greenmedinfo--2020-10-17--Ganoderic acid A from G. lucidum has the potential to alleviate lipid metabolic disorders and amelio

Ganoderic acid A from G. lucidum has the potential to alleviate lipid metabolic disorders and ameliorate the imbalance of gut microflora in a positive way.

Ganoderic acid A ( GA ) is one of the most abundant triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum , and has been proved to possess a wide range of beneficial health effects .
The aim of the current study is to investigate the amelioration effects and mechanism of GA on improving hyperlipidemia in mice fed a high-fat diet ( HFD ) .
The results showed that GA intervention significantly inhibited the abnormal growth of body weight and epididymal white adipose tissue ( eWAT ) , prevented the hypertrophy of epididymal adipocytes , and ameliorated the biochemical parameters of serum and liver related @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Histological analysis also showed that the excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver induced by HFD-feeding was greatly alleviated by GA intervention .
In addition , GA intervention also increased the level of short chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) in the intestine and promoted the excretion of bile acids ( BAs ) through feces .
High-throughput sequencing of bacterial full-length 16S rDNA revealed that daily supplementation with GA made significant structural changes in the gut microbial population of mice fed with HFD , in particular modulating the relative abundance of some @ @ @ @ @ @ @ between lipid metabolic parameters and gut microbial phylotypes were also revealed by correlation analysis based on a heatmap and network .
The result showed that 46 key gut microbial phylotypes ( OTUs ) were markedly correlated with at least one lipid metabolic parameter .
Moreover , UPLC-QTOF/MS-based liver metabolomics showed that 111 biomarkers ( 47 up-regulated metabolites and 64 down-regulated metabolites ) were significantly changed after high-dose GA intervention ( 75 mg kgday ) , compared with the HFD-fed hyperlipidemic mice .
Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the differential hepatic metabolites demonstrated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ primary bile acid biosynthesis , fatty acid biosynthesis , amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism , inositol phosphate metabolism , and so on .
In addition , GA intervention regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis .
These findings present new evidence supporting that GA from G. lucidum has the potential to alleviate lipid metabolic disorders and ameliorate the imbalance of gut microflora in a positive way .

Ganoderic acid A (GA) is one of the most abundant triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum, and has been proved to possess a wide range of beneficial health effects. The aim of the current study is to investigate the amelioration effects and mechanism of GA on improving hyperlipidemia in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that GA intervention significantly inhibited the abnormal growth of body weight and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), prevented the hypertrophy of epididymal adipocytes, and ameliorated the biochemical parameters of serum and liver related to lipid metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Histological analysis also showed that the excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver induced by HFD-feeding was greatly alleviated by GA intervention. In addition, GA intervention also increased the level of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine and promoted the excretion of bile acids (BAs) through feces. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial full-length 16S rDNA revealed that daily supplementation with GA made significant structural changes in the gut microbial population of mice fed with HFD, in particular modulating the relative abundance of some function related microbial phylotypes. The relationships between lipid metabolic parameters and gut microbial phylotypes were also revealed by correlation analysis based on a heatmap and network. The result showed that 46 key gut microbial phylotypes (OTUs) were markedly correlated with at least one lipid metabolic parameter. Moreover, UPLC-QTOF/MS-based liver metabolomics showed that 111 biomarkers (47 up-regulated metabolites and 64 down-regulated metabolites) were significantly changed after high-dose GA intervention (75 mg kgday), compared with the HFD-fed hyperlipidemic mice. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the differential hepatic metabolites demonstrated that GA intervention had significant regulatory effects on primary bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and so on. In addition, GA intervention regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. These findings present new evidence supporting that GA from G. lucidum has the potential to alleviate lipid metabolic disorders and ameliorate the imbalance of gut microflora in a positive way.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-17--The effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil in early skin wound healing: interactions of skin microbio

The effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil in early skin wound healing: interactions of skin microbiota and inflammation.

The mushroomhas been a traditional Chinese medicine for millennia .
In this study , we isolated thespore oil ( GLSO ) and evaluated the effect of GLSO on skin burn wound healing and the underlying mechanisms .
Mice were used to perform skin wound healing assay .
Wound analysis was performed by photography , hematoxylin/eosin staining , Masson 's Trichrome staining and immunohistochemical analysis .
Microbiota on the wounds were analyzed using the 16s rRNA sequence and quantitative statistics .
The lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) content was examined in skin wounds and serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 4 ( TLR4 ) and the relative levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by qPCR and immunofluorescence assay .
A pseudo-germfree mouse model treated with antibiotics was used to investigate whether GLSO accelerated skin burn wound healing through the skin microbiota .
We found that GLSO significantly accelerated the process of skin wound healing and regulated the levels of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria .
Furthermore , GLSO reduced LPS and TLR4 , and levels of some other related inflammatory cytokines .
The assay with the pseudo-germfree mice model showed that GLSO had a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ comparison with antibiotic treatment .
Thus , GLSO downregulated the inflammation by regulating skin microbiota to accelerate skin wound healing .
These findings provide a scientific rationale for the potential therapeutic use of GLSO in skin burn injury .

The mushroomhas been a traditional Chinese medicine for millennia. In this study, we isolated thespore oil (GLSO) and evaluated the effect of GLSO on skin burn wound healing and the underlying mechanisms. Mice were used to perform skin wound healing assay. Wound analysis was performed by photography, hematoxylin/eosin staining, Masson's Trichrome staining and immunohistochemical analysis. Microbiota on the wounds were analyzed using the 16s rRNA sequence and quantitative statistics. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content was examined in skin wounds and serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the relative levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by qPCR and immunofluorescence assay. A pseudo-germfree mouse model treated with antibiotics was used to investigate whether GLSO accelerated skin burn wound healing through the skin microbiota. We found that GLSO significantly accelerated the process of skin wound healing and regulated the levels of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, GLSO reduced LPS and TLR4, and levels of some other related inflammatory cytokines. The assay with the pseudo-germfree mice model showed that GLSO had a significant acceleration on skin wound healing in comparison with antibiotic treatment. Thus, GLSO downregulated the inflammation by regulating skin microbiota to accelerate skin wound healing. These findings provide a scientific rationale for the potential therapeutic use of GLSO in skin burn injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-17--THANK YOU BODY RALLY -- WORLDWIDE -- MIAMI LIVESTREAM [REPLAY]

We gathered , around the world ( all continents ) , to celebrate the health and the power of the human body on Oct 16 , 2020 !
This was the main , Miami-based livestream and the schedule of the event : We believe : that anything can be healed that symptoms are meaningful messages to me , from me , about me that I am in charge of my health that the human body is powerful in unquantifiable ways that I love my body that I trust my body that healing our past can set us free to live @ @ @ @ @ @ @ my body that nature is me and I am nature that microbes are helpers that food , community , and movement are my medicine that health is self-discovery that I am empowered that my body is safe We are growing a field of gratitude for what it is to be human , for our mysteriously incredible bodies , and for our connection to likeminds and hearts .
Have you been wondering what YOU can do to evolve the energy on the planet right now ?
It ’ s time for a new kind @ @ @ @ @ @ @ health is to those of us who have reclaimed it !
It ’ s time to choose empowerment , joy , and positivity and to honor the incredible wisdom of the human body .
We ’ re planning a movement that will begin with a rally in Miami ( and your city too ! )
on October 16th .
On that day , we will rise to proclaim our beliefs , express gratitude , and share our inspirational experiences about the power and beauty of the human body , natural health , radical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lifestyle choices to end the war with illness .
Join us at this monumental event where thought leaders , healers , and wellness influencers from all over the world unify to discuss the miraculous vessels we ’ ve been gifted with , and what ’ s possible when we learn to love and trust our bodies for their strength and innate intelligence .
We feel it is time to say # ThankYouBody beginning with the # ThankYouBodyRally and that through this intention and action , we become the change we want to see… @ @ @ @ @ @ @ live-streamed event , including speakers ( Kelly Brogan , Sayer Ji , Kukuwa , Eli Buren ) , music , dance , gigoing , and much more , in synchronization with over 60 events around the world !
Make sure to participate by finding an event near you , or by tuning in from wherever you online .
Find out more at https : //www.thankyoubodyrally.com !
Please share your healing and gratitude stories and tag us online with the hashtags : # thankyoubody and # thankyoubodyrally Find us on Instagram : https : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was not a singular event , but the inauguration of a worldwide movement of self-reclamation , celebration , and human connection : https : //events.thankyoubodyrally.com/

