greenmedinfo--2020-08-04--Nitrate-rich beetroot juice reduces blood pressure in Tanzanian adults with elevated blood pressure.

BACKGROUND : In Sub-Saharan Africa , current strategies are struggling to control the burgeoning hypertension epidemic .
Dietary interventions such as inorganic nitrate or folic acid supplementation could represent promising strategies for reducing blood pressure ( BP ) in this setting .
OBJECTIVES : This feasibility study explores the effects of dietary inorganic nitrate supplementation , alone or in combination with folic acid , on BP in Tanzanian adults with elevated BP in Tanzania .
METHODS : A placebo-controlled , double-blind , randomized controlled feasibility trial was conducted .
Forty-seven middle-aged and older participants ( age : 50-70 y , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assigned to 3 conditions for a period of 60 d : 1 ) high-nitrate beetroot juice ( ∼400 mg nitrate ) and folic acid ( ∼5 mg folic acid ) ( N + F ) , 2 ) high-nitrate beetroot juice and placebo ( N + P ) , or 3 ) nitrate-depleted beetroot juice and placebo ( P + P ) .
Clinic and 24-hambulatory BP and measurements of compliance in plasma ( nitrate and folate concentrations ) and saliva ( nitrate and nitrite ) were obtained at baseline , 30 d @ @ @ @ @ @ @ resting systolic and diastolic BP ( mean± SD ) was 151.0 ± 19.4 mm Hg and 91.8 ± 11.7 mm Hg , respectively .
Compliance to the interventions was high ( > 90 % ) in all groups which was confirmed by the significant increase in nitrate and folic acid concentrations in plasma and saliva samples in the treatment arms .
After 60 d , 24-h systolic BP dropped by -10.8 ± 9.8 mm Hg ( P CONCLUSIONS : Dietary inorganic nitrate represents a potential nutritional strategy to lessen the hypertension epidemic in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rationale for future long-term investigations exploring the efficacy of dietary nitrate for lowering BP and attenuating cardiovascular disease risk in this setting.This trial was registered at isrctn.com as ISRCTN67978523 .

BACKGROUND: In Sub-Saharan Africa, current strategies are struggling to control the burgeoning hypertension epidemic. Dietary interventions such as inorganic nitrate or folic acid supplementation could represent promising strategies for reducing blood pressure (BP) in this setting.
OBJECTIVES: This feasibility study explores the effects of dietary inorganic nitrate supplementation, alone or in combination with folic acid, on BP in Tanzanian adults with elevated BP in Tanzania.
METHODS: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized controlled feasibility trial was conducted. Forty-seven middle-aged and older participants (age: 50-70 y, BMI: 26.3-29.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 3 conditions for a period of 60 d: 1) high-nitrate beetroot juice (∼400 mg nitrate) and folic acid (∼5 mg folic acid) (N + F), 2) high-nitrate beetroot juice and placebo (N + P), or 3) nitrate-depleted beetroot juice and placebo (P + P). Clinic and 24-hambulatory BP and measurements of compliance in plasma (nitrate and folate concentrations) and saliva (nitrate and nitrite) were obtained at baseline, 30 d, and 60 d.
RESULTS: Baseline resting systolic and diastolic BP (mean± SD) was 151.0 ± 19.4 mm Hg and 91.8 ± 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Compliance to the interventions was high (>90%) in all groups which was confirmed by the significant increase in nitrate and folic acid concentrations in plasma and saliva samples in the treatment arms. After 60 d, 24-h systolic BP dropped by -10.8 ± 9.8 mm Hg (P < 0.001), -6.1 ± 13.2 mm Hg (P = 0.03), and -0.3 ± 9.7 mm Hg (P = 0.83) in the N + P, N + F, and P + P groups, respectively. There was a significant decrease in 24-h diastolic BP in the N + P group (-5.4 ± 5.0 mm Hg, P = 0.004), whereas changes were not significant in the N + F (-1.8 ± 8.1 mm Hg, P = 0.32) and P + P (1.6 ± 8.3 mm Hg, P = 0.43) groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary inorganic nitrate represents a potential nutritional strategy to lessen the hypertension epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings support the rationale for future long-term investigations exploring the efficacy of dietary nitrate for lowering BP and attenuating cardiovascular disease risk in this setting.This trial was registered at isrctn.com as ISRCTN67978523.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-04--Blue LED devices are promising in terms of promoting wound healing.

BACKGROUN : Blue light ( 400 and 450 nm ) contributes to bringing the inflammatory phase under control , increases angiogenesis , stimulates the metabolism of all cellular processes , reduces scar formation , increases collagen production , and decreases the bacterial burden .
METHODS : The aim of this study was to promote the healing process in 20 hard-to-heal wounds using a portable light-emitting diodes device that emits blue light ( Emoled™ ) .
The primary endpoint of the study was to calculate in the three etiologic groups the reduction in wound size by the average delta area in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and by the average healing rate ( mm/Days ) .
The secondary endpoint was to assess the wound bed score and to assess patients ' pain ( numerical rating scale ) .
RESULTS : At week 4 the average healing rate was 0.098 mm/days for venous leg ulcers , 0.353 mm/days for traumatic ulcers , and 0.09 mm/days for vasculitis .
Overall 16 patients had a reduction in wound size , two patients were completely healed , and there was no improvement in two patients .
At week 4 , the average wound @ @ @ @ @ @ @ average pain had decreased to 2.35 .
Almost all patients ( n=19 ) showed pain reduction , and all the patients increased wound bed score .
CONCLUSIONS : The blue LED device is promising in terms of promoting wound healing , improving WBS and reducing pain in patients affected by long-term wounds that do not respond to standard treatment .

BACKGROUN: Blue light (400 and 450 nm) contributes to bringing the inflammatory phase under control, increases angiogenesis, stimulates the metabolism of all cellular processes, reduces scar formation, increases collagen production, and decreases the bacterial burden.
METHODS: The aim of this study was to promote the healing process in 20 hard-to-heal wounds using a portable light-emitting diodes device that emits blue light (Emoled™). The primary endpoint of the study was to calculate in the three etiologic groups the reduction in wound size by the average delta area in square centimeters and as a percentage, and by the average healing rate (mm/Days). The secondary endpoint was to assess the wound bed score and to assess patients' pain (numerical rating scale).
RESULTS: At week 4 the average healing rate was 0.098 mm/days for venous leg ulcers, 0.353 mm/days for traumatic ulcers, and 0.09 mm/days for vasculitis. Overall 16 patients had a reduction in wound size, two patients were completely healed, and there was no improvement in two patients. At week 4, the average wound bed score had increased to 12.8 and average pain had decreased to 2.35. Almost all patients (n=19) showed pain reduction, and all the patients increased wound bed score.
CONCLUSIONS: The blue LED device is promising in terms of promoting wound healing, improving WBS and reducing pain in patients affected by long-term wounds that do not respond to standard treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-04--Are anti-inflammatory foods associated with a protective effect for cutaneous melanoma?

The aim of this systematic narrative review is to answer the following research question : are anti-inflammatory foods or food @ @ @ @ @ effect for melanoma development ?
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses @ @ @ @ @ review was conducted .
All cohort studies ( n = 18 ) so far on @ @ @ @ @ reviewed .
Out of the 18 cohort studies , seven investigated the role of coffee @ @ @ @ @ found a protective effect .
Food components considered as anti-inflammatory , such as vitamin D @ @ @ @ @ acid , niacin , vitamin C , omega-3 fatty acids , and carotenoids ( β-carotene @ @ @ @ @ and lycopene ) , were not associated with a protective effect for melanoma .
Other @ @ @ @ @ as tea , fruits , and vegetables , except for citrus fruits that were borderline @ @ @ @ @ , were not associated with cutaneous melanoma .
In conclusion , the only anti-inflammatory food @ @ @ @ @ with a protective effect for cutaneous was coffee in particular caffeinated coffee .

The aim of this systematic narrative review is to answer the following research question: are anti-inflammatory foods or food components associated with a protective effect for melanoma development? Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline, a systematic review was conducted. All cohort studies (n = 18) so far on diet and cutaneous melanoma were reviewed. Out of the 18 cohort studies, seven investigated the role of coffee on melanoma and six studies found a protective effect. Food components considered as anti-inflammatory, such as vitamin D, vitamin A, folic acid, niacin, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, and carotenoids (β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene), were not associated with a protective effect for melanoma. Other anti-inflammatory food items, such as tea, fruits, and vegetables, except for citrus fruits that were borderline associated with an increased risk, were not associated with cutaneous melanoma. In conclusion, the only anti-inflammatory food item that was consistently associated with a protective effect for cutaneous was coffee in particular caffeinated coffee.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Oleuropein reverses repeated corticosterone-induced depressive-like behaviour.

Depression is still one of challenging , and widely encountered disorders with complex etiology .
The role of healthy diet and olive oil in ameliorating depression has been claimed .
This study was designed to explore the effects of oleuropein ; the main constituent of olive oil ; on depression-like behaviors that are induced by repeated administration of corticosterone ( 40 mg/kg , i.p . )
, once a day for 21 days , in mice .
Oleuropein ( 8 , 16 , and 32 mg/kg , i.p . )
or fluoxetine ( 20 mg/kg , positive control , i.p.1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ corticosterone injection .
Sucrose consumption test , open-field test ( OFT ) , tail suspension test ( TST ) , and forced swimming test ( FST ) were performed .
Reduced Glutathione ( GSH ) , lipid peroxidation , and biogenic amines ; serotonin , dopamine , and nor-epinephrine ; levels were also analyzed in brain homogenates .
Corticosterone treatment induced depression-like behaviors , it increased immobility time in the TST , OFT , andFST , decreased the number of movements in OFT , and decreased sucrose consumption .
Corticosterone effect was associated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of lipid peroxidation , in addition to modification of biogenic amines ; decreased serotonin and dopamine .
Oleuropein or fluoxetineadministration counteracted corticosterone-induced changes .
In conclusion , oleuropein showed a promising antidepressant activity , that is evident by improving corticosterone-induced depression-like behaviors , and normalizing levels of biogenic amines .

