed the combined effects of fenofibrate and BS on serum lipid profile .
The results showed that administration of the BS alone had no effect on the blood glucose or lipid levels , but that administration of fenofibrate alone and fenofibrate in combination with the BS significantly lowered their serum triglyceride ( TG ) level at fasting state , and the percent decrease in the serum TG level after combined administration was significantly higher than in the subjects who received fenofibrate alone .
Furthermore , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ did not decrease when fenofibrate was administered alone , decreased significantly when the BS and fenofibrate were administered in combination .
These results suggest that combined administration of the BS with fenofibrate enhanced the antihyperlipidemic action of fenofibrate , and the results of this study demonstrated the usefulness of the BS in clinical practice .

Black soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are known to be rich in polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and they have been consumed since ancient times for their beneficial effects on health. In addition, it has been reported that black soybean (BS) seed coat may ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance. In the present study, we administered BS extract to type 2 diabetics for 2 months to investigate the effects of BS on glycemic control and lipid metabolism parameters. In addition, we administered BS and antihyperlipidemic agent, fenofibrate, to patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by postprandial hyperlipidemia for 2 months and assessed the combined effects of fenofibrate and BS on serum lipid profile. The results showed that administration of the BS alone had no effect on the blood glucose or lipid levels, but that administration of fenofibrate alone and fenofibrate in combination with the BS significantly lowered their serum triglyceride (TG) level at fasting state, and the percent decrease in the serum TG level after combined administration was significantly higher than in the subjects who received fenofibrate alone. Furthermore, the serum LDL cholesterol concentration, which did not decrease when fenofibrate was administered alone, decreased significantly when the BS and fenofibrate were administered in combination. These results suggest that combined administration of the BS with fenofibrate enhanced the antihyperlipidemic action of fenofibrate, and the results of this study demonstrated the usefulness of the BS in clinical practice.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Raspberries lower postprandial hyperglycemia and inflammation.

BACKGROUND : Postprandial metabolic impairments in diabetes have been shown to play an important role in vascular complications .
Dietary polyphenols and other bioactive compounds in berries have been shown to improve postprandial hyperglycemia and related metabolic impairments , but few clinical studies have been reported in diabetes .
OBJECTIVE : To examine the effects of daily dietary raspberries on postprandial and 4-week fasting glucose , lipids and biomarkers of inflammation in obese adults with type 2 diabetes .
DESIGN : This was a randomized crossover study with 2 different phases : a '' postprandial phase '' of acute raspberry @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1 week apart ) , followed by a 1-week washout phase and then a 10-week '' diet supplement phase '' , with and without raspberry supplementation periods of 4 weeks each , separated by 2-week washout phase .
RESULTS : The postprandial phase revealed significantly lower levels of serum glucose at 2 and 4 h postprandial after raspberry versus control phase .
In addition , among the serum biomarkers of inflammation , interleukin ( IL ) -6 and high-sensitivity tumor necrosis factor alpha ( hsTNF-α ) were also lower at 4 h postprandial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p < 0.05 ) .
Finally , postprandial serum triglycerides showed a decreasing trend at 4 h in the raspberry versus control phase .
Four-week daily raspberry supplementation continued to show a significant lowering effects on IL-6 and hsTNF-α versus control phase ( all p < 0.05 ) ; systolic blood pressure revealed a decreasing trend after 4-week of raspberry supplementation .
No effects were noted on fasting glucose and lipids , C-reactive protein and arterial elasticity .
CONCLUSIONS : Thus , dietary raspberries , which are low in calories and high in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hyperglycemia and inflammation , and in general exert selected anti-inflammatory effects in adults with diabetes .
These findings deserve further investigation .