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
We gathered, around the world (all continents), to celebrate the health and the power of the human body on Oct 16, 2020!
This was the main, Miami-based livestream and the schedule of the event:
Time:
3pm doors open for Livestreaming TYBR stories, face painting, gathering (only RSVPs will be permitted entry) 4p-4:45 Speakers each for 5-10 minutes
Kelly
Sayer
Kukuwa
Joseph Eli 4:45-4:55 Joseph Eli leads warmup qigong 4:55-5:05 Introduction to Ecstatic dance/eye gazing and reference to cocoa available on side tables by Luis and Claudia 5:05-5:20 Eye gazing experience lead by @jolennypiedra 5:20-6:30 Ecstatic dance set by @CoreyChase108
6:30 Luis acoustic closure?
We believe:
that anything can be healed
that symptoms are meaningful messages to me, from me, about me
that I am in charge of my health
that the human body is powerful in unquantifiable ways
that I love my body
that I trust my body
that healing our past can set us free to live more fully
that my soul expresses through my body
that nature is me and I am nature
that microbes are helpers
that food, community, and movement are my medicine
that health is self-discovery
that I am empowered
that my body is safe
We are growing a field of gratitude for what it is to be human, for our mysteriously incredible bodies, and for our connection to likeminds and hearts.
Have you been wondering what YOU can do to evolve the energy on the planet right now?
It’s time for a new kind of protest – a declaration of what health is to those of us who have reclaimed it! It’s time to choose empowerment, joy, and positivity and to honor the incredible wisdom of the human body.
We’re planning a movement that will begin with a rally in Miami (and your city too!) on October 16th. On that day, we will rise to proclaim our beliefs, express gratitude, and share our inspirational experiences about the power and beauty of the human body, natural health, radical healing, and the capacity of our lifestyle choices to end the war with illness.
Join us at this monumental event where thought leaders, healers, and wellness influencers from all over the world unify to discuss the miraculous vessels we’ve been gifted with, and what’s possible when we learn to love and trust our bodies for their strength and innate intelligence.
We feel it is time to say #ThankYouBody beginning with the #ThankYouBodyRally and that through this intention and action, we become the change we want to see…
Join us for the launch of this live-streamed event, including speakers (Kelly Brogan, Sayer Ji, Kukuwa, Eli Buren), music, dance, gigoing, and much more, in synchronization with over 60 events around the world! Make sure to participate by finding an event near you, or by tuning in from wherever you online. Find out more at https://www.thankyoubodyrally.com !
Please share your healing and gratitude stories and tag us online with the hashtags: #thankyoubody and #thankyoubodyrally Find us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thankyoubodyrally/
Stay in touch, as this was not a singular event, but the inauguration of a worldwide movement of self-reclamation, celebration, and human connection: https://events.thankyoubodyrally.com/


greenmedinfo--2020-10-17--Lycopene - A pleiotropic neuroprotective nutraceutical: Deciphering its therapeutic potentials in br

Lycopene - A pleiotropic neuroprotective nutraceutical: Deciphering its therapeutic potentials in broad spectrum neurological disorders.

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found abundantly in red fruits and vegetables .
Myriads of literature documented potential health @ @ @ @ @ to its sublime capacity of suppressing oxidative stress , inflammation , and modulation of various @ @ @ @ @ to its lipophilic nature , lycopene can reach brain adequately by traversing the blood-brain barrier @ @ @ @ @ therapeutic benefits in neurological disorders .
Lycopene efficiently assists in restoring the characteristic behavioural and @ @ @ @ @ disorders , epileptic conditions , aging , subarachnoid hemorrhage , spinal cord injury , and @ @ @ @ @ of environmental neurotoxins on brain and neuropathological consequences of consumption of high-lipid diet can also @ @ @ @ @ Apart from its high antioxidant potency , lycopene confers neuroprotection by preventing proteinopathies , neuroinflammation @ @ @ @ @ , and synaptic dysfunction .
This review provides a lucid idea on the potential multi-faceted @ @ @ @ @ of the central nervous system and elucidates the molecular mechanisms and pathways of its action @

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found abundantly in red fruits and vegetables. Myriads of literature documented potential health benefits of lycopene, owing to its sublime capacity of suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and modulation of various cell survival pathways. Due to its lipophilic nature, lycopene can reach brain adequately by traversing the blood-brain barrier thereby extending it's promising therapeutic benefits in neurological disorders. Lycopene efficiently assists in restoring the characteristic behavioural and pathophysiological changes associated with neurodegenerative disorders, epileptic conditions, aging, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, and neuropathy. The detrimental impacts of environmental neurotoxins on brain and neuropathological consequences of consumption of high-lipid diet can also be mitigated by lycopene. Apart from its high antioxidant potency, lycopene confers neuroprotection by preventing proteinopathies, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, cerebral edema, and synaptic dysfunction. This review provides a lucid idea on the potential multi-faceted benefits of lycopene in disorders of the central nervous system and elucidates the molecular mechanisms and pathways of its action.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-20--This study provides mechanisms by which BPA induced apoptosis of granulosa cells and ovarian dysfunc

This study provides mechanisms by which BPA induced apoptosis of granulosa cells and ovarian dysfunction.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is widely distributed in the environment and human surroundings and is closely related to the occurrence of many chronic diseases including female infertility .
Although BPA-induced granulosa cell apoptosis has been widely reported , the underlying mechanisms remain unknown .
In this study , we evaluated the induction effect of BPA exposure on apoptosis and mechanisms of regulation in KGN cells ( a human granulosa-like tumor cell line ) .
Our results indicated that BPA induced apoptosis of KGN cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner .
BPA exposure significantly promoted the expression of pro-apoptotic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ We also observed that high concentrations of BPA significantly promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and calcium ion ( Ca ) accumulation .
The involvement of ROS and Cain BPA-induced KGN cell apoptosis was confirmed by pretreatment with NAC ( an antioxidant ) and BAPTA-AM ( a calcium chelator ) .
After inhibitors pretreatment to block the corresponding signaling pathways , it was found that BPA-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ASK1 proteins and apoptosis of KGN cells were significantly inhibited .
We pretreated with G15 ( a GPER inhibitor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Caaccumulation and apoptosis were significantly inhibited .
These results suggest that BPA exposure induces KGN cell apoptosis through GPER-dependent activation of the ROS/Ca-ASK1-JNK signaling pathway .
Our study provides mechanisms by which BPA induced apoptosis of granulosa cells and ovarian dysfunction .

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely distributed in the environment and human surroundings and is closely related to the occurrence of many chronic diseases including female infertility. Although BPA-induced granulosa cell apoptosis has been widely reported, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the induction effect of BPA exposure on apoptosis and mechanisms of regulation in KGN cells (a human granulosa-like tumor cell line). Our results indicated that BPA induced apoptosis of KGN cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BPA exposure significantly promoted the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. We also observed that high concentrations of BPA significantly promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion (Ca) accumulation. The involvement of ROS and Cain BPA-induced KGN cell apoptosis was confirmed by pretreatment with NAC (an antioxidant) and BAPTA-AM (a calcium chelator). After inhibitors pretreatment to block the corresponding signaling pathways, it was found that BPA-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ASK1 proteins and apoptosis of KGN cells were significantly inhibited. We pretreated with G15 (a GPER inhibitor) and found that BPA-induced ROS generation and Caaccumulation and apoptosis were significantly inhibited. These results suggest that BPA exposure induces KGN cell apoptosis through GPER-dependent activation of the ROS/Ca-ASK1-JNK signaling pathway. Our study provides mechanisms by which BPA induced apoptosis of granulosa cells and ovarian dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-20--Serially assessed bisphenol A and phthalate exposure and association with kidney function in childre

Serially assessed bisphenol A and phthalate exposure and association with kidney function in children with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND : Exposure to environmental chemicals may be a modifiable risk factor for progression of chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) .
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of serially assessed exposure to bisphenol A ( BPA ) and phthalates on measures of kidney function , tubular injury , and oxidative stress over time in a cohort of children with CKD .
METHODS AND FINDINGS : Samples were collected between 2005 and 2015 from 618 children and adolescents enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study , an observational cohort study of pediatric CKD patients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study participants were male ( 63.8 % ) and white ( 58.3 % ) , and participants had a median age of 11.0 years ( interquartile range 7.6 to 14.6 ) at the baseline visit .
In urine samples collected serially over an average of 3.0 years ( standard deviation [ SD ] 1.6 ) , concentrations of BPA , phthalic acid ( PA ) , and phthalate metabolites were measured as well as biomarkers of tubular injury ( kidney injury molecule-1 [ KIM-1 ] and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [ NGAL ] ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ] and F2-isoprostane ) .
Clinical renal function measures included estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) , proteinuria , and blood pressure .
Linear mixed models were fit to estimate the associations between urinary concentrations of 6 chemical exposure measures ( i.e.
, BPA , PA , and 4 phthalate metabolite groups ) and clinical renal outcomes and urinary concentrations of KIM-1 , NGAL , 8-OHdG , and F2-isoprostane controlling for sex , age , race/ethnicity , glomerular status , birth weight , premature birth , angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use , angiotensin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ age and sex , and urinary creatinine .
Urinary concentrations of BPA , PA , and phthalate metabolites were positively associated with urinary KIM-1 , NGAL , 8-OHdG , and F2-isoprostane levels over time .
For example , a 1-SD increase in∑di-n-octyl phthalate metabolites was associated with increases in NGAL ( β = 0.13 [ 95 % CI : 0.05 , 0.21 ] , p = 0.001 ) , KIM-1 ( β = 0.30 [ 95 % CI : 0.21 , 0.40 ] , p < 0.001 ) , 8-OHdG ( β = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 0.13 ] , p < 0.001 ) , and F2-isoprostane ( β = 0.13 [ 95 % CI : 0.01 , 0.25 ] , p = 0.04 ) over time .
BPA and phthalate metabolites were not associated with eGFR , proteinuria , or blood pressure , but PA was associated with lower eGFR over time .
For a 1-SD increase in ln-transformed PA , there was an average decrease in eGFR of 0.38 ml/min/1.73 m2 ( 95 % CI : -0.75 , -0.01 ; p = 0.04 ) .
Limitations of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ samples for exposure assessment of non-persistent compounds and lack of specific information on potential sources of exposure .
CONCLUSIONS : Although BPA and phthalate metabolites were not associated with clinical renal endpoints such as eGFR or proteinuria , there was a consistent pattern of increased tubular injury and oxidative stress over time , which have been shown to affect renal function in the long term .
This raises concerns about the potential for clinically significant changes in renal function in relation to exposure to common environmental toxicants at current levels .