Depression is still one of challenging, and widely encountered disorders with complex etiology. The role of healthy diet and olive oil in ameliorating depression has been claimed. This study was designed to explore the effects of oleuropein; the main constituent of olive oil; on depression-like behaviors that are induced by repeated administration of corticosterone (40 mg/kg, i.p.), once a day for 21 days, in mice. Oleuropein (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg, i.p.) or fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, positive control, i.p.1) was administered 30 minutes prior to corticosterone injection. Sucrose consumption test, open-field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swimming test (FST) were performed. Reduced Glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, and biogenic amines; serotonin, dopamine, and nor-epinephrine; levels were also analyzed in brain homogenates. Corticosterone treatment induced depression-like behaviors, it increased immobility time in the TST, OFT, andFST, decreased the number of movements in OFT, and decreased sucrose consumption. Corticosterone effect was associated with depletion of reduced glutathione and increase of lipid peroxidation, in addition to modification of biogenic amines; decreased serotonin and dopamine. Oleuropein or fluoxetineadministration counteracted corticosterone-induced changes. In conclusion, oleuropein showed a promising antidepressant activity, that is evident by improving corticosterone-induced depression-like behaviors, and normalizing levels of biogenic amines.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Oleuropein could be used in the prevention of cadmium hepatotoxicity.

Cadmium ( Cd ) is a harmful pollutant which mainly affects the liver and kidney .
In this work , @ @ @ @ @ of olive leaf extract based on oleuropein against hepatic cadmium toxicity in mice .
Three @ @ @ @ @ : the first one served as the control ( C ) ; the second one @ @ @ @ @ 2 mg/kg b.w .
( CD ) , administered five times during two weeks ; @ @ @ @ @ the same doses of Cd and simultaneously 16 mg/kg b.w .
of oleuropein .
Results @ @ @ @ @ significant increase in liver injury biomarkers coupled with enhanced lipid peroxidation ( MDA ) and @ @ @ @ @ CAT and SOD ) .
Histological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed these findings .
In fact @ @ @ @ @ central lobular apoptosis and inflammation around central veins .
Cotreatment with oleuropein significantly reduced the @ @ @ @ @ .
Our findings suggest that oleuropein could be used in the prevention of Cd hepatotoxicity @

Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful pollutant which mainly affects the liver and kidney. In this work, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of olive leaf extract based on oleuropein against hepatic cadmium toxicity in mice. Three groups of animals were used: the first one served as the control (C); the second one received intraperitoneal injection of cadmium 2 mg/kg b.w. (CD), administered five times during two weeks; and the third group received the same doses of Cd and simultaneously 16 mg/kg b.w. of oleuropein. Results showed that Cd induced a significant increase in liver injury biomarkers coupled with enhanced lipid peroxidation (MDA) and significant depletion of antioxidants (CAT and SOD). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed these findings. In fact, we observed a severe central lobular apoptosis and inflammation around central veins. Cotreatment with oleuropein significantly reduced the oxidative damage induced by cadmium. Our findings suggest that oleuropein could be used in the prevention of Cd hepatotoxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Effect of oleuropein on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion

Effect of oleuropein on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidney.

AIMS : This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oleuropein ( OLE ) , the main phenolic compound present in olive leaves , on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury ( IRI ) and to explore the underlying protective mechanism .
MAIN METHODS : Rat kidneys were subjected to 60 min of bilateral warm ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion .
OLE was administered orally 48 h , 24 h and 30 min prior to ischemia at doses of 10 , 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight .
The creatinine , urea , uric acid concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Oxidative stress and inflammation parameters were also assessed .
Renal expression of AMP-activated protein kinase ( p-AMPK ) , endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ) , mitogen-activated protein kinases ( MAPK ) , inflammatory proteins and apoptotic proteins were evaluated using Western blot .
KEY FINDINGS : Our results showed that OLE at 50 mg/kg reduced kidney IRI as revealed by a significant decrease of plasmatic creatinine , urea , uric acid concentrations and LDH activity .
In parallel , OLE up-regulated antioxidant capacities .
Moreover , OLE diminished the level of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( COX-2 ) .
Finally , OLE enhanced AMPK phosphorylation as well as eNOS expression whereas MAPK , and cleaved caspase-3 implicated in cellular apoptosis were attenuated in the ischemic kidneys .
SIGNIFICANCE : In conclusion , this study shows that OLE could be used as therapeutic agent to reduce IRI through its anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties .

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oleuropein (OLE), the main phenolic compound present in olive leaves, on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and to explore the underlying protective mechanism.
MAIN METHODS: Rat kidneys were subjected to 60 min of bilateral warm ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. OLE was administered orally 48 h, 24 h and 30 min prior to ischemia at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. The creatinine, urea, uric acid concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in plasma were evaluated. Oxidative stress and inflammation parameters were also assessed. Renal expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), inflammatory proteins and apoptotic proteins were evaluated using Western blot.
KEY FINDINGS: Our results showed that OLE at 50 mg/kg reduced kidney IRI as revealed by a significant decrease of plasmatic creatinine, urea, uric acid concentrations and LDH activity. In parallel, OLE up-regulated antioxidant capacities. Moreover, OLE diminished the level of CRP and the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Finally, OLE enhanced AMPK phosphorylation as well as eNOS expression whereas MAPK, and cleaved caspase-3 implicated in cellular apoptosis were attenuated in the ischemic kidneys.
SIGNIFICANCE: In conclusion, this study shows that OLE could be used as therapeutic agent to reduce IRI through its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Oral delivery of oleuropein-loaded lipid nanocarriers alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress i

Oral delivery of oleuropein-loaded lipid nanocarriers alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress in acute colitis.

Inflammation and oxidative stress pathways have emerged as novel targets in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases ( IBD ) @ @ @ @ @ the inflamed colon remains a challenge .
Nanostructured lipid carriers ( NLCs ) have been @ @ @ @ @ colonic mucosa .
The antioxidant/antiinflamatory polyphenol oleuropein ( OLE ) was loaded in NLCs ( @ @ @ @ @ to be more effective in decreasing the TNF-α secretion and intracellular reactive oxygen species ( @ @ @ @ @ ( J774 ) compared to the conventional form of OLE .
OLE efficacy was preserved @ @ @ @ @ a murine model of acute colitis : reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6 , decreased @ @ @ @ @ of the colon were reported .
In addition , NLC-OLE enhanced the ROS scavenging activity @ @ @ @ @ after oral administration .
These data suggest that the proposed NLC-OLE could be a promising @ @ @ @ @ in IBD treatment .

Inflammation and oxidative stress pathways have emerged as novel targets in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Targeting the drug to the inflamed colon remains a challenge. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been reported to accumulate in inflamed colonic mucosa. The antioxidant/antiinflamatory polyphenol oleuropein (OLE) was loaded in NLCs (NLC-OLE). NLC-OLE showed to be more effective in decreasing the TNF-α secretion and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated macrophages (J774) compared to the conventional form of OLE. OLE efficacy was preserved within NLC-OLE ameliorating inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis: reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6, decreased neutrophil infiltration and improved histopathology of the colon were reported. In addition, NLC-OLE enhanced the ROS scavenging activity of OLE in the colon after oral administration. These data suggest that the proposed NLC-OLE could be a promising drug delivery system for OLE in IBD treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--The Immunomodulatory Effects of Sunlight

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Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

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greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Extra virgin olive oil polyphenols may significantly help to modulate the aging process.

The olive-oil-centered Mediterranean diet has been associated with extended life expectancy and a reduction in the risk of age-related degenerative diseases .
Extra virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) itself has been proposed to promote a '' successful aging '' , being able to virtually modulate all the features of the aging process , because of its great monounsaturated fatty acids content and its minor bioactive compounds , the polyphenols above all .
Polyphenols are mostly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds , able to modulate abnormal cellular signaling induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress , as that related to NF-E2-related @ @ @ @ @ @ @ factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ( NF-κB ) , which have been identified as important modulators of age-related disorders and aging itself .
This review summarizes existing literature about the interaction between EVOO polyphenols and NF-κB and Nrf-2 signaling pathways .
Reported studies show the ability of EVOO phenolics , mainly hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol , to activate Nrf-2 signaling , inducing a cellular defense response and to prevent NF-κB activation , thus suppressing the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype .
Literature data , although not exhaustive , indicate as a whole that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the aging process , so tightly connected to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation .

The olive-oil-centered Mediterranean diet has been associated with extended life expectancy and a reduction in the risk of age-related degenerative diseases. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) itself has been proposed to promote a"successful aging", being able to virtually modulate all the features of the aging process, because of its great monounsaturated fatty acids content and its minor bioactive compounds, the polyphenols above all. Polyphenols are mostly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, able to modulate abnormal cellular signaling induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress, as that related to NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which have been identified as important modulators of age-related disorders and aging itself. This review summarizes existing literature about the interaction between EVOO polyphenols and NF-κB and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Reported studies show the ability of EVOO phenolics, mainly hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, to activate Nrf-2 signaling, inducing a cellular defense response and to prevent NF-κB activation, thus suppressing the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Literature data, although not exhaustive, indicate as a whole that EVOO polyphenols may significantly help to modulate the aging process, so tightly connected to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against oxidative stress induced by the ochratoxin in kidney cel

Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against oxidative stress induced by the ochratoxin in kidney cells.