BACKGROUND: Postprandial metabolic impairments in diabetes have been shown to play an important role in vascular complications. Dietary polyphenols and other bioactive compounds in berries have been shown to improve postprandial hyperglycemia and related metabolic impairments, but few clinical studies have been reported in diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of daily dietary raspberries on postprandial and 4-week fasting glucose, lipids and biomarkers of inflammation in obese adults with type 2 diabetes.
DESIGN: This was a randomized crossover study with 2 different phases: a"postprandial phase"of acute raspberry supplementation (2 separate days at least 1 week apart), followed by a 1-week washout phase and then a 10-week"diet supplement phase", with and without raspberry supplementation periods of 4 weeks each, separated by 2-week washout phase.
RESULTS: The postprandial phase revealed significantly lower levels of serum glucose at 2 and 4 h postprandial after raspberry versus control phase. In addition, among the serum biomarkers of inflammation, interleukin (IL)-6 and high-sensitivity tumor necrosis factor alpha (hsTNF-α) were also lower at 4 h postprandial following raspberry versus control meal (all p<0.05). Finally, postprandial serum triglycerides showed a decreasing trend at 4 h in the raspberry versus control phase. Four-week daily raspberry supplementation continued to show a significant lowering effects on IL-6 and hsTNF-α versus control phase (all p<0.05); systolic blood pressure revealed a decreasing trend after 4-week of raspberry supplementation. No effects were noted on fasting glucose and lipids, C-reactive protein and arterial elasticity.
CONCLUSIONS: Thus, dietary raspberries, which are low in calories and high in polyphenols and other nutrients may lower postprandial hyperglycemia and inflammation, and in general exert selected anti-inflammatory effects in adults with diabetes. These findings deserve further investigation.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Meals rich in saturated fats and sugars induce postprandial oxidative stress, inflammation, and endo

Meals rich in saturated fats and sugars induce postprandial oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of diets , food , and food components that affect postprandial inflammation , endothelial function , and oxidative stress , which are related to cardiometabolic risk .
A high-energy meal , rich in saturated fat and sugars , induces the transient appearance of a series of metabolic , signaling and physiological dysregulations or dysfunctions , including oxidative stress , low-grade inflammation , and endothelial dysfunction , which are directly related to the amplitude of postprandial plasma triglycerides and glucose .
Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are also known to cluster @ @ @ @ @ @ @ risk factor for cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) and type-II diabetes , thus making a considerable contribution to cardiometabolic risk .
Because of the marked relevance of the postprandial model to nutritional pathophysiology , many studies have investigated whether adding various nutrients and other substances to such a challenge meal might mitigate the onset of these adverse effects .
Some foods ( e.g.
, nuts , berries , and citrus ) , nutrients ( e.g.
, l-arginine ) , and other substances ( various polyphenols ) have been widely studied .
Reports of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concerned plasma markers for systemic or vascular pro-inflammatory conditions , the activation of inflammatory pathways in plasma monocytes , vascular endothelial function ( mostly assessed using physiological criteria ) , and postprandial oxidative stress .
Although the literature is fragmented , this topic warrants further study using multiple endpoints and markers to investigate whether the interesting candidates identified might prevent or limit the postprandial appearance of critical features of cardiometabolic risk .

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of diets, food, and food components that affect postprandial inflammation, endothelial function, and oxidative stress, which are related to cardiometabolic risk. A high-energy meal, rich in saturated fat and sugars, induces the transient appearance of a series of metabolic, signaling and physiological dysregulations or dysfunctions, including oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which are directly related to the amplitude of postprandial plasma triglycerides and glucose. Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are also known to cluster together with insulin resistance, a third risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type-II diabetes, thus making a considerable contribution to cardiometabolic risk. Because of the marked relevance of the postprandial model to nutritional pathophysiology, many studies have investigated whether adding various nutrients and other substances to such a challenge meal might mitigate the onset of these adverse effects. Some foods (e.g., nuts, berries, and citrus), nutrients (e.g., l-arginine), and other substances (various polyphenols) have been widely studied. Reports of favorable effects in the postprandial state have concerned plasma markers for systemic or vascular pro-inflammatory conditions, the activation of inflammatory pathways in plasma monocytes, vascular endothelial function (mostly assessed using physiological criteria), and postprandial oxidative stress. Although the literature is fragmented, this topic warrants further study using multiple endpoints and markers to investigate whether the interesting candidates identified might prevent or limit the postprandial appearance of critical features of cardiometabolic risk.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Diets rich in polyphenols and omega-3s improve postprandial dyslipidemia and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND : The postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein ( TRL ) concentration is a recognized independent cardiovascular disease risk factor .
Diet is the natural approach for these postprandial alterations .
Dietary polyphenols and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LCn3s ) are associated with a lower cardiovascular disease risk .
OBJECTIVE : This randomized controlled study evaluated , in persons with a high risk of cardiovascular disease , the effects of diets naturally rich in polyphenols and/or marine LCn3s on plasma TRLs and urinary 8-isoprostane concentrations , a biomarker of oxidative stress .
DESIGN : According to a 2× 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a large waist circumference and any other component of the metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to an isoenergetic diet 1 ) poor in LCn3s and polyphenols , 2 ) rich in LCn3s , 3 ) rich in polyphenols , or 4 ) rich in LCn3s and polyphenols .
The diets were similar in all other components .
Before and after the 8-wk intervention , fasting and postmeal TRLs and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 24-h urine samples were measured .
RESULTS : Dietary adherence was good in all participants .
Polyphenols significantly reduced fasting triglyceride @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( P = 0.023 ) and large very-low-density lipoproteins ( VLDLs ) ( P = 0.016 ) and postprandial triglyceride total area under the curve in plasma ( P = 0.041 ) and large VLDLs ( P = 0.004 ) .
LCn3s reduced postprandial chylomicron cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B-48 .
The concentrations of urinary 8-isoprostane decreased significantly with the polyphenol-rich diets .
Lipoprotein changes induced by the intervention significantly correlated with changes in 8-isoprostane .
CONCLUSIONS : Diets naturally rich in polyphenols positively influence fasting and postprandial TRLs and reduce oxidative stress @ @ @ @ @ @ @ origin .
Through their effects on postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress , polyphenols may favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk .

BACKGROUND: The postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) concentration is a recognized independent cardiovascular disease risk factor. Diet is the natural approach for these postprandial alterations. Dietary polyphenols and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3s) are associated with a lower cardiovascular disease risk.
OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled study evaluated, in persons with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, the effects of diets naturally rich in polyphenols and/or marine LCn3s on plasma TRLs and urinary 8-isoprostane concentrations, a biomarker of oxidative stress.
DESIGN: According to a 2× 2 factorial design, 86 overweight/obese individuals with a large waist circumference and any other component of the metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to an isoenergetic diet 1) poor in LCn3s and polyphenols, 2) rich in LCn3s, 3) rich in polyphenols, or 4) rich in LCn3s and polyphenols. The diets were similar in all other components. Before and after the 8-wk intervention, fasting and postmeal TRLs and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 24-h urine samples were measured.
RESULTS: Dietary adherence was good in all participants. Polyphenols significantly reduced fasting triglyceride concentrations (2-factor ANOVA) in plasma (P = 0.023) and large very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (P = 0.016) and postprandial triglyceride total area under the curve in plasma (P = 0.041) and large VLDLs (P = 0.004). LCn3s reduced postprandial chylomicron cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B-48. The concentrations of urinary 8-isoprostane decreased significantly with the polyphenol-rich diets. Lipoprotein changes induced by the intervention significantly correlated with changes in 8-isoprostane.
CONCLUSIONS: Diets naturally rich in polyphenols positively influence fasting and postprandial TRLs and reduce oxidative stress. Marine LCn3s reduce TRLs of exogenous origin. Through their effects on postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress, polyphenols may favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Coffee bean polyphenols ameliorate postprandial endothelial dysfunction in healthy male adults.

To reveal the effect of coffee bean polyphenols ( CBPs ) on blood vessels , this study aimed to investigate @ @ @ @ @ acute postprandial endothelial dysfunction .
Thirteen healthy non-diabetic men ( mean age , 44.9 ± @ @ @ @ @ test beverage ( active : containing CBPs , placebo : no CBPs ) before a @ @ @ @ @ g of protein , 30 g of fat and 58 g of carbohydrates .
Then @ @ @ @ @ performed to investigate the time-dependent changes in flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) in the brachial @ @ @ @ @ group , the postprandial impairment of FMD was significantly improved , the two-hour postprandial nitric @ @ @ @ @ increased and the six-hour postprandial urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α levels were significantly reduced compared to the @ @ @ @ @ meal increased the levels of blood glucose , insulin and triglycerides in both groups with @ @ @ @ @ These findings indicate that CBPs intake ameliorates postprandial endothelial dysfunction in healthy men .

To reveal the effect of coffee bean polyphenols (CBPs) on blood vessels, this study aimed to investigate the effect of CBPs on acute postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Thirteen healthy non-diabetic men (mean age, 44.9 ± 1.4 years) consumed a test beverage (active: containing CBPs, placebo: no CBPs) before a 554-kcal test meal containing 14 g of protein, 30 g of fat and 58 g of carbohydrates. Then, a crossover analysis was performed to investigate the time-dependent changes in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery. In the active group, the postprandial impairment of FMD was significantly improved, the two-hour postprandial nitric oxide metabolite levels were significantly increased and the six-hour postprandial urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α levels were significantly reduced compared to the placebo group. The test meal increased the levels of blood glucose, insulin and triglycerides in both groups with no significant intergroup differences. These findings indicate that CBPs intake ameliorates postprandial endothelial dysfunction in healthy men.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Brazilian native fruit juices decrease postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects.

Brazilian native fruits have been shown as excellent sources of polyphenols which are associated with multiple biological activities including inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes , α-amylase and α-glucosidase .
Postmeal blood glucose elevations and high glycemic index diets can play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes , therefore alternative approaches to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia are of growing interest in order to reduce diabetes risk .
Here we investigated the effect of six Brazilian native clarified fruit juices from Amazon , Savannah and Atlantic Forest biomes on postprandial glycemia after consumption of a carbohydrate meal .
For this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ consume seven meal tests , with a 1-week interval among them , consisting in50g white bread plus 300mL of water ( control ) or cambuci , cagaita , maracujá-alho , cupuaçu , camu-camu and jaboticaba clarified fruit juices .
The results showed that serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower after consumption of cambuci , cagaita , camu-camu and jaboticaba juices , whereasmaracujá-alho and cupuaçu juices did not decrease the amount of glucose absorbed , compared to control ( p < 0.05 ) .
In addition , cagaita , cambuci , cupuaçu and jaboticaba @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in plasma , whereas all juices augmented the ferric reducing ability of plasma , except for cambuci ( p < 0.05 ) .
These results indicate that juices from Brazilian native fruits may be considered as adjuvant treatment for reduction of postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects .

Brazilian native fruits have been shown as excellent sources of polyphenols which are associated with multiple biological activities including inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes,α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Postmeal blood glucose elevations and high glycemic index diets can play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes, therefore alternative approaches to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia are of growing interest in order to reduce diabetes risk. Here we investigated the effect of six Brazilian native clarified fruit juices from Amazon, Savannah and Atlantic Forest biomes on postprandial glycemia after consumption of a carbohydrate meal. For this, 23 healthy subjects were selected to consume seven meal tests, with a 1-week interval among them, consisting in50g white bread plus 300mL of water (control) or cambuci, cagaita, maracujá-alho, cupuaçu, camu-camu and jaboticaba clarified fruit juices. The results showed that serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower after consumption of cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu and jaboticaba juices, whereasmaracujá-alho and cupuaçu juices did not decrease the amount of glucose absorbed, compared to control (p<0.05). In addition, cagaita, cambuci, cupuaçu and jaboticaba juices increased the oxygen radical absorbance capacity in plasma, whereas all juices augmented the ferric reducing ability of plasma, except for cambuci (p<0.05). These results indicate that juices from Brazilian native fruits may be considered as adjuvant treatment for reduction of postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Consuming tea an hour after an iron-rich meal prevents inhibition of iron absorption by tea polyphen

Consuming tea an hour after an iron-rich meal prevents inhibition of iron absorption by tea polyphenols.

Tea has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of nonheme iron absorption , but it remains unclear whether the timing of tea consumption relative to a meal influences iron bioavailability.The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 1-h time interval of tea consumption on nonheme iron absorption in an iron-containing meal in a cohort of iron-replete , nonanemic female subjects with the use of a stable isotope ( Fe ) .Twelve women ( mean± SD age : 24.8 ± 6.9 y ) were administered a standardized porridge meal extrinsically labeled with 4 mgFe as FeSOon @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time interval between each test meal ( TM ) .
The TM was administered with water ( TM-1 ) , with tea administered simultaneously ( TM-2 ) , and with tea administered 1 h postmeal ( TM-3 ) .
Fasted venous blood samples were collected for iron isotopic analysis and measurement of iron status biomarkers .
Fractional iron absorption was estimated by the erythrocyte iron incorporation method.Iron absorption was 5.7 % ± 8.5 % ( TM-1 ) , 3.6 % ± 4.2 % ( TM-2 ) , and 5.7 % ± 5.4 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ absorption was found to be significantly higher ( 2.2 % ) when tea was administered 1 h postmeal ( TM-3 ) than when tea was administered simultaneously with the meal ( TM-2 ) ( = 0.046 ) .
An∼50 % reduction in the inhibitory effect of tea ( relative to water ) was observed , from 37.2 % ( TM-2 ) to 18.1 % ( TM-3 ) .This study shows that tea consumed simultaneously with an iron-containing porridge meal leads to decreased nonheme iron absorption and that a 1-h time interval between a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effect , resulting in increased nonheme iron absorption .
These findings are not only important in relation to the management of iron deficiency but should also inform dietary advice , especially that given to those at risk of deficiency .
This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02365103 .

Tea has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of nonheme iron absorption, but it remains unclear whether the timing of tea consumption relative to a meal influences iron bioavailability.The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 1-h time interval of tea consumption on nonheme iron absorption in an iron-containing meal in a cohort of iron-replete, nonanemic female subjects with the use of a stable isotope (Fe).Twelve women (mean± SD age: 24.8 ± 6.9 y) were administered a standardized porridge meal extrinsically labeled with 4 mgFe as FeSOon 3 separate occasions, with a 14-d time interval between each test meal (TM). The TM was administered with water (TM-1), with tea administered simultaneously (TM-2), and with tea administered 1 h postmeal (TM-3). Fasted venous blood samples were collected for iron isotopic analysis and measurement of iron status biomarkers. Fractional iron absorption was estimated by the erythrocyte iron incorporation method.Iron absorption was 5.7%± 8.5% (TM-1), 3.6% ± 4.2% (TM-2), and 5.7% ± 5.4% (TM-3). Mean fractional iron absorption was found to be significantly higher (2.2%) when tea was administered 1 h postmeal (TM-3) than when tea was administered simultaneously with the meal (TM-2) (= 0.046). An∼50% reduction in the inhibitory effect of tea (relative to water) was observed, from 37.2% (TM-2) to 18.1% (TM-3).This study shows that tea consumed simultaneously with an iron-containing porridge meal leads to decreased nonheme iron absorption and that a 1-h time interval between a meal and tea consumption attenuates the inhibitory effect, resulting in increased nonheme iron absorption. These findings are not only important in relation to the management of iron deficiency but should also inform dietary advice, especially that given to those at risk of deficiency. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02365103.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-10--Extra virgin olive oil mitigates postprandial lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative

Extra virgin olive oil mitigates postprandial lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress.

PURPOSE : Post-prandial phase is characterized by enhanced oxidative stress but the underlying mechanism is unclear .
We investigated if gut-derived lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) is implicated in this phenomenon and the effect of extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) in patients with impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) .
METHODS : This is a randomized cross-over interventional study including 30 IFG patients , to receive a lunch with or without 10 g of EVOO .
Serum LPS , Apo-B48 , markers of oxidative stress such as oxidized LDL ( oxLDL ) and soluble Nox2-derived peptide ( sNox2-dp ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Nox2 activation , and plasma polyphenols were determined before , 60 and 120 min after lunch .
RESULTS : In patients not given EVOO oxidative stress as assessed by sNox2-dp and oxLDL significantly increased at 60 and 120 min concomitantly with an increase of LPS and Apo-B48 .
In these patients , changes of LPS were correlated with Apo-B48 ( Rs = 0.542 , p = 0.002 ) and oxLDL ( Rs = 0.463 , p = 0.010 ) .
At 120 min , LPS ( β - 15.73 , p CONCLUSIONS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stress-related inflammation potentially triggered by LPS , a phenomenon mitigated by EVOO administration .

PURPOSE: Post-prandial phase is characterized by enhanced oxidative stress but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We investigated if gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in this phenomenon and the effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
METHODS: This is a randomized cross-over interventional study including 30 IFG patients, to receive a lunch with or without 10 g of EVOO. Serum LPS, Apo-B48, markers of oxidative stress such as oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and soluble Nox2-derived peptide (sNox2-dp), a marker of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate oxidase isoform Nox2 activation, and plasma polyphenols were determined before, 60 and 120 min after lunch.
RESULTS: In patients not given EVOO oxidative stress as assessed by sNox2-dp and oxLDL significantly increased at 60 and 120 min concomitantly with an increase of LPS and Apo-B48. In these patients, changes of LPS were correlated with Apo-B48 (Rs = 0.542, p = 0.002) and oxLDL (Rs = 0.463, p = 0.010). At 120 min, LPS (β - 15.73, p < 0.001), Apo-B48 (β - 0.14, p = 0.004), sNox2-dp (β - 5.47, p = 0.030), and oxLDL (β - 42.80, p < 0.001) significantly differed between the two treatment groups. An inverse correlation was detected between polyphenols and oxLDL (R - 0.474, p < 0.005). In vitro study showed that LPS, at the same concentrations found in the human circulation, up-regulated Nox2-derived oxidative stress via interaction with Toll-like receptor 4.
CONCLUSIONS: Post-prandial phase is characterized by an oxidative stress-related inflammation potentially triggered by LPS, a phenomenon mitigated by EVOO administration.