BACKGROUND: Exposure to environmental chemicals may be a modifiable risk factor for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of serially assessed exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates on measures of kidney function, tubular injury, and oxidative stress over time in a cohort of children with CKD.
METHODS AND FINDINGS: Samples were collected between 2005 and 2015 from 618 children and adolescents enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study, an observational cohort study of pediatric CKD patients from the US and Canada. Most study participants were male (63.8%) and white (58.3%), and participants had a median age of 11.0 years (interquartile range 7.6 to 14.6) at the baseline visit. In urine samples collected serially over an average of 3.0 years (standard deviation [SD] 1.6), concentrations of BPA, phthalic acid (PA), and phthalate metabolites were measured as well as biomarkers of tubular injury (kidney injury molecule-1 [KIM-1] and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL]) and oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and F2-isoprostane). Clinical renal function measures included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, and blood pressure. Linear mixed models were fit to estimate the associations between urinary concentrations of 6 chemical exposure measures (i.e., BPA, PA, and 4 phthalate metabolite groups) and clinical renal outcomes and urinary concentrations of KIM-1, NGAL, 8-OHdG, and F2-isoprostane controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, glomerular status, birth weight, premature birth, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, angiotensin receptor blocker use, BMI z-score for age and sex, and urinary creatinine. Urinary concentrations of BPA, PA, and phthalate metabolites were positively associated with urinary KIM-1, NGAL, 8-OHdG, and F2-isoprostane levels over time. For example, a 1-SD increase in∑di-n-octyl phthalate metabolites was associated with increases in NGAL (β = 0.13 [95% CI: 0.05, 0.21], p = 0.001), KIM-1 (β = 0.30 [95% CI: 0.21, 0.40], p<0.001), 8-OHdG (β = 0.10 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.13], p<0.001), and F2-isoprostane (β = 0.13 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.25], p = 0.04) over time. BPA and phthalate metabolites were not associated with eGFR, proteinuria, or blood pressure, but PA was associated with lower eGFR over time. For a 1-SD increase in ln-transformed PA, there was an average decrease in eGFR of 0.38 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: -0.75, -0.01; p = 0.04). Limitations of this study included utilization of spot urine samples for exposure assessment of non-persistent compounds and lack of specific information on potential sources of exposure.
CONCLUSIONS: Although BPA and phthalate metabolites were not associated with clinical renal endpoints such as eGFR or proteinuria, there was a consistent pattern of increased tubular injury and oxidative stress over time, which have been shown to affect renal function in the long term. This raises concerns about the potential for clinically significant changes in renal function in relation to exposure to common environmental toxicants at current levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-20--BPS at a dose relevant to human serum concentration induced oxidative stress and inflammatory respon

Bisphenol S is considered as a safer alternative to bisphenol A .
In the present study , we used murine @ @ @ @ @ of BPS exposure on oxidative stress and inflammatory response as well as the underlying mechanism @ @ @ @ @ BPS at various concentrations for short period of times .
Results showed that 10M BPS @ @ @ @ @ ROS/RNS production , increased the levels of oxidant enzyme NOX1/2 , and decreased the levels @ @ @ @ @ CAT and GSH-Px .
10M BPS exposure significantly induced the production of proinflammatory mediators .
@ @ @ @ @ , TLR4 , and MAPK pathways was involved in this process .
Furthermore , we @ @ @ @ @ these effects triggered by BPS exposure .
Collectively , our data suggested that BPS at @ @ @ @ @ serum concentration induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in macrophages .
These novel findings shed @ @ @ @ @ the potential adverse effects of BPS exposure that requires further careful attention .

Bisphenol S is considered as a safer alternative to bisphenol A. In the present study, we used murine macrophages to investigate the effects of BPS exposure on oxidative stress and inflammatory response as well as the underlying mechanism. Cells were exposed to BPS at various concentrations for short period of times. Results showed that 10M BPS triggered oxidative stress by increasing ROS/RNS production, increased the levels of oxidant enzyme NOX1/2, and decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD1/2, CAT and GSH-Px. 10M BPS exposure significantly induced the production of proinflammatory mediators. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, TLR4, and MAPK pathways was involved in this process. Furthermore, we illustrated that NAC pretreatment diminished these effects triggered by BPS exposure. Collectively, our data suggested that BPS at a dose relevant to human serum concentration induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in macrophages. These novel findings shed light on the concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of BPS exposure that requires further careful attention.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-21--Licorice extract suppresses adipogenesis.

Licorice , the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra , has been observed to possess an anti-obesity effect .
Previous research has suggested that licorice acetone extract ( LE ) has an influence on mitotic clonal expansion ( MCE ) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) , which play a key role in regulating adipogenesis .
This study sought further insight into the molecular mechanism of LE 's anti-obesity effect using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro .
LE inhibited 3T3-L1 adipogenesis , and the inhibitory effect of LE on adipogenesis was most significant in the early stage of adipogenic differentiation .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ and cyclin-dependent kinases in the MCE stage and arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle .
Furthermore , it activated AMPK via phosphorylation .
Moreover , the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were regulated by LE .
These findings suggest the anti-obesity effect of LE via MCE and AMPK regulation .
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Although the anti-obesity effects of licorice have been studied , the application of functional food-related anti-obesity effects of licorice has been less than that of other extracts .
The present study increases the reliability of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a new mechanism of action and expands the application of functional foods related to the anti-obesity effect of licorice .
A new mechanistic insight will not only improve the scientific knowledge but will also help to predict the side effects of licorice 's anti-obesity application .

Licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been observed to possess an anti-obesity effect. Previous research has suggested that licorice acetone extract (LE) has an influence on mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which play a key role in regulating adipogenesis. This study sought further insight into the molecular mechanism of LE's anti-obesity effect using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. LE inhibited 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, and the inhibitory effect of LE on adipogenesis was most significant in the early stage of adipogenic differentiation. LE inhibited the protein expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the MCE stage and arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, it activated AMPK via phosphorylation. Moreover, the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were regulated by LE. These findings suggest the anti-obesity effect of LE via MCE and AMPK regulation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Although the anti-obesity effects of licorice have been studied, the application of functional food-related anti-obesity effects of licorice has been less than that of other extracts. The present study increases the reliability of the anti-obesity effect of licorice by suggesting a new mechanism of action and expands the application of functional foods related to the anti-obesity effect of licorice. A new mechanistic insight will not only improve the scientific knowledge but will also help to predict the side effects of licorice's anti-obesity application.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-24--Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in relation to the flavonoids composition of pepper.

The chili pepper ( L. ) is a food source that is rich in flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin @ @ @ @ @ have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities ; however , studies on the flavonoids composition identified and @ @ @ @ @ in pepper leaves ( PL ) and fruits ( PF ) are insufficient .
In @ @ @ @ @ investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro , and the flavonoids contents of the @ @ @ @ @ extracts showed radical scavenging activities and ameliorated the lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -stimulated inflammatory response @ @ @ @ @ and interluekin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in RAW 264.7 cells , with more @ @ @ @ @ than for PF .
Furthermore , PL extracts markedly inhibited the LPS-induced production of reactive @ @ @ @ @ flavonoid profile and content of pepper were dependent on the part , with PL showing @ @ @ @ @ .
In particular , the content of luteolin glycosides in PL was twice that in @ @ @ @ @ may be useful to prevent oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases .

The chili pepper (L.) is a food source that is rich in flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin. Flavonoids are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities; however, studies on the flavonoids composition identified and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in pepper leaves (PL) and fruits (PF) are insufficient. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, and the flavonoids contents of the PL and PF. Pepper extracts showed radical scavenging activities and ameliorated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response by decreasing nitric oxide production and interluekin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in RAW 264.7 cells, with more effective activities noted for PL than for PF. Furthermore, PL extracts markedly inhibited the LPS-induced production of reactive oxygen species accumulation. The flavonoid profile and content of pepper were dependent on the part, with PL showing higher total flavonoids than PF. In particular, the content of luteolin glycosides in PL was twice that in PF. Thus, PL may be useful to prevent oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-24--Myricetin may represent a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation in n

Myricetin may represent a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.

Microglia activation toward M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype represents one of the earliest events of neurological disorders .
Therefore , reducing microglia activation should inhibit neuroinflammation , thereby delaying the progression of neurodegeneration .
Recently , we pointed out the role of STAT1 signaling in hypoxia-induced M1 activation and proposed STAT1 as a suitable molecular target for the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration .
Myricetin ( MYR ) is a natural flavonoid that exhibits a specific anti-STAT1 activity correlated with its direct interaction with STAT1 protein itself .
Herein , we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of MYR and its ability to protect @ @ @ @ @ @ @ model of neurotoxicity using the neuroblast-like SH-SY5Y cells that were exposed to conditioned media from hypoxia-activated microglia BV2 cells .
We demonstrate that MYR pretreatment is able to switch off hypoxia-induced M1 microglia polarization through the inhibition of STAT1 signaling .
The analysis of the molecular mechanism suggests that the direct interaction of MYR with STAT1 impairs its S-glutathionylation and phosphorylation .
Moreover , treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with conditioned medium from hypoxia-activated microglia pretreated with MYR produced a significant reduction in neuronal viability .
Our data indicate that MYR may represent a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders .

Microglia activation toward M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype represents one of the earliest events of neurological disorders. Therefore, reducing microglia activation should inhibit neuroinflammation, thereby delaying the progression of neurodegeneration. Recently, we pointed out the role of STAT1 signaling in hypoxia-induced M1 activation and proposed STAT1 as a suitable molecular target for the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration. Myricetin (MYR) is a natural flavonoid that exhibits a specific anti-STAT1 activity correlated with its direct interaction with STAT1 protein itself. Herein, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of MYR and its ability to protect neurons from death in an in vitro model of neurotoxicity using the neuroblast-like SH-SY5Y cells that were exposed to conditioned media from hypoxia-activated microglia BV2 cells. We demonstrate that MYR pretreatment is able to switch off hypoxia-induced M1 microglia polarization through the inhibition of STAT1 signaling. The analysis of the molecular mechanism suggests that the direct interaction of MYR with STAT1 impairs its S-glutathionylation and phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with conditioned medium from hypoxia-activated microglia pretreated with MYR produced a significant reduction in neuronal viability. Our data indicate that MYR may represent a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondr

The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans.

Urolithin A ( UA ) is a natural dietary , microflora-derived metabolite shown to stimulate mitophagy and improve muscle health @ @ @ @ @ preclinical models of aging .
Here , we report the results of a first-in-human clinical @ @ @ @ @ UA , either as a single dose or as multiple doses over a 4-week period @ @ @ @ @ elderly individuals .
We show that UA has a favourable safety profile ( primary outcome @ @ @ @ @ in plasma at all doses tested , and 4 weeks of treatment with UA at @ @ @ @ @ 1,000 mg modulated plasma acylcarnitines and skeletal muscle mitochondrial gene expression in elderly individuals ( @ @ @ @ @ observed effects on mitochondrial biomarkers show that UA induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial @ @ @ @ @ oral consumption in humans .

Urolithin A (UA) is a natural dietary, microflora-derived metabolite shown to stimulate mitophagy and improve muscle health in old animals and in preclinical models of aging. Here, we report the results of a first-in-human clinical trial in which we administered UA, either as a single dose or as multiple doses over a 4-week period, to healthy, sedentary elderly individuals. We show that UA has a favourable safety profile (primary outcome). UA was bioavailable in plasma at all doses tested, and 4 weeks of treatment with UA at doses of 500 mg and 1,000 mg modulated plasma acylcarnitines and skeletal muscle mitochondrial gene expression in elderly individuals (secondary outcomes). These observed effects on mitochondrial biomarkers show that UA induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health following regular oral consumption in humans.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Urolithin A prevents focal cerebral ischemic injury.

Neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal death in cerebral ischemia .
Urolithin A ( UA ) , a gut microbial metabolite of @ @ @ @ @ as a potential anti-inflammatory agent .
However , its roles and precise mechanisms in stroke @ @ @ @ @ found that UA treatment ameliorated infarction , neurological deficit scores , and spatial memory deficits @ @ @ @ @ , UA significantly reduced neuron loss and promoted neurogenesis after ischemic stroke .
We also @ @ @ @ @ by regulating apoptotic-related proteins .
Meanwhile , UA treatment inhibited glial activation via affecting inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ enhancing cerebral AMPK and IκBa activation while decreasing the activation of Akt , P65NFκB , @ @ @ @ @ P38MAPK .
Our findings reveal a key role of UA against ischemic stroke through modulating @ @ @ @ @ .

Neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal death in cerebral ischemia. Urolithin A (UA), a gut microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. However, its roles and precise mechanisms in stroke remain unknown. Here we found that UA treatment ameliorated infarction, neurological deficit scores, and spatial memory deficits after cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, UA significantly reduced neuron loss and promoted neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. We also found that UA attenuated apoptosis by regulating apoptotic-related proteins. Meanwhile, UA treatment inhibited glial activation via affecting inflammatory signaling pathways, specifically by enhancing cerebral AMPK and IκBa activation while decreasing the activation of Akt, P65NFκB, ERK, JNK, and P38MAPK. Our findings reveal a key role of UA against ischemic stroke through modulating apoptosis and neuroinflammation in mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Grape seed extract-soluplus dispersion and its antioxidant activity.

OBJECTIVE : The main objective of this work was to formulate a nanodispersion containing grape seed extract and analyzed its release profile , antioxidant potential of the prepared formulations .
METHODS : The grape seed extract ( GSE ) containing proanthocyanidins ( PC 's ) has been dispersed in polymer matrix soluplus ( SOLU ) by the freeze-drying method .
The morphological analysis was carried out using atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) , scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) and Transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) .
Therelease of the nanodispersion formulations was evaluated by simulated intestinal fluid ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ GSE and the formulation were evaluated by employing variousassays such as 2 , 2'-azino-bis ( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ) ( ABTS ) , 2 , 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) , Ferric reducing antioxidant power ( FRAP ) and peroxidation inhibiting activity .
RESULTS : The formulation FIII ( 1:5 ) resulted in a stable formulation with a higher loading efficiency of 95.36 % , a particle size of 69.90 nm , a polydispersity index of 0.154 and a zeta potential value of -82.10 mV .
The antioxidant efficiency of GSE-SOLU evaluated by DPPH @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The ABTS and FRAP model exhibited a dose-dependent scavenging activity .
Linoleic model of FIII formulation and GSE exhibited a 66.14 and 86.58 % inhibition respectively at 200 µg/l .
CONCLUSIONS : The main reason for excellent scavenging activity of the formulations can be attributed to the presence of monomeric , dimeric , oligomeric procyanidins and the phenolic group .
The present work denotes that GSE constitutes a good source of PC 's and will be useful in the prevention and treatment of free radical related diseases .

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this work was to formulate a nanodispersion containing grape seed extract and analyzed its release profile, antioxidant potential of the prepared formulations.
METHODS: The grape seed extract (GSE) containing proanthocyanidins (PC's) has been dispersed in polymer matrix soluplus (SOLU) by the freeze-drying method. The morphological analysis was carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Therelease of the nanodispersion formulations was evaluated by simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The antioxidant activity of GSE and the formulation were evaluated by employing variousassays such as 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and peroxidation inhibiting activity.
RESULTS: The formulation FIII (1:5) resulted in a stable formulation with a higher loading efficiency of 95.36%, a particle size of 69.90 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.154 and a zeta potential value of -82.10 mV. The antioxidant efficiency of GSE-SOLU evaluated by DPPH was found to be 96.7%. The ABTS and FRAP model exhibited a dose-dependent scavenging activity. Linoleic model of FIII formulation and GSE exhibited a 66.14 and 86.58% inhibition respectively at 200 µg/l.
CONCLUSIONS: The main reason for excellent scavenging activity of the formulations can be attributed to the presence of monomeric, dimeric, oligomeric procyanidins and the phenolic group. The present work denotes that GSE constitutes a good source of PC's and will be useful in the prevention and treatment of free radical related diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Procyanidin B2 promotes intestinal injury repair and attenuates colitis-associated tumorigenesis.

Intact intestinal epithelium is essential to maintain normal intestinal physiological function .
Irradiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease occurred when epithelial integrity was impaired .
This study aims at exploring the mechanism of procyanidin B2 ( PB2 ) administration to promote intestinal injury repair in mice.PB2 treatment reduces reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) accumulation and protects the intestine damage from irradiation .
Mechanistic studies reveal that PB2 could effectively slow down the degradation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) and it significantly triggers Nrf2 into the nucleus , which leads to subsequent antioxidant enzyme expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PB2-induced protection in the intestine .
More importantly , PB2 also promotes leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 ( Lgr5 ) -positive intestinal stem cells ( Lgr5ISCs ) driven regenerationenhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling , which depends on , at least in part , activation of the Nrf2 signal .
Evidence from an injury model of intestinal organoids is similar withresults .
Correspondingly , results from flow cytometric analysis and luciferase reporter assay reveal that PB2 also inhibits the level of ROS and promotes Lgr5 expression .
Finally , PB2 alleviates the severity of experimental @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inflammatory modelinhibiting nuclear localization of p65.This study , for the first time , reveals a role of PB2 for intestinal regeneration and repair after radiation or dextran sulfate sodium-induced injury in mice.Our results indicate that PB2 can repress oxidative stressNrf2/ARE signaling and then promote intestinal injury repair .

Intact intestinal epithelium is essential to maintain normal intestinal physiological function. Irradiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease occurred when epithelial integrity was impaired. This study aims at exploring the mechanism of procyanidin B2 (PB2) administration to promote intestinal injury repair in mice.PB2 treatment reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and protects the intestine damage from irradiation. Mechanistic studies reveal that PB2 could effectively slow down the degradation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and it significantly triggers Nrf2 into the nucleus, which leads to subsequent antioxidant enzyme expression. However, knockdown of Nrf2 attenuates PB2-induced protection in the intestine. More importantly, PB2 also promotes leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-positive intestinal stem cells (Lgr5ISCs) driven regenerationenhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which depends on, at least in part, activation of the Nrf2 signal. Evidence from an injury model of intestinal organoids is similar withresults. Correspondingly, results from flow cytometric analysis and luciferase reporter assay reveal that PB2 also inhibits the level of ROS and promotes Lgr5 expression. Finally, PB2 alleviates the severity of experimental colitis and colitis-associated cancer in a long-term inflammatory modelinhibiting nuclear localization of p65.This study, for the first time, reveals a role of PB2 for intestinal regeneration and repair after radiation or dextran sulfate sodium-induced injury in mice.Our results indicate that PB2 can repress oxidative stressNrf2/ARE signaling and then promote intestinal injury repair.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Procyanidin B2 mitigates endothelial endoplasmic reticulum stress through a PPARδ-Dependent mechanis

Procyanidin B2 mitigates endothelial endoplasmic reticulum stress through a PPARδ-Dependent mechanism.

Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its vascular complications .
Procyanidins are enriched in many plant foods and have been demonstrated to exert several beneficial effects on diabetes , cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases .
In the present study , we investigated the effect of procyanidin B2 ( PCB2 ) , the most widely distributed natural procyanidin , on ER stress evoked by high glucose in endothelial cells ( ECs ) and the underlying mechanisms .
We showed that PCB2 mitigated the high glucose-activated ER stress pathways ( PERK , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ECs .
In addition , we found that PCB2 attenuated endothelial ER stress via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ ( PPARδ ) .
We demonstrated that PCB2 directly bound to and activated PPARδ .
Conversely , GSK0660 , a selective PPARδ antagonist , attenuated the suppressive effect of PCB2 on the ER stress signal pathway .
Functionally , PCB2 ameliorated the high glucose-impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in mouse aortas .
The protective effect of PCB2 on vasodilation was abolished in the aortas pretreated with GSK0660 or those from the EC-specific PPARδ knockout @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of PCB2 on ER stress and endothelial dysfunction required the inter-dependent actions of PPARδ and AMPK .
Collectively , we demonstrated that PCB2 mitigated ER stress and ameliorated vasodilation via a PPARδ-mediated mechanism beyond itsclassic action as a scavenger of free radicals .
These findings further highlighted the novel roles of procyanidins in intervening the ER stress and metabolic disorders related to endothelial dysfunction .

Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its vascular complications. Procyanidins are enriched in many plant foods and have been demonstrated to exert several beneficial effects on diabetes, cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of procyanidin B2 (PCB2), the most widely distributed natural procyanidin, on ER stress evoked by high glucose in endothelial cells (ECs) and the underlying mechanisms. We showed that PCB2 mitigated the high glucose-activated ER stress pathways (PERK, IRE1α and ATF6) in human vascular ECs. In addition, we found that PCB2 attenuated endothelial ER stress via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). We demonstrated that PCB2 directly bound to and activated PPARδ. Conversely, GSK0660, a selective PPARδ antagonist, attenuated the suppressive effect of PCB2 on the ER stress signal pathway. Functionally, PCB2 ameliorated the high glucose-impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in mouse aortas. The protective effect of PCB2 on vasodilation was abolished in the aortas pretreated with GSK0660 or those from the EC-specific PPARδ knockout mice. Moreover, the protective effects of PCB2 on ER stress and endothelial dysfunction required the inter-dependent actions of PPARδ and AMPK. Collectively, we demonstrated that PCB2 mitigated ER stress and ameliorated vasodilation via a PPARδ-mediated mechanism beyond itsclassic action as a scavenger of free radicals. These findings further highlighted the novel roles of procyanidins in intervening the ER stress and metabolic disorders related to endothelial dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Luteolin may be a promising lead for the treatment of drug-induced gastroenteropathy.

NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is associated with non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase ( COX ) -mediated synthesis of prostaglandins .
Fluoride salts , known to stimulate COX-2 synthesis , have also been associated with gastrointestinal damage .
The effects of fluoride treatment on NSAID toxicity are , however , yet to be clarified .
This study examined the effect of sodium fluoride ( NaF ) on diclofenac ( DIC ) -induced gastroduodenal and hepatic toxicity in rats .
In addition , the potential protective role of Luteolin ( Lut ) , an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid , in co-exposure to NaF and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of rats were treated thus : Group A ( control ) : distilled water vehicle for 8 days ; Group B : DIC ( 9 mg/kg ) orally , twice daily from days 6 to 8 ; Group C : NaF ( 300 ppm ) plus DIC for the final 3 days ; Groups D and E : Luteolin at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg , respectively , with concurrent NaF and DIC exposures .
Rats co-treated with DIC and NaF exhibited the highest severity of dark watery diarrhea and gastroduodenal hemorrhages .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( MDA ) , advanced oxidation protein products ( AOPP ) , protein carbonyls ( PC ) , HO , and nitric oxide , while inhibiting glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) and glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) in all the tissues .
In contrast , Luteolin treatment significantly attenuated the gastroduodenal and hepatic damage caused by NaF and DIC co-administration by suppressing oxidative damage and lesions in the tissues .
These results show , for the first time , that NaF may enhance diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and also suggest that Luteolin may be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ drug-induced gastroenteropathy .

NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity is associated with non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated synthesis of prostaglandins. Fluoride salts, known to stimulate COX-2 synthesis, have also been associated with gastrointestinal damage. The effects of fluoride treatment on NSAID toxicity are, however, yet to be clarified. This study examined the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastroduodenal and hepatic toxicity in rats. In addition, the potential protective role of Luteolin (Lut), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, in co-exposure to NaF and DIC was also investigated. Five groups of rats were treated thus: Group A (control): distilled water vehicle for 8 days; Group B: DIC (9 mg/kg) orally, twice daily from days 6 to 8; Group C: NaF (300 ppm) plus DIC for the final 3 days; Groups D and E: Luteolin at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, with concurrent NaF and DIC exposures. Rats co-treated with DIC and NaF exhibited the highest severity of dark watery diarrhea and gastroduodenal hemorrhages. NaF aggravated the DIC-induced increases in malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyls (PC), HO, and nitric oxide, while inhibiting glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in all the tissues. In contrast, Luteolin treatment significantly attenuated the gastroduodenal and hepatic damage caused by NaF and DIC co-administration by suppressing oxidative damage and lesions in the tissues. These results show, for the first time, that NaF may enhance diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and also suggest that Luteolin may be a promising lead for the treatment of drug-induced gastroenteropathy.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-27--Effect of fluoride on endocrine tissues and their secretory functions.

The effects of fluoride on endocrine tissues has not been sufficiently explored to date .
The current body of knowledge @ @ @ @ @ mineral on reducing sex hormone levels , which may consequently impair fertility and disrupt puberty @ @ @ @ @ confirm that sodium fluoride increases TSH levels and decreases the concentrations of T3 and T4 @ @ @ @ @ Moreover , a correlation was observed between NaF and increased secretion of PTH by the @ @ @ @ @ significant impact on body calcium levels .
Probably , fluoride may exert adverse effects on @ @ @ @ @ function and resulting in abnormal glucose tolerance .
Observations also include decreased levels of cortisol @ @ @ @ @ .
In light of the few existing studies , the mechanism of fluoride toxicity on @ @ @ @ @ described .

The effects of fluoride on endocrine tissues has not been sufficiently explored to date. The current body of knowledge suggest significant effects of that mineral on reducing sex hormone levels, which may consequently impair fertility and disrupt puberty. The majority of studies confirm that sodium fluoride increases TSH levels and decreases the concentrations of T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid. Moreover, a correlation was observed between NaF and increased secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands, without a significant impact on body calcium levels. Probably, fluoride may exert adverse effects on insulin levels, impairing pancreatic function and resulting in abnormal glucose tolerance. Observations also include decreased levels of cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands. In light of the few existing studies, the mechanism of fluoride toxicity on the endocrine system has been described.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-28--Chemopreventive and anticancer effects of thymoquinone: Cellular and molecular targets.

Thymoquinone ( TQ ) is a bioactive component derived from the seeds ofthat are commonly as black cumin .
Evidences @ @ @ @ @ of TQ have been recognized for more than 2000 years .
TQ has been shown @ @ @ @ @ that include anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities .
Recent studies have unraveled the multiple mechanisms through @ @ @ @ @ and anticancer activity in different cancer cells in a contextual manner .
The present review @ @ @ @ @ compendium on the molecular mechanisms through which TQ inhibits signaling pathways underlying cancer genesis , @ @ @ @ @

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive component derived from the seeds ofthat are commonly as black cumin. Evidences indicate that the medicinal properties of TQ have been recognized for more than 2000 years. TQ has been shown to possess potent chemopreventive properties that include anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activities. Recent studies have unraveled the multiple mechanisms through which TQ exerts its chemopreventive and anticancer activity in different cancer cells in a contextual manner. The present review aims to provide a brief compendium on the molecular mechanisms through which TQ inhibits signaling pathways underlying cancer genesis, progression, and metastasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-28--Thymoquinone selectively induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis in synergism with clinical

Thymoquinone selectively induces hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis in synergism with clinical therapeutics.

Thymoquinone ( TQ ) is a natural compound extracted from the black seeds ofLinn .
belonging to the Ranunculaceae family .
TQ exhibits anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities against various cancers .
Many therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) treatments , such as doxorubicin ( DOX ) and cisplatin ( DDP ) , exhibit considerable side effects on patients .
We investigated cytotoxic effects of TQ , alone or in combination with DDP and DOX to HCC cells .
TQ exhibited selective killing to HCC HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells , but relatively low toxicity to normal liver HL-7702 cells .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ DDP , TQ showed synergistic inhibition of HCC cells , but not HL-7702 cells .
We also discovered that Hep3B cells with a p53 null status were more sensitive to TQ than HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells harboring wild type p53 .
Consistently , shRNA-mediated p53 silencing in HepG2 cells dramatically enhanced TQ-induced apoptosis , measured by caspase 3 and PARP cleavage .
Furthermore , TQ-stimulated increase of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) in p53-depleted cells was more pronounced than that in cells with intact p53 .
In summary , we discovered that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ DOX and DDP , and loss of p53 sensitizes HCC cells to TQ-induced apoptosis .