Ochratoxin-A ( OTA ) is a mycotoxin that is a common contaminant of food products for both humans and animals .
This mycotoxin has several toxic effects .
In particular , ochratoxin has significant nephrotoxic potential .
In fact , OTA has been described as being responsible for naturally occurring animal and human kidney disorders .
The toxicity of this mycotoxin involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathways .
Therefore , in the present study , we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of hydroxytyrosol ( HT ) , a phenolic constituent with potent antioxidant activity , of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ renal cell lines , the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line ( MDCK ) , a pig kidney cell line ( LLC-PK1 ) , and a rabbit kidney cell line ( RK 13 ) , and in rats .
Our results clearly showed that renal cells respond to OTA exposure by reducing cell proliferation and the induction of oxidative stress .
Pre-incubation of the cells with HT prevented the cellular cytotoxicity and increased reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) levels induced by OTA .
In addition , the antioxidative activity of HT was studied @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) levels and nitrosative stress .
Finally , we investigated the capability of HT ( 20 mg/kg , intraperitoneally ) to act .
In rats , HT reduced oxidative stress and collagen accumulation in the kidney and counteracted the augmentations in AST , ALT , and creatinine levels following OTA induction ( 250μg/kg for 90 days orally ) .
In conclusion , our findings demonstrate that HT is able to protect three renal cell lines from the damage induced by OTA and protect the kidneys of rats .
Therefore @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be an important strategy for the treatment and prevention of this type of kidney dysfunction .

Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is a common contaminant of food products for both humans and animals. This mycotoxin has several toxic effects. In particular, ochratoxin has significant nephrotoxic potential. In fact, OTA has been described as being responsible for naturally occurring animal and human kidney disorders. The toxicity of this mycotoxin involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathways. Therefore, in the present study, we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a phenolic constituent with potent antioxidant activity, of extra virgin olive oil in three different renal cell lines, the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK), a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1), and a rabbit kidney cell line (RK 13), and in rats. Our results clearly showed that renal cells respond to OTA exposure by reducing cell proliferation and the induction of oxidative stress. Pre-incubation of the cells with HT prevented the cellular cytotoxicity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels induced by OTA. In addition, the antioxidative activity of HT was studied by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and nitrosative stress. Finally, we investigated the capability of HT (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) to act. In rats, HT reduced oxidative stress and collagen accumulation in the kidney and counteracted the augmentations in AST, ALT, and creatinine levels following OTA induction (250μg/kg for 90 days orally). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that HT is able to protect three renal cell lines from the damage induced by OTA and protect the kidneys of rats. Therefore, the use of this compound could be an important strategy for the treatment and prevention of this type of kidney dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Hydroxytyrosol suppresses LPS-induced intrahepatic inflammatory responses.

OBJECTIVE : Acute liver injury ( ALI ) leads to inflammatory response and tissue damage .
Inflammatory activation of infiltrative macrophages plays a critical role in liver histology destruction and dysfunction .
Hydroxytyrosol ( 3,4-dihydroxyphenil-ethanol , HT ) , one of the polyphenols extracted from extra virgin olive oil , currently acts as a treatment for neuroinflammatory responses , but its effect on ALI is elusive .
The present study aims to examine the mechanism of HT in macrophages inflammation and evaluate treatment effect of HT on ALI .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : In vitro , the expressions of type @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , IL-10 , IL-4 ) following lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) stimulation and HT administration were detected using immunofluorescence , quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) , and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) .
Mechanically , HT was used to treat cells and phosphorylation level of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ( ERK1/2 ) protein in cells was analyzed using Western blotting .
In murine acute liver injury , inflammatory cytokines and liver injury degree were exhibited by qRT-PCR , IHC and HE staining .
Furthermore @ @ @ @ @ @ @ metabolic enzymes ( ALT/AST ) and total bilirubin ( TBil ) in serum .
RESULTS : It was demonstrated that HT treatment attenuated M1 macrophages and increased M2 macrophages after LPS stimulation .
Furthermore , the pro-inflammatory cytokine level was descended , while an-inflammatory cytokine was increased via HT suppressing ERK pathway in macrophages .
In vivo , HT reduced inflammatory level and mitigated hepatic histological injury , thus ameliorating liver function after acute liver injury .
CONCLUSIONS : HT exerts a hepatoprotective and anti-inflammation effect on acute liver injury , which restrains @ @ @ @ @ @ @ macrophages polarization .
Moreover , HT prevents liver tissues from inflammatory injury .
Therefore , HT serves as a potential implication to treat ALI through modulating inflammation of macrophages .

OBJECTIVE: Acute liver injury (ALI) leads to inflammatory response and tissue damage. Inflammatory activation of infiltrative macrophages plays a critical role in liver histology destruction and dysfunction. Hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenil-ethanol, HT), one of the polyphenols extracted from extra virgin olive oil, currently acts as a treatment for neuroinflammatory responses, but its effect on ALI is elusive. The present study aims to examine the mechanism of HT in macrophages inflammation and evaluate treatment effect of HT on ALI.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro, the expressions of type M1/M2 macrophages biomarkers (CD11c/CD206) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-4) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and HT administration were detected using immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mechanically, HT was used to treat cells and phosphorylation level of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) protein in cells was analyzed using Western blotting. In murine acute liver injury, inflammatory cytokines and liver injury degree were exhibited by qRT-PCR, IHC and HE staining. Furthermore, hepatic function was exhibited via hepatic metabolic enzymes (ALT/AST) and total bilirubin (TBil) in serum.
RESULTS: It was demonstrated that HT treatment attenuated M1 macrophages and increased M2 macrophages after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokine level was descended, while an-inflammatory cytokine was increased via HT suppressing ERK pathway in macrophages. In vivo, HT reduced inflammatory level and mitigated hepatic histological injury, thus ameliorating liver function after acute liver injury.
CONCLUSIONS: HT exerts a hepatoprotective and anti-inflammation effect on acute liver injury, which restrains inflammation by inhibiting ERK pathway and regulating macrophages polarization. Moreover, HT prevents liver tissues from inflammatory injury. Therefore, HT serves as a potential implication to treat ALI through modulating inflammation of macrophages.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Extrapolation of hydroxytyrosol and its analogues as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

Discovery of potential lead molecule is a challenging , and complex process which require lots of money , patience , and manpower .
Human beings are using natural products , predominantly secondary metabolites , for this purpose since ancient time and they are still working on them as a potent source for drug discovery due to their wide structural diversity .
Phenolic phytochemicals such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are natural antioxidant and involved in many biological disease cure .
Herein , we have carried out the quantum chemical calculations for conformational analysis , geometry optimization and computation of electronic as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ its analogues ( ) in terms of density functional theory by using Gaussian 09 program suite .
The eventual charge transfer within the molecules has been confirmed by the analysis of frontier molecular orbitals .
The molecular docking studies ofwith cyclooxygenase-2 showed the noticeable binding affinity as compared to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs .
aspirin , naproxen and celecoxib .
Computation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties confirmed the lead/drug like potential of these screened molecules .
Furthermore , the molecular dynamics simulation of best three docked ligands ( , and ) -receptor complex @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that these molecules bind in the catalytic cavity of cyclooxygenase-2 and found stable during the 100 ns of simulation .
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma .

Discovery of potential lead molecule is a challenging, and complex process which require lots of money, patience, and manpower. Human beings are using natural products, predominantly secondary metabolites, for this purpose since ancient time and they are still working on them as a potent source for drug discovery due to their wide structural diversity. Phenolic phytochemicals such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are natural antioxidant and involved in many biological disease cure. Herein, we have carried out the quantum chemical calculations for conformational analysis, geometry optimization and computation of electronic as well as optical properties of hydroxytyrosol and its analogues () in terms of density functional theory by using Gaussian 09 program suite. The eventual charge transfer within the molecules has been confirmed by the analysis of frontier molecular orbitals. The molecular docking studies ofwith cyclooxygenase-2 showed the noticeable binding affinity as compared to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. aspirin, naproxen and celecoxib. Computation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties confirmed the lead/drug like potential of these screened molecules. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation of best three docked ligands (,and)-receptor complex and their binding free energy calculations reveals that these molecules bind in the catalytic cavity of cyclooxygenase-2 and found stable during the 100 ns of simulation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Purified oleocanthal and ligstroside protect against mitochondrial dysfunction in models of early Al

Purified oleocanthal and ligstroside protect against mitochondrial dysfunction in models of early Alzheimer's disease and brain ageing.

As components of the Mediterranean diet ( MedDiet ) olive polyphenols may play a crucial role for the prevention of Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) .
Since mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in both , brain ageing and early AD , effects of 10 different purified phenolic secoiridoids ( hydroxytyrosol , tyrosol , oleacein , oleuroside , oleuroside aglycon , oleuropein , oleocanthal , ligstroside , ligstroside aglycone and ligustaloside B ) and two metabolites ( the plant metabolite elenolic acid and the mammalian metabolite homovanillic acid ) were tested in very low doses on mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y-APPcells - @ @ @ @ @ @ @ All tested secoiridoids significantly increased basal adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) levels in SY5Y-APPcells .
Oleacein , oleuroside , oleocanthal and ligstroside showed the highest effect on ATP levels and were additionally tested on mitochondrial respiration .
Only oleocanthal and ligstroside were able to enhance the capacity of respiratory chain complexes .
To investigate their underlying molecular mechanisms , the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis , respiration and antioxidative capacity ( PGC-1α , SIRT1 , CREB1 , NRF1 , TFAM , complex I , IV and V , GPx1 , SOD2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Exclusively ligstroside increased mRNA expression of SIRT1 , CREB1 , complex I , and GPx1 .
Furthermore , oleocanthal but not ligstroside decreased Aβ 1-40 levels in SH-SY5Y-APPcells .
To investigate the in vivo effects of purified secoiridoids , the two most promising compounds ( oleocanthal and ligstroside ) were tested in a mouse model of ageing .
Female NMRI mice , aged 12 months , received a diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg oleocanthal or ligstroside for 6 months ( equivalent to 6.25 mg/kg b.w. )
.
Young ( 3 months ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ served as controls .
Ligstroside fed mice showed improved spatial working memory .
Furthermore , ligstroside restored brain ATP levels in aged mice and led to a significant life extension compared to aged control animals .
Our findings indicate that purified ligstroside has outstanding performance on mitochondrial bioenergetics in models of early AD and brain ageing by mechanisms that may not interfere with Aβ production .
Additionally , ligstroside expanded the lifespan in aged mice and enhanced cognitive function .

As components of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) olive polyphenols may play a crucial role for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in both, brain ageing and early AD, effects of 10 different purified phenolic secoiridoids (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleacein, oleuroside, oleuroside aglycon, oleuropein, oleocanthal, ligstroside, ligstroside aglycone and ligustaloside B) and two metabolites (the plant metabolite elenolic acid and the mammalian metabolite homovanillic acid) were tested in very low doses on mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y-APPcells - a cellular model of early AD. All tested secoiridoids significantly increased basal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in SY5Y-APPcells. Oleacein, oleuroside, oleocanthal and ligstroside showed the highest effect on ATP levels and were additionally tested on mitochondrial respiration. Only oleocanthal and ligstroside were able to enhance the capacity of respiratory chain complexes. To investigate their underlying molecular mechanisms, the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration and antioxidative capacity (PGC-1α, SIRT1, CREB1, NRF1, TFAM, complex I, IV and V, GPx1, SOD2, CAT) were determined using qRT-PCR. Exclusively ligstroside increased mRNA expression of SIRT1, CREB1, complex I, and GPx1. Furthermore, oleocanthal but not ligstroside decreased Aβ 1-40 levels in SH-SY5Y-APPcells. To investigate the in vivo effects of purified secoiridoids, the two most promising compounds (oleocanthal and ligstroside) were tested in a mouse model of ageing. Female NMRI mice, aged 12 months, received a diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg oleocanthal or ligstroside for 6 months (equivalent to 6.25 mg/kg b.w.). Young (3 months) and aged (18 months) mice served as controls. Ligstroside fed mice showed improved spatial working memory. Furthermore, ligstroside restored brain ATP levels in aged mice and led to a significant life extension compared to aged control animals. Our findings indicate that purified ligstroside has outstanding performance on mitochondrial bioenergetics in models of early AD and brain ageing by mechanisms that may not interfere with Aβ production. Additionally, ligstroside expanded the lifespan in aged mice and enhanced cognitive function.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Hydroxytyrosol is effective and safe in preventing recurrent candida episodes.

OBJECTIVE : The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxytyrosol for the prevention of the vulvar vaginal candida infections recurrence .
PATIENTS AND METHODS : This study is a prospective observational pilot study .
Eligible subjects were at least 18 years old , with at least 4 documented episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the last 12 months .
Patients were instructed to therapy ( 2 tabs daily for the first month and then 1 tab daily for 2 other months ) .
Each capsule consists of hydroxytyrosol ( HT ) and other components : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ regia , and copper .
Clinical and microbiological assessments took place at baseline and 12 weeks after .
The impact on Quality of Life ( QoL ) was evaluated with the SF-36 and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement ( PGI-I ) after 3 months of treatment was calculated .
RESULTS : Sixty patients were enrolled in the study .
In the last 1 year the mean number of previous infections was 5.83± 2.76 .
Forty-nine patients ( 83 % ) did not have candida episodes during 3 months of treatment .
A @ @ @ @ @ @ @ signs , such as pruritus , burning and vulvar erythema ( < 0.0001 ) .
The SF-36 showed a significant change ( 55.67±8.43 vs. 84.56±11.56 , p < 0.0001 ) and the total success at PGI-I was reported in 54 patients ( 90 % ) .
CONCLUSIONS : The HT-based product is effective and safe in preventing recurrent candida episodes and improves the quality of life and sexual function of treated women .

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxytyrosol for the prevention of the vulvar vaginal candida infections recurrence.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a prospective observational pilot study. Eligible subjects were at least 18 years old, with at least 4 documented episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the last 12 months. Patients were instructed to therapy (2 tabs daily for the first month and then 1 tab daily for 2 other months). Each capsule consists of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and other components: tea tree oil, tabebuia, juglans regia, and copper. Clinical and microbiological assessments took place at baseline and 12 weeks after. The impact on Quality of Life (QoL) was evaluated with the SF-36 and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) after 3 months of treatment was calculated.
RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. In the last 1 year the mean number of previous infections was 5.83± 2.76. Forty-nine patients (83%) did not have candida episodes during 3 months of treatment. A significant reduction in clinical symptoms, vaginal signs, such as pruritus, burning and vulvar erythema (<0.0001). The SF-36 showed a significant change (55.67±8.43 vs. 84.56±11.56, p<0.0001) and the total success at PGI-I was reported in 54 patients (90%).
CONCLUSIONS: The HT-based product is effective and safe in preventing recurrent candida episodes and improves the quality of life and sexual function of treated women.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Protective effects of olive oil phenolics oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against hydrogen peroxide-in

Protective effects of olive oil phenolics oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes.

This study investigates antioxidant capacity and protective effects of phenolic compounds oleuropein ( OLP ) and hydroxytyrosol ( HT ) @ @ @ @ @ and olive leaves , against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes .
Antioxidant potency @ @ @ @ @ of radical-scavenging activity ( ABTS∙+ assay ) , ferric reducing power ( FRAP assay ) @ @ @ @ @ ( CUPRAC assay ) .
Both substances were found to be potent antioxidant agents due @ @ @ @ @ .
Antigenotoxic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against H2O2-induced damage in human lymphocytes were evaluated @ @ @ @ @ assay .
At tested concentrations ( 1 , 5 , 10 µmol L-1 ) , @ @ @ @ @ induce a significant increase of primary DNA damage in comparison with the negative control .
@ @ @ @ @ each of the substances for 120 min produced a dose-dependent reduction of primary DNA damage @ @ @ @ @ .
Hydroxytyrosol showed a better protective effect against H2O2-induced DNA breaks than oleuropein which could @ @ @ @ @ radical-scavenging efficacy .

This study investigates antioxidant capacity and protective effects of phenolic compounds oleuropein (OLP) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), present in olive oil and olive leaves, against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Antioxidant potency was determined using the measurement of radical-scavenging activity (ABTS∙+ assay), ferric reducing power (FRAP assay) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC assay). Both substances were found to be potent antioxidant agents due to their free radical-scavenging activities. Antigenotoxic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against H2O2-induced damage in human lymphocytes were evaluated in vitro by alkaline comet assay. At tested concentrations (1, 5, 10 µmol L-1), oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol did not induce a significant increase of primary DNA damage in comparison with the negative control. Pretreatment of human lymphocytes with each of the substances for 120 min produced a dose-dependent reduction of primary DNA damage in the tested cell type. Hydroxytyrosol showed a better protective effect against H2O2-induced DNA breaks than oleuropein which could be associated with their free radical-scavenging efficacy.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Oleuropein protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and alleviates inflammatory responses

Oleuropein protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and alleviates inflammatory responses in mice.

Sepsis results from a major systemic inflammatory response and can induce disorders in multiple organs .
The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of oleuropein ( OLE ) against hyperinflammatory responses during lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced sepsis in mice .
Sixty male Balb/c mice were randomly categorized into five groups of 12 animals each : control , intraperitoneally injected with OLE ( 50 mg/kg ) , injected with LPS ( 10 mg/kg , intraperitoneal ) , and two groups administered OLE ( 25 and 50 mg/kg ) for 3 days prior to LPS injection .
Twenty-four hours after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Serum , liver , and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses , histopathological examinations , and investigation of inflammation-related gene expression .
OLE pretreatment significantly reduced liver damage parameters ( alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , lactate dehydrogenase ) and kidney damage parameters ( blood urea nitrogen , creatinine , and kidney injury molecule-1 ) in the septic mice .
OLE pretreatment ameliorated LPS-induced liver and kidney histological changes .
OLE significantly mitigated the increased levels of malondialdehyde in the liver and kidneys and reduced levels of reduced glutathione induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-1β , and IL-6 ) and inflammation-related genes ( Nos2 , Hmgb1 , Mpo , Cd46 , Map2k4 , and Map2k7 ) in the hepatic and renal tissues .
OLE reduced these expressions to ameliorate the inflammatory response .
Moreover , OLE pretreatment enhanced the survival rate of septic mice .
In conclusion , OLE alleviated the inflammatory response to protect against LPS-induced sepsis in mice .

Sepsis results from a major systemic inflammatory response and can induce disorders in multiple organs. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of oleuropein (OLE) against hyperinflammatory responses during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in mice. Sixty male Balb/c mice were randomly categorized into five groups of 12 animals each: control, intraperitoneally injected with OLE (50 mg/kg), injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and two groups administered OLE (25 and 50 mg/kg) for 3 days prior to LPS injection. Twenty-four hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, the animals were sacrificed. Serum, liver, and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses, histopathological examinations, and investigation of inflammation-related gene expression. OLE pretreatment significantly reduced liver damage parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) and kidney damage parameters (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and kidney injury molecule-1) in the septic mice. OLE pretreatment ameliorated LPS-induced liver and kidney histological changes. OLE significantly mitigated the increased levels of malondialdehyde in the liver and kidneys and reduced levels of reduced glutathione induced by LPS. LPS injection also resulted in increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammation-related genes (Nos2, Hmgb1, Mpo, Cd46, Map2k4, and Map2k7) in the hepatic and renal tissues. OLE reduced these expressions to ameliorate the inflammatory response. Moreover, OLE pretreatment enhanced the survival rate of septic mice. In conclusion, OLE alleviated the inflammatory response to protect against LPS-induced sepsis in mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Top Five Best Foods for Eye Health

Top Five Best Foods for Eye Health


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Cancer glycolytic dependence as a new target of olive leaf extract.

Oleuropein ( Ole ) , the main bioactive phenolic component ofL .
has recently attracted the scientific attention for its @ @ @ @ @ its anticancer effects .
This study is intended to investigate whether an olive leaf extract @ @ @ @ @ ) may counteract the aerobic glycolysis exploited by tumor cells .
We found that OLEO @ @ @ @ @ motility .
OLEO was also able to reduce the rate of glycolysis of human melanoma @ @ @ @ @ .
This reduction was associated with a significant decrease of glucose transporter-1 , protein kinase @ @ @ @ @ expression , possible drivers of such glycolysis inhibition .
Extending the study to other tumor @ @ @ @ @ the metabolic effects of OLEO are not confined to melanoma , but also confirmed in @ @ @ @ @ and chronic myeloid leukemia .
In conclusion , OLEO represents a natural product effective in @ @ @ @ @ different tumor types , revealing an extended metabolic inhibitory activity that may be well suited @ @ @ @ @ .

Oleuropein (Ole), the main bioactive phenolic component ofL. has recently attracted the scientific attention for its several beneficial properties, including its anticancer effects. This study is intended to investigate whether an olive leaf extract enriched in Ole (OLEO) may counteract the aerobic glycolysis exploited by tumor cells. We found that OLEO decreased melanoma cell proliferation and motility. OLEO was also able to reduce the rate of glycolysis of human melanoma cells without affecting oxidative phosphorylation. This reduction was associated with a significant decrease of glucose transporter-1, protein kinase isoform M2 and monocarboxylate transporter-4 expression, possible drivers of such glycolysis inhibition. Extending the study to other tumor histotypes, we observed that the metabolic effects of OLEO are not confined to melanoma, but also confirmed in colon carcinoma, breast cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia. In conclusion, OLEO represents a natural product effective in reducing the glycolytic metabolism of different tumor types, revealing an extended metabolic inhibitory activity that may be well suited in a complementary anti-cancer therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids de

The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids derived from the olive tree.

Iridoids , which have beneficial health properties , include a wide group of cyclopentane [ c ] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects .
The cleavage of the cyclopentane ring leads to secoiridoids .
Mainly , secoiridoids have shown a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-diabetic , antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , immunosuppressive , neuroprotective , anti-cancer , and anti-obesity , which increase the interest of studying these types of bioactive compounds in depth .
Secoiridoids are thoroughly distributed in several families of plants such as Oleaceae , Valerianaceae , Gentianaceae and Pedialaceae , among others .
Specifically , L @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oleuropein ( OL ) , dimethyl-OL , and ligstroside secoiridoids , and their hydrolysis derivatives are mostly OL-aglycone , oleocanthal ( OLE ) , oleacein ( OLA ) , elenolate , oleoside-11-methyl ester , elenoic acid , hydroxytyrosol ( HTy ) , and tyrosol ( Ty ) .
These compounds have proved their efficacy in the management of diabetes , cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders , cancer , and viral and microbial infections .
Particularly , the antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and immunomodulatory properties of secoiridoids from the olive tree ( L. ( Oleaceae @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) -mediated diseases .
Thus , the purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids derived from the olive tree ( preclinical studies and clinical trials ) in diseases with an important pathogenic contribution of oxidative and peroxidative stress and damagefocusing on their plausible mechanisms of the action involved .

Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects. The cleavage of the cyclopentane ring leads to secoiridoids. Mainly, secoiridoids have shown a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity, which increase the interest of studying these types of bioactive compounds in depth. Secoiridoids are thoroughly distributed in several families of plants such as Oleaceae, Valerianaceae, Gentianaceae and Pedialaceae, among others. Specifically,L. (Oleaceae) is rich in oleuropein (OL), dimethyl-OL, and ligstroside secoiridoids, and their hydrolysis derivatives are mostly OL-aglycone, oleocanthal (OLE), oleacein (OLA), elenolate, oleoside-11-methyl ester, elenoic acid, hydroxytyrosol (HTy), and tyrosol (Ty). These compounds have proved their efficacy in the management of diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and viral and microbial infections. Particularly, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of secoiridoids from the olive tree (L. (Oleaceae)) have been suggested as a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids derived from the olive tree (preclinical studies and clinical trials) in diseases with an important pathogenic contribution of oxidative and peroxidative stress and damagefocusing on their plausible mechanisms of the action involved.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Olive leaf extract can enhance the anti- mesenchymal transition activities of temozolomide against g

Olive leaf extract can enhance the anti- mesenchymal transition activities of temozolomide against glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma ( GB ) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor .
Despite the current treatment methods , the @ @ @ @ @ very low .
Therefore , there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents .
@ @ @ @ @ of GB cells is related to mesenchymal transition ( MT ) mechanism.The effect of OLE @ @ @ @ @ analysis of the Twist , Snail , Zeb1 , N-cadherin and E-cadherin genes in the @ @ @ @ @ of OLE on cell migration was determined by wound healing test .
: 2 mg/ml @ @ @ @ @ , Zeb1 and N-cadherin expression and the combination of OLE + TMZ ( 2 mg/ml @ @ @ @ @ ) increased E-cadherin and reduced Twist , Zeb1 and N-cadherin .
In addition , co-treatment @ @ @ @ @ properties thought suppressing transcription factors of MT mechanism.OLE can enhance the anti-MT activities of TMZ @ @ @ @ @ evidence that combined treatment with OLE and TMZ has the potential to be an effective @ @ @ @ @ .

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor. Despite the current treatment methods, the survival rate of patients is very low. Therefore, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. The migration and invasion capacity of GB cells is related to mesenchymal transition (MT) mechanism.The effect of OLE on MT was determined by analysis of the Twist, Snail, Zeb1, N-cadherin and E-cadherin genes in the EMT mechanism. The effect of OLE on cell migration was determined by wound healing test.: 2 mg/ml OLE reduced Twist, Snail, Zeb1 and N-cadherin expression and the combination of OLE + TMZ (2 mg/ml OLE + 350 mM TMZ) increased E-cadherin and reduced Twist, Zeb1 and N-cadherin. In addition, co-treatment with OLE increased TMZ-induced anti-invasion properties thought suppressing transcription factors of MT mechanism.OLE can enhance the anti-MT activities of TMZ against GB and provide strong evidence that combined treatment with OLE and TMZ has the potential to be an effective alternative approach in GB therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Hibiscus sabdariffa and Olea europaea had comparable antihypertensive efficacy and safety to captopr

Hibiscus sabdariffa and Olea europaea had comparable antihypertensive efficacy and safety to captopril in Egyptian patients with grade 1 hypertension.

Hypertension is a public health concern that needs immediate attention upon diagnosis .
The demand for natural alternatives is on @ @ @ @ @ and Olea europaea are traditionally used for hypertension management in Egypt .
In this study @ @ @ @ @ the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of two doses of an herbal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa @ @ @ @ @ ( NW Roselle ) in Egyptian patients with grade 1 essential hypertension .
We equally @ @ @ @ @ captopril 25 mg , low-dose NW Roselle , or high-dose NW Roselle BID for 8 @ @ @ @ @ was found in systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure when we compared low-dose NW @ @ @ @ @ to captopril ( p > .05 ) .
In all groups , mean reduction in @ @ @ @ @ significant ; 16.4/9.9 mmHg ( p

Hypertension is a public health concern that needs immediate attention upon diagnosis. The demand for natural alternatives is on the rise; Hibiscus sabdariffa and Olea europaea are traditionally used for hypertension management in Egypt. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of two doses of an herbal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes and Olea europaea leaves (NW Roselle) in Egyptian patients with grade 1 essential hypertension. We equally randomized 134 patients to receive captopril 25 mg, low-dose NW Roselle, or high-dose NW Roselle BID for 8 weeks. No significant decrease was found in systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure when we compared low-dose NW Roselle and high-dose NW Roselle to captopril (p> .05). In all groups, mean reduction in BP at 8 weeks was significant; 16.4/9.9 mmHg (p< .0001), 15.4/9.6 mmHg (p< .0001), and 14.9/9.4 mmHg (p< .0001) with captopril, low-dose NW Roselle, and high-dose NW Roselle respectively. In addition, low-dose NW Roselle induced a significant reduction in the mean level of triglycerides (17.56 mg/dL; p = .038). In conclusion, NW Roselle had comparable antihypertensive efficacy and safety to captopril in Egyptian patients with grade 1 essential hypertension.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Ascorbic acid ameliorates dysregulated folliculogenesis induced by mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in n

Ascorbic acid ameliorates dysregulated folliculogenesis induced by mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in neonatal mouse ovaries.

Phthalates , including di- ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) , are common industrial chemicals in the environment .
Recent evidence indicates that DEHP and its active metabolite mono- ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( MEHP ) negatively modulate reproductive functions and induce reactive oxygen species .
Ascorbic acid ( AA ) is a dietary requirement for primates , and it acts as a potent free radical scavenger to protect tissues against oxidative stress .
In this study , to investigate the toxic effects of MEHP on the follicle development and the beneficial role of AA , neonatal mouse ovaries @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with or without AA for 6 days .
Then , the follicle constitution and oxidative status were compared in different groups .
Results showed MEHP accelerated primordial follicle recruitment by increasing the percentage of primary and secondary follicles and decreasing the percentage of primordial follicles in the ovaries .
Moreover , MEHP induced ovarian oxidative stress by significantly increasing malondialdehyde ( MDA ) concentration and the expression of GSS and SOD1 .
When ovaries were co-administrated with MEHP and AA , follicle constitution was normalized , and the oxidative status was significantly decreased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MEHP induced ovarian oxidative stress and follicular dysregulation , which attested the clinical significance of AA for ovary protection in the case of MEHP exposure .

Phthalates, including di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), are common industrial chemicals in the environment. Recent evidence indicates that DEHP and its active metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) negatively modulate reproductive functions and induce reactive oxygen species. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a dietary requirement for primates, and it acts as a potent free radical scavenger to protect tissues against oxidative stress. In this study, to investigate the toxic effects of MEHP on the follicle development and the beneficial role of AA, neonatal mouse ovaries were treated with different concentrations of MEHP with or without AA for 6 days. Then, the follicle constitution and oxidative status were compared in different groups. Results showed MEHP accelerated primordial follicle recruitment by increasing the percentage of primary and secondary follicles and decreasing the percentage of primordial follicles in the ovaries. Moreover, MEHP induced ovarian oxidative stress by significantly increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and the expression of GSS and SOD1. When ovaries were co-administrated with MEHP and AA, follicle constitution was normalized, and the oxidative status was significantly decreased. These results suggested that AA ameliorated MEHP induced ovarian oxidative stress and follicular dysregulation, which attested the clinical significance of AA for ovary protection in the case of MEHP exposure.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--The role of vitamin C in stress-related disorders.

Stress-related disorders , such as depression and anxiety , present marked deficits in behavioral and cognitive functions related to reward .
These are highly prevalent disabling conditions with high social and economic costs .
Furthermore , a significant percentage of affected individuals can not benefit from clinical intervention , opening space for new treatments .
Although the literature data have reported limited and variable results regarding oxidative stress-related endpoints in stress-related disorders , the possible neuroprotective effect of antioxidant compounds , such as ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) , emerges as a possible therapy strategy for psychiatric diseases .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ on biological activity of ascorbic acid , particularly functions related to the CNS homeostasis .
Additionaly , we reviewed the available information on the role of ascorbic acid in stress-related diseases , focusing on supplementation and depletion studies .
The vitamin C deficiency is widely associated to stress-related diseases .
Although the efficacy of this vitamin in anxiety spectrum disorders is less stablished , several studies showed that ascorbic acid supplementation produces antidepressant effect and improves mood .
Interestingly , the modulation of monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems is postulated as pivotal target @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this vitamin .
Given that ascorbic acid supplementation produces fast therapeutic response with low toxicity and high tolerance , it can be considered as a putative candidate for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders , especially those that are refractory to current treatments .
Herein , the literature was reviewed considering the potential use of ascorbic acid as an adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety and depression .

Stress-related disorders, such as depression and anxiety, present marked deficits in behavioral and cognitive functions related to reward. These are highly prevalent disabling conditions with high social and economic costs. Furthermore, a significant percentage of affected individuals cannot benefit from clinical intervention, opening space for new treatments. Although the literature data have reported limited and variable results regarding oxidative stress-related endpoints in stress-related disorders, the possible neuroprotective effect of antioxidant compounds, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), emerges as a possible therapy strategy for psychiatric diseases. Here, we briefly present background information on biological activity of ascorbic acid, particularly functions related to the CNS homeostasis. Additionaly, we reviewed the available information on the role of ascorbic acid in stress-related diseases, focusing on supplementation and depletion studies. The vitamin C deficiency is widely associated to stress-related diseases. Although the efficacy of this vitamin in anxiety spectrum disorders is less stablished, several studies showed that ascorbic acid supplementation produces antidepressant effect and improves mood. Interestingly, the modulation of monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems is postulated as pivotal target for the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of this vitamin. Given that ascorbic acid supplementation produces fast therapeutic response with low toxicity and high tolerance, it can be considered as a putative candidate for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, especially those that are refractory to current treatments. Herein, the literature was reviewed considering the potential use of ascorbic acid as an adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety and depression.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--High-dose intravenous vitamin C may prove an effective strategy to prevent or mitigate secondary bra

High-dose intravenous vitamin C may prove an effective strategy to prevent or mitigate secondary brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) is one of the leading public health problems in the USA and worldwide .
It is the number one cause of death and disability in children and adults between ages 1-44 .
Despite efforts to prevent TBIs , the incidence continues to rise .
Secondary brain injury occurs in the first hours and days after the initial impact and is the most effective target for intervention .
Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathomechanism of TBI and are exacerbated by impaired endogenous defense mechanisms , including depletion of antioxidants @ @ @ @ @ @ @ radical scavenger , and co-factor in numerous biosynthetic reactions , ascorbic acid ( AA , vitamin C ) is an essential nutrient that rapidly becomes depleted in states of critical illness .
The administration of high-dose intravenous ( IV ) AA has demonstrated benefits in numerous preclinical models in the areas of trauma , critical care , wound healing , and hematology .
A safe and inexpensive treatment , high-dose IV AA administration gained recent attention in studies demonstrating an associated mortality reduction in septic shock patients .
High-quality data on the effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lacking .
Historic data in a small number of patients demonstrate acute and profound AA deficiency in patients with central nervous system pathology , particularly TBI , and a strong correlation between low AA concentrations and poor outcomes .
While replenishing deficient AA stores in TBI patients should improve the brain 's ability to tolerate oxidative stress , high-dose IV AA may prove an effective strategy to prevent or mitigate secondary brain injury due to its ability to impede lipid peroxidation , scavenge reactive oxygen species , suppress inflammatory mediators , stabilize the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The existing preclinical data and limited clinical data suggest that high-dose IV AA may be effective in lowering oxidative stress and decreasing cerebral edema .
Whether this translates into improved clinical outcomes will depend on identifying the ideal target patient population and possible treatment combinations , factors that need to be evaluated in future clinical studies .
With its excellent safety profile and low cost , high-dose IV AA is ready to be evaluated in the early treatment of TBI patients to mitigate secondary brain injury and improve outcomes .

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading public health problems in the USA and worldwide. It is the number one cause of death and disability in children and adults between ages 1-44. Despite efforts to prevent TBIs, the incidence continues to rise. Secondary brain injury occurs in the first hours and days after the initial impact and is the most effective target for intervention. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathomechanism of TBI and are exacerbated by impaired endogenous defense mechanisms, including depletion of antioxidants. As a reducing agent, free radical scavenger, and co-factor in numerous biosynthetic reactions, ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) is an essential nutrient that rapidly becomes depleted in states of critical illness. The administration of high-dose intravenous (IV) AA has demonstrated benefits in numerous preclinical models in the areas of trauma, critical care, wound healing, and hematology. A safe and inexpensive treatment, high-dose IV AA administration gained recent attention in studies demonstrating an associated mortality reduction in septic shock patients. High-quality data on the effects of high-dose IV AA on TBI are lacking. Historic data in a small number of patients demonstrate acute and profound AA deficiency in patients with central nervous system pathology, particularly TBI, and a strong correlation between low AA concentrations and poor outcomes. While replenishing deficient AA stores in TBI patients should improve the brain's ability to tolerate oxidative stress, high-dose IV AA may prove an effective strategy to prevent or mitigate secondary brain injury due to its ability to impede lipid peroxidation, scavenge reactive oxygen species, suppress inflammatory mediators, stabilize the endothelium, and reduce brain edema. The existing preclinical data and limited clinical data suggest that high-dose IV AA may be effective in lowering oxidative stress and decreasing cerebral edema. Whether this translates into improved clinical outcomes will depend on identifying the ideal target patient population and possible treatment combinations, factors that need to be evaluated in future clinical studies. With its excellent safety profile and low cost, high-dose IV AA is ready to be evaluated in the early treatment of TBI patients to mitigate secondary brain injury and improve outcomes.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--This study describes high prevalence of vitamin C insufficiency among pediatric chronic kidney disea

This study describes high prevalence of vitamin C insufficiency among pediatric chronic kidney disease patients.

BACKGROUND : Vitamin C deficiency is common in chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) due to losses through dialysis and dietary intake below requirement .
We investigated prevalence of vitamin C deficiency and impact of vitamin C treatment in deficient/insufficient patients .
METHODS : A prospective cohort study in patients aged 1-18 years with CKD stages 4 and 5D collected demographic data including underlying disease , treatment , and anthropometric assessment .
Vitamin C intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recall .
Hemoglobin , iron status , serum vitamin C , and serum oxalate were measured at baseline and after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) was given orally for 3 months to deficient/insufficient patients .
RESULTS : Nineteen patients ( mean age 12.00 ± 4.1 years ) showed prevalence of 10.6 % vitamin C insufficiency and 78.9 % deficiency .
There were no associations between vitamin C level and daily vitamin C intake ( p = 0.64 ) or nutritional status ( p = 0.87 ) .
Median serum vitamin C was 1.51 ( 0.30-1.90 ) mg/L .
In 16 patients receiving treatment , median serum vitamin C increased from 1.30 ( 0.23-1.78 ) to 3.22 ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) without increasing serum oxalate ( 79.92 ( 56.6-106.84 ) vs. 80.47 ( 56.88-102.95 ) μmol/L , p = 0.82 ) .
However , 62.5 % failed to achieve normal vitamin C levels .
Ordinal regression analysis revealed patients with non-oligoanuric CKD were less likely to achieve normal vitamin C levels ( β = - 3.41 , p = 0.03 ) .
CONCLUSION : We describe high prevalence of vitamin C insufficiency/deficiency among pediatric CKD patients .
Vitamin C levels could not be solely predicted by nutritional status or daily intake .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increasing serum oxalate ; however , it was largely insufficient to normalize levels , particularly in non-oligoanuric CKD .
Graphical abstract .

BACKGROUND: Vitamin C deficiency is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to losses through dialysis and dietary intake below requirement. We investigated prevalence of vitamin C deficiency and impact of vitamin C treatment in deficient/insufficient patients.
METHODS: A prospective cohort study in patients aged 1-18 years with CKD stages 4 and 5D collected demographic data including underlying disease, treatment, and anthropometric assessment. Vitamin C intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recall. Hemoglobin, iron status, serum vitamin C, and serum oxalate were measured at baseline and after treatment. Vitamin C (250 mg/day) was given orally for 3 months to deficient/insufficient patients.
RESULTS: Nineteen patients (mean age 12.00 ± 4.1 years) showed prevalence of 10.6% vitamin C insufficiency and 78.9% deficiency. There were no associations between vitamin C level and daily vitamin C intake (p = 0.64) or nutritional status (p = 0.87). Median serum vitamin C was 1.51 (0.30-1.90) mg/L. In 16 patients receiving treatment, median serum vitamin C increased from 1.30 (0.23-1.78) to 3.22 (1.77-5.96) mg/L (p = 0.008) without increasing serum oxalate (79.92 (56.6-106.84) vs. 80.47 (56.88-102.95) μmol/L, p = 0.82). However, 62.5% failed to achieve normal vitamin C levels. Ordinal regression analysis revealed patients with non-oligoanuric CKD were less likely to achieve normal vitamin C levels (β = - 3.41, p = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: We describe high prevalence of vitamin C insufficiency/deficiency among pediatric CKD patients. Vitamin C levels could not be solely predicted by nutritional status or daily intake. The treatment regimen raised serum vitamin C without increasing serum oxalate; however, it was largely insufficient to normalize levels, particularly in non-oligoanuric CKD. Graphical abstract .


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Ascorbic acid may modify the composition of gut microbiota which plays a role in the pathogenesis of

Ascorbic acid may modify the composition of gut microbiota which plays a role in the pathogenesis of an inflammatory bowel disease.

Recent research studies have shown that vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) may affect bone mineral density and that a @ @ @ @ @ to the development of osteoporosis .
Patients suffering from an inflammatory bowel disease are at @ @ @ @ @ mineral density .
It is vital to notice that patients with Crohn 's disease and @ @ @ @ @ risk of vitamin C deficiency which is due to factors such as reduced consumption of @ @ @ @ @ i.e.
, the main sources of ascorbic acid .
Additionally , some patients follow diets @ @ @ @ @ amount of vitamin C. Moreover , serum vitamin C level also is dependent on genetic @ @ @ @ @ encoding sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters and , andgenes which encode glutathione S-transferases .
Furthermore , @ @ @ @ @ composition of gut microbiota which plays a role in the pathogenesis of an inflammatory bowel @ @

Recent research studies have shown that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) may affect bone mineral density and that a deficiency of ascorbic acid leads to the development of osteoporosis. Patients suffering from an inflammatory bowel disease are at a risk of low bone mineral density. It is vital to notice that patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis also are at risk of vitamin C deficiency which is due to factors such as reduced consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, i.e., the main sources of ascorbic acid. Additionally, some patients follow diets which may provide an insufficient amount of vitamin C. Moreover, serum vitamin C level also is dependent on genetic factors, such asandgenes, encoding sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters and,andgenes which encode glutathione S-transferases. Furthermore, ascorbic acid may modify the composition of gut microbiota which plays a role in the pathogenesis of an inflammatory bowel disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--CBD induced oxidative stress in HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells.

In this study , we investigated the effects of exposition to ICdose for 24 h of a new synthetic cannabinoid ( CB83 ) and of phytocannabinoidsΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) and cannabidiol ( CBD ) on HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells .
Cell viability and proliferative activity evaluated using the MTT , lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) , and CyQUANT assays showed that cell viability was significantly affected when CB83 , THC , and CBD were administeredto cells .
The results obtained showed that the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio was significantly reduced in the cells exposed to CBD and significantly increased in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compared to the controls .
CBD treatment causes a significant increase in malondialdehyde content .
The catalase activity was significantly reduced in HT-29 cells after incubation with CB83 , THC , and CBD .
The activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in cells exposed to THC and significantly decreased in those treated with CBD .
The ascorbic acid content was significantly reduced in cells exposed to CB83 , THC , and CBD .
The ultrastructural investigation by TEM highlighted a significantly increased percentage of cells apoptotic and necrotic after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assay showed a significantly increased percentage of cells apoptotic after CB83 exposition and necrotic cells after CBD and THC exposition .
Our results proved that only CBD induced oxidative stress in HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells via CB receptor-independent mechanisms and that CB83 caused a mainly CB2 receptor-mediated antiproliferative effect comparable to 5-Fuorouracil , which is still the mainstay drug in protocols for colorectal cancer .

In this study, we investigated the effects of exposition to ICdose for 24 h of a new synthetic cannabinoid (CB83) and of phytocannabinoidsΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell viability and proliferative activity evaluated using the MTT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CyQUANT assays showed that cell viability was significantly affected when CB83, THC, and CBD were administeredto cells. The results obtained showed that the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio was significantly reduced in the cells exposed to CBD and significantly increased in the cells treated with the CB83 when compared to the controls. CBD treatment causes a significant increase in malondialdehyde content. The catalase activity was significantly reduced in HT-29 cells after incubation with CB83, THC, and CBD. The activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in cells exposed to THC and significantly decreased in those treated with CBD. The ascorbic acid content was significantly reduced in cells exposed to CB83, THC, and CBD. The ultrastructural investigation by TEM highlighted a significantly increased percentage of cells apoptotic and necrotic after CB83 exposition. The Annexin V-Propidium Iodide assay showed a significantly increased percentage of cells apoptotic after CB83 exposition and necrotic cells after CBD and THC exposition. Our results proved that only CBD induced oxidative stress in HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells via CB receptor-independent mechanisms and that CB83 caused a mainly CB2 receptor-mediated antiproliferative effect comparable to 5-Fuorouracil, which is still the mainstay drug in protocols for colorectal cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Exposure of oral biofilm to blue light has the potential to serve as a complementary approach in pre

Exposure of oral biofilm to blue light has the potential to serve as a complementary approach in preventive dentistry.

The potential anti-cariogenic effect of blue light was evaluated using an oral biofilm model .
Two species , Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis , were cultivated ex vivo on bovine enamel blocks for 24 h , either separately or mixed together , then exposed to blue light ( wavelengths 400-500 nm ) using 112 J/cm .
Twenty four or 48 h after exposure to light the biofilm structure and biomass were characterized and quantified using SEM and qPCR , respectively .
Bacterial viability was analyzed by CLSM using live/dead bacterial staining .
Gene expression was examined by RT-qPCR .
After @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in mono-species biofilm was increased mainly by dead bacteria , relative to control .
However , the bacterial biomass of S. mutans when grown in mixed biofilm and of S. sanguinis in mono-species biofilm was reduced after light exposure , with no significant change in viability when compared to control .
Furthermore , when grown separately , an upregulation of gene expression related to biofilm formation of S. mutans , and downregulation of similar genes of S. sanguinis , were measured 24 h after exposure to blue light .
However , in mixed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in both species was observed , although not significant in S. mutans .
In conclusion , blue light seems to effectively alter the bacterial biomass by reducing the viability and virulence characteristics in both bacterial species and may promote the anti-cariogenic balance between them , when grown in a mixed biofilm .
Therefore , exposure of oral biofilm to blue light has the potential to serve as a complementary approach in preventive dentistry .

The potential anti-cariogenic effect of blue light was evaluated using an oral biofilm model. Two species, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis, were cultivated ex vivo on bovine enamel blocks for 24 h, either separately or mixed together, then exposed to blue light (wavelengths 400-500 nm) using 112 J/cm. Twenty four or 48 h after exposure to light the biofilm structure and biomass were characterized and quantified using SEM and qPCR, respectively. Bacterial viability was analyzed by CLSM using live/dead bacterial staining. Gene expression was examined by RT-qPCR. After exposure to light, S. mutans biomass in mono-species biofilm was increased mainly by dead bacteria, relative to control. However, the bacterial biomass of S. mutans when grown in mixed biofilm and of S. sanguinis in mono-species biofilm was reduced after light exposure, with no significant change in viability when compared to control. Furthermore, when grown separately, an upregulation of gene expression related to biofilm formation of S. mutans, and downregulation of similar genes of S. sanguinis, were measured 24 h after exposure to blue light. However, in mixed biofilm, a downregulation of those genes in both species was observed, although not significant in S. mutans. In conclusion, blue light seems to effectively alter the bacterial biomass by reducing the viability and virulence characteristics in both bacterial species and may promote the anti-cariogenic balance between them, when grown in a mixed biofilm. Therefore, exposure of oral biofilm to blue light has the potential to serve as a complementary approach in preventive dentistry.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-05--Blue light-induced gene expression alterations in cultured neurons are the result of phototoxic inte

Blue light-induced gene expression alterations in cultured neurons are the result of phototoxic interactions with neuronal culture media.

Blue wavelength light is used as an optical actuator in numerous optogenetic technologies employed in neuronal systems .
However , the potential side effects of blue light in neurons has not been thoroughly explored , and recent reports suggest that neuronal exposure to blue light can induce transcriptional alterationsandHere , we examined the effects of blue wavelength light in cultured primary rat cortical cells .
Exposure to blue light ( 470 nm ) resulted in upregulation of several immediate early genes ( IEGs ) traditionally used as markers of neuronal activity , includingand , but did not alter the expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , orIEG expression was increased following 4 h of 5 % duty cycle light exposure , and IEG induction was not dependent on light pulse width .
Elevated levels of blue light exposure induced a loss of cell viability , suggestive of overt phototoxicity .
Induction of IEGs by blue light was maintained in cortical cultures treated with AraC to block glial proliferation , indicating that induction occurred selectively in postmitotic neurons .
Importantly , changes in gene expression induced by blue wavelength light were prevented when cultures were maintained in a photoinert @ @ @ @ @ @ @ instead of commonly utilized neuronal culture media and supplements .
Together , these findings suggest that light-induced gene expression alterations observedstem from a phototoxic interaction between commonly used media and neurons , and offer a solution to prevent this toxicity when using photoactivatable technology .

Blue wavelength light is used as an optical actuator in numerous optogenetic technologies employed in neuronal systems. However, the potential side effects of blue light in neurons has not been thoroughly explored, and recent reports suggest that neuronal exposure to blue light can induce transcriptional alterationsandHere, we examined the effects of blue wavelength light in cultured primary rat cortical cells. Exposure to blue light (470 nm) resulted in upregulation of several immediate early genes (IEGs) traditionally used as markers of neuronal activity, includingand, but did not alter the expression of circadian clock genes,,,, orIEG expression was increased following 4 h of 5% duty cycle light exposure, and IEG induction was not dependent on light pulse width. Elevated levels of blue light exposure induced a loss of cell viability, suggestive of overt phototoxicity. Induction of IEGs by blue light was maintained in cortical cultures treated with AraC to block glial proliferation, indicating that induction occurred selectively in postmitotic neurons. Importantly, changes in gene expression induced by blue wavelength light were prevented when cultures were maintained in a photoinert media supplemented with a photostable neuronal supplement instead of commonly utilized neuronal culture media and supplements. Together, these findings suggest that light-induced gene expression alterations observedstem from a phototoxic interaction between commonly used media and neurons, and offer a solution to prevent this toxicity when using photoactivatable technology.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-06--The gut microbiome stability is altered by probiotic ingestion and improved by the continuous supple

The gut microbiome stability is altered by probiotic ingestion and improved by the continuous supplementation of galactooligosaccharide.

The stable gut microbiome plays a key role in sustaining host health , while the instability of gut microbiome also has been found to be a risk factor of various metabolic diseases .
At the ecological and evolutionary scales , the inevitable competition between the ingested probiotic and indigenous gut microbiome can lead to an increase in the instability .
It remains largely unclear if and how exogenous prebiotic can improve the overall gut microbiome stability in probiotic consumption .
In this study , we usedHNU082 ( Lp082 ) as a model probiotic to examine the impact of the continuous @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) on the gut microbiome stability in mice using shotgun metagenomic sequencing .
Only continuous GOS supplement promoted the growth of probiotic and decreased its single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) mutation under competitive conditions .
Besides , persistent GOS supplementation increased the overall stability , reshaped the probiotic competitive interactions withspecies in the indigenous microbiome , which was also evident by over-abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes ( CAZymes ) accordingly .
Also , we identified a total of 793 SNPs arisen in probiotic administration in the indigenous microbiome .
Over 90 % of them @ @ @ @ @ @ @ transposase , CAZymes , and membrane proteins .
However , neither GOS supplementation here de-escalated the overall adaptive mutations within the indigenous microbes during probiotic intake .
Collectively , our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of continuous prebiotic supplementation on the ecological and genetic stability of gut microbiomes .

The stable gut microbiome plays a key role in sustaining host health, while the instability of gut microbiome also has been found to be a risk factor of various metabolic diseases. At the ecological and evolutionary scales, the inevitable competition between the ingested probiotic and indigenous gut microbiome can lead to an increase in the instability. It remains largely unclear if and how exogenous prebiotic can improve the overall gut microbiome stability in probiotic consumption. In this study, we usedHNU082 (Lp082) as a model probiotic to examine the impact of the continuous or pulsed supplementation of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on the gut microbiome stability in mice using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Only continuous GOS supplement promoted the growth of probiotic and decreased its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mutation under competitive conditions. Besides, persistent GOS supplementation increased the overall stability, reshaped the probiotic competitive interactions withspecies in the indigenous microbiome, which was also evident by over-abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) accordingly. Also, we identified a total of 793 SNPs arisen in probiotic administration in the indigenous microbiome. Over 90% of them derived fromspecies, which involved genes encoding transposase, CAZymes, and membrane proteins. However, neither GOS supplementation here de-escalated the overall adaptive mutations within the indigenous microbes during probiotic intake. Collectively, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of continuous prebiotic supplementation on the ecological and genetic stability of gut microbiomes.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-06--Anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LB818 is associated with regulation of gut microbiota

Anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LB818 is associated with regulation of gut microbiota.

Worldwide , obesity has become a major risk factor associated with health risks such as diabetes , hypertension , hypercholesterolemia , cardiovascular disease , stroke , and certain forms of cancer .
In this study , we estimated the anti-obesity effect of the bacterial strainLB818 ( designated as LB818 ) using male C57BL/6J mice , which were treated with high-fat diet ( HFD ) to induce obesity .
Next , LB818 ( 10colony-forming units [ CFU ] /mL ) was orally administered for 8 weeks .
The results showed that feeding HFD+LB818 ( 10CFU/mL ) ameliorated body weight gain and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ glucose levels in HFD-fed mice .
LB818 treatment significantly lowered aspartate aminotransferase , alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and elevated high-density lipoprotein levels in serum and decreased deposition of fat droplets in liver .
LB818 treatment increased the respective abundances of essential bacteria , including Bacteroidetes , , , , and increased the Bacteroidetes : Firmicutes ratio ; however , it significantly decreased the levels of Firmicutes .
Taken together , this study demonstrates that LB818 is effective in attenuating obesity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in HFD-fed obese mice .

Worldwide, obesity has become a major risk factor associated with health risks such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and certain forms of cancer. In this study, we estimated the anti-obesity effect of the bacterial strainLB818 (designated as LB818) using male C57BL/6J mice, which were treated with high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. Next, LB818 (10colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) was orally administered for 8 weeks. The results showed that feeding HFD+LB818 (10CFU/mL) ameliorated body weight gain and decreased total body fat by regulating fasting glucose levels in HFD-fed mice. LB818 treatment significantly lowered aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and elevated high-density lipoprotein levels in serum and decreased deposition of fat droplets in liver. LB818 treatment increased the respective abundances of essential bacteria, including Bacteroidetes,,,, and increased the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio; however, it significantly decreased the levels of Firmicutes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that LB818 is effective in attenuating obesity and hepatic steatosis and regulated gut microbiota in HFD-fed obese mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-08-06--Lactobacillus plantarum LP33 attenuates lead-induced hepatic injury

Lead ( Pb ) is one of the most common heavy metals and is harmful to human health .
The liver is considered as a major target organ for Pb poisoning .
Although probiotics have been shown to alleviate liver injury , the protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LP33 ( LP33 ) against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear .
In order to explore the hepatoprotective effect of LP33 , LP33 was administered to Pb-intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats once daily by oral gavage for 8 weeks .
The present results showed that LP33 supplementation alleviated liver injury , and inhibited oxidative stress and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ LP33 also promoted the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B , activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling in liver tissues of rats exposed to Pb .
Additionally , LP33 exhibited adequate Pb-binding capacity and satisfactory survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro , and promoted Pb excretion via enterohepatic circulation of bile acids .
This study demonstrated that LP33 reduced Pb-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and promoted Pb excretion , thereby attenuating the Pb-induced hepatic injury .
Our findings @ @ @ @ @ @ @ potential strategy for the treatment of Pb-induced hepatic toxicity .

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metals and is harmful to human health. The liver is considered as a major target organ for Pb poisoning. Although probiotics have been shown to alleviate liver injury, the protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LP33 (LP33) against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In order to explore the hepatoprotective effect of LP33, LP33 was administered to Pb-intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats once daily by oral gavage for 8 weeks. The present results showed that LP33 supplementation alleviated liver injury, and inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in Pb-exposed rats. Treatment with LP33 also promoted the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B, activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling and inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling in liver tissues of rats exposed to Pb. Additionally, LP33 exhibited adequate Pb-binding capacity and satisfactory survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro, and promoted Pb excretion via enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. This study demonstrated that LP33 reduced Pb-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and promoted Pb excretion, thereby attenuating the Pb-induced hepatic injury. Our findings suggest that LP33 supplementation may be a potential strategy for the treatment of Pb-induced hepatic toxicity.