greenmedinfo--2020-08-17--Piperine protects lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis by inhibiting inflammatory response.

Mastitis , inflammation in the breast , affects breastfeedingwomenin the postpartumperiod .
In the present study , we investigated the @ @ @ @ @ mastitis using a mouse mastitis model .
LPS-induced mastitis was established by injecting LPS into @ @ @ @ @ gland .
Piperine was given intraperitoneally 1 h before and 12 h after LPS treatment @ @ @ @ @ the LPS-induced mammary histopathological changes and MPO activity were attenuated by piperine .
LPS-induced inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ inhibited by piperine .
Furthermore , LPS-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by the treatment with @ @ @ @ @ we found piperine dose-dependently increased the expression of PPARγ .
All of these results suggested @ @ @ @ @ against LPS-induced mastitis and that the mechanism may be mediated through the activation of PPARγ @

Mastitis, inflammation in the breast, affects breastfeedingwomenin the postpartumperiod. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of piperine against mastitis using a mouse mastitis model. LPS-induced mastitis was established by injecting LPS into the canals of the mammary gland. Piperine was given intraperitoneally 1 h before and 12 h after LPS treatment. The results showed that the LPS-induced mammary histopathological changes and MPO activity were attenuated by piperine. LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines TNF-α andIL-1β were also inhibited by piperine. Furthermore, LPS-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by the treatment with piperine. In addition, we found piperine dose-dependently increased the expression of PPARγ. All of these results suggested that piperine had protective effects against LPS-induced mastitis and that the mechanism may be mediated through the activation of PPARγ.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-17--Resveratrol, curcumin and piperine alter human glyoxalase 1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide .
Conventional cancer treatment is costly and results in many side effects .
Dietary bioactive compounds may be a potential source for breast cancer prevention and treatment .
In this scenario , the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the bioactive compounds resveratrol , curcumin and piperine ( R-C-P ) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to associate them to Glyoxalase 1 ( GLO1 ) activity .
The findings indicate that R-C-P exhibits cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells .
R-C-P decreased mitochondrial membrane potential ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1.17-fold , respectively .
Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine were able to reverse the cytotoxicity of the assessed bioactive compounds in MCF-7 cells .
R-C-P reduced GLO1 activity by 1.36- , 1.92- and 1.31-fold , respectively .
R-C-P in the presence of antimycin A led to 1.98- , 1.65- and 2.16-fold decreases in D-lactate levels after 2 h of treatment , respectively .
Glyoxal and methylglyoxal presented cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells , with ICvalues of 2.8 and 2.7 mM and of 1.5 and 1.4 mM after 24 and 48 h of treatment , respectively @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that R-C-P results in cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 cells and that this outcome is associated with decreasing GLO1 activity and mitochondrial dysfunction .

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Conventional cancer treatment is costly and results in many side effects. Dietary bioactive compounds may be a potential source for breast cancer prevention and treatment. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the bioactive compounds resveratrol, curcumin and piperine (R-C-P) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to associate them to Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) activity. The findings indicate that R-C-P exhibits cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells. R-C-P decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by 1.93-, 2.04- and 1.17-fold, respectively. Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine were able to reverse the cytotoxicity of the assessed bioactive compounds in MCF-7 cells. R-C-P reduced GLO1 activity by 1.36-, 1.92- and 1.31-fold, respectively. R-C-P in the presence of antimycin A led to 1.98-, 1.65- and 2.16-fold decreases in D-lactate levels after 2 h of treatment, respectively. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal presented cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells, with ICvalues of 2.8 and 2.7 mM and of 1.5 and 1.4 mM after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that R-C-P results in cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 cells and that this outcome is associated with decreasing GLO1 activity and mitochondrial dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--The influence of piperine on the radioprotective effect of curcumin in irradiated human lymphocytes.

Objectives : Ionizing radiation ( IR ) induces DNA damage in normal cells , leading to genotoxicity .
The radioprotective effects of co-treatment with curcumin and piperine were investigated against genotoxicity induced by IR in human normal lymphocytes .
Materials and Methods : Human blood samples were pretreated with curcumin at different concentrations ( 5 , 10 , and 25μg/mL ) and/or piperine ( 2.5 μg/mL ) and then were exposed to IR at a dose 1.5 Gy .
The radioprotective effects of curcumin and piperine were assessed by micronucleus ( MN ) assay .
Results : Curcumin and piperine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ IR in lymphocytes .
Piperine alone significantly reduced genotoxicity induced by IR as compared to curcumin alone at all concentrations .
An additive radioprotective effect was observed with combination of piperine and curcumin at the low concentration of 5μg/mL , while this synergistic effect was not observed with curcumin at the higher concentrations of 10 and 25 μg/mL .
Conclusion : Piperine has a potent radioprotective effect at low concentration as compare to curcumin .
However , an additive radioprotective effect was observed with co-treatment with piperine and curcumin at low concentration , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in normal lymphocytes when co-treated with curcumin at higher concentration .

Objectives: Ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA damage in normal cells, leading to genotoxicity. The radioprotective effects of co-treatment with curcumin and piperine were investigated against genotoxicity induced by IR in human normal lymphocytes.
Materials and Methods: Human blood samples were pretreated with curcumin at different concentrations (5, 10, and 25μg/mL) and/or piperine (2.5 μg/mL) and then were exposed to IR at a dose 1.5 Gy. The radioprotective effects of curcumin and piperine were assessed by micronucleus (MN) assay.
Results: Curcumin and piperine reduced the percentage of MN induced by IR in lymphocytes. Piperine alone significantly reduced genotoxicity induced by IR as compared to curcumin alone at all concentrations. An additive radioprotective effect was observed with combination of piperine and curcumin at the low concentration of 5μg/mL, while this synergistic effect was not observed with curcumin at the higher concentrations of 10 and 25 μg/mL.
Conclusion: Piperine has a potent radioprotective effect at low concentration as compare to curcumin. However, an additive radioprotective effect was observed with co-treatment with piperine and curcumin at low concentration, while piperine increased the percentage of MN in normal lymphocytes when co-treated with curcumin at higher concentration.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Piperine impedes biofilm formation and hyphal morphogenesis of Candida albicans.

is the primary etiological agent associated with the pathogenesis of candidiasis .
Unrestricted growth ofin the oral cavity may lead to oral candidiasis , which can progress to systemic infections in worst scenarios .
Biofilm ofencompasses yeast and hyphal forms , where hyphal formation and yeast to hyphal morphological transitions are contemplated as the key virulence elements .
Current clinical repercussions necessitate the identification of therapeutic agent that can limit the biofilm formation and escalating the susceptibility ofto immune system and conventional antifungals .
In the present study , a plant-derived alkaloid molecule , piperine , was investigated for the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concentration-dependent antibiofilm activity without exerting negative impact on growth and metabolic activity .
Inhibition in the hyphal development was witnessed through confocal laser-scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy .
Interestingly , piperine displayed a tremendous potential to inhibit the virulence-associated colony morphologies , such as filamentation and wrinkling .
Furthermore , piperine regulated morphological transitions between yeast and hyphal forms by inhibiting hyphal extension and swapping hyphal phase to yeast forms yet under filamentation-inducing circumstances .
Remarkably , piperine-challengedexhibited low potential for spontaneous antibiofilm resistance development .
In addition , piperine effectively reducedcolonization @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the distinct antivirulent potential .
Transcriptomic analysis revealed piperine significantly downregulating the expression of several biofilm related and hyphal-specific genes ( , , , , etc. )
.
Furthermore , no acute toxicity was observed in the HBECs and nematodes exposed to piperine .
Altogether , results from this study reveals the potential of piperine to inhibit biofilm and hyphal morphogenesis , and itsefficacy and innocuous nature to HBECs suggests that piperine may be considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of biofilm-associatedinfection , especially for oral candidiasis .

is the primary etiological agent associated with the pathogenesis of candidiasis. Unrestricted growth ofin the oral cavity may lead to oral candidiasis, which can progress to systemic infections in worst scenarios. Biofilm ofencompasses yeast and hyphal forms, where hyphal formation and yeast to hyphal morphological transitions are contemplated as the key virulence elements. Current clinical repercussions necessitate the identification of therapeutic agent that can limit the biofilm formation and escalating the susceptibility ofto immune system and conventional antifungals. In the present study, a plant-derived alkaloid molecule, piperine, was investigated for the antibiofilm and antihyphal activities againstPiperine demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibiofilm activity without exerting negative impact on growth and metabolic activity. Inhibition in the hyphal development was witnessed through confocal laser-scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, piperine displayed a tremendous potential to inhibit the virulence-associated colony morphologies, such as filamentation and wrinkling. Furthermore, piperine regulated morphological transitions between yeast and hyphal forms by inhibiting hyphal extension and swapping hyphal phase to yeast forms yet under filamentation-inducing circumstances. Remarkably, piperine-challengedexhibited low potential for spontaneous antibiofilm resistance development. In addition, piperine effectively reducedcolonization and prolonged survival of-infected, thereby expounding the distinct antivirulent potential. Transcriptomic analysis revealed piperine significantly downregulating the expression of several biofilm related and hyphal-specific genes (,,,, etc.). Furthermore, no acute toxicity was observed in the HBECs and nematodes exposed to piperine. Altogether, results from this study reveals the potential of piperine to inhibit biofilm and hyphal morphogenesis, and itsefficacy and innocuous nature to HBECs suggests that piperine may be considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of biofilm-associatedinfection, especially for oral candidiasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Piperine could be applied as a possible therapeutic regimen for the prevention of colorectal cancer

Piperine could be applied as a possible therapeutic regimen for the prevention of colorectal cancer metastasis.

Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of death in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer .
Piperine , an active nontoxic @ @ @ @ @ potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties .
However , little is known about the anti-migratory and @ @ @ @ @ colorectal cancer .
We demonstrated piperine inhibited the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells @ @ @ @ @ piperine reversed the biomarker expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) , and suppressed the @ @ @ @ @ , signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) was downregulated by piperine @ @ @ @ @ were applied to observe the role of STAT3 in colorectal cancer migration , invasion and @ @ @ @ @ inhibits colorectal cancer migratory and invasive capacities through STAT3/Snail mediated EMT .
Therefore , piperine @ @ @ @ @ possible therapeutic regimen for the prevention of colorectal cancer metastasis .

Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of death in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Piperine, an active nontoxic ingredient in pepper, has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, little is known about the anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects of piperine on colorectal cancer. We demonstrated piperine inhibited the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Then, we found piperine reversed the biomarker expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and suppressed the EMT regulator Snail. Furthermore, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) was downregulated by piperine. Finally, STAT3 inhibitors were applied to observe the role of STAT3 in colorectal cancer migration, invasion and EMT. Collectively, piperine inhibits colorectal cancer migratory and invasive capacities through STAT3/Snail mediated EMT. Therefore, piperine could be applied as a possible therapeutic regimen for the prevention of colorectal cancer metastasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Piperine attenuates TBI-induced seizures via inhibiting cytokine-activated reactive astrogliosis.

Peppers have been used in clinics for a long time and its major component , piperine ( PPR ) , has been proven to be effective in the treatment of seizures .
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of piperine on early seizures in mice after a traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) and to explore the mechanism of the drug against the development on TBI .
Specific-pathogen-free-grade mice were randomly divided into six dietary groups for a week : control group , TBI group , three piperine groups ( low PPR group with 10 mg/kg @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mg/kg PPR , and high PPR group with 40 mg/kg PPR ) , and a positive control group ( 200 mg/kg valproate ) .
Except for the control group , all the other groups used Feeney free weight falling method to establish the TBI of closed brain injury in mice , and the corresponding drugs were continuously injected intraperitoneally for 7 days after the brain injury .
The results from behavior and electroencephalogram showed that piperine attenuated the subthreshold dose of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures compared with the TBI group .
The western blot results @ @ @ @ @ @ @ factors tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) were reduced by piperine .
The immunostaining results showed that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) was also reduced by piperine .
In addition , positive cell counts of astrocytic fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) in immuno-fluorescence showed that they were also reduced .
Our data show that piperine treatment can reduce the degree of cerebral edema , down-regulate TNF-α , IL-1β , and BDNF , decrease the reactivity of GFAP in the hippocampus , and inhibit TBI-induced seizures @

Peppers have been used in clinics for a long time and its major component, piperine (PPR), has been proven to be effective in the treatment of seizures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of piperine on early seizures in mice after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to explore the mechanism of the drug against the development on TBI. Specific-pathogen-free-grade mice were randomly divided into six dietary groups for a week: control group, TBI group, three piperine groups (low PPR group with 10 mg/kg PPR, medium PPR group with 20 mg/kg PPR, and high PPR group with 40 mg/kg PPR), and a positive control group (200 mg/kg valproate). Except for the control group, all the other groups used Feeney free weight falling method to establish the TBI of closed brain injury in mice, and the corresponding drugs were continuously injected intraperitoneally for 7 days after the brain injury. The results from behavior and electroencephalogram showed that piperine attenuated the subthreshold dose of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures compared with the TBI group. The western blot results showed that the expression levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were reduced by piperine. The immunostaining results showed that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also reduced by piperine. In addition, positive cell counts of astrocytic fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in immuno-fluorescence showed that they were also reduced. Our data show that piperine treatment can reduce the degree of cerebral edema, down-regulate TNF-α, IL-1β, and BDNF, decrease the reactivity of GFAP in the hippocampus, and inhibit TBI-induced seizures.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--These findings suggest that curcumin may be used as an adjunct therapy in individuals with oxidative

OBJECTIVE : This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to collate the effects of curcumin on MDA and antioxidant markers in individuals with diseased conditions .
In this study the research question was '' does curcumin supplementation improves oxidative stress and antioxidant defense enzymes in human subjects compared to a group without curcumin supplementation ?
METHODS : This research included randomized controlled trials published in English in any year , in which intervention with curcumin was compared to either placebo , or standard of care or no intervention .
Pubmed , Embase , Cochrane Central , Scopus and Google Scholar @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RevMan ( version 5.3 ) , with standardized mean differences ( SMD ) and random-effects models .
RESULTS : One hundred twenty-seven titles and abstracts were identified which 17 articles were included for final analysis .
The number of participants ranged from 22 to 160 across the included studies .
The duration of intervention , dose of curcumin and location of outcomes measurements varied across the studies .
Curcumin significantly reduced MDA [ SMD -0.46 ( 95 % CI : -0.68 to -0.25 ) ] and increased superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) [ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , catalase [ 10.26 ( 0.92 to 19.61 ) ] , and glutathione peroxidase [ 8.90 ( 6.62 to 11.19 ) ] when compared with control group .
Subgroup analyses displayed that curcumin could significantly reduce MDA levels with or without use of piperine , however it could increase SOD level in presence of piperine .
CONCLUSIONS : These findings suggest that curcumin may be used as an adjunct therapy in individuals with oxidative stress .
The administration of piperine with curcumin may enhance the efficacy of curcumin on antioxidant defense system .

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to collate the effects of curcumin on MDA and antioxidant markers in individuals with diseased conditions. In this study the research question was"does curcumin supplementation improves oxidative stress and antioxidant defense enzymes in human subjects compared to a group without curcumin supplementation?
METHODS: This research included randomized controlled trials published in English in any year, in which intervention with curcumin was compared to either placebo, or standard of care or no intervention. Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan (version 5.3), with standardized mean differences (SMD) and random-effects models.
RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven titles and abstracts were identified which 17 articles were included for final analysis. The number of participants ranged from 22 to 160 across the included studies. The duration of intervention, dose of curcumin and location of outcomes measurements varied across the studies. Curcumin significantly reduced MDA [SMD -0.46 (95% CI: -0.68 to -0.25)] and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) [0.82 (0.27 to 1.38)], catalase [10.26 (0.92 to 19.61)], and glutathione peroxidase [8.90 (6.62 to 11.19)] when compared with control group. Subgroup analyses displayed that curcumin could significantly reduce MDA levels with or without use of piperine, however it could increase SOD level in presence of piperine.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that curcumin may be used as an adjunct therapy in individuals with oxidative stress. The administration of piperine with curcumin may enhance the efficacy of curcumin on antioxidant defense system.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Combinatorial therapeutic effect of resveratrol and piperine on murine model of systemic lupus eryth

Combinatorial therapeutic effect of resveratrol and piperine on murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) is a chronic multi-system inflammatory disease associated with autoantibody formation .
Clinical management of lupus is associated with multiple adverse events .
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin with several pharmacological properties .
This study aimed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of resveratrol ( 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg ) and its bio-enhancer piperine ( 1/10th dose of resveratrol ) on pristane-induced SLE murine model .
Mice were injected with 0.5 ml of pristane and after 2 months they were orally dosed with resveratrol combinations for 4 months .
Determined by indirect immunofluorescence , resveratrol was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increased IFN-α , IL-6 and TNF-α was mitigated by low dose of resveratrol and piperine ( RP-1 ) .
None of the doses regulated the increase in nitric oxide .
Lipogranulomas associated with injected pristane were not observed after RP-1 and high dose of resveratrol ( Res-2 ) treatment .
Lupus mice witnessed IgG and IgM immune complexes by direct immunofluorescence assay and associated histopathological observations in kidneys , liver , lung , spleen and skin .
None of the treatment regimens were able to regulate the manifestations observed in spleen and skin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kidney , liver and lungs and were able to ameliorate lupus associated manifestations .
Renal manifestations ( proteinuria and decreased creatinine in urine ) were successfully mitigated by RP-1 and Res-2 and high dose combination of resveratrol and piperine .
Oxidative stress ( reactive oxygen species by flowcytometry and catalase , superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation by biochemical analysis ) was evident by pristane injection .
These were regulated by different doses of resveratrol alone and in combination with piperine .
Hence , resveratrol when used in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of morbidity with little or no effect on mortality associated with lupus .

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-system inflammatory disease associated with autoantibody formation. Clinical management of lupus is associated with multiple adverse events. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin with several pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of resveratrol (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) and its bio-enhancer piperine (1/10th dose of resveratrol) on pristane-induced SLE murine model. Mice were injected with 0.5 ml of pristane and after 2 months they were orally dosed with resveratrol combinations for 4 months. Determined by indirect immunofluorescence, resveratrol was unable to abrogate autoantibody formation. The increased IFN-α, IL-6 and TNF-α was mitigated by low dose of resveratrol and piperine (RP-1). None of the doses regulated the increase in nitric oxide. Lipogranulomas associated with injected pristane were not observed after RP-1 and high dose of resveratrol (Res-2) treatment. Lupus mice witnessed IgG and IgM immune complexes by direct immunofluorescence assay and associated histopathological observations in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen and skin. None of the treatment regimens were able to regulate the manifestations observed in spleen and skin. RP-1 and Res-2 proved beneficial in kidney, liver and lungs and were able to ameliorate lupus associated manifestations. Renal manifestations (proteinuria and decreased creatinine in urine) were successfully mitigated by RP-1 and Res-2 and high dose combination of resveratrol and piperine. Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species by flowcytometry and catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation by biochemical analysis) was evident by pristane injection. These were regulated by different doses of resveratrol alone and in combination with piperine. Hence, resveratrol when used in combination with piperine successfully reduces some measures of morbidity with little or no effect on mortality associated with lupus.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Preliminary Report of Chinese High Dose Vitamin C for Covid-19 Treatment Studies

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Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Herbal formulation turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger versus naproxen for chronic knee osteo

Herbal formulation turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger versus naproxen for chronic knee osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease that can lead to chronic pain and severe disability .
Curcumin-an effective ingredient @ @ @ @ @ property-plays an important role in protecting the joints against destructive factors .
Gingerols and piperine @ @ @ @ @ of ginger and black pepper , which may potentially enhance and sustain the effect of @ @ @ @ @ To determine the effect of cosupplementation with turmeric extract , black pepper , and ginger @ @ @ @ @ ) in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis , compared with Naproxen .
Sixty patients with @ @ @ @ @ osteoarthritis ( Grade 2 and 3 ) were studied .
Individuals were randomly assigned to @ @ @ @ @ ginger , and black pepper together or Naproxen capsule for 4 weeks .
PGEwas evaluated @ @ @ @ @ recall was also assessed .
All of participants completed the study .
PGEdecreased significantly in @ @ @ @

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular disease that can lead to chronic pain and severe disability. Curcumin-an effective ingredient in turmeric with anti inflammatory property-plays an important role in protecting the joints against destructive factors. Gingerols and piperine, are the effective ingredients of ginger and black pepper, which may potentially enhance and sustain the effect of curcumin in this direction. To determine the effect of cosupplementation with turmeric extract, black pepper, and ginger on prostaglandin E(PGE) in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis, compared with Naproxen. Sixty patients with two different levels of knee osteoarthritis (Grade 2 and 3) were studied. Individuals were randomly assigned to receive daily turmeric extract, ginger, and black pepper together or Naproxen capsule for 4 weeks. PGEwas evaluated by ELISA method. 24-hr recall was also assessed. All of participants completed the study. PGEdecreased significantly in both groups (p< .001), but there was no significant differences between groups. The results of this study indicated that intake of the selected herbs twice a day for 4 weeks may improve the PGElevels in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis similar to Naproxen drug.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--These results suggest that piperine might be further used in therapeutic strategies for metastatic c

Piperine , an amide extracted from the Piper spices , exhibits strong anti-tumor properties .
However , its effect on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) process has never been investigated .
Herein , we evaluate the toxic effect of piperine on lung adenocarcinoma ( A549 ) , breast adenocarcinoma ( MDA-MB-231 ) and hepatocellular carcinoma ( HepG2 ) cell lines , as well as its ability to inhibit EMT-related events induced by TGF-β1 treatment.The cell viability was investigated by MTT assay .
Protein expression was evaluated by Western blot .
Gene expression was monitored by real-time PCR .
Zymography @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MMP ) activity in conditioned media .
Cell motility was assessed by the wound-healing and phagokinetic gold sol assays.The results revealed that piperine was cytotoxic in concentrations over 100µM , showing IC50 values for HepG2 , MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines of 214 , 238 and 198 µM , respectively .
In order to investigate whether piperine would reverse the TGF-β1 induced-EMT , the A549 cell line was pretreated with sublethal concentrations of the natural amide followed by the addition of TGF-β1 .
Besides disrupting EMT-related events , piperine also inhibited both ERK @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that piperine might be further used in therapeutic strategies for metastatic cancer and EMT-related disorders .

Piperine, an amide extracted from the Piper spices, exhibits strong anti-tumor properties. However, its effect on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process has never been investigated. Herein, we evaluate the toxic effect of piperine on lung adenocarcinoma (A549), breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines, as well as its ability to inhibit EMT-related events induced by TGF-β1 treatment.The cell viability was investigated by MTT assay. Protein expression was evaluated by Western blot. Gene expression was monitored by real-time PCR. Zymography assay was employed to detect metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in conditioned media. Cell motility was assessed by the wound-healing and phagokinetic gold sol assays.The results revealed that piperine was cytotoxic in concentrations over 100µM, showing IC50 values for HepG2, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines of 214, 238 and 198 µM, respectively. In order to investigate whether piperine would reverse the TGF-β1 induced-EMT, the A549 cell line was pretreated with sublethal concentrations of the natural amide followed by the addition of TGF-β1. Besides disrupting EMT-related events, piperine also inhibited both ERK 1/2 and SMAD 2 phosphorylation.These results suggest that piperine might be further used in therapeutic strategies for metastatic cancer and EMT-related disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--The present study reveals that piperine and curcumin exhibit significant antitumor activity in human

The present study reveals that piperine and curcumin exhibit significant antitumor activity in human leukemia HL60 cells.

PURPOSE : Leukemia causes annually a significant number of deaths .
The main objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer properties of piperine and curcumin against HL60 leukemia cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanism .
METHODS : Antiproliferative effects were assessed by WST-1 cell viability assay .
Cell apoptotic effects were studied by DAPI staining assay .
Annexin V/propidium iodide ( PI ) assay was used to assess apoptosis .
Electron microscopy was used for detection of autophagy and flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis , while transwell migration assay was used to study the effects on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was estimated by western blot .
RESULTS : The results showed that both piperine and curcumin inhibited significantly the growth of the HL60 cells and exhibited an IC50 of 25 and 30µM respectively .
Further , it was observed that the anticancer effects of piperine and curcumin were due to the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis which was also associated with enhancement of the Bax expression .
Transmission electron microscopy also showed that both curcumin and piperineinduced autophagy in the HL-60 leukemia cells .
Flow cytometry showed that piperine and curcumin also caused arrest @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the cell cycle .
Finally wound healing and transwell assays showed that piperine and curcumin suppressed the migration and invasive potential of theHL60 cells .
CONCLUSIONS : The present study reveals that piperine and curcumin exhibit significant antitumor activity in human leukemia HL60 cells via multiple mechanisms and may prove promising in the development of systemic therapy for leukemia .

PURPOSE: Leukemia causes annually a significant number of deaths. The main objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer properties of piperine and curcumin against HL60 leukemia cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.
METHODS: Antiproliferative effects were assessed by WST-1 cell viability assay. Cell apoptotic effects were studied by DAPI staining assay. Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay was used to assess apoptosis. Electron microscopy was used for detection of autophagy and flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, while transwell migration assay was used to study the effects on cell migration and invasion. Protein expression was estimated by western blot.
RESULTS: The results showed that both piperine and curcumin inhibited significantly the growth of the HL60 cells and exhibited an IC50 of 25 and 30µM respectively. Further, it was observed that the anticancer effects of piperine and curcumin were due to the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis which was also associated with enhancement of the Bax expression. Transmission electron microscopy also showed that both curcumin and piperineinduced autophagy in the HL-60 leukemia cells. Flow cytometry showed that piperine and curcumin also caused arrest of the HL-60 cells at the S-phase of the cell cycle. Finally wound healing and transwell assays showed that piperine and curcumin suppressed the migration and invasive potential of theHL60 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that piperine and curcumin exhibit significant antitumor activity in human leukemia HL60 cells via multiple mechanisms and may prove promising in the development of systemic therapy for leukemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Herbal-based nano systems have promising proficiency in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

Nanotechnology is one of the methods that influenced human life in different ways and is a substantial approach that assists to overcome the multiple limitations of various diseases , particularly neurodegenerative disorders ( NDs ) .
Diverse nanostructures such as polymer nanoparticles , lipid nanoparticles , nanoliposomes , nano-micelles , and carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) ; as well as different vehicle systems including poly lactic-co-glycolic acid , lactoferrin , and polybutylcyanoacrylate could significantly increase the effectiveness , reduce the side effects , enhance the stability , and improve the pharmacokinetics of many drugs .
NDs belong to a group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ millions of people worldwide .
Previous studies revealed that several nanoformulations from a number of natural products such as curcumin ( Cur ) , quercetin ( QC ) , resveratrol ( RSV ) , piperine ( PIP ) , , andsignificantly improved the condition of patients diagnosed with NDs .
Drug delivery to the central nervous system ( CNS ) has several limitations , in which the blood brain barrier ( BBB ) is the main drawback for treatment of NDs .
This review discusses the effects of herbal-based nanoformulations , their advantages @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In summary , we conclude that herbal-based nano systems have promising proficiency in treatment of NDs , either alone or in combination with other drugs .

Nanotechnology is one of the methods that influenced human life in different ways and is a substantial approach that assists to overcome the multiple limitations of various diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Diverse nanostructures such as polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, nano-micelles, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs); as well as different vehicle systems including poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, lactoferrin, and polybutylcyanoacrylate could significantly increase the effectiveness, reduce the side effects, enhance the stability, and improve the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. NDs belong to a group of annoying and debilitating diseases that involve millions of people worldwide. Previous studies revealed that several nanoformulations from a number of natural products such as curcumin (Cur), quercetin (QC), resveratrol (RSV), piperine (PIP),, andsignificantly improved the condition of patients diagnosed with NDs. Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) has several limitations, in which the blood brain barrier (BBB) is the main drawback for treatment of NDs. This review discusses the effects of herbal-based nanoformulations, their advantages and disadvantages, to manage NDs. In summary, we conclude that herbal-based nano systems have promising proficiency in treatment of NDs, either alone or in combination with other drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Lockdowns, Coronavirus, and Banks: Following the Money


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Evaluation of efficacy of curcumin along with lycopene and piperine in the management of oral submuc

Evaluation of efficacy of curcumin along with lycopene and piperine in the management of oral submucous fibrosis.

Context : Oral submucous fibrosis ( OSMF ) is a high-risk premalignant condition of the oral cavity and oropharynx .
Complete regression of the disease is still not possible with available treatment modalities .
Aims : The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin , lycopene , and piperine as a combination in the management of OSMF .
Settings and Design : Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of improvement in clinical parameters ( i.e.
, visual Analog Scale [ VAS ] ) score for burning sensation , mouth opening ( MO ) , mucosal flexibility @ @ @ @ @ @ @ [ TP ] ) .
Materials and Methods : Forty patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OSMF were included in the study ; patients were administered with the above-stated drug combination , and clinical parameters were evaluated at regular intervals to compare the pre- and post-treatment measurements .
Statistical Analysis Used : Paired-test was done to evaluate significance of the results .
Results : Highly significant improvement was observed for posttreatment reduction in VAS score for burning sensation and increase in MO ( < 0.001 ) .
Significant improvement was also observed in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Posttreatment histopathological evaluation also revealed reepithelialization , indicated by significant increase in the epithelial thickness as found through quantitative image analysis .
Immunohistochemical studies with Col1A1 showed decrease in collagen deposition .
Conclusions : Taken together , the present study proposes the usage of combination drug therapy for the management of OSMF as an effective and affordable way .

Context: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a high-risk premalignant condition of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Complete regression of the disease is still not possible with available treatment modalities.
Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin, lycopene, and piperine as a combination in the management of OSMF.
Settings and Design: Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of improvement in clinical parameters (i.e., visual Analog Scale [VAS]) score for burning sensation, mouth opening (MO), mucosal flexibility (MF), and tongue protrusion [TP]).
Materials and Methods: Forty patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OSMF were included in the study; patients were administered with the above-stated drug combination, and clinical parameters were evaluated at regular intervals to compare the pre- and post-treatment measurements.
Statistical Analysis Used: Paired-test was done to evaluate significance of the results.
Results: Highly significant improvement was observed for posttreatment reduction in VAS score for burning sensation and increase in MO (<0.001). Significant improvement was also observed in the increase of MF and TP. Posttreatment histopathological evaluation also revealed reepithelialization, indicated by significant increase in the epithelial thickness as found through quantitative image analysis. Immunohistochemical studies with Col1A1 showed decrease in collagen deposition.
Conclusions: Taken together, the present study proposes the usage of combination drug therapy for the management of OSMF as an effective and affordable way.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Natural product piperine alleviates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice by targeting dih

Natural product piperine alleviates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice by targeting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is the most popular chronic and debilitating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system ( CNS ) that remains incurable .
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ( DHODH ) is critical to the activity of T lymphocytes and represents a potential therapeutic target for MS .
Here we identify piperine , a bioactive constituent of black pepper , as a potent inhibitor of DHODH with an ICvalue of 0.88 μM .
Isothermal titration calorimetry and thermofluor assay demonstrate the directly interaction between piperine and DHODH .
The co-complex crystal structure of DHODH and piperine at 1.98 Å resolution @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is crucial for piperine binding .
Importantly , we show that piperine can inhibit T cell overactivation in a DHODH-dependent manner in concanavalin A-triggered T-cell assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction assay .
Finally , piperine exhibits strong preventive and therapeutic effect in the MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ( EAE ) , a usefulmodel for studying potential treatments for MS , by restricting inflammatory cells infiltration into the CNS and preventing myelin destruction and blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) disruption .
Taken together , these findings highlight DHODH as a therapeutic target for autoimmune @ @ @ @ @ @ @ demonstrate a novel role for piperine in the treatment of MS .

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most popular chronic and debilitating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that remains incurable. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is critical to the activity of T lymphocytes and represents a potential therapeutic target for MS. Here we identify piperine, a bioactive constituent of black pepper, as a potent inhibitor of DHODH with an ICvalue of 0.88 μM. Isothermal titration calorimetry and thermofluor assay demonstrate the directly interaction between piperine and DHODH. The co-complex crystal structure of DHODH and piperine at 1.98 Å resolution further reveal that Tyr356 residue of DHODH is crucial for piperine binding. Importantly, we show that piperine can inhibit T cell overactivation in a DHODH-dependent manner in concanavalin A-triggered T-cell assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Finally, piperine exhibits strong preventive and therapeutic effect in the MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a usefulmodel for studying potential treatments for MS, by restricting inflammatory cells infiltration into the CNS and preventing myelin destruction and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Taken together, these findings highlight DHODH as a therapeutic target for autoimmune disease of the nervous system,and demonstrate a novel role for piperine in the treatment of MS.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Piperine ameliorated memory impairment and myelin damage in lysolecethin induced hippocampal demyeli

Piperine ameliorated memory impairment and myelin damage in lysolecethin induced hippocampal demyelination.

AIMS : We still do not have effective treatment for hippocampal demyelination and memory deficit , the two common comorbidities in multiple sclerosis ( MS ) .
This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of Piperine ( the main alkaloid of black pepper ) in an experimental model of demyelination .
MAIN METHODS : Demyelination was induced in male Wistar rats by bilateral injection of lysolecithin ( LPC ) into the CA1 region of the hippocampus .
Piperine ( 5 , 10 , 20 mg/kg ) was daily injected intraperitoneally three days post LPC injection for ten days .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Morris water maze task .
Demyelination and astrocyte activation were assessed by an immunohistological study .
The gene expression analysis of TNF-α , IL1-β , NF-κB , IL-10 , Foxp3 , iNOS , Nrf2 , HO1 , MBP , and BDNF was done using qPCR .
The total antioxidant capacity of hippocampal tissue was measured using FRAP assay .
KEY FINDINGS : Our results showed that piperine improved the memory performance and myelin repair in the hippocampal demyelination model .
Piperine inhibited iNOS expression concomitant with enhanced expression levels of Nrf2 , HO1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hippocampal tissue .
Piperine treatment significantly reduced the gene expression level of TNF-α , IL1-β , NF-κB , and glial activation in the injured area ; however , the mRNA level of IL-10 , Foxp3 , BDNF and MBP were significantly increased .
SIGNIFICANCE : We found piperine to be an effective treatment for spatial memory impairment and myelin repair in the hippocampal demyelination model .
However , further experimental evidence is needed to investigate the precise mechanisms underlying piperine as a promising therapeutic target in MS patients .

AIMS: We still do not have effective treatment for hippocampal demyelination and memory deficit, the two common comorbidities in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of Piperine (the main alkaloid of black pepper) in an experimental model of demyelination.
MAIN METHODS: Demyelination was induced in male Wistar rats by bilateral injection of lysolecithin (LPC) into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Piperine (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) was daily injected intraperitoneally three days post LPC injection for ten days. The spatial memory was examined by the Morris water maze task. Demyelination and astrocyte activation were assessed by an immunohistological study. The gene expression analysis of TNF-α, IL1-β, NF-κB, IL-10, Foxp3, iNOS, Nrf2, HO1, MBP, and BDNF was done using qPCR. The total antioxidant capacity of hippocampal tissue was measured using FRAP assay.
KEY FINDINGS: Our results showed that piperine improved the memory performance and myelin repair in the hippocampal demyelination model. Piperine inhibited iNOS expression concomitant with enhanced expression levels of Nrf2, HO1 and the total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampal tissue. Piperine treatment significantly reduced the gene expression level of TNF-α, IL1-β, NF-κB, and glial activation in the injured area; however, the mRNA level of IL-10, Foxp3, BDNF and MBP were significantly increased.
SIGNIFICANCE: We found piperine to be an effective treatment for spatial memory impairment and myelin repair in the hippocampal demyelination model. However, further experimental evidence is needed to investigate the precise mechanisms underlying piperine as a promising therapeutic target in MS patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Piperine ameliorates trimellitic anhydride-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms.

Atopic dermatitis ( AD ) is a common inflammatory skin disease predominately related to Type 2 helper T ( Th2 ) immune responses .
In this study , we investigated whether piperine is able to improve AD symptoms using a trimellitic anhydride ( TMA ) -induced AD-like mouse model .
Topical treatment with piperine reduced ear swelling ( ear thickness and epidermal thickness ) induced by TMA exposure .
Furthermore , piperine inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse ears , compared with the TMA-induced AD group .
In measuring allergic immune responses in draining lymph nodes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ IL-4 secretion , GATA3 mRNA level , and STAT6 phosphorylation were suppressed by piperine treatment .
In an ex vivo study , piperine also inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 on the CD4T cells isolated from splenocytes of BALB/c mice , and piperine suppressed IL-4-induced CCL26 mRNA expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in human keratinocytes resulting in the inhibition of infiltration of CCR3cells into inflammatory lesions .
These results demonstrate that piperine could ameliorate AD symptoms through suppression of Th2-mediated immune responses , including the STAT6/GATA3/IL-4 signaling pathway .
Therefore , we suggest that piperine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of STAT6 and may help to improve AD symptoms .

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease predominately related to Type 2 helper T (Th2) immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether piperine is able to improve AD symptoms using a trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced AD-like mouse model. Topical treatment with piperine reduced ear swelling (ear thickness and epidermal thickness) induced by TMA exposure. Furthermore, piperine inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse ears, compared with the TMA-induced AD group. In measuring allergic immune responses in draining lymph nodes (dLNs), we found that IL-4 secretion, GATA3 mRNA level, and STAT6 phosphorylation were suppressed by piperine treatment. In an ex vivo study, piperine also inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 on the CD4T cells isolated from splenocytes of BALB/c mice, and piperine suppressed IL-4-induced CCL26 mRNA expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in human keratinocytes resulting in the inhibition of infiltration of CCR3cells into inflammatory lesions. These results demonstrate that piperine could ameliorate AD symptoms through suppression of Th2-mediated immune responses, including the STAT6/GATA3/IL-4 signaling pathway. Therefore, we suggest that piperine is an excellent candidate as an inhibitor of STAT6 and may help to improve AD symptoms.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-18--Prophylactic effect of resveratrol and piperine on pristane-induced murine model of lupus-like disea

Prophylactic effect of resveratrol and piperine on pristane-induced murine model of lupus-like disease.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease .
Apart from usual treatments , approximately 50 % of lupus patients @ @ @ @ @ is a phytoalexin with various pharmacological properties .
We hypothesised that prophylactic treatment with resveratrol @ @ @ @ @ murine model of lupus-like disease and piperine ; a bio-enhancer of resveratrol may enhance these @ @ @ @ @ of resveratrol ( 25 mg/kg body weight : P-Res ) alone and in combination with @ @ @ @ @ weight : P-RP ) were assessed .
P-Res and P-RP were equally efficient in mitigating @ @ @ @ @ of catalase , superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase and level of reduced glutathione , lipid @ @ @ @ @ species ) .
Inflammation is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines .
IL-6 was @ @ @ @ @ P-Res , and TNF-α was reduced by 59.70 % with P-Res and 62.66 % with @ @ @

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease. Apart from usual treatments, approximately 50% of lupus patients use complementary medicine. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin with various pharmacological properties. We hypothesised that prophylactic treatment with resveratrol may abrogate manifestations in pristane-induced murine model of lupus-like disease and piperine; a bio-enhancer of resveratrol may enhance these properties. The prophylactic effect of resveratrol (25 mg/kg body weight: P-Res) alone and in combination with piperine (2.5 mg/kg body weight: P-RP) were assessed. P-Res and P-RP were equally efficient in mitigating oxidative stress (enzyme activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and level of reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species). Inflammation is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 was decreased by 71.60% with P-Res, and TNF-α was reduced by 59.70% with P-Res and 62.66% with P-RP (p < 0.05). Prevention of renal pathologies was evident by reduction in creatinine level by P-RP (p < 0.05) and abrogation of proteinuria (P-Res and P-RP). P-RP was efficient in restoring histopathology of liver and lungs and decreased immune complexes in lungs. P-Res proved more beneficial by extenuating lipogranulomas, histopathological manifestations in kidney, liver, and lungs, and eliminating immune complexes in liver and lungs. None of the treatments could regulate auto-antibody formation. Resveratrol decreases the susceptibility of developing pathogenesis in murine model of lupus-like disease. The results also conclude that addressing the bioavailability of resveratrol using it in combination with piperine does not prove more efficacious in preventing lupus-associated pathologies than resveratrol alone.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--MUST SEE DOCUMENTARY: PLANDEMIC: InDOCTORnation - The Most Censored Documentary of All Time

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greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND : The rapid spread of novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or nCoV has caused countries all over the world to impose lockdowns and undertake stringent preventive measures .
This new positive-sense single-stranded RNA strain of coronavirus spreads through droplets of saliva and nasal discharge .
PURPOSE : US FDA has authorized the emergency use of Remdesivir looking at the increasing number of cases of COVID-19 , however there is still no drug approved to treat COVID-19 .
An alternative way of treatment could be the use of naturally derived molecules with known antiviral properties .
METHOD : We reviewed the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tea , epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) from green tea and theaflavins from black tea .
Both green tea and black tea polyphenols have been reported to exhibit antiviral activities against various viruses , especially positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses .
RESULTS : Recent studies have revealed the possible binding sites present on SARS-CoV-2 and studied their interactions with tea polyphenols .
EGCG and theaflavins , especially theaflavin-3,3'-digallate ( TF3 ) have shown a significant interaction with the receptors under consideration in this review .
Some docking studies further emphasize on the activity of these @ @ @ @ @ @ @ review summarizes the available reports and evidences which support the use of tea polyphenols as potential candidates in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 .

BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or nCoV has caused countries all over the world to impose lockdowns and undertake stringent preventive measures. This new positive-sense single-stranded RNA strain of coronavirus spreads through droplets of saliva and nasal discharge.
PURPOSE: US FDA has authorized the emergency use of Remdesivir looking at the increasing number of cases of COVID-19, however there is still no drug approved to treat COVID-19. An alternative way of treatment could be the use of naturally derived molecules with known antiviral properties.
METHOD: We reviewed the antiviral activities of two polyphenols derived from tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and theaflavins from black tea. Both green tea and black tea polyphenols have been reported to exhibit antiviral activities against various viruses, especially positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses.
RESULTS: Recent studies have revealed the possible binding sites present on SARS-CoV-2 and studied their interactions with tea polyphenols. EGCG and theaflavins, especially theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) have shown a significant interaction with the receptors under consideration in this review. Some docking studies further emphasize on the activity of these polyphenols against COVID-19.
CONCLUSION: This review summarizes the available reports and evidences which support the use of tea polyphenols as potential candidates in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa controlled virulence factors produced by multiple drug resista

Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa controlled virulence factors produced by multiple drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- major group of an aerobic bacteria associated with nosocomial and other life threatening infections .
Diverse virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa is due to distinct molecular cell signaling mechanism termed as quorum sensing ( QS ) .
Interfering with normal QS mechanism by active biomolecules is an effective strategy for attenuating its virulence .
With this objective , the present study is undertaken to evaluate the inhibition of quorum sensing of clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa by repression of Las R-a transcriptional regulator for QS by ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa .
Las R @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in inhibition of various virulence factors like biofilm , pyocyanin production , total proteolytic activity , swarming and twisting motility .
Fabrication of the extracted metabolites on the wound dressing and its effect on anti bacterial activity was also investigated .
Compatibility of plant extracts on zebra fish development and blood cells was further studied .
P. aeruginosa was isolated from the post operative patient and the isolated pure culture was identified by cultural , biochemical , molecular characteristics .
Active principles of both the plants were readily extracted in ethanol and effectively @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the tested plant extracts effectively repressed Las R expression which in turn affect the production of various virulence factors like biofilm formation , pyocyanin production , swarming motility , twisting motility , total proteolytic activity , cell adhesion and signaling molecule acyl honoserine lactone ( AHL ) production .
Plant extract treatment brought about drastic reduction of all the tested virulence factors and AHL production .
Extracted metabolites were fabricated on the wound dressing material adopting simple dip or immersion method reveals uniform coating , effective embedding of phytochemicals with the fibers and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ aeruginosa .
Biocompatibility studies with zebra fish model shows both the tested plant extracts treatment was not exhibited any sign of toxicity on the developmental stages of Zebra fish .
Hemolysis and changes in anti oxidative enzymes were not recorded in the plant extracts treated blood which demonstrated the best biocompatibility of the tested plant extracts .
These results shows that the presence of potential phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa effectively represses the Las R followed by inhibition of quorum sensing mediated virulence factors production may be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ drugs .

Pseudomonas aeruginosa- major group of an aerobic bacteria associated with nosocomial and other life threatening infections. Diverse virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa is due to distinct molecular cell signaling mechanism termed as quorum sensing (QS). Interfering with normal QS mechanism by active biomolecules is an effective strategy for attenuating its virulence. With this objective, the present study is undertaken to evaluate the inhibition of quorum sensing of clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa by repression of Las R-a transcriptional regulator for QS by ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa. Las R repression by the plant extracts was measured in inhibition of various virulence factors like biofilm, pyocyanin production, total proteolytic activity, swarming and twisting motility. Fabrication of the extracted metabolites on the wound dressing and its effect on anti bacterial activity was also investigated. Compatibility of plant extracts on zebra fish development and blood cells was further studied. P. aeruginosa was isolated from the post operative patient and the isolated pure culture was identified by cultural, biochemical, molecular characteristics. Active principles of both the plants were readily extracted in ethanol and effectively repressed the expression of Las R. Both the tested plant extracts effectively repressed Las R expression which in turn affect the production of various virulence factors like biofilm formation, pyocyanin production, swarming motility, twisting motility, total proteolytic activity, cell adhesion and signaling molecule acyl honoserine lactone (AHL) production. Plant extract treatment brought about drastic reduction of all the tested virulence factors and AHL production. Extracted metabolites were fabricated on the wound dressing material adopting simple dip or immersion method reveals uniform coating, effective embedding of phytochemicals with the fibers and retained the anti bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Biocompatibility studies with zebra fish model shows both the tested plant extracts treatment was not exhibited any sign of toxicity on the developmental stages of Zebra fish. Hemolysis and changes in anti oxidative enzymes were not recorded in the plant extracts treated blood which demonstrated the best biocompatibility of the tested plant extracts. These results shows that the presence of potential phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa effectively represses the Las R followed by inhibition of quorum sensing mediated virulence factors production may be useful in the lead of anti bacterial drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Evaluation of medicinal herbs as a potential therapeutic option against SARS-CoV-2 targeting its mai

Evaluation of medicinal herbs as a potential therapeutic option against SARS-CoV-2 targeting its main protease.

The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic and caused huge damage to the lives and economy of more than hundred countries .
As on May 10 , 2020 , more than 4,153,300 people stand infected from the virus due to an unprecedented rate of transmission and 282,700 have lost their lives because of the disease .
In this context , medicinal plants may provide a way to treat the disease by targeting specific essential proteins of the virus .
We screened about 51 medicinal plants and found that Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ against SARS-COV-2 3CL , with an ICfor Green Tea as 8.9 ± 0.5 μg/ml and Haritaki 8.8 ± 0.5 μg/ml .
The in-silico studies suggested that Tea component Thearubigins binds to the cysteine 145 of protease active site and could be a pharmacoactive molecule .
We predict that the inhibition in protease activity may be able to halt the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and therefore , we propose Green Tea , Black Tea , and Haritaki plant extracts as potential therapeutic candidates for SARS-CoV-2 infection .
Further investigation on role of bioactive constituents of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ basis of inhibition and towards expedited drug discovery .

The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic and caused huge damage to the lives and economy of more than hundred countries. As on May 10, 2020, more than 4,153,300 people stand infected from the virus due to an unprecedented rate of transmission and 282,700 have lost their lives because of the disease. In this context, medicinal plants may provide a way to treat the disease by targeting specific essential proteins of the virus. We screened about 51 medicinal plants and found that Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) has potential against SARS-COV-2 3CL, with an ICfor Green Tea as 8.9 ± 0.5 μg/ml and Haritaki 8.8 ± 0.5 μg/ml. The in-silico studies suggested that Tea component Thearubigins binds to the cysteine 145 of protease active site and could be a pharmacoactive molecule. We predict that the inhibition in protease activity may be able to halt the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and therefore, we propose Green Tea, Black Tea, and Haritaki plant extracts as potential therapeutic candidates for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigation on role of bioactive constituents of extracts is needed to establish the molecular basis of inhibition and towards expedited drug discovery.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Roles of flavonoids against coronavirus infection.

In terms of public health , the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics : in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS ; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain , called SARS-CoV-2 , caused the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak .
During the course of the current epidemic , medical challenges to save lives and scientific research aimed to reveal the genetic evolution and the biochemistry of the vital cycle of the new pathogen could lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 .
Up to now , there is no cure for COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the development of '' savage '' protocols , based on '' old '' anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs represents a valid and alternative therapeutic approach .
As an alternative or additional therapeutic/preventive option , different in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that small natural molecules , belonging to polyphenol family , can interfere with various stages of coronavirus entry and replication cycle .
Here , we reviewed the capacity of well-known ( e.g .
quercetin , baicalin , luteolin , hesperetin , gallocatechin gallate , epigallocatechin gallate ) and uncommon ( e.g .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ flavonoids , secondary metabolites widely present in plant tissues with antioxidant and anti-microbial functions , to inhibit key proteins involved in coronavirus infective cycle , such as PL , 3CL , NTPase/helicase .
Due to their pleiotropic activities and lack of systemic toxicity , flavonoids and their derivative may represent target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections .

In terms of public health, the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics: in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain, called SARS-CoV-2, caused the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak. During the course of the current epidemic, medical challenges to save lives and scientific research aimed to reveal the genetic evolution and the biochemistry of the vital cycle of the new pathogen could lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Up to now, there is no cure for COVID-19 and waiting for an efficacious vaccine, the development of"savage"protocols, based on"old"anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs represents a valid and alternative therapeutic approach. As an alternative or additional therapeutic/preventive option, different in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that small natural molecules, belonging to polyphenol family, can interfere with various stages of coronavirus entry and replication cycle. Here, we reviewed the capacity of well-known (e.g. quercetin, baicalin, luteolin, hesperetin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) and uncommon (e.g. scutellarein, amentoflavone, papyriflavonol A) flavonoids, secondary metabolites widely present in plant tissues with antioxidant and anti-microbial functions, to inhibit key proteins involved in coronavirus infective cycle, such as PL, 3CL, NTPase/helicase. Due to their pleiotropic activities and lack of systemic toxicity, flavonoids and their derivative may represent target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Plant-derived natural polyphenols as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

The sudden outburst of Coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) poses a massive threat to global public health .
Currently , no therapeutic drug or vaccine exists to treat COVID-19 .
Due to the time taking process of new drug development , drug repurposing might be the only viable solution to tackle COVID-19 .
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ( RdRp ) catalyzes SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication and hence , is an obvious target for antiviral drug design .
Interestingly , several plant-derived polyphenols effectively inhibit the RdRp of other RNA viruses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ used as dietary supplementations for a long time and played beneficial roles in immune homeostasis .
We were curious to study the binding of polyphenols with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and assess their potential to treat COVID-19 .
Herein , we made a library of polyphenols that have shown substantial therapeutic effects against various diseases .
They were successfully docked in the catalytic pocket of RdRp .
The investigation reveals that EGCG , theaflavin ( TF1 ) , theaflavin-3 ' -- gallate ( TF2a ) , theaflavin-3'-gallate ( TF2b ) , theaflavin 3,3'-digallate ( TF3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ myricetin strongly bind to the active site of RdRp .
Further , a 150-ns molecular dynamic simulation revealed that EGCG , TF2a , TF2b , TF3 result in highly stable bound conformations with RdRp .
The binding free energy components calculated by the MM-PBSA also confirm the stability of the complexes .
We also performed a detailed analysis of ADME prediction , toxicity prediction , and target analysis for their druggability .
Overall , our results suggest that EGCG , TF2a , TF2b , TF3 can inhibit RdRp and represent an effective therapy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Sarma .

The sudden outburst of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a massive threat to global public health. Currently, no therapeutic drug or vaccine exists to treat COVID-19. Due to the time taking process of new drug development, drug repurposing might be the only viable solution to tackle COVID-19. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) catalyzes SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication and hence, is an obvious target for antiviral drug design. Interestingly, several plant-derived polyphenols effectively inhibit the RdRp of other RNA viruses. More importantly, polyphenols have been used as dietary supplementations for a long time and played beneficial roles in immune homeostasis. We were curious to study the binding of polyphenols with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and assess their potential to treat COVID-19. Herein, we made a library of polyphenols that have shown substantial therapeutic effects against various diseases. They were successfully docked in the catalytic pocket of RdRp. The investigation reveals that EGCG, theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3'--gallate (TF2a), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2b), theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (TF3), hesperidin, quercetagetin, and myricetin strongly bind to the active site of RdRp. Further, a 150-ns molecular dynamic simulation revealed that EGCG, TF2a, TF2b, TF3 result in highly stable bound conformations with RdRp. The binding free energy components calculated by the MM-PBSA also confirm the stability of the complexes. We also performed a detailed analysis of ADME prediction, toxicity prediction, and target analysis for their druggability. Overall, our results suggest that EGCG, TF2a, TF2b, TF3 can inhibit RdRp and represent an effective therapy for COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--May polyphenols have a role against coronavirus infection?

The coronavirus infection is constantly diffusing worldwide and the incidence of death is dramatically increasing , representing one of the @ @ @ @ @ .
Nowadays , no effective therapeutic approaches have been licensed , despite the rising interest @ @ @ @ @ this specific field , and the daily growing number of publications , while the need @ @ @ @ @ urgent .
Evidence in the literature reported the antiviral activity of polyphenols , the largest @ @ @ @ @ nature .
Interestingly , a limited number of studies investigated the efficacy of polyphenols from @ @ @ @ @ against coronaviruses .
The present manuscript aimed to report this evidence and provide a viewpoint @ @ @ @ @ it as a start point for the development of novel natural approaches against this viral @ @ @ @ @ appropriate researches .

The coronavirus infection is constantly diffusing worldwide and the incidence of death is dramatically increasing, representing one of the greatest disasters in human history. Nowadays, no effective therapeutic approaches have been licensed, despite the rising interest of the scientific research in this specific field, and the daily growing number of publications, while the need to find novel strategies is urgent. Evidence in the literature reported the antiviral activity of polyphenols, the largest class of bioactive compounds in nature. Interestingly, a limited number of studies investigated the efficacy of polyphenols from different raw materials, directly against coronaviruses. The present manuscript aimed to report this evidence and provide a viewpoint on the possibility to use it as a start point for the development of novel natural approaches against this viral infection, eventually designing further appropriate researches.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses inflammation in human coronary artery endothelial cells by inhib

Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses inflammation in human coronary artery endothelial cells by inhibiting NF-κB.

The endothelium is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis , controlling vascular tone and permeability as well as interactions of leukocytes and platelets with blood vessel walls .
Consequently , endothelial dysfunction featuring inflammation and reduced vasodilation are considered central to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) pathogenesis and have become a therapeutic area of focus .
Type II endothelial cell ( EC ) activation by stress-related stimuli such as tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) initiates the nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) signaling pathway , a master regulator of inflammatory responses .
Because dysregulated NF-κB signaling has been tightly linked @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NF-κB represents an attractive pharmacological strategy .
As accumulating evidence highlights the clinical benefits of tea catechin for multiple diseases including CVDs , we sought to determine whether the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) that displays antioxidative , anti-inflammatory , hypolipidemic , anti-thrombogenic , and anti-hypertensive properties offers protection against CVDs by suppressing the canonical NF-κB pathway .
Our findings indicate that EGCG downregulates multiple components of the TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway and thereby reduces the consequent increase in inflammatory gene transcription and protein expression .
Furthermore , EGCG blocked type @ @ @ @ @ @ @ EC leakage and monocyte adhesion in EGCG-treated cells .
In summary , our study advances knowledge of EGCG 's anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB pathway and hence its benefits on endothelial health , supporting its therapeutic potential for CVDs .

The endothelium is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis, controlling vascular tone and permeability as well as interactions of leukocytes and platelets with blood vessel walls. Consequently, endothelial dysfunction featuring inflammation and reduced vasodilation are considered central to cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis and have become a therapeutic area of focus. Type II endothelial cell (EC) activation by stress-related stimuli such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) initiates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, a master regulator of inflammatory responses. Because dysregulated NF-κB signaling has been tightly linked to several CVDs, EC-specific inhibition of NF-κB represents an attractive pharmacological strategy. As accumulating evidence highlights the clinical benefits of tea catechin for multiple diseases including CVDs, we sought to determine whether the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) that displays antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-thrombogenic, and anti-hypertensive properties offers protection against CVDs by suppressing the canonical NF-κB pathway. Our findings indicate that EGCG downregulates multiple components of the TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway and thereby reduces the consequent increase in inflammatory gene transcription and protein expression. Furthermore, EGCG blocked type II EC activation, evidenced by diminished EC leakage and monocyte adhesion in EGCG-treated cells. In summary, our study advances knowledge of EGCG's anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB pathway and hence its benefits on endothelial health, supporting its therapeutic potential for CVDs.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--CIA Social Isolation Torture Techniques Next Stage: Involuntary Quarantines in FEMA "Non-Congregate

CIA Social Isolation Torture Techniques Next Stage: Involuntary Quarantines in FEMA "Non-Congregate Shelters"

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This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates age-associated muscle loss via regula

The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates age-associated muscle loss via regulation of miR-486-5p and myostatin.

( - ) -Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) , the most abundant catechin component in green tea , has been reported to attenuate age-associated insulin resistance , lipogenesis and loss of muscle mass through restoring Akt activity in skeletal muscle in our previous and present studies .
Accumulated data has suggested that polyphenols regulate signaling pathways involved in aging process such as inflammation and oxidative stress via modulation of miRNA expression .
Here we found that miRNA-486-5p was significantly decreased in both aged senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 ( SAMP8 ) mice and late passage C2C12 cells .
Thus , we further @ @ @ @ @ @ @ miRNA-486-5p expression in age-regulated muscle loss .
SAMP8 mice were fed with chow diet containing without or with 0.32 % EGCG from aged 32 weeks for 8 weeks .
Early passage ( < 12 passages ) and late passage ( > 30 passages ) of C2C12 cells were treated without or with EGCG at concentrations of 50 μM for 24h .
Our data showed that EGCG supplementation increased miRNA-486-5p expression in both aged SAMP8 mice and late passage C2C12 cells .
EGCG stimulated AKT phosphorylation and inhibited FoxO1a-mediated MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 transcription via @ @ @ @ @ @ @ muscle of 40-wk-old SAMP8 mice as well as late passage C2C12 cells .
In addition , myostatin expression was increased in late passage C2C12 cells and anti-myostatin treatment upregulated the expression of miR-486-5p .
Our results identify a unique mechanism of a dietary constituent of green tea and suggest that use of EGCG or compounds derived from it attenuates age-associated muscle loss via myostatin/miRNAs/ubiquitin-proteasome signaling .

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin component in green tea, has been reported to attenuate age-associated insulin resistance, lipogenesis and loss of muscle mass through restoring Akt activity in skeletal muscle in our previous and present studies. Accumulated data has suggested that polyphenols regulate signaling pathways involved in aging process such as inflammation and oxidative stress via modulation of miRNA expression. Here we found that miRNA-486-5p was significantly decreased in both aged senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice and late passage C2C12 cells. Thus, we further investigated the regulatory effect of EGCG on miRNA-486-5p expression in age-regulated muscle loss. SAMP8 mice were fed with chow diet containing without or with 0.32% EGCG from aged 32 weeks for 8 weeks. Early passage (<12 passages) and late passage (>30 passages) of C2C12 cells were treated without or with EGCG at concentrations of 50 μM for 24h. Our data showed that EGCG supplementation increased miRNA-486-5p expression in both aged SAMP8 mice and late passage C2C12 cells. EGCG stimulated AKT phosphorylation and inhibited FoxO1a-mediated MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 transcription via up-regulating the expression of miR-486 in skeletal muscle of 40-wk-old SAMP8 mice as well as late passage C2C12 cells. In addition, myostatin expression was increased in late passage C2C12 cells and anti-myostatin treatment upregulated the expression of miR-486-5p. Our results identify a unique mechanism of a dietary constituent of green tea and suggest that use of EGCG or compounds derived from it attenuates age-associated muscle loss via myostatin/miRNAs/ubiquitin-proteasome signaling.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( @ @ @ @ @ worldwide .
The main clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is the presence of respiratory symptoms , @ @ @ @ @ cardiovascular and renal complications .
There is an urgency to understand the mechanism by which @ @ @ @ @ as to develop treatment options .
Curcumin , a natural polyphenolic compound , could be @ @ @ @ @ patients with coronavirus disease .
In this study , we review some of the potential @ @ @ @ @ inhibiting the entry of virus to the cell , inhibiting encapsulation of the virus and @ @ @ @ @ as modulating various cellular signaling pathways .
This review provides a basis for further research @ @ @ @ @ of curcumin for the treatment of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 .

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with considerable mortality worldwide. The main clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is the presence of respiratory symptoms, but some patients develop severe cardiovascular and renal complications. There is an urgency to understand the mechanism by which this virus causes complications so as to develop treatment options. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, could be a potential treatment option for patients with coronavirus disease. In this study, we review some of the potential effects of curcumin such as inhibiting the entry of virus to the cell, inhibiting encapsulation of the virus and viral protease, as well as modulating various cellular signaling pathways. This review provides a basis for further research and development of clinical applications of curcumin for the treatment of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Antiviral and virucidal effects of curcumin on transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro.

Emerging coronaviruses represent serious threats to human and animal health worldwide , and no approved therapeutics are currently available .
@ @ @ @ @ gastroenteritis virus ( TGEV ) as the alpha-coronavirus model , and investigated the antiviral properties @ @ @ @ @ Our results demonstrated that curcumin strongly inhibited TGEV proliferation and viral protein expression in a @ @ @ @ @ observed that curcumin exhibited direct virucidal abilities in a dose- , temperature- and time-dependent manner @ @ @ @ @ showed that curcumin mainly acted in the early phase of TGEV replication .
Notably , @ @ @ @ @ curcumin at 40 µM resulted in a reduction in viral titres of 3.55 log TCIDml @ @ @ @ @ excellent inhibitory effects on the adsorption of TGEV .
Collectively , we demonstrate for the @ @ @ @ @ virucidal activity and virtual inhibition against TGEV , suggesting that curcumin might be a candidate @ @ @ @ @ TGEV infection .