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a natural compound extracted from the black seeds ofLinn. belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. TQ exhibits anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities against various cancers. Many therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatments, such as doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin (DDP), exhibit considerable side effects on patients. We investigated cytotoxic effects of TQ, alone or in combination with DDP and DOX to HCC cells. TQ exhibited selective killing to HCC HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, but relatively low toxicity to normal liver HL-7702 cells. Importantly, when used with DOX or DDP, TQ showed synergistic inhibition of HCC cells, but not HL-7702 cells. We also discovered that Hep3B cells with a p53 null status were more sensitive to TQ than HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells harboring wild type p53. Consistently, shRNA-mediated p53 silencing in HepG2 cells dramatically enhanced TQ-induced apoptosis, measured by caspase 3 and PARP cleavage. Furthermore, TQ-stimulated increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in p53-depleted cells was more pronounced than that in cells with intact p53. In summary, we discovered that TQ synergistically improves the anti-cancer activity of DOX and DDP, and loss of p53 sensitizes HCC cells to TQ-induced apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-28--Biological and therapeutic activities of thymoquinone.

Thymoquinone is a monoterpenoid compound , which is derived from volatile and fixed oil of Nigella sativa ( Ranunculaceae ) @ @ @ @ @ several biological effects , including antioxidant , antibacterial , antineoplastic , nephroprotective , hepatoprotective , @ @ @ @ @ , and anti-inflammatory activities .
Thymoquinone shows pharmacological activities , including anti-hepatocellular carcinoma , nephroprotection @ @ @ @ @ , gastroprotection , cardioprotection , anti-allergy , reproductive system protection , bladder protection , and @ @ @ @ @ found that these beneficial effects are mostly related to modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway @ @ @ @ @ stimulating the expression of the Nrf2 gene , and inducing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 @ @ @ @ @ , the therapeutic effects of thymoquinone are overviewed through the Nrf2 signaling pathway .

Thymoquinone is a monoterpenoid compound, which is derived from volatile and fixed oil of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae). This phytochemical compound has several biological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antineoplastic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Thymoquinone shows pharmacological activities, including anti-hepatocellular carcinoma, nephroprotection, neuroprotection, retina protection, gastroprotection, cardioprotection, anti-allergy, reproductive system protection, bladder protection, and respiratory protection. It was found that these beneficial effects are mostly related to modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway by blockage of Keap1, stimulating the expression of the Nrf2 gene, and inducing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In the present review, the therapeutic effects of thymoquinone are overviewed through the Nrf2 signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-30--Exosomes: Applications in respiratory infectious diseases and prospects for coronavirus disease 2019

Exosomes: Applications in respiratory infectious diseases and prospects for coronavirus disease 2019.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm diameter secreted by almost all cells .
In recent years , with continuous deeper understanding of exosomes physiological functions , different reports have proven that exosomes can facilitate cell-to-cell communication by binding to target cells and transferring their contents , together with RNAs , DNAs , proteins , and lipids between cells and tissues .
With advantages that exosomes can be involved in various types of physiological processes , such as blood coagulation , cellular homeostasis , inflammation , immune surveillance , stem cell differentiation , neuroprotection , and tissue regeneration and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they can be applied in identification and treatment of multiple disorders such as cancers , cerebral ischemia , and respiratory infectious diseases .
Importantly , researchers utilize application of exosomes in the treatment of various respiratory infectious diseases that have made some breakthrough progress .
However , with the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) , we have focused on applications of exosomes in respiratory infectious diseases and their serious complications , including influenza , TB , ARDS and sepsis .
In this review , we explain the use of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ their serious complications , and hope to provide new ideas for the treatment of new coronavirus infections .

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm diameter secreted by almost all cells. In recent years, with continuous deeper understanding of exosomes physiological functions, different reports have proven that exosomes can facilitate cell-to-cell communication by binding to target cells and transferring their contents, together with RNAs, DNAs, proteins, and lipids between cells and tissues. With advantages that exosomes can be involved in various types of physiological processes, such as blood coagulation, cellular homeostasis, inflammation, immune surveillance, stem cell differentiation, neuroprotection, and tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. Exosomes have been demonstrated that they can be applied in identification and treatment of multiple disorders such as cancers, cerebral ischemia, and respiratory infectious diseases. Importantly, researchers utilize application of exosomes in the treatment of various respiratory infectious diseases that have made some breakthrough progress. However, with the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), we have focused on applications of exosomes in respiratory infectious diseases and their serious complications, including influenza, TB, ARDS and sepsis. In this review, we explain the use of exosomes in various respiratory infectious diseases and their serious complications, and hope to provide new ideas for the treatment of new coronavirus infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-31--Oral administration of Aloe vera ameliorates wound healing through improved angiogenesis and chemota

Oral administration of Aloe vera ameliorates wound healing through improved angiogenesis and chemotaxis.

BACKGROUND : Aloe vera has been reported as a topical antibiotic and healing agent for wounds but advantages of oral administration and mechanisms of wound healing have not been reported .
Present study focuses on evaluation of effects of oral administration of Aloe vera for excisional cutaneous wounds in Sprague Dawley rats .
METHODS : Sprague Dawley ( SD ) rats were inflicted with excisional wounds and then , either treated with Aloe vera orally ( Aloe vera ) or kept untreated ( wound ) while healthy rats were kept as control group .
Wound area was measured from seven @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was estimated by hydroxyproline assay .
Histology was analysed by hematoxylin and eosin staining .
Angiogenesis was observed by indirect ELISA for Insulin like Growth Factor ( IGF-1 ) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( VEGF ) protein from skin , serum and bone marrow .
Chemotaxis was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis for Stromal cell-derived factor-1 ( SDF-1 ) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 ( CXCR-4 ) from skin and bone marrow .
RESULTS : Aloe vera healed wounds earlier than untreated rats with gradual improvement in wound areas and collagen content @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of IGF-1 and VEGF in skin and bone marrow indicating improvement in angiogenesis .
RT- PCR analysis showed increased expression of genes for chemotaxis ( SDF-1 and CXCR-4 ) , in skin and bone marrow .

BACKGROUND: Aloe vera has been reported as a topical antibiotic and healing agent for wounds but advantages of oral administration and mechanisms of wound healing have not been reported. Present study focuses on evaluation of effects of oral administration of Aloe vera for excisional cutaneous wounds in Sprague Dawley rats.
METHODS: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were inflicted with excisional wounds and then, either treated with Aloe vera orally (Aloe vera) or kept untreated (wound) while healthy rats were kept as control group. Wound area was measured from seven day to 21st day. Collagen content was estimated by hydroxyproline assay. Histology was analysed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Angiogenesis was observed by indirect ELISA for Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein from skin, serum and bone marrow. Chemotaxis was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis for Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) from skin and bone marrow.
RESULTS: Aloe vera healed wounds earlier than untreated rats with gradual improvement in wound areas and collagen content. Aloe vera also improved the expression of IGF-1 and VEGF in skin and bone marrow indicating improvement in angiogenesis. RT- PCR analysis showed increased expression of genes for chemotaxis (SDF-1 and CXCR-4), in skin and bone marrow.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-31--Wound healing effects of Aloe muth-muth.

The traditional use ofspp .
for the purpose of wound healing has a long history and is widespread internationally .
@ @ @ @ @ plant ( ) has been cultivated by cross pollination betweenand .
Theplant has not yet @ @ @ @ @ and provides an opportunity for potential biological activity , including wound healing .
The aim @ @ @ @ @ investigate the in vitro wound healing effects of bothgel and whole leaf material with the @ @ @ @ @ keratinocyte ( HaCaT ) cell line .
Cell viability was conducted using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium @ @ @ @ @ In vitro wound healing was tested on HaCaT cells using an established scratch assay method @ @ @ @ @ on HaCaT cell migration was also investigated.gel material exhibited statistically significantly ( < 0.05 ) @ @ @ @ @ to the control at all three concentrations investigated .
These findings confirm that this newly @ @ @ @ @ possesses wound healing activity corresponding to that reported for the two species it is derived @ @ @ @ @ .
Therefore , has the potential to be used in future wound therapeutics .

The traditional use ofspp. for the purpose of wound healing has a long history and is widespread internationally. Recently, a hybrid aloe plant () has been cultivated by cross pollination betweenand. Theplant has not yet been investigated for medicinal properties and provides an opportunity for potential biological activity, including wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro wound healing effects of bothgel and whole leaf material with the use of the immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line. Cell viability was conducted using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays. In vitro wound healing was tested on HaCaT cells using an established scratch assay method. The effect ofgel material on HaCaT cell migration was also investigated.gel material exhibited statistically significantly (<0.05) higher percentage wound closure compared to the control at all three concentrations investigated. These findings confirm that this newly cultivated species,, also possesses wound healing activity corresponding to that reported for the two species it is derived from, namely,and. Therefore,has the potential to be used in future wound therapeutics.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-31--Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant actions of Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera ext

Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant actions of Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera extract on mercury-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo.

Mercuric chloride ( MC ) is a complex substance which is capable to produce free radicals .
Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera ( MEPD ) is a flowering plant of palm family with potent antioxidant feature .
Due to the increasing use of herbs in medicine , this study was designed to assess the effects of MEPD and MC on inflammatory apoptogenic , oxidative and histomorphometric alterations in liver .
Sixty-four male rats were assigned to 8 groups including : control groups ( normal group and MC ( 50 mg/kg ) ) , MEPD groups ( 30 , 90 , 270 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ groups .
All experimental groups were treated intraperitoneally and orally daily for 5 weeks .
The relative expression level of apoptotic genes ( p53 , Bcl2 and Bax ) and hepatocyte apoptotic index were analyzed .
Also , Nitrite oxide ( NO ) , lipid peroxidation ( LP ) , Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma ( FRAP ) assays were conducted to assess the antioxidant levels .
Cytokines involved in inflammation , hepatic enzymes and histomorphometric parameters ( hepatocytes diameter ( HD ) and central hepatic vein ( CHV ) ) were evaluated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MC administration ( else FRAP level and Bcl2 , which were decreased ) in MC group than normal group ( P

Mercuric chloride (MC) is a complex substance which is capable to produce free radicals. Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera (MEPD) is a flowering plant of palm family with potent antioxidant feature. Due to the increasing use of herbs in medicine, this study was designed to assess the effects of MEPD and MC on inflammatory apoptogenic, oxidative and histomorphometric alterations in liver. Sixty-four male rats were assigned to 8 groups including: control groups (normal group and MC (50 mg/kg)), MEPD groups (30, 90, 270 mg/kg) and MC + MEPD treated groups. All experimental groups were treated intraperitoneally and orally daily for 5 weeks. The relative expression level of apoptotic genes (p53, Bcl2 and Bax) and hepatocyte apoptotic index were analyzed. Also, Nitrite oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LP), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assays were conducted to assess the antioxidant levels. Cytokines involved in inflammation, hepatic enzymes and histomorphometric parameters (hepatocytes diameter (HD) and central hepatic vein (CHV)) were evaluated. All factors showed incremental trends following MC administration (else FRAP level and Bcl2, which were decreased) in MC group than normal group (P < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, total values in MEPD and MEPD + MC groups were decreased (P < 0.05) (except FRAP level and Bcl2, which were increased). According to the obtained data, the administration of MEPD extract has potent antioxidant property that attenuates the destructive hepatic effects of MC by initiation of cellular antioxidant pathways and restoration of pathological changesinto the physiological form.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--Soluble whey protein hydrolysate ameliorates muscle atrophy induced by immobilization.

Sarcopenia , a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function , is prevalent in older people and associated with functional decline and mortality .
Protein supplementation is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle mass and whey protein hydrolysates have the best nutrient quality among food proteins .
In the first study , C57BL/6 mice were subjected to immobilization for 1 week to induce muscle atrophy .
Then , mice were administered with four different whey protein hydrolysates for 2 weeks with continuous immobilization .
Among them , soluble whey protein hydrolysate ( WP-S ) had the greatest increase in grip strength @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of muscle fiber than other whey protein hydrolysates .
To investigate the molecular mechanism , we conducted another experiment with the same experimental design .
WP-S significantly promoted the phosphoinositide 3-kinase ( PI3K ) /protein kinase B ( Akt ) /mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) pathway and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O ( FoxO ) pathway .
In addition , it increased myosin heavy chain ( MyHC ) expression in both the soleus and quadriceps and changed MyHC isoform expressions .
In conclusion , WP-S attenuated muscle atrophy induced by immobilization @ @ @ @ @ @ @ muscle protein synthesis and degradation .
Thus , it is a necessary and probable candidate for developing functional food to prevent sarcopenia .

Sarcopenia, a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is prevalent in older people and associated with functional decline and mortality. Protein supplementation is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle mass and whey protein hydrolysates have the best nutrient quality among food proteins. In the first study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to immobilization for 1 week to induce muscle atrophy. Then, mice were administered with four different whey protein hydrolysates for 2 weeks with continuous immobilization. Among them, soluble whey protein hydrolysate (WP-S) had the greatest increase in grip strength, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber than other whey protein hydrolysates. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we conducted another experiment with the same experimental design. WP-S significantly promoted the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway. In addition, it increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in both the soleus and quadriceps and changed MyHC isoform expressions. In conclusion, WP-S attenuated muscle atrophy induced by immobilization by enhancing the net protein content regulating muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Thus, it is a necessary and probable candidate for developing functional food to prevent sarcopenia.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--Interactive effect of swimming training and fenugreek extract on glycemic indices and lipid profile.

Present study investigated the interactive effect of swimming training and fenugreek on glycemic index and lipid profile of diabetic rats .
Forty-eight diabetic rats were randomly assigned to ( 1 ) control ( C ) , ( 2 ) training ( T ) , ( 3 ) fenugreek ( F ) , and ( 4 ) training + fenugreek ( T + F ) groups and 12 healthy rats were placed in healthy control ( HC ) group .
During 4 weeks , groups 2 and 4 performed swimming training for 5 sessions per week and groups 3 and 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fenugreek and training + fenugreek significantly decreased glucose , insulin , insulin resistance , LDL , VLDL , TG and TC as well as increased HDL ( ≤ .05 ) also training + fenugreek had more favourable effects on improving glycemic indices and lipid profile compared to training and fenugreek alone ( ≤ .05 ) .
It seems that training and fenugreek alone or synergistically improve the glycemic indices and lipid profile in diabetic rats , nevertheless the synergistic effects of training and fenugreek can be more desirable than the effect of each @ @

Present study investigated the interactive effect of swimming training and fenugreek on glycemic index and lipid profile of diabetic rats. Forty-eight diabetic rats were randomly assigned to (1) control(C), (2) training(T), (3) fenugreek(F), and (4) training + fenugreek(T + F) groups and 12 healthy rats were placed in healthy control (HC) group. During 4 weeks, groups 2 and 4 performed swimming training for 5 sessions per week and groups 3 and 4 received 100 mg/kg fenugreek. training, fenugreek and training + fenugreek significantly decreased glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, LDL, VLDL, TG and TC as well as increased HDL ( ≤ .05) also training + fenugreek had more favourable effects on improving glycemic indices and lipid profile compared to training and fenugreek alone ( ≤ .05). It seems that training and fenugreek alone or synergistically improve the glycemic indices and lipid profile in diabetic rats, nevertheless the synergistic effects of training and fenugreek can be more desirable than the effect of each alone.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--Trigonella foenum-graecum seed oil attenuated inflammation and angiogenesis.

INTRODUCTION : Inflammation is a vital reaction of the natural immune system that protects against encroaching agents .
However , uncontrolled inflammation can lead to complications .
Trigonella foenum-graecum is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory herb .
OBJECTIVES : The current study was conducted to explore the antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and antiangiogenic potentials of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds oil .
METHODS : Oil was extracted from seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum by cold press method and labelled as TgSO .
Phytochemical ( GCMS , Folin-Ciocalteu method ) and metal analyses were conducted to evaluate the metalo-chemical profile of TgSO .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power ) were performed to assess its antioxidant potential .
In vitro antimicrobial property was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method and the safety profile of TgSO was assessed following OECD 425 guidelines .
In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of TgSO was assessed in carrageenan , serotonin , histamine , formalin , and cotton pellet-induced oedema models .
Serum TNF-α , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and , catalases ( CAT ) levels were assessed by ELISA kit while the effects on angiogenesis were assessed by chick chorioallantoic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ studies using excised paws were conducted to observe the effect of TgSO treatment at the tissue level .
In silico docking studies were conducted to screen binding potential of identified compounds towards TNF- α .
RESULTS : Extraction by cold press yielded 16 % of TgSO .
Phytochemical analysis of TgSO through GC-MS showed the presence of eugenol , dihydrocoumairn , and heptadecanoic acid , tri- and tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid respectively .
Total phenolic contents of TgSO were found to be 37.1± 0.91 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in Folin-Ciocalteu method .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ metals in TgSO .
Findings of antioxidant models showed moderate antioxidant potential of TgSO .
Findings of antimicrobial assays showed that TgSO was active against S. aureus , S.epidermidis , C. albicans , and A. niger .
In vivo toxicity study data showed that TgSO was safe up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg .
Data of oedema models showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) reduction in oedema development in TgSO treated animals in both acute and chronic models .
Histopathological evaluations of paws showed minimal infiltration with inflammatory cells in TgSO-treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ < 0.05 ) down-regulated TNF-α in serum and while levels of SOD and CAT were upregulated .
CAM assay findings revealed antiangiogenic activity of TgSO .
Findings of in silico docking studies showed that identified phytoconstituents have potential to bind with culprit cytokine .
CONCLUSION : Data of that current study conclude that TgSO has antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and antiangiogenic effects that validate its traditional uses .
Moreover , the synergistic actions of different phytoconstituents are proposed to be responsible for the observed effects .

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is a vital reaction of the natural immune system that protects against encroaching agents. However, uncontrolled inflammation can lead to complications. Trigonella foenum-graecum is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory herb.
OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic potentials of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds oil.
METHODS: Oil was extracted from seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum by cold press method and labelled as TgSO. Phytochemical (GCMS, Folin-Ciocalteu method) and metal analyses were conducted to evaluate the metalo-chemical profile of TgSO. In vitro antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were performed to assess its antioxidant potential. In vitro antimicrobial property was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method and the safety profile of TgSO was assessed following OECD 425 guidelines. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of TgSO was assessed in carrageenan, serotonin, histamine, formalin, and cotton pellet-induced oedema models. Serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and, catalases (CAT) levels were assessed by ELISA kit while the effects on angiogenesis were assessed by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Histopathological studies using excised paws were conducted to observe the effect of TgSO treatment at the tissue level. In silico docking studies were conducted to screen binding potential of identified compounds towards TNF- α.
RESULTS: Extraction by cold press yielded 16% of TgSO. Phytochemical analysis of TgSO through GC-MS showed the presence of eugenol, dihydrocoumairn, and heptadecanoic acid, tri- and tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid respectively. Total phenolic contents of TgSO were found to be 37.1± 0.91 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in Folin-Ciocalteu method. Metal analysis indicated the presence of different metals in TgSO. Findings of antioxidant models showed moderate antioxidant potential of TgSO. Findings of antimicrobial assays showed that TgSO was active against S. aureus, S.epidermidis, C. albicans, and A. niger. In vivo toxicity study data showed that TgSO was safe up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg. Data of oedema models showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in oedema development in TgSO treated animals in both acute and chronic models. Histopathological evaluations of paws showed minimal infiltration with inflammatory cells in TgSO-treated animals. Treatment also significantly (p<0.05) down-regulated TNF-α in serum and while levels of SOD and CAT were upregulated. CAM assay findings revealed antiangiogenic activity of TgSO. Findings of in silico docking studies showed that identified phytoconstituents have potential to bind with culprit cytokine.
CONCLUSION: Data of that current study conclude that TgSO has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic effects that validate its traditional uses. Moreover, the synergistic actions of different phytoconstituents are proposed to be responsible for the observed effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--These findings suggested curcumin combined with fenugreek soluble fiber might delay neuromuscular fa

Herrick , LP , Goh , J , Menke , W , Campbell , MS , Fleenor , BS , Abel , MG , and Bergstrom , HC .
Effects of curcumin and fenugreek soluble fiber on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold , peak oxygen consumption , and time to exhaustion .
J Strength Cond Res XX ( X ) : 000-000 , 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of curcumin in combination with fenugreek soluble fiber ( CUR + FEN ) or fenugreek soluble fiber alone ( FEN ) on the neuromuscular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oxygen consumption ( V [ Combining Dot Above ] o2peak ) , and time to exhaustion ( Tlim ) on a graded exercise test ( GXT ) , in untrained subjects .
The PWCFT estimates the highest power output that can be maintained without evidence of neuromuscular fatigue .
Forty-seven untrained , college-aged subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 supplementation groups ; placebo ( PLA , n = 15 ) , CUR + FEN ( 500 mg·d , n = 18 ) , or FEN ( 300 mg·d , n = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ maximal GXT on a cycle ergometer to determine the PWCFT , V [ Combining Dot Above ] o2peak , and Tlim before ( PRE ) and after ( POST ) 28 days of daily supplementation .
Surface electromyographic signals were recorded from a bipolar electrodearrangement on the vastus lateralis of the right leg during each test .
Separate one-way analysis of covariances were used to determine if there were between-group differences for adjusted POST-PWCFT , POST-V [ Combining Dot Above ] o2peak , and POST-Tlim values , covaried for the respective PRE-test scores @ @ @ @ @ @ @ + FEN group ( mean ± SD : 196 ± 58 W ) was greater ( p = 0.016 ) than the PLA group ( 168 ± 49 W ) but the FEN group ( 185 ± 32 W ) was not different from the CUR + FEN or PLA groups ( p > 0.05 ) .
There were no differences for adjusted POST-V [ Combining Dot Above ] o2peak ( p = 0.612 ) or POST-Tlim ( p = 0.508 ) among the groups .
These findings suggested curcumin combined with fenugreek @ @ @ @ @ @ @

Herrick, LP, Goh, J, Menke, W, Campbell, MS, Fleenor, BS, Abel, MG, and Bergstrom, HC. Effects of curcumin and fenugreek soluble fiber on the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold, peak oxygen consumption, and time to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of curcumin in combination with fenugreek soluble fiber (CUR + FEN) or fenugreek soluble fiber alone (FEN) on the neuromuscular fatigue threshold (PWCFT), peak oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]o2peak), and time to exhaustion (Tlim) on a graded exercise test (GXT), in untrained subjects. The PWCFT estimates the highest power output that can be maintained without evidence of neuromuscular fatigue. Forty-seven untrained, college-aged subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 supplementation groups; placebo (PLA, n = 15), CUR + FEN (500 mg·d, n = 18), or FEN (300 mg·d, n = 14). The subjects completed a maximal GXT on a cycle ergometer to determine the PWCFT, V[Combining Dot Above]o2peak, and Tlim before (PRE) and after (POST) 28 days of daily supplementation. Surface electromyographic signals were recorded from a bipolar electrodearrangement on the vastus lateralis of the right leg during each test. Separate one-way analysis of covariances were used to determine if there were between-group differences for adjusted POST-PWCFT, POST-V[Combining Dot Above]o2peak, and POST-Tlim values, covaried for the respective PRE-test scores. The adjusted POST-PWCFT for the CUR + FEN group (mean ± SD: 196 ± 58 W) was greater (p = 0.016) than the PLA group (168 ± 49 W) but the FEN group (185 ± 32 W) was not different from the CUR + FEN or PLA groups (p>0.05). There were no differences for adjusted POST-V[Combining Dot Above]o2peak (p = 0.612) or POST-Tlim (p = 0.508) among the groups. These findings suggested curcumin combined with fenugreek soluble fiber might delay neuromuscular fatigue.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of combined milk thistle and fenugreek seeds in alloxan-indu

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of combined milk thistle and fenugreek seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats

Background and Aim : Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs , they are not free from associated adverse side effects .
This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants : ( 1 ) Milk thistle and ( 2 ) fenugreek .
Materials and Methods : Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder .
Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats .
Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups : ( 1 ) Group 1 ( n=10 ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and ( 2 ) Group 2 ( n=10 ) , diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks .
Results : Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight , blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , cholesterol , and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats .
After 4 weeks , this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose ( 155.00±9.70 mg/dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL ; p < 0.001 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 13.65±1.77 % ; p < 0.001 ) , cholesterol ( 281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL ; p < 0.001 ) , triglyceride ( 239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL ; p < 0.01 ) , and body weight ( 265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g ; p < 0.01 ) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats .
Conclusion : Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs .

Background and Aim: Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs, they are not free from associated adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants: (1) Milk thistle and (2) fenugreek.
Materials and Methods: Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 0.5 g/kg milk thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks.
Results: Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats.
Conclusion: Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-04--Efficacy of a novel extract of fenugreek seeds in alleviating vasomotor symptoms and depression in p

Efficacy of a novel extract of fenugreek seeds in alleviating vasomotor symptoms and depression in perimenopausal women.

The present randomized , double-blinded , placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of a standardized fenugreek extract ( FHE ) on perimenopausal discomforts and its influence on hormonal balance and safety .
Healthy women characterized with perimenopausal symptoms ( n = 48 ) , as assessed by MRS questionnaire , were randomized either to FHE ( n = 24 ) or placebo ( n = 24 ) and supplemented with 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days .
Both inter and intra-group comparison revealed a significant improvement in somatic , psychological , and urogenital scores in FHE group , especially for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ night sweats ( 26.5 % ) , depression ( 31.8 % ) , and insomnia ( 21.6 % ) .
Further hormone analysis revealed an enhancement in serum estradiol ( 18.9 % ) , free testosterone ( 38.2 % ) , and progesterone ( 19.9 % ) concentrations and a significant decrease in FSH ( 38.2 % ) and SHBG ( 21.1 % ) concentrations toward establishing a hormonal balance among FHE-group ; without significant changes in other clinical safety parameters .
Thus , FHE supplementation offered a significant reduction in vasomotor effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ any adverse effects PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : Fenugreek is a popular kitchen spice and Ayurvedic medicine for a variety of health conditions including diabetes , hypercholesterolemia , hepatotoxicity , gastritis , and also for a variety of hormone-related health conditions such as sexual functions , lactation , osteoporosis , PCOS , and post/perimenopausal discomforts .
Fenugreek is rich in alkaloids , steroidal saponins , flavonoids and 4-hydroxyisoleucine .
The present randomized-controlled study investigated the plausible application of a standardized hydro-ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds ( FHE ) having a unique 3:1 ratio for protodioscin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ discomforts .
It was observed that FHE at a dosage of 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days significantly reduced the discomforts , especially vasomotor symptoms and depression , and helped to attain a hormonal balance without any adverse effects or deviations in clinical safety parameters .
Thus , FHE could be a potential natural agent for the management of post and perimenopausal discomforts and has to be explored in future studies .

The present randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of a standardized fenugreek extract (FHE) on perimenopausal discomforts and its influence on hormonal balance and safety. Healthy women characterized with perimenopausal symptoms (n = 48), as assessed by MRS questionnaire, were randomized either to FHE (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24) and supplemented with 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days. Both inter and intra-group comparison revealed a significant improvement in somatic, psychological, and urogenital scores in FHE group, especially for hot flashes (25.9%), night sweats (26.5%), depression (31.8%), and insomnia (21.6%). Further hormone analysis revealed an enhancement in serum estradiol (18.9%), free testosterone (38.2%), and progesterone (19.9%) concentrations and a significant decrease in FSH (38.2%) and SHBG (21.1%)concentrations toward establishing a hormonal balance among FHE-group; without significant changes in other clinical safety parameters. Thus, FHE supplementation offered a significant reduction in vasomotor effects and depression in perimenopausal women, without any adverse effects PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fenugreek is a popular kitchen spice and Ayurvedic medicine for a variety of health conditions including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hepatotoxicