greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--L-arginine enhances intracellular killing of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Carbapenem-resistantST258 ( CRKP-ST258 ) are a global concern due to their rapid dissemination , high lethality , antibiotic resistance and resistance to components of the immune response , such as neutrophils .
Neutrophils are major host mediators , able to kill well-studied and antibiotic-sensitive laboratory reference strains of .
However , CRKP-ST258 are able to evade neutrophil phagocytic killing , persisting longer in the host despite robust neutrophil recruitment .
Here , we show that neutrophils are unable to clear a CRKP-ST258 isolate ( KP35 ) .
Compared to the response elicited by a prototypicATCC 43816 ( KPPR1 ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ characterized by equivalent production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and myeloperoxidase content , but impaired phagosomal acidification .
Our results ruled out that this phenomenon is due to a phagocytosis defect , as we observed similar efficiency of phagocytosis by neutrophils infected with KP35 or KPPR1 .
Genomic analysis of theloci of KPPR1 and KP35 suggest that the capsule composition of KP35 explain the high phagocytosis efficiency by neutrophils .
Consistent with other reports , we show that KP35 did not induce DNA release by neutrophils and KPPR1 only induced it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the bacteria have already been cleared .
l-arginine metabolism has been identified as an important modulator of the host immune response and positively regulate T cells , macrophages and neutrophils in response to microbes .
Our data show that l-arginine supplementation improved phagosome acidification , increased ROS production and enhanced nitric oxide consumption by neutrophils in response to KP35 .
The enhanced intracellular response observed after l-arginine supplementation ultimately improved KP35 clearance .
KP35 was able to dysregulate the intracellular microbicidal machinery of neutrophils to survive in the intracellular environment .
This process @ @ @ @ @ @ @ l-arginine supplementation .

Carbapenem-resistantST258 (CRKP-ST258) are a global concern due to their rapid dissemination, high lethality, antibiotic resistance and resistance to components of the immune response, such as neutrophils. Neutrophils are major host mediators, able to kill well-studied and antibiotic-sensitive laboratory reference strains of. However, CRKP-ST258 are able to evade neutrophil phagocytic killing, persisting longer in the host despite robust neutrophil recruitment. Here, we show that neutrophils are unable to clear a CRKP-ST258 isolate (KP35). Compared to the response elicited by a prototypicATCC 43816 (KPPR1), the neutrophil intracellular response against KP35 is characterized by equivalent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase content, but impaired phagosomal acidification. Our results ruled out that this phenomenon is due to a phagocytosis defect, as we observed similar efficiency of phagocytosis by neutrophils infected with KP35 or KPPR1. Genomic analysis of theloci of KPPR1 and KP35 suggest that the capsule composition of KP35 explain the high phagocytosis efficiency by neutrophils. Consistent with other reports, we show that KP35 did not induce DNA release by neutrophils and KPPR1 only induced it at 3 h, when most of the bacteria have already been cleared. l-arginine metabolism has been identified as an important modulator of the host immune response and positively regulate T cells, macrophages and neutrophils in response to microbes. Our data show that l-arginine supplementation improved phagosome acidification, increased ROS production and enhanced nitric oxide consumption by neutrophils in response to KP35. The enhanced intracellular response observed after l-arginine supplementation ultimately improved KP35 clearance. KP35 was able to dysregulate the intracellular microbicidal machinery of neutrophils to survive in the intracellular environment. This process, however, can be reversed after l-arginine supplementation.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--L-arginine improves endurance to high-intensity interval exercises in overweight men.

The effects of acute consumption of L-Arginine ( L-Arg ) in healthy young individuals are not clearly defined , and no studies on the effects of L-Arg in individuals with abnormal body mass index undertaking strenuous exercise exist .
Thus , we examined whether supplementation with L-Arg diminishes cardiopulmonary exercise testing responses , such as ventilation ( VE ) , VE/VCO2 , oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) , and heart rate , in response to an acute session of high-intensity interval exercise ( HIIE ) in overweight men .
A double-blind , randomized crossover design was used to study 30 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ years ; body weight , 88.2 ± 5.3 kilogram ; body mass index , 28.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ) .
Participants first completed a ramped-treadmill exercise protocol to determine VO2max velocity ( vVO2max ) , after which they participated in two sessions of HIIE .
Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 6 g of L-Arg or placebo supplements .
The HIIE treadmill running protocol consisted of 12 trials , including exercise at 100 % of vVO2max for 1 min interspersed with recovery intervals of 40 % of vVO2max for 2 min .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ VE ( L/min ) , heart rate ( beat per min ) , andVE/VCO2 were obtained .
Supplementation with L-Arg significantly decreased all cardiorespiratory responses during HIIE ( placebo+HIIE vs. L-Arg+HIIE for each measurement : VE [ 80.9 ± 4.3 L/min vs. 74.6 ± 3.5 L/min , p

The effects of acute consumption of L-Arginine (L-Arg) in healthy young individuals are not clearly defined, and no studies on the effects of L-Arg in individuals with abnormal body mass index undertaking strenuous exercise exist. Thus, we examined whether supplementation with L-Arg diminishes cardiopulmonary exercise testing responses, such as ventilation (VE), VE/VCO2, oxygen uptake (VO2), and heart rate, in response to an acute session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in overweight men. A double-blind, randomized crossover design was used to study 30 overweight men (age, 26.5± 2.2 years; body weight, 88.2 ± 5.3 kilogram; body mass index, 28.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2). Participants first completed a ramped-treadmill exercise protocol to determine VO2max velocity (vVO2max), after which they participated in two sessions of HIIE. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 6 g of L-Arg or placebo supplements. The HIIE treadmill running protocol consisted of 12 trials, including exercise at 100% of vVO2max for 1 min interspersed with recovery intervals of 40% of vVO2max for 2 min. Measurements of VO2 (ml·kg-1·min-1), VE (L/min), heart rate (beat per min), andVE/VCO2 were obtained. Supplementation with L-Arg significantly decreased all cardiorespiratory responses during HIIE (placebo+HIIE vs. L-Arg+HIIE for each measurement: VE [80.9 ± 4.3 L/min vs. 74.6 ± 3.5 L/min, p<.05, ES = 1.61], VE/VCO2 [26.4± 1.3 vs. 24.4 ± 1.0, p<.05, ES = 1.8], VO2 [26.4± 0.8 ml·kg-1·min-1 vs. 24.4 ± 0.9 ml·kg-1·min-1, p<.05, ES = 2.2], and heart rate [159.7± 6.3 beats/min vs. 155.0 ± 3.7 beats/min, p<.05, d = 0.89]). The authors conclude consuming L-Arg before HIIE can alleviate the excessive physiological strain resulting from HIIE and help to increase exercise tolerance in participants with a higher body mass index who may need to exercise on a regular basis for extended periods to improve their health.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--Emergency COVID-19 Vaccines May Cause Massive Side Effects

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greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--Listening to music in the NICU while breastfeeding can help reduce stress levels in mothers to prema

This study was a randomized controlled experiment to determine the effects of listening to music on breast milk production in @ @ @ @ @ study consisted of two groups of randomly selected mothers ( = 20 each ) of @ @ @ @ @ care unit ( NICU ) of two university hospitals in Istanbul between November 2017 and @ @ @ @ @ first day , all mothers were provided with training for milking with pumps .
On @ @ @ @ @ , mothers in the music group ( MG ) underwent two sessions of milking with @ @ @ @ @ 15 minutes at 11:00 and 16:00 ; the mothers in the control group underwent two @ @ @ @ @ .
To evaluate stress levels , Spielberger 's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered and salivary @ @ @ @ @ first and final days of the study.The mean age of participants was 28.5 ± 5.3 @ @ @ @ @ week was 32.21 ± 2.26 , and the mean birth weight of the newborns was @ @ @ @ @ state and total anxiety scores of the MG were statistically low (

This study was a randomized controlled experiment to determine the effects of listening to music on breast milk production in Turkish mothers with premature newborns.The study consisted of two groups of randomly selected mothers ( = 20 each) of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of two university hospitals in Istanbul between November 2017 and November 2018. On the first day, all mothers were provided with training for milking with pumps. On the second through fourth days, mothers in the music group (MG)underwent two sessions of milking with music and a pump for 15 minutes at 11:00 and 16:00; the mothers in the control group underwent two sessions of milking without music. To evaluate stress levels, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered and salivary cortisol tests were takenon the first and final days of the study.The mean age of participants was 28.5 ± 5.3 years, the mean gestational week was 32.21 ± 2.26, and the mean birth weight of the newborns was 1748 ± 533.4 g. The state and total anxiety scores of the MG were statistically low ( < 0.05). There was no difference between the MG and control group in the amount of breast milk produced; however, the final test cortisol levels of the MG group were significantly lower compared with the pretest measurements ( < 0.05).Listening to music in the NICU while breastfeeding can help reduce stress levels in mothers to premature newborns and support breast milk production.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--Our findings suggest that music therapy is more efficient than music listening for children with ASD

BACKGROUND : Music therapy is based on the use of musical elements by a trained and qualified therapist .
Clinical researches have suggested that children with Autism Spectrum Disorders ( ASD ) may benefit from MT .
In this regard , this study examines if MT is more effective than simply listening to music for children with ASD .
METHOD : A 8-month RCT has been carried out comparing music therapy ( MT ) to music listening ( ML ) for children with ASD aged from 4 to 7 years old .
Thirty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
The outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression ( CGI ) , the Childhood Autism Rating Scale ( CARS ) and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist ( ABC ) in each condition ( MT and ML ) .
RESULTS : CGI scores decreased more for participants in the MT than in the ML condition .
This clinical improvement was associated with an improvement of autistic symptoms on lethargy and stereotypy ABC subscales .
CONCLUSION : Our findings suggest that music therapy is more efficient than music listening for children with ASD .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ of MT as a rightful add-on to ASD healthcare programs .

BACKGROUND: Music therapy is based on the use of musical elements by a trained and qualified therapist. Clinical researches have suggested that children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may benefit from MT. In this regard, this study examines if MT is more effective than simply listening to music for children with ASD.
METHOD: A 8-month RCT has been carried out comparing music therapy (MT) to music listening (ML) for children with ASD aged from 4 to 7 years old. Thirty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (MT vs. ML). The outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) in each condition (MT and ML).
RESULTS: CGI scores decreased more for participants in the MT than in the ML condition. This clinical improvement was associated with an improvement of autistic symptoms on lethargy and stereotypy ABC subscales.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that music therapy is more efficient than music listening for children with ASD. The present study thus supports the consideration of MT as a rightful add-on to ASD healthcare programs.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--The effect of music therapy on physiological parameters of patients with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE : This study aims to investigate the effect of music therapy integrated with family recollection on physiological parameters of patients with traumatic brain injury who are admitted to Intensive Care Units .
METHODS : Sixty patients were selected through convenience sampling and were then randomly assigned to the intervention group and control group .
In the intervention group and for 6 consecutive days , the patients received a combination of music and auditory stimulation twice a day for 15 minutes .
The patients ' physiological parameters were measured before the intervention , and then 10 minutes and finally 30 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were analyzed using multilevel modeling method through MLwiN version 2.27 .
RESULTS : The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic factors and the duration of coma .
However , the results of the two-level multiple linear models which were performed for 6 consecutive days indicated a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure , diastolic blood pressure , respiratory rate and heart rate for the patients in the intervention group as compared to the patients in the control group ( P 0.05 ) .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ family recollection can moderate physiological parameters .
Therefore , it is recommended to use this cost-effective treatment along with the routine treatments , especially for patients with traumatic brain injury .

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effect of music therapy integrated with family recollection on physiological parameters of patients with traumatic brain injury who are admitted to Intensive Care Units.
METHODS: Sixty patients were selected through convenience sampling and were then randomly assigned to the intervention group and control group. In the intervention group and for 6 consecutive days, the patients received a combination of music and auditory stimulation twice a day for 15 minutes. The patients' physiological parameters were measured before the intervention, and then 10 minutes and finally 30 minutes after the intervention. The data were analyzed using multilevel modeling method through MLwiN version 2.27.
RESULTS: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic factors and the duration of coma. However, the results of the two-level multiple linear models which were performed for 6 consecutive days indicated a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate for the patients in the intervention group as compared to the patients in the control group (P < 0.0001). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in temperature and oxygen saturation (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Integration of music therapy with family recollection can moderate physiological parameters. Therefore, it is recommended to use this cost-effective treatment along with the routine treatments, especially for patients with traumatic brain injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--Music therapy can be an effective intervention to reduce early postoperative pain, relieve early pos

Music therapy can be an effective intervention to reduce early postoperative pain, relieve early postoperative anxiety, prolong sleep time.

BACKGROUND : To investigate the effect of music therapy on early postoperative pain , anxiety , and sleep quality in patients after mechanical mitral valve replacement ( MVR ) .
METHODS : A total of 222 patients undergoing mechanical MVR were divided into two groups : the music group and the control group .
The patients in the music group received 30 minutes of music therapy every day , whereas the patients in the control group had 30 minutes of quiet time .
The visual analogue scale ( VAS ) was used to evaluate the degree of pain , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was used to evaluate the degree of early postoperative anxiety .
We also recorded the sleep duration of the patients and used the Verran and Snyder-Halpern ( VSH ) Sleep Scale to evaluate the sleep quality of the patients .
RESULTS : The VAS scores in the music group were significantly lower than those in the control group , and early postoperative anxiety in the music group was also significantly improved compared with that in the control group .
The sleep duration in the music group was significantly greater than that in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sleep quality using the VSH Sleep Scale , the scores for sleep interruption , sleep length , sleep depth , degree of rest , and subjective sleep quality in the music group were significantly lower than those in the control group .
CONCLUSIONS : Music therapy can be an effective intervention to reduce early postoperative pain , relieve early postoperative anxiety , prolong sleep time , and improve the sleep quality of patients after mechanical MVR .

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of music therapy on early postoperative pain, anxiety, and sleep quality in patients after mechanical mitral valve replacement (MVR).
METHODS: A total of 222 patients undergoing mechanical MVR were divided into two groups: the music group and the control group. The patients in the music group received 30 minutes of music therapy every day, whereas the patients in the control group had 30 minutes of quiet time. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the degree of pain, and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used to evaluate the degree of early postoperative anxiety. We also recorded the sleep duration of the patients and used the Verran and Snyder-Halpern (VSH) Sleep Scale to evaluate the sleep quality of the patients.
RESULTS: The VAS scores in the music group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and early postoperative anxiety in the music group was also significantly improved compared with that in the control group. The sleep duration in the music group was significantly greater than that in the control group. In the evaluation of sleep quality using the VSH Sleep Scale, the scores for sleep interruption, sleep length, sleep depth, degree of rest, and subjective sleep quality in the music group were significantly lower than those in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy can be an effective intervention to reduce early postoperative pain, relieve early postoperative anxiety, prolong sleep time, and improve the sleep quality of patients after mechanical MVR.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-10--Prescription of asthma medicines before or during pregnancy was associated with higher prevalence of

Prescription of asthma medicines before or during pregnancy was associated with higher prevalence of adverse perinatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVES : To explore associations between exposures to medicines prescribed for asthma and their discontinuation in pregnancy and preterm birth [ < 37 or < 32 weeks ] , SGA [ < 10th and < 3rd centiles ] , and breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks .
METHODS : Design .
A population-based cohort study .
Setting .
The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage [ SAIL ] databank in Wales , linking maternal primary care data with infant outcomes .
Population .
107,573 , 105,331 , and 38,725 infants born 2000-2010 with information on premature birth , SGA and breastfeeding respectively , after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ asthma medicines or their discontinuation in pregnancy .
Methods .
Odds ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes were calculated for the exposed versus the unexposed population , adjusted for smoking , parity , age and socio-economic status .
RESULTS : Prescriptions for asthma , whether continued or discontinued during pregnancy , were associated with birth at < 32 weeks ' gestation , SGA < 10th centile , and no breastfeeding ( aOR 1.33 [ 1.10-1.61 ] , 1.10 [ 1.03-1.18 ] , 0.93 [ 0.87-1.01 ] ) .
Discontinuation of asthma medicines in pregnancy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weeks ' and < 32 weeks ' gestation ( aOR 1.22 [ 1.06-1.41 ] , 1.53 [ 1.11-2.10 ] ) .
All medicines examined , except ICS and SABA prescribed alone , were associated with SGA < 10th centile .
CONCLUSIONS : Prescription of asthma medicines before or during pregnancy was associated with higher prevalence of adverse perinatal outcomes , particularly if prescriptions were discontinued during pregnancy .
Women discontinuing medicines during pregnancy could be identified from prescription records .
The impact of targeting close monitoring and breastfeeding support warrants exploration .

OBJECTIVES: To explore associations between exposures to medicines prescribed for asthma and their discontinuation in pregnancy and preterm birth [<37 or<32 weeks], SGA [<10th and<3rd centiles], and breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks.
METHODS: Design. A population-based cohort study. Setting. The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage [SAIL] databank in Wales, linking maternal primary care data with infant outcomes. Population. 107,573, 105,331, and 38,725 infants born 2000-2010 with information on premature birth, SGA and breastfeeding respectively, after exclusions. Exposures. maternal prescriptions for asthma medicines or their discontinuation in pregnancy. Methods. Odds ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes were calculated for the exposed versus the unexposed population, adjusted for smoking, parity, age and socio-economic status.
RESULTS: Prescriptions for asthma, whether continued or discontinued during pregnancy, were associated with birth at<32 weeks' gestation, SGA<10th centile, and no breastfeeding (aOR 1.33 [1.10-1.61], 1.10 [1.03-1.18], 0.93 [0.87-1.01]). Discontinuation of asthma medicines in pregnancy was associated with birth at<37 weeks' and<32 weeks' gestation (aOR 1.22 [1.06-1.41], 1.53 [1.11-2.10]). All medicines examined, except ICS and SABA prescribed alone, were associated with SGA<10th centile.
CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of asthma medicines before or during pregnancy was associated with higher prevalence of adverse perinatal outcomes, particularly if prescriptions were discontinued during pregnancy. Women discontinuing medicines during pregnancy could be identified from prescription records. The impact of targeting close monitoring and breastfeeding support warrants exploration.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Purified β-glucans from the Shiitake mushroom ameliorates antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Purified β-glucans from the Shiitake mushroom ameliorates antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced pulmonary sepsis.

Bacterial infection remains the main cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome and is a leading cause of death and disability in critically ill patients .
Here we report on the use of purifiedβ-glucan ( lentinan ) extracts from Lentinus edodes ( Shiitake ) mushroom that can reduce infection by a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a rodent pneumonia model , likely through immunomodulation .
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intra-tracheal administration of K. pneumoniae to induce pulmonary sepsis and randomized to three groups ; vehicle control ( Vehicle , n = 12 ) , commercial lentinan @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or in-house extracted lentinan ( IHL , n = 8 ) were administered intravenously 1 h postinfection .
Physiological parameters and blood gas analysis were measured , bacterial counts from bronchoalveolar-lavage ( BAL ) were determined , along with differential staining of white cells and measurement of protein concentration in BAL 48 h after pneumonia induction .
Use of IHL extract significantly decreased BAL CFU counts .
Both CL and IHL extractions reduced protein concentration in BAL .
Use of IHL resulted in an improvement in physiological parameters compared to controls and CL @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to treat sepsis-induced lung injury appears safe and effective and may exert its effects in an immunomodulatory manner .

Bacterial infection remains the main cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome and is a leading cause of death and disability in critically ill patients. Here we report on the use of purifiedβ-glucan (lentinan) extracts from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) mushroom that can reduce infection by a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a rodent pneumonia model, likely through immunomodulation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intra-tracheal administration of K. pneumoniae to induce pulmonary sepsis and randomized to three groups; vehicle control (Vehicle, n = 12), commercial lentinan (CL, n = 8) or in-house extracted lentinan (IHL, n = 8) were administered intravenously 1 h postinfection. Physiological parameters and blood gas analysis were measured, bacterial counts from bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) were determined, along with differential staining of white cells and measurement of protein concentration in BAL 48 h after pneumonia induction. Use of IHL extract significantly decreased BAL CFU counts. Both CL and IHL extractions reduced protein concentration in BAL. Use of IHL resulted in an improvement in physiological parameters compared to controls and CL. In conclusion, administration of lentinan to treat sepsis-induced lung injury appears safe and effective and may exert its effects in an immunomodulatory manner.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--A derivative of Lentinula edodes C 91-3, reduces migration and induces apoptosis, autophagy, and cel

A derivative of Lentinula edodes C 91-3, reduces migration and induces apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest at G 1 phase in breast cancer cells.

Due to the high mortality rate and an increase in breast cancer incidence , it has been challenging for researchers to come across an effective chemotherapeutic strategy with minimum side effects .
Therefore , the need for the development of effective chemotherapeutic drugs is still on the verge .
Consequently , we approached a new mechanism to address this issue .
The naturally available peptide named latcripin-7A ( LP-7A ) , extracted from a mushroom called Lentinula edodes , provided us promising results in terms of growth arrest , apoptosis , and autophagy in breast cancer cells ( MCF-7 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for apoptosis , autophagy , and cell cycle were confirmed via Western blot analysis .
Migration and invasion assays were performed to analyze the anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of LP-7A , while cell cycle analysis was performed via flow cytometry to evaluate its affect over cell growth .
Supportive assays were performed like acridine orange , Hoechst 33258 stain , DNA fragmentation , and mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP ) to further confirm the anticancer effect of LP-7A on breast cancer cell lines .
It is concluded that LP-7A effectively reduces migration and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell growth arrest at G/Gphase and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential without adverse effects on MCF-10A normal breast cells .
KEY POINTS : • In this study , we have investigated the anti-cancer activity of novel latcripin-7A ( LP-7A ) , a protein extracted as a result of de novo characterization of Lentinula edodes C • We conclude in our research work that LP-7A can initiate diverse cell death-related events , i.e.
, apoptosis and autophagy in both triple-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines @ @ @ @ @ @ @ signaling that can further be investigated in vivo to gain a better understanding .

Due to the high mortality rate and an increase in breast cancer incidence, it has been challenging for researchers to come across an effective chemotherapeutic strategy with minimum side effects. Therefore, the need for the development of effective chemotherapeutic drugs is still on the verge. Consequently, we approached a new mechanism to address this issue. The naturally available peptide named latcripin-7A (LP-7A), extracted from a mushroom called Lentinula edodes, provided us promising results in terms of growth arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Expressions of protein markers for apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle were confirmed via Western blot analysis. Migration and invasion assays were performed to analyze the anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of LP-7A, while cell cycle analysis was performed via flow cytometry to evaluate its affect over cell growth. Supportive assays were performed like acridine orange, Hoechst 33258 stain, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) to further confirm the anticancer effect of LP-7A on breast cancer cell lines. It is concluded that LP-7A effectively reduces migration and promotes apoptosis as well as autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell growth arrest at G/Gphase and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential without adverse effects on MCF-10A normal breast cells. KEY POINTS:• In this study, we have investigated the anti-cancer activity of novel latcripin-7A (LP-7A), a protein extracted as a result of de novo characterization of Lentinula edodes C• We conclude in our research work that LP-7A can initiate diverse cell death-related events, i.e., apoptosis and autophagy in both triple-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by interacting with different nodes of cellular signaling that can further be investigated in vivo to gain a better understanding.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Trametes versicolor polysaccharides in cancer therapy: Targets and efficacy.

( L. ) Quél .
is a higher fungi or mushroom which is now known by its accepted scientific name @ @ @ @ @ ( family Polyporaceae ) .
The polysaccharides , primarily two commercial products from China and @ @ @ @ @ , respectively , have been claimed to serve as adjuvant therapy for cancer .
In @ @ @ @ @ in this field , including direct cytotoxicity in cancer cells and immunostimulatory effects , are @ @ @ @ @ in vitro , in vivo and clinical outcomes .
The level of activity in the @ @ @ @ @ ( both in cancer and immune cells ) and pharmacological efficacies are discussed .

(L.) Quél. is a higher fungi or mushroom which is now known by its accepted scientific name as(L.) Lloyd (family Polyporaceae). The polysaccharides, primarily two commercial products from China and Japan as PSP and PSK, respectively, have been claimed to serve as adjuvant therapy for cancer. In this paper, research advances in this field, including direct cytotoxicity in cancer cells and immunostimulatory effects, are scrutinised at three levels: in vitro, in vivo and clinical outcomes. The level of activity in the various cancers, key targets (both in cancer and immune cells) and pharmacological efficacies are discussed.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Protein-bound polysaccharides from the fungus Coriolus versicolor induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated n

Protein-bound polysaccharides from the fungus Coriolus versicolor induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in breast cancer and melanoma cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS : The induction of necroptosis , a form of caspase-independent cell death , represents one of the most promising anticancer therapeutic modalities , as necroptosis serves as an alternative way to eliminate apoptosis-resistant tumor cells .
Here , we investigated whether protein-bound polysaccharides ( PBPs ) derived from the fungus ( CV ) induce the necroptotic death pathway in breast cancer and melanoma cells .
METHODS : MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells were exposed to PBPs either alone or in combination with necrostatin-1 ( Nec-1 ) , GSK'872 or necrosulfonamide ( NSA ) , pharmacological inhibitors of the kinases receptor-interacting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ receptor interacting protein kinase 3 ( RIPK3 ) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein ( MLKL ) , respectively , which are involved in necroptotic processes .
The effects of cellular treatment with these inhibitors were quantified by measuring cell viability and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation3- ( 4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl ) -2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate ( DCF-DA ) assays , respectively .
The morphological changes induced in these cells were detected using holotomographic ( HT ) microscopy .
Activation of the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway in the PBP-stimulated cells was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ immunofluorescence-based assays .
RESULTS : PBPs showed effective antitumor activity against MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells .
Cotreatment of the cells with Nec-1 , GSK'872 or NSA abrogated PBP-induced cell death , and the cells were protected against membrane rupture .
Moreover , breast cancer cell death caused by PBPs was mediated by induced activation of the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway .
Interestingly , the melanoma cells did not express TNF-α or TNFR1 after PBP stimulation ; instead , PBPs triggered intracellular ROS generation , which was partially diminished by the inhibitors Nec-1 , GSK'872 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that PBPs from the fungus CV induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in breast cancer and melanoma cells , providing novel insights into the molecular effects of PBPs on cancer cells .

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The induction of necroptosis, a form of caspase-independent cell death, represents one of the most promising anticancer therapeutic modalities, as necroptosis serves as an alternative way to eliminate apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. Here, we investigated whether protein-bound polysaccharides (PBPs) derived from the fungus(CV) induce the necroptotic death pathway in breast cancer and melanoma cells.
METHODS: MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells were exposed to PBPs either alone or in combination with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), GSK'872 or necrosulfonamide (NSA), pharmacological inhibitors of the kinases receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIPK1), receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), respectively, which are involved in necroptotic processes. The effects of cellular treatment with these inhibitors were quantified by measuring cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assays, respectively. The morphological changes induced in these cells were detected using holotomographic (HT) microscopy. Activation of the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway in the PBP-stimulated cells was evaluated using TNF-α-neutralizing antibody, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence-based assays.
RESULTS: PBPs showed effective antitumor activity against MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells. Cotreatment of the cells with Nec-1, GSK'872 or NSA abrogated PBP-induced cell death, and the cells were protected against membrane rupture. Moreover, breast cancer cell death caused by PBPs was mediated by induced activation of the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway. Interestingly, the melanoma cells did not express TNF-α or TNFR1 after PBP stimulation; instead, PBPs triggered intracellular ROS generation, which was partially diminished by the inhibitors Nec-1, GSK'872 and NSA.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PBPs from the fungus CV induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in breast cancer and melanoma cells, providing novel insights into the molecular effects of PBPs on cancer cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Protein-bound polysaccharides from Coriolus Versicolor fungus disrupt the crosstalk between breast c

Protein-bound polysaccharides from Coriolus Versicolor fungus disrupt the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and macrophages.

BACKGROUND/AIMS : The tumour microenvironment is rich in multiple cells that influence cancer development .
Among them , macrophages are the most abundant immune cells , which secrete factors involved in carcinogenesis .
Since protein-bound polysaccharides ( PBP ) from thefungus are believed to inhibit the growth of cancers , in the present study , we investigated whether these PBP influence crosstalk between triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages .
METHODS : 4T1 cells were cultured in conditioned media ( CM ) collected after : stimulation of the macrophages with PBP ( CM-PBP ) or incubation of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ co-cultured model of both cell lines was also employed to investigate the crosstalk between the cells .
Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay .
The levels of cytokines and chemokines were determined by ELISA methods .
Commercial assay kits were used to assess the activity of both arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) and the level of cell migration .
RESULTS : The results revealed that CM-NT promotes proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells , and increases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors ( VEGF , MCP-1 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CM-PBP inhibits 4T1 cell growth and migration , decreases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors ( VEGF , MCP-1 ) and upregulates the production of pro-inflammatory mediators ( IL-6 , TNF-α ) with certain anti-tumoral properties Moreover , PBP-treated CM significantly decreases the level of M2 macrophage markers ( arginase 1 activity , IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations ) , but upregulates iNOS activity and IL-6 and TNF-α production , which are M1 cell markers .
CONCLUSION : The results suggest that PBP suppress the favourable tumour microenvironment by inhibiting the crosstalk between 4T1 cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of angiogenic and inflammatory mediators , and modulating the M1/M2 macrophage subtype .

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The tumour microenvironment is rich in multiple cells that influence cancer development. Among them, macrophages are the most abundant immune cells, which secrete factors involved in carcinogenesis. Since protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP) from thefungus are believed to inhibit the growth of cancers, in the present study, we investigated whether these PBP influence crosstalk between triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages.
METHODS: 4T1 cells were cultured in conditioned media (CM) collected after: stimulation of the macrophages with PBP (CM-PBP) or incubation of non-treated macrophages (CM-NT). A co-cultured model of both cell lines was also employed to investigate the crosstalk between the cells. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The levels of cytokines and chemokines were determined by ELISA methods. Commercial assay kits were used to assess the activity of both arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the level of cell migration.
RESULTS: The results revealed that CM-NT promotes proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells, and increases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, MCP-1) by cancer cells. In contrast, CM-PBP inhibits 4T1 cell growth and migration, decreases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, MCP-1) and upregulates the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) with certain anti-tumoral properties Moreover, PBP-treated CM significantly decreases the level of M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1 activity, IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations), but upregulates iNOS activity and IL-6 and TNF-α production, which are M1 cell markers.
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that PBP suppress the favourable tumour microenvironment by inhibiting the crosstalk between 4T1 cells and macrophages through the regulation of production of angiogenic and inflammatory mediators, and modulating the M1/M2 macrophage subtype.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Glucose-lowering activity of dark tea protein extract by modulating spleen-brain axis of diabetic mi

Glucose-lowering activity of dark tea protein extract by modulating spleen-brain axis of diabetic mice.

The present study was to explore the glucose-lowering effects of the previously characterized dark tea ( Camellia sinensis L ) protein extract ( DTPE ) from Heimaojian on spleen-brain axis of diabetic mice .
DTPE was orally administrated ( 50-100 mg/kg ) to alloxan-induced mice for 21 days , biochemical assay and transcriptome profiling ( RNA-Seq ) were performed .
The results showed that DTPE can improve glucose tolerance .
Compared with model group , at day 21 , the fasting blood glucose values were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) decreased by 44.9 % ( 13.8 vs 7.6 mmol/L @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 6.7 mmol/L ) for high dose of DTPE ( 100 mg/kg ) and drug metformin ( 125 mg/kg ) groups , respectively .
Subsequently , transcriptome profiling ( RNA-Seq ) was performed on the spleen and brain of diabetic mice .
Totally , 52 spleen-derived and 47 brain-derived differentially expressed genes related to the synthesis , transport and metabolism of glucose were identified .
The regulatory network analysis indicated that DTPE may exert glucose-lowering effects through a 37-gene sub-network related to metabolism , Parkinson 's disease , oxidative phosphorylation and immunity .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the present data revealed that dark tea-derived DTPE could exert a potential anti-hyperglycemic effect by modulating spleen-brain axis .

The present study was to explore the glucose-lowering effects of the previously characterized dark tea (Camellia sinensis L) protein extract (DTPE) from Heimaojian on spleen-brain axis of diabetic mice. DTPE was orally administrated (50-100 mg/kg) to alloxan-induced mice for 21 days, biochemical assay and transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq) were performed. The results showed that DTPE can improve glucose tolerance. Compared with model group, at day 21, the fasting blood glucose values were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 44.9% (13.8 vs 7.6 mmol/L) and 51.4% (13.8 vs 6.7 mmol/L) for high dose of DTPE (100 mg/kg) and drug metformin (125 mg/kg) groups, respectively. Subsequently, transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq) was performed on the spleen and brain of diabetic mice. Totally, 52 spleen-derived and 47 brain-derived differentially expressed genes related to the synthesis, transport and metabolism of glucose were identified. The regulatory network analysis indicated that DTPE may exert glucose-lowering effects through a 37-gene sub-network related to metabolism, Parkinson's disease, oxidative phosphorylation and immunity. In summary, for the first time, the present data revealed that dark tea-derived DTPE could exert a potential anti-hyperglycemic effect by modulating spleen-brain axis.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Lipid-lowering effects of concurrent training and green tea consumption in overweight women.

Background : Exercise conducted simultaneously with the consumption of herbal supplements is one of the suggested methods for controlling obesity and its complications .
The present study sought to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of concurrent training and green tea ( GT ) consumption in overweight women .
Methods : In this quasi-experimental study , 40 overweight women were selected and stratified into four groups according to body mass index , including the control ( C ) , GT , concurrent training+placebo ( TP ) , and concurrent training+GT ( three tablets containing 500 mg of GT per week ; T+GT @ @ @ @ @ @ @ T+GT groups performed exercise three sessions per week for eight weeks .
Fasting blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after the last training session .
Results : Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the T+GT ( =0.03 ) and TP ( =0.001 ) groups were significantly decreased relative to in the GT group and were significantly decreased in the T+GT group relative to in the TP group ( =0.001 ) .
Meanwhile , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the T+GT group were significantly increased as compared with in the GT ( =0.01 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and C ( =0.04 ) groups .
Finally , total cholesterol levels in the T+GT group were decreased significantly as compared with in the TP , GT , and C groups ( =0.001 ) and triglyceride levels in the T+GT , TP , and GT groups were significantly increased as compared with in the C group ( =0.001 ) .
Conclusion : Exercise performed simultaneously with GT consumption in comparison with either alone has a greater effect on improving the lipid profile in overweight women .

Background: Exercise conducted simultaneously with the consumption of herbal supplements is one of the suggested methods for controlling obesity and its complications. The present study sought to investigate the lipid-lowering effects of concurrent training and green tea (GT) consumption in overweight women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 overweight women were selected and stratified into four groups according to body mass index, including the control (C), GT, concurrent training+placebo (TP), and concurrent training+GT (three tablets containing 500 mg of GT per week; T+GT) groups. Both the TP and T+GT groups performed exercise three sessions per week for eight weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 48 hours after the last training session.
Results: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the T+GT (=0.03) and TP (=0.001) groups were significantly decreased relative to in the GT group and were significantly decreased in the T+GT group relative to in the TP group (=0.001). Meanwhile, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the T+GT group were significantly increased as compared with in the GT (=0.01), TP (=0.03), and C (=0.04) groups. Finally, total cholesterol levels in the T+GT group were decreased significantly as compared with in the TP, GT, and C groups (=0.001) and triglyceride levels in the T+GT, TP, and GT groups were significantly increased as compared with in the C group (=0.001).
Conclusion: Exercise performed simultaneously with GT consumption in comparison with either alone has a greater effect on improving the lipid profile in overweight women.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Polyphenol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves alleviates colonic inflammation.

Lam .
is an essential herb used for the treatment of inflammation , diabetes , high blood pressure , and other diseases .
In this study , phenolic extracts ofleaves were obtained and analyzed .
The results showed that the main identifiable phenols were astragalin , chlorogenic acid , isoquercitrin , kaempferitrin , luteolin , quercetin , and rutin .
The effects ofpolyphenol extract ( MOPE ) on experimental colitis induced by 3 % dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) were investigated .
The results showed that oral administration of MOPE significantly alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis .
MOPE @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activity index , colon shortening , and mucosal damage .
In addition , MOPE attenuated the infiltration of CD3T cells , CD177neutrophils , and F4/80macrophages and significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and TNF- .
After the MOPE administration , the expression of proteins associated with the NF-B signaling pathway changed .
Specifically , compared with that of the DSS group , the protein expression of NF-Band p-IBwas downregulated , and the expression of IBwas upregulated .
This study revealed the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of MOPE in the colon , indicating its @ @ @ @ @ @ @

Lam. is an essential herb used for the treatment of inflammation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases. In this study, phenolic extracts ofleaves were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that the main identifiable phenols were astragalin, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, kaempferitrin, luteolin, quercetin, and rutin. The effects ofpolyphenol extract (MOPE) on experimental colitis induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were investigated. The results showed that oral administration of MOPE significantly alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis. MOPE significantly reduced weight loss, the disease activity index, colon shortening, and mucosal damage. In addition, MOPE attenuated the infiltration of CD3T cells, CD177neutrophils, and F4/80macrophages and significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-. After the MOPE administration, the expression of proteins associated with the NF-B signaling pathway changed. Specifically, compared with that of the DSS group, the protein expression of NF-Band p-IBwas downregulated, and the expression of IBwas upregulated. This study revealed the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of MOPE in the colon, indicating its potential use in preventing inflammation-driven diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Kombucha ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through activation of Treg and Th2 ce

Kombucha ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through activation of Treg and Th2 cells.

Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is the most common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system ( CNS ) .
Kombucha is produced by the fermentation of sugared tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts .
This research was designed to reveal the therapeutic impact and the molecular and cellular processes determining the effect of kombucha on MS alleviation in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ) .
The EAE was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ( MOG ) peptide emulsified in CFA and injected subcutaneously over two flank areas in C57BL/6 mice .
In addition , pertussis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ h later .
Treatment groups were received three different doses of kombucha ( K1 : low dose , K2 : medium dose and K3 : high dose ) to obtain a maximum protection .
Clinical scores and other criteria were followed daily for the 25 days .
At the end of the course , T-helper-related cytokines ( IFN-γ , IL-17 , IL-4 , and TGF-β ) were measured through ELISA .
Moreover , nitric oxide ( NO ) concentration in spinal cord tissue was detected .
The severity of disease on the peak @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and K3 groups were 3.4 ± 0.18 and 2.6 ± 0.18 and 2 ± 0.14 respectively , compared to the CTRL group with 4.5 ± 0.19 ( p

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Kombucha is produced by the fermentation of sugared tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. This research was designed to reveal the therapeutic impact and the molecular and cellular processes determining the effect of kombucha on MS alleviation in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The EAE was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide emulsified in CFA and injected subcutaneously over two flank areas in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, pertussis toxin was injected intraperitoneally and repeated 48 h later. Treatment groups were received three different doses of kombucha (K1: low dose, K2: medium dose and K3: high dose) to obtain a maximum protection. Clinical scores and other criteria were followed daily for the 25 days. At the end of the course, T-helper-related cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17,IL-4, and TGF-β) were measured through ELISA. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) concentration in spinal cord tissue was detected. The severity of disease on the peak of disease in K1, K2, and K3 groups were 3.4 ± 0.18 and 2.6 ± 0.18 and 2 ± 0.14 respectively, compared to the CTRL group with 4.5 ± 0.19 (p < 0.001). Kombucha increased production of interleukin IL-4 (K1 = 95 ± 5, K2 = 110 ± 10, K3 = 115 ± 5 and CTRL = 65 ± 5; p < 0.05) and TGF-β (K1 = 1750 ± 80, K2 = 2050 ± 65, K3 = 2200 ± 75 and CTRL = 850 ± 85; p < 0.001) but concurrently resulted in a remarkable reduction in the production of IFN-γ (K1 = 950 ± 70, K2 = 890 ± 65, K3 = 850 ± 85 and CTRL = 3850 ± 115; p < 0.001) and IL-17 (K1 = 1250 ± 75, K2 = 1050 ± 90, K3 = 970 ± 80 and CTRL = 6450 ± 125; p < 0.001). Moreover, NO concentration in spinal cord tissue in the treatment groups was significantly less than the control group (K1: 35.42 ± 2.1, K2 = 31.21 ± 2.2, K3 = 28.24 ± 2.6 and CTRL = 45.25 ± 2.7; p < 0.05). These results supported that kombucha could reduce the severity of disease in an EAE model through motivating polarization of CD4T cells by induction of IL-4 and TGF-β as well as inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-17.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-12--Modified Keto Diet May Reduce Alzheimer’s Risk


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Protective effect of isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables on breast cancer.

BACKGROUND : The effect of cruciferous vegetable intake on breast cancer survival is controversial at present .
Glucosinolates are the naturally occurring constituents found across the cruciferous vegetables .
Isothiocyanates are produced from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates and this reaction is catalysed by the plant-derived enzyme myrosinase .
The main isothiocyanates ( ITCs ) from cruciferous vegetables are sulforaphane , benzyl ITC , and phenethyl ITC , which had been intensively investigated over the last decade for their antibreast cancer effects .
OBJECTIVE : The aim of this article is to systematically review the evidence from all types of studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cruciferous vegetables and/or their isothiocyanate constituents on breast cancer .
METHODS : A systematic review was conducted in Pubmed , EMBASE , and the Cochrane Library from inception to 27 April 2020 .
Peerreviewed studies of all types ( in vitro studies , animal studies , and human studies ) were selected .
RESULTS : The systematic literature search identified 16 human studies , 4 animal studies , and 65 in vitro studies .
The effect of cruciferous vegetables and/or their ITCs intake on breast cancer survival was found to be controversial and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of these trials were observational studies conducted in specific regions , mainly in the US and China .
Substantial evidence from in vitro and animal studies was obtained , which strongly supported the protective effect of sulforaphane and other ITCs against breast cancer .
Evidence from in vitro studies showed sulforaphane and other ITCs reduced cancer cell viability and proliferation via multiple mechanisms and pathways .
Isothiocyanates inhibited cell cycle , angiogenesis and epithelial mesenchymal transition , as well as induced apoptosis and altered the expression of phase II carcinogen detoxifying enzymes .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the growth and metastasis of breast cancer .
Noticeably , benzyl ITC showed a significant inhibitory effect on breast cancer stem cells , a new dimension of chemoresistance in breast cancer treatment .
Sulforaphane and other ITCs displayed anti-breast cancer effects at variable range of concentrations and benzyl isothiocyanate appeared to have a relatively smallest inhibitory concentration IC50 .
The mechanisms underlying the cancer protective effect of sulforaphane and other ITCs have also been highlighted in this article .
CONCLUSION : Current preclinical evidence strongly supports the role of sulforaphane and other ITCs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , either as adjunct therapy or combined therapy with current anti-breast cancer drugs , with sulforaphane appeared to display the greatest potential .

BACKGROUND: The effect of cruciferous vegetable intake on breast cancer survival is controversial at present. Glucosinolates are the naturally occurring constituents found across the cruciferous vegetables. Isothiocyanates are produced from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates and this reaction is catalysed by the plant-derived enzyme myrosinase. The main isothiocyanates (ITCs) from cruciferous vegetables are sulforaphane, benzyl ITC, and phenethyl ITC, which had been intensively investigated over the last decade for their antibreast cancer effects.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to systematically review the evidence from all types of studies, which examined the protective effect of cruciferous vegetables and/or their isothiocyanate constituents on breast cancer.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in Pubmed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to 27 April 2020. Peerreviewed studies of all types (in vitro studies, animal studies, and human studies) were selected.
RESULTS: The systematic literature search identified 16 human studies, 4 animal studies, and 65 in vitro studies. The effect of cruciferous vegetables and/or their ITCs intake on breast cancer survival was found to be controversial and varied greatly across human studies. Most of these trials were observational studies conducted in specific regions, mainly in the US and China. Substantial evidence from in vitro and animal studies was obtained, which strongly supported the protective effect of sulforaphane and other ITCs against breast cancer. Evidence from in vitro studies showed sulforaphane and other ITCs reduced cancer cell viability and proliferation via multiple mechanisms and pathways. Isothiocyanates inhibited cell cycle, angiogenesis and epithelial mesenchymal transition, as well as induced apoptosis and altered the expression of phase II carcinogen detoxifying enzymes. These are the essential pathways which promote the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Noticeably, benzyl ITC showed a significant inhibitory effect on breast cancer stem cells, a new dimension of chemoresistance in breast cancer treatment. Sulforaphane and other ITCs displayed anti-breast cancer effects at variable range of concentrations and benzyl isothiocyanate appeared to have a relatively smallest inhibitory concentration IC50. The mechanisms underlying the cancer protective effect of sulforaphane and other ITCs have also been highlighted in this article.
CONCLUSION: Current preclinical evidence strongly supports the role of sulforaphane and other ITCs as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer, either as adjunct therapy or combined therapy with current anti-breast cancer drugs, with sulforaphane appeared to display the greatest potential.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--More Fruits and Veggies Could Prevent Millions of Cardiovascular Deaths


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Naringin in combination with isothiocyanates as liposomal formulations potentiates the anti-inflamma

Naringin in combination with isothiocyanates as liposomal formulations potentiates the anti-inflammatory activity.

Combination of drugs is extensively used to treat chronic inflammatory disease .
Naringin ( NAR ) , sulforaphane ( SFN ) , and phenethyl isothiocyanate ( PEITC ) are nutraceuticals with promising anti-inflammatory properties .
However , their clinical effectiveness gets hindered because of low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability .
In the current study , two combinations of liposome ( NAR + SFN and NAR + PEITC ) were prepared and studied thoroughly in differentmodels of acute and chronic models of inflammation .
The encapsulation efficiency of NAR , SFN , and PEITC in the combination liposomal formulations ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ -- glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine -020CN ( 15:4:1 M ratio ) was determined to be 79.8± 4.2 , 46.5 ± 3.6 , and 78.5 ± 3.2 % , respectively .
The CLFs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry , X-ray diffraction , dynamic light scattering , and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy .
The physicochemical results showed that the preparations were monodisperse ( PDI 0.062-0.248 ) in water with an average size from 140.5 to 165.6 nm and a zeta potential of -47.3 to -53.3 mV .
Dissolution studiesshowed a slower release of PEITC ( > 90 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to that of SFN ( 3 h ) .
Here , we are the first to report the antiarthritic activity of CLF of NAR + SFN and NAR + PEITC in the Freund 's complete adjuvant ( FCA ) -induced arthritic model .
At an intraperitoneal dose ( 375 + 375μg/mL ) for 3 weeks , the NAR + PEITC liposome significantly improves both % paw edema and arthritic score compared to their free drug combinations in FCA rats .
Most importantly , hematological and biochemical results showed improved anemic conditions with significant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and ALP levels .
The ELISA results showed similar trends of increased cytokine ( IL-10 ) and decreased inflammation markers ( TNF-α , IL-6 , IFN-γ ) .
Histological evaluations showing reduction in cell infiltration , pannus formation , and bone and cartilage destruction further confirm and validate the antiarthritic activity of the CLF .
This comprehensive study reveals the effectiveness of combination liposomes of poorly soluble anti-inflammatory molecules ( NAR , SFN , PEITC ) in the treatment of arthritis .

Combination of drugs is extensively used to treat chronic inflammatory disease. Naringin (NAR), sulforaphane (SFN), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) are nutraceuticals with promising anti-inflammatory properties. However, their clinical effectiveness gets hindered because of low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. In the current study, two combinations of liposome (NAR + SFN and NAR + PEITC) were prepared and studied thoroughly in differentmodels of acute and chronic models of inflammation. The encapsulation efficiency of NAR, SFN, and PEITC in the combination liposomal formulations (CLFs) prepared with 1,2-dipalmitoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol/1,2-distearoyl--glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine -020CN (15:4:1 M ratio) was determined to be 79.8± 4.2, 46.5 ± 3.6, and 78.5 ± 3.2%, respectively. The CLFs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The physicochemical results showed that the preparations were monodisperse (PDI 0.062-0.248) in water with an average size from 140.5 to 165.6 nm and a zeta potential of -47.3 to -53.3 mV. Dissolution studiesshowed a slower release of PEITC (>90%, 6 h) in comparison to that of SFN (3 h). Here, we are the first to report the antiarthritic activity of CLF of NAR + SFN and NAR + PEITC in the Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic model. At an intraperitoneal dose (375 + 375μg/mL) for 3 weeks, the NAR + PEITC liposome significantly improves both % paw edema and arthritic score compared to their free drug combinations in FCA rats. Most importantly, hematological and biochemical results showed improved anemic conditions with significant changes in the SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels. The ELISA results showed similar trends of increased cytokine (IL-10) and decreased inflammation markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ). Histological evaluations showing reduction in cell infiltration, pannus formation, and bone and cartilage destruction further confirm and validate the antiarthritic activity of the CLF. This comprehensive study reveals the effectiveness of combination liposomes of poorly soluble anti-inflammatory molecules (NAR, SFN, PEITC) in the treatment of arthritis.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Neuroprotective potential of isothiocyanates in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation.

Isothiocyanates ( ITCs ) , present as glucosinolate precursors in cruciferous vegetables , have shown anti-inflammatory , antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities .
Here , we compared the effects of three different ITCs on ROS production and on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) -2 and -9 , which represent important pathogenetic factors of various neurological diseases .
Primary cultures of rat astrocytes were activated by LPS and simultaneously treated with different doses of Allyl isothiocyanate ( AITC ) , 2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate ( PEITC ) and 2-Sulforaphane ( SFN ) .
Results showed that SFN and PEITC were able @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The zymographic analysis of cell culture supernatants evidenced that PEITC and SFN were the most effective inhibitors of MMP-9 , whereas , only SFN significantly inhibited MMP-2 activity .
PCR analysis showed that all the ITCs used significantly inhibited both MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression .
The investigation on the mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling pathway demonstrated that ITCs modulate MMP transcription by inhibition of extracellular-regulated protein kinase ( ERK ) activity .
Results of this study suggest that ITCs could be promising nutraceutical agents for the prevention and complementary treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Isothiocyanates (ITCs), present as glucosinolate precursors in cruciferous vegetables, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. Here, we compared the effects of three different ITCs on ROS production and on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, which represent important pathogenetic factors of various neurological diseases. Primary cultures of rat astrocytes were activated by LPS and simultaneously treated with different doses of Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), 2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and 2-Sulforaphane (SFN). Results showed that SFN and PEITC were able to counteract ROS production induced by HO. The zymographic analysis of cell culture supernatants evidenced that PEITC and SFN were the most effective inhibitors of MMP-9, whereas, only SFN significantly inhibited MMP-2 activity. PCR analysis showed that all the ITCs used significantly inhibited both MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. The investigation on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway demonstrated that ITCs modulate MMP transcription by inhibition of extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activity. Results of this study suggest that ITCs could be promising nutraceutical agents for the prevention and complementary treatment of neurological diseases associated with MMP involvement.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Phenethyl isothiocyanate protects against high fat/cholesterol diet-induced obesity and atherosclero

Phenethyl isothiocyanate protects against high fat/cholesterol diet-induced obesity and atherosclerosis.

This study concerns obesity-related atherosclerosis , hyperlipidemia , and chronic inflammation .
We studied the anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerosis effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate ( PEITC ) and explored their underlying mechanisms .
We established an animal model of high fat/cholesterol-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice fed for 13 weeks .
We divided the mice into five groups : control ( CON ) , high fat/cholesterol ( HFCD ) , HFCD with 3 mg/kg/day gallic acid ( HFCD + G ) , and HFCD with PEITC ( 30 and 75 mg/kg/day ; HFCD + P30 and P75 ) .
The body weight , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lower in the HFCD + P75 group than in the HFCD group .
Hepatic lipid accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta were significantly lower in both HFCD + PEITC groups than in the HFCD group , as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin ( H & E ) staining .
To elucidate the mechanism , we identified the expression of genes related to inflammation , reverse cholesterol transport , and lipid accumulation pathway in the liver .
The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ( PPARγ ) , liver-X-receptor α @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cassette subfamily A member 1 ( ABCA1 ) were increased , while those of scavenger receptor A ( SR-A1 ) , cluster of differentiation 36 ( CD36 ) , and nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) were decreased in the HFCD + P75 group compared with those in the HFCD group .
Moreover , PEITC modulated H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation , H3K4 dimethylation , and H3K27 di-/trimethylation in the HFCD + P75 group .
We , therefore , suggest that supplementation with PEITC may be a potential candidate for the treatment and prevention @ @ @ @ @

This study concerns obesity-related atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and chronic inflammation. We studied the anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerosis effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and explored their underlying mechanisms. We established an animal model of high fat/cholesterol-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice fed for 13 weeks. We divided the mice into five groups: control (CON), high fat/cholesterol (HFCD), HFCD with 3 mg/kg/day gallic acid (HFCD + G), and HFCD with PEITC (30 and 75 mg/kg/day; HFCD + P30 and P75). The body weight, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly lower in the HFCD + P75 group than in the HFCD group. Hepatic lipid accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta were significantly lower in both HFCD + PEITC groups than in the HFCD group, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. To elucidate the mechanism, we identified the expression of genes related to inflammation, reverse cholesterol transport, and lipid accumulation pathway in the liver. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), liver-X-receptor α (LXR-α), and ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) were increased, while those of scavenger receptor A (SR-A1), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were decreased in the HFCD + P75 group compared with those in the HFCD group. Moreover, PEITC modulated H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation, H3K4 dimethylation, and H3K27 di-/trimethylation in the HFCD + P75 group. We, therefore, suggest that supplementation with PEITC may be a potential candidate for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Gallic acid reverses neurochemical changes induced by prolonged ethanol exposure in the zebrafish br

Gallic acid reverses neurochemical changes induced by prolonged ethanol exposure in the zebrafish brain.

Gallic acid ( GA ) is a polyphenolic compound that has attracted significant interest due to its antioxidant action through free radical elimination and metal chelation .
Ethanol is a highly soluble psychoactive substance , and its toxicity is associated with oxidative stress .
In this context , the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of GA on neurochemical changes in zebrafish brains exposed to ethanol .
GA was first analyzed in isolation by treating the animals at concentrations of 5 , 10 , and 20 mg/L for 24 h and 48 h. The results revealed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ over a 24/48 h period exhibited increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( TBA-RS ) levels and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein ( DCFH ) oxidation , demonstrating a pro-oxidant profile .
Moreover , decrease in acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was observed .
To investigate the effects of GA after ethanol exposure , the animals were divided into four groups : control ; those exposed to 0.5 % ethanol for 7 days ; those exposed to 0.5 % ethanol for 7 days and treated with GA at 5 and 10 mg/L on day 8 .
Treatment with GA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of choline acetyltransferase activity and the damage to TBA-RS levels , DCFH oxidation , and superoxide dismutase activity induced by ethanol .
Results of the present study suggest that GA treatment ( 20 mg/L ) appeared to disrupt oxidative parameters in the zebrafish brain .
GA treatment at 5 and 10 mg/L reversed alterations to the cholinergic system induced by prolonged exposure to ethanol in the zebrafish brain , probably through an antioxidant mechanism .

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenolic compound that has attracted significant interest due to its antioxidant action through free radical elimination and metal chelation. Ethanol is a highly soluble psychoactive substance, and its toxicity is associated with oxidative stress. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of GA on neurochemical changes in zebrafish brains exposed to ethanol. GA was first analyzed in isolation by treating the animals at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/L for 24 h and 48 h. The results revealed that the group exposed to 20 mg/L over a 24/48 h period exhibited increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBA-RS) levels and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation, demonstrating a pro-oxidant profile. Moreover, decrease in acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was observed. To investigate the effects of GA after ethanol exposure, the animals were divided into four groups: control; those exposed to 0.5% ethanol for 7 days; those exposed to 0.5% ethanol for 7 days and treated with GA at 5 and 10 mg/L on day 8. Treatment with GA at 5 and 10 mg/L reversed impairment of choline acetyltransferase activity and the damage to TBA-RS levels, DCFH oxidation, and superoxide dismutase activity induced by ethanol. Results of the present study suggest that GA treatment (20 mg/L) appeared to disrupt oxidative parameters in the zebrafish brain. GA treatment at 5 and 10 mg/L reversed alterations to the cholinergic system induced by prolonged exposure to ethanol in the zebrafish brain, probably through an antioxidant mechanism.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Neuroprotective effect of Allium hookeri against H2O2-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity by reducing oxi

Neuroprotective effect of Allium hookeri against H2O2-induced PC12 cell cytotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress.

In this study , the anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects of ethanolic extracts of the dried roots ofwere investigated .
Total @ @ @ @ @ contents ofextract depended on the ethanol concentrations used ( 50 , 70 and 95 % @ @ @ @ @ evaluate radical scavenging activity , DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing powers @ @ @ @ @ showed the 95 % ethanol extract of ( 95AH ) had higher phenolic and flavonoid @ @ @ @ @ scavenging activities than 50 or 70 % ethanol extracts of .
The neuro-protective effects of @ @ @ @ @ PC12 neuronal cells .
Treatment of 95AH increased cell viability and superoxide dismutase and glutathione @ @ @ @ @ dehydrogenate release , reduced reactive oxygen species production , and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio .
HPLC @ @ @ @ @ phenolics , especially catechin .
These results demonstrate 95AH has substantial anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects @ @ @ @ @

In this study, the anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects of ethanolic extracts of the dried roots ofwere investigated. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents ofextract depended on the ethanol concentrations used (50, 70 and 95%). In order to evaluate radical scavenging activity, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing powers were evaluated. The results showed the 95% ethanol extract of(95AH) had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and greater radical scavenging activities than 50 or 70% ethanol extracts of. The neuro-protective effects of 95AH were evaluated using HO-treated PC12 neuronal cells. Treatment of 95AH increased cell viability and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, reduced lactate dehydrogenate release, reduced reactive oxygen species production, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. HPLC revealed 95AH was rich in phenolics, especially catechin. These results demonstrate 95AH has substantial anti-oxidative and neuro-protective effects against HO-induced oxidative stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Hepatoprotective effects of standardized extracts from an ancient Italian apple variety against carb

Hepatoprotective effects of standardized extracts from an ancient Italian apple variety against carbon tetrachloride.

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the peel ( APE ) and pulp ( APP ) of a traditional apple cultivar from central Italy ( Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini ) on CCl-induced hepatotoxicity in rats .
Phytoconstituents were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ( LC-MS ) analysis showing an abundance of proanthocyanidins and flavonol derivatives together with the presence of annurcoic acid in APE .
Wistar rats received APE/APP ( 30 mg/kg oral administration ) for three days before CClinjection ( 2 mL/kg intraperitoneal once on the third day ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prior to CClinjection significantly decreased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) , alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) compared to the CClgroup .
Besides , pretreatment with APE reversed the CCleffects on superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) and interleukin-1beta ( IL-1β ) levels in liver tissue in rats and reduced tissue damage as shown in hematoxylin and eosin staining .
These results showed that this ancient Italian apple is worthy of use in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protect against liver disorders .

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the peel (APE) and pulp (APP) of a traditional apple cultivar from central Italy (Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini) on CCl-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytoconstituents were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showing an abundance of proanthocyanidins and flavonol derivatives together with the presence of annurcoic acid in APE. Wistar rats received APE/APP (30 mg/kg oral administration) for three days before CClinjection (2 mL/kg intraperitoneal once on the third day). Treatment with both APE and APP prior to CClinjection significantly decreased the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the CClgroup. Besides, pretreatment with APE reversed the CCleffects on superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in liver tissue in rats and reduced tissue damage as shown in hematoxylin and eosin staining. These results showed that this ancient Italian apple is worthy of use in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements to prevent and/or protect against liver disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Combination of apple peel and blueberry extracts synergistically induced lifespan extension via DAF-

Combination of apple peel and blueberry extracts synergistically induced lifespan extension via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of age-related functional decline and chronic diseases , which is primarily attributed to their phytochemicals .
Apples and blueberries are rich in phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits .
The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of apple peel extracts ( APE ) and blueberry extracts ( BE ) had synergistic effects in promoting lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) , and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action .
The results showed that the lifespan of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was increased by 31.4 % , which is significantly more than with APE or BE alone , and extended the health span of animals , including improving motility and enhancing resistance to heat stress and UV-B radiation in C. elegans .
Meanwhile , treatment with APE plus BE could regulate the expression of anti-aging related genes , and promote the migration of DAF-16 into the nucleus .
In addition , administration with APE plus BE eradicated the extension of the lifespan of mutants , and inhibited the expression of the daf-16 downstream gene @ @ @ @ @ @ @ APE and BE could synergistically promote the lifespan via the insulin signaling pathway and DAF-16 in C. elegans .

Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of age-related functional decline and chronic diseases, which is primarily attributed to their phytochemicals. Apples and blueberries are rich in phytochemicals with a wide range of biological activities and health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combination of apple peel extracts (APE) and blueberry extracts (BE) had synergistic effects in promoting lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The results showed that the lifespan of C. elegans treated with APE plus BE was increased by 31.4%, which is significantly more than with APE or BE alone, and extended the health span of animals, including improving motility and enhancing resistance to heat stress and UV-B radiation in C. elegans. Meanwhile, treatment with APE plus BE could regulate the expression of anti-aging related genes, and promote the migration of DAF-16 into the nucleus. In addition, administration with APE plus BE eradicated the extension of the lifespan of mutants, and inhibited the expression of the daf-16 downstream gene. In conclusion, the combination of APE and BE could synergistically promote the lifespan via the insulin signaling pathway and DAF-16 in C. elegans.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Antihyperlipidemic effects of apple peel extract in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Hyperlipidemia is generally managed with statin-based drugs .
Simvastatin serves as a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase ( HMGR ) inhibitor , with prolonged use proven to cause side effects .
In the present study , antihyperlipidemic material is tested for its effect in lowering lipid in animals and its proven ability to bind to HMGR .
Hyperlipidemia rats were divided into four groups , with different doses of 0 , 57 , and 114 mg/kg BW of apple peel extract ( APE ) and simvastatin ( 3.6 mg/kg BW ) .
The total cholesterol ( TC ) , total triglyceride @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( LDLc ) , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDLc ) serum were measured .
In silico inhibition test of HMGR activity was conducted by molecular docking using PyRx software .
This process places HMGR as a receptor and active compound of apple peels as a ligand .
APE treatment with a dose of 114 mg/kg BW could significantly reduce LDLc and increase serum HDLc levels .
Docking tests confirmed that quercetin , chlorogenic acid , epicatechin , and catechins depicted HMGR inhibition .
Quercetin could bind to HMGR at a similar location @ @ @ @ @ @ @ These material extracts have inhibited cholesterol synthesis through a stronger HMGR inhibition than simvastatin .

Hyperlipidemia is generally managed with statin-based drugs. Simvastatin serves as a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitor, with prolonged use proven to cause side effects. In the present study, antihyperlipidemic material is tested for its effect in lowering lipid in animals and its proven ability to bind to HMGR. Hyperlipidemia rats were divided into four groups, with different doses of 0, 57, and 114 mg/kg BW of apple peel extract (APE) and simvastatin (3.6 mg/kg BW). The total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) serum were measured. In silico inhibition test of HMGR activity was conducted by molecular docking using PyRx software. This process places HMGR as a receptor and active compound of apple peels as a ligand. APE treatment with a dose of 114 mg/kg BW could significantly reduce LDLc and increase serum HDLc levels. Docking tests confirmed that quercetin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and catechins depicted HMGR inhibition. Quercetin could bind to HMGR at a similar location to amino acid residues as simvastatin. These material extracts have inhibited cholesterol synthesis through a stronger HMGR inhibition than simvastatin.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Safely effective hypoglycemic action of stevia and turmeric extracts on diabetic Albino rats.

The potentiality of Stevia leaves and turmeric roots as remedies against diabetes mellitus type 2 was tested in this study .
Stevia leaves and turmeric roots were extracted with ethanol : water ( 80:20 v/v ) and analyzed by HPLC .
Turmeric extract ( TUE ) was rich in ; curcumin , gallic acid , and eugenol .
Stevia extract ( STE ) contained 28 known compounds , including glycosides , aromatic organic acids , and catechin .
Fifty rats were divided into five groups ( 10 rats each ) ; the control group were fed with feed and water @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a single dose of alloxan , then treated with either 10 mg/kg glibenclamide ( GLI ) , 300 mg/kg STE , or 200 mg/kg TUE or water ( positive control ) through daily gastric oral gavages for 56 days .
Treating diabetic rats with TUE significantly reduced serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin down to the negative control levels .
Both GLI and STE produced similar but less effective actions .
Animals treated with either STE or TUE exhibited reduced levels of liver and kidney markers compared to the negative control , while GLI @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concluded that turmeric roots and stevia leaves extracts can be used treatment for type 2 diabetes .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Turmeric roots and stevia leaves extracts may be used as a remedy for type 2 diabetic patients as aiding substituting treatments under medical supervision .
The two plant sources can be used as raw materials for the extracts , which can be used under medical supervision as a gradual replacement of the synthetic antidiabetic drugs .
These extracts can be used after a preliminary clinical study to determine the dose and frequency of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in drinks as a sweetener and drug .
Turmeric extract has a bitter taste , so it may beincorporated in some foods such as bread , which is a traditional practice in some kinds of bread in Egypt .
But its content in the bread and the acceptability of the taste should be adjusted .
Alternatively , this food can incorporate both TUE and STE to get the best biological action and to conceal the bitter taste of turmeric .

The potentiality of Stevia leaves and turmeric roots as remedies against diabetes mellitus type 2 was tested in this study. Stevia leaves and turmeric roots were extracted with ethanol:water (80:20 v/v) and analyzed by HPLC. Turmeric extract (TUE) was rich in; curcumin, gallic acid, and eugenol. Stevia extract (STE) contained 28 known compounds, including glycosides, aromatic organic acids, and catechin. Fifty rats were divided into five groups (10 rats each); the control group were fed with feed and water ad libitum. Forty rats were injected a single dose of alloxan, then treated with either 10 mg/kg glibenclamide (GLI), 300 mg/kg STE, or 200 mg/kg TUE or water (positive control) through daily gastric oral gavages for 56 days. Treating diabetic rats with TUE significantly reduced serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin down to the negative control levels. Both GLI and STE produced similar but less effective actions. Animals treated with either STE or TUE exhibited reduced levels of liver and kidney markers compared to the negative control, while GLI increased them significantly. It could be concluded that turmeric roots and stevia leaves extracts can be used treatment for type 2 diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Turmeric roots and stevia leaves extracts may be used as a remedy for type 2 diabetic patients as aiding substituting treatments under medical supervision. The two plant sources can be used as raw materials for the extracts, which can be used under medical supervision as a gradual replacement of the synthetic antidiabetic drugs. These extracts can be used after a preliminary clinical study to determine the dose and frequency of administration. Stevia extract can be incorporated in drinks as a sweetener and drug. Turmeric extract has a bitter taste, so it may beincorporated in some foods such as bread, which is a traditional practice in some kinds of bread in Egypt. But its content in the bread and the acceptability of the taste should be adjusted. Alternatively, this food can incorporate both TUE and STE to get the best biological action and to conceal the bitter taste of turmeric.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--EGCG may be used for inhibiting the formation of AGEs in milk.

Epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) -enriched green tea extract ( GTE ) was added to lactose-reduced UHT-treated milk to evaluate its role in perturbing the Maillard reaction and the formation of advanced glycation endproducts ( AGEs ) during 1-year storage .
The UHT processing caused epimerization of EGCG into gallocatechin gallate ( GCG ) .
For milk samples with added 0.1 % w/v GTE , a EGCG/GCG loss of 26 % was found soon after the UHT treatment and the loss increased to 64 % after the 1-year of storage .
LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of various EGCG/GCG-α-dicarbonyl adducts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ while EGCG/GCG-amino acid adducts were not detected .
Although EGCG/GCG trapped α-dicarbonyl compounds including glyoxal , methylglyoxal , 3-deoxyglucosone/3-deoxygalactosone , and diacetyl , it did not lower their net steady-state concentrations , except of 3-deoxyglucosone .
The addition of GTE reduced the formation of Arg-derived AGEs by 2- to 3-fold , but surprisingly enhanced the accumulation of furosine and lysine-derived AGEs [ ε- ( carboxymethyl ) lysine andε- ( carboxyethyl ) lysine ) ] by 2-4-fold depending on the concentration of the added GTE and storage time .
The present study shows that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not be the major pathway for inhibiting the formation of AGEs in milk .

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-enriched green tea extract (GTE) was added to lactose-reduced UHT-treated milk to evaluate its role in perturbing the Maillard reaction and the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) during 1-year storage. The UHT processing caused epimerization of EGCG into gallocatechin gallate (GCG). For milk samples with added 0.1% w/v GTE, a EGCG/GCG loss of 26% was found soon after the UHT treatment and the loss increased to 64% after the 1-year of storage. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of various EGCG/GCG-α-dicarbonyl adducts and EGCG/GCG-hydroxymethylfurfural adducts in milk samples, while EGCG/GCG-amino acid adducts were not detected. Although EGCG/GCG trapped α-dicarbonyl compounds including glyoxal, methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone/3-deoxygalactosone, and diacetyl, it did not lower their net steady-state concentrations, except of 3-deoxyglucosone. The addition of GTE reduced the formation of Arg-derived AGEs by 2- to 3-fold, but surprisingly enhanced the accumulation of furosine and lysine-derived AGEs [ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine andε-(carboxyethyl)lysine)] by 2-4-fold depending on the concentration of the added GTE and storage time. The present study shows that trapping of α-dicarbonyl compounds by EGCG may not be the major pathway for inhibiting the formation of AGEs in milk.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Avocado creole peel ameliorates metabolic alterations caused by a high sucrose fat diet in a Wistar

Avocado creole peel ameliorates metabolic alterations caused by a high sucrose fat diet in a Wistar rats model.

High-sucrose high-fat diets are one of the causes of malnutrition , and may induce metabolic alterations such as dyslipidemia , insulin resistance , and adipogenesis .
The objective of this work was to investigate the possible protective effect of traditionally edible avocado creole peel ( Persea americana Mill var .
drymifolia ) when consuming a high-sucrose and fat diet ( HSFD ) .
The experimental animal model included 21 male Wistar rats divided in three groups : the control group received a standard diet of purina® , the HSFD group received a high fat diet plus 30 % sucrose in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ + AP group received the HSFD diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg of avocado peel for 14 weeks .
It was observed that alterations included higher cholesterol , glucose , insulin , fatty acids and TNF-αlevels as well as lower HDL , and adiponectin .
The addition of avocado peel reverted some of these effects , resulting in normal values of triglicerides , insulin and adiponectin , while attenuated the levels of total cholesterol .
Liver weight of the group added with avocado peel was similar to the control group .
The neuronal density @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gyrus DC were lower in the high glucose fat group , while the ingestion of the avocado peel showed a neuroprotective effect .
The avocado creole ingestion reverted or attenuated most of the metabolic effects caused by a high-sucrose fat diet which was attributed to the compounds detected by HPLC-MS and GC-MS that included bioactive polyphenols such as flavanol quercetin , flavanone naringenin , flavan 3-ol catechin , cyanidin 3-glucoside , pelargonidin 3-glucoside , pelargonidin 3-rhamnoside , hydroxydelphinidin , eugenol and estragole .

High-sucrose high-fat diets are one of the causes of malnutrition, and may induce metabolic alterations such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipogenesis. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible protective effect of traditionally edible avocado creole peel (Persea americana Mill var. drymifolia) when consuming a high-sucrose and fat diet (HSFD). The experimental animal model included 21 male Wistar rats divided in three groups: the control group received a standard diet of purina®, the HSFD group received a high fat diet plus 30% sucrose in drinking water, and finally the HSFD + AP group received the HSFD diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg of avocado peel for 14 weeks. It was observed that alterations included higher cholesterol, glucose, insulin, fatty acids and TNF-αlevels as well as lower HDL, and adiponectin. The addition of avocado peel reverted some of these effects, resulting in normal values of triglicerides, insulin and adiponectin, while attenuated the levels of total cholesterol. Liver weight of the group added with avocado peel was similar to the control group. The neuronal density in the hippocampal areas CA1 and dentate gyrus DC were lower in the high glucose fat group, while the ingestion of the avocado peel showed a neuroprotective effect. The avocado creole ingestion reverted or attenuated most of the metabolic effects caused by a high-sucrose fat diet which was attributed to the compounds detected by HPLC-MS and GC-MS that included bioactive polyphenols such as flavanol quercetin, flavanone naringenin, flavan 3-ol catechin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rhamnoside, hydroxydelphinidin, eugenol and estragole.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-11--Catechin-rich green tea extract and the loss-of-TLR4 signalling differentially alter the hepatic met

Catechin-rich green tea extract and the loss-of-TLR4 signalling differentially alter the hepatic metabolome.

SCOPE : Catechin-rich green tea extract ( GTE ) limits inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) consistent with a Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) -dependent mechanism .
It is hypothesized that GTE supplementation during NASH will shift the hepatic metabolome similar to that attributed to the loss-of-TLR4 signaling .
METHODS AND RESULTS : Wild-type ( WT ) and loss-of-function TLR4-mutant ( TLR4 ) mice are fed a high-fat diet containing 0 % or 2 % GTE for 8 weeks prior to performing untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on liver tissue .
The loss-of-TLR4 signaling and GTE shift the hepatic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
However , relatively few metabolites are altered by GTE in WT mice to the same extent as the loss-of-TLR4 signaling in TLR4mice .
GTE increases acetyl-coenzyme A precursors and spermidine to a greater extent than the loss-of-TLR4 signaling .
Select metabolites associated with thiol metabolism are similarly affected by GTE and the loss-of-TLR4 signaling .
Glycerophospholipid catabolites are decreased by GTE , but are unaffected in TLR4mice .
Conversely , the loss-of-TLR4 signaling but not GTE increases several bile acid metabolites .
CONCLUSION : GTE limitedly alters the hepatic metabolome consistent with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the anti-inflammatory activities of GTE and loss-of-TLR4 signaling that regulate hepatic metabolism to abrogate NASH are likely due to distinct mechanisms .

SCOPE: Catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) limits inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) consistent with a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent mechanism. It is hypothesized that GTE supplementation during NASH will shift the hepatic metabolome similar to that attributed to the loss-of-TLR4 signaling.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Wild-type (WT) and loss-of-function TLR4-mutant (TLR4) mice are fed a high-fat diet containing 0% or 2% GTE for 8 weeks prior to performing untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on liver tissue. The loss-of-TLR4 signaling and GTE shift the hepatic metabolome away from that of WT mice. However, relatively few metabolites are altered by GTE in WT mice to the same extent as the loss-of-TLR4 signaling in TLR4mice. GTE increases acetyl-coenzyme A precursors and spermidine to a greater extent than the loss-of-TLR4 signaling. Select metabolites associated with thiol metabolism are similarly affected by GTE and the loss-of-TLR4 signaling. Glycerophospholipid catabolites are decreased by GTE, but are unaffected in TLR4mice. Conversely, the loss-of-TLR4 signaling but not GTE increases several bile acid metabolites.
CONCLUSION: GTE limitedly alters the hepatic metabolome consistent with a TLR4-dependent mechanism. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory activities of GTE and loss-of-TLR4 signaling that regulate hepatic metabolism to abrogate NASH are likely due to distinct mechanisms.