Emerging coronaviruses represent serious threats to human and animal health worldwide, and no approved therapeutics are currently available. Here, we used Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as the alpha-coronavirus model, and investigated the antiviral properties of curcumin against TGEV. Our results demonstrated that curcumin strongly inhibited TGEV proliferation and viral protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed that curcumin exhibited direct virucidal abilities in a dose-, temperature- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, time-of-addition assays showed that curcumin mainly acted in the early phase of TGEV replication. Notably, in an adsorption assay, curcumin at 40 µM resulted in a reduction in viral titres of 3.55 log TCIDml, indicating that curcumin possesses excellent inhibitory effects on the adsorption of TGEV. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that curcumin has virucidal activity and virtual inhibition against TGEV, suggesting that curcumin might be a candidate drug for effective control of TGEV infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-19--Magic Mushroom Ingredient May Improve Mental Health


greenmedinfo--2020-08-20--Antifungal properties of Fucus vesiculosus L. supercritical fluid extract against Fusarium culmorum

Antifungal properties of Fucus vesiculosus L. supercritical fluid extract against Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium oxysporum.

In this study , potential antifungal properties of a brown algawere evaluated .
The algal extract was obtained with the use of supercritical fluid extraction ( scCO ) at a temperature of 50°C under a pressure of 300 bar .
The aqueous solution of the extract at the concentration of 0.05 % , 0.2 % , 0.5 % and 1.0 % was studied against pathogenic fungi on a liquid RB medium .
This study is the first report on antifungal properties of the brown algaescCOextract againstandphytopathogens .
The concentrations of the studied extract ( 0.5 % and 1.0 % ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibit 100 % growth of macroconidia within 144 h , as well as an ability to cause their total degradation .
As a result of the study , the antifungal effect of fucosterol againstwas also indicated .
The total macroconidia growth was inhibited by 1.0 % fucosterol .
Moreover , at lower concentrations ( 0.05-0.2 % ) of fucosterol , macroconidia were characterized by shorter length and structural degradation was observed .
The mycelial growth of ( Fo38 ) by 1 % scCOextract was analyzed at the level of 48 % after 168 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ extract was found to be effective in ( CBS122 ) and ( Fo38 ) growth inhibition by 72 % and 75 % , respectively after 168 h of incubation .

In this study, potential antifungal properties of a brown algawere evaluated. The algal extract was obtained with the use of supercritical fluid extraction (scCO) at a temperature of 50°C under a pressure of 300 bar. The aqueous solution of the extract at the concentration of 0.05%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% was studied against pathogenic fungi on a liquid RB medium. This study is the first report on antifungal properties of the brown algaescCOextract againstandphytopathogens. The concentrations of the studied extract (0.5% and 1.0%) were demonstrated to have an ability to inhibit 100% growth of macroconidia within 144 h, as well as an ability to cause their total degradation. As a result of the study, the antifungal effect of fucosterol againstwas also indicated. The total macroconidia growth was inhibited by 1.0% fucosterol. Moreover, at lower concentrations (0.05-0.2%) of fucosterol, macroconidia were characterized by shorter length and structural degradation was observed. The mycelial growth of(Fo38) by 1% scCOextract was analyzed at the level of 48% after 168 h of incubation, whereas 100% extract was found to be effective in(CBS122) and(Fo38) growth inhibition by 72% and 75%, respectively after 168 h of incubation.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-20--These findings also suggest that fucoidan could potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for Parki

These findings also suggest that fucoidan could potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease.

Mitochondria are considered to be the powerhouses of cells .
They are the most commonly damaged organelles within dopaminergic neurons @ @ @ @ @ disease ( PD ) .
Despite the importance of protecting neuronal mitochondria in PD patients @ @ @ @ @ mitochondrial dysfunction during pathogenesis and pathophysiological progression of PD have not yet been elucidated .
@ @ @ @ @ of fucoidan against the detrimental action of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ( MPP ) , a neurotoxin used @ @ @ @ @ the mitochondria of SH-SY5Y neural cells .
Fucoidan increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor @ @ @ @ @ ) and protected the cells from MPP-induced apoptosis by upregulating the 5 ' adenosine monophosphate-activated @ @ @ @ @ -PGC-1α axis .
These effects were blocked by the silencing of the PGC-1α axis .
@ @ @ @ @ protects SH-SY5Y cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by MPPtreatment , via the @ @ @ @ @ also suggest that fucoidan could potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for PD .

Mitochondria are considered to be the powerhouses of cells. They are the most commonly damaged organelles within dopaminergic neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the importance of protecting neuronal mitochondria in PD patients, the detailed mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction during pathogenesis and pathophysiological progression of PD have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the protective action of fucoidan against the detrimental action of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP), a neurotoxin used to model PD, in the mitochondria of SH-SY5Y neural cells. Fucoidan increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) and protected the cells from MPP-induced apoptosis by upregulating the 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PGC-1α axis. These effects were blocked by the silencing of the PGC-1α axis. These results indicated that fucoidan protects SH-SY5Y cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by MPPtreatment, via the AMPK-PGC-1α axis. These findings also suggest that fucoidan could potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for PD.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-20--Hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera.

Fucoidan is a kind of brown algae-derived macromolecule suggested to have hypolipidemic activity .
Saccharina sculpera has attracted interest because it is rich in fucoidan .
The monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of isolated fractions ( F1 , F2 and F3 ) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( NMR ) .
The hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera cultured in northern China were clarified by measuring cholesterol levels , antioxidative indicators and hepatic gene mRNA expression using an established hyperlipidemic Wistar @ @ @ @ @ @ @ F1 is an acetylated galactofucan and that F2 consists of fucose , galactose , mannose and glucuronic acid .
F3 is an acetylated galactofucan with high fucose .
Fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera could effectively reduce the level of lipids in serum by reducing the TG , TC , and LDL-C levels and increasing HDL-C levels and could effectively prevent lipid accumulation in the liver .
The findings obtained from hepatic gene expression showed that fucoidan could inhibit cholesterol synthesis via downregulation of HMG-CoA-R and upregulation of LCAT , slow the synthesis of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and promoteβ-oxidation of fatty acids via upregulation of PPARα , PPARγ and LPL .
These results demonstrated that the hypolipidemic activity of fucoidan was related to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and reverse transport , the regulation of fatty acid synthesis , and acceleration of mitochondrial β-oxidation .

Fucoidan is a kind of brown algae-derived macromolecule suggested to have hypolipidemic activity. Saccharina sculpera has attracted interest because it is rich in fucoidan. The monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of isolated fractions (F1, F2 and F3) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera cultured in northern China were clarified by measuring cholesterol levels, antioxidative indicators and hepatic gene mRNA expression using an established hyperlipidemic Wistar rat model. The results showed that F1 is an acetylated galactofucan and that F2 consists of fucose, galactose, mannose and glucuronic acid. F3 is an acetylated galactofucan with high fucose. Fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera could effectively reduce the level of lipids in serum by reducing the TG, TC, and LDL-C levels and increasing HDL-C levels and could effectively prevent lipid accumulation in the liver. The findings obtained from hepatic gene expression showed that fucoidan could inhibit cholesterol synthesis via downregulation of HMG-CoA-R and upregulation of LCAT, slow the synthesis of fatty acids via downregulation of SREBP-1c, and promoteβ-oxidation of fatty acids via upregulation of PPARα, PPARγ and LPL. These results demonstrated that the hypolipidemic activity of fucoidan was related to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and reverse transport, the regulation of fatty acid synthesis, and acceleration of mitochondrial β-oxidation.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-20--In vitro anticancer activity of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum cinereum against Caco-2 cells.

Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide , which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wide range of bioactivities @ @ @ @ @ , the underlying mechanism of fucoidan on its anti-cancer and apoptotic activity against colon cancer @ @ @ @ @ be elucidated .
Hence , the present study evaluated the cytotoxicity , apoptotic and anti-cancer @ @ @ @ @ brown seaweed Sargassum cinereum against Caco-2 cell line .
Cytotoxicity , morphological examination of nuclei @ @ @ @ @ flow cytometry , reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) formation and detection of apoptotic efficacy @ @ @ @ @ different assay protocols .
Fucoidan inhibited growth of Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner .
@ @ @ @ @ to be 250 μg/ml .
AO/EB , Hoechst and Annexin V/PI staining confirmed the apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ cells .
Fucoidan was also found to increase ROS production and augment mitochondrial membrane permeability @ @ @ @ @ study suggest that fucoidan exerts potent anti-cancer and apoptoticeffect on Caco-2 cells by enhancing ROS @ @ @ @ @ may be used as a promising therapeutic regimen against various cancer cell types .

Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide, which is extracted from brown seaweed that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer properties. However, the underlying mechanism of fucoidan on its anti-cancer and apoptotic activity against colon cancer cell line Caco-2 remains to be elucidated. Hence, the present study evaluated the cytotoxicity, apoptotic and anti-cancer activity of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum cinereum against Caco-2 cell line. Cytotoxicity, morphological examination of nuclei, mitochondrial membrane potential, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and detection of apoptotic efficacy of fucoidan were assessed by different assay protocols. Fucoidan inhibited growth of Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. ICconcentration of fucoidan was found to be 250 μg/ml. AO/EB, Hoechst and Annexin V/PI staining confirmed the apoptosis induced by fucoidan in Caco-2 cells. Fucoidan was also found to increase ROS production and augment mitochondrial membrane permeability. The findings of the study suggest that fucoidan exerts potent anti-cancer and apoptoticeffect on Caco-2 cells by enhancing ROS production. Thus, fucoidan may be used as a promising therapeutic regimen against various cancer cell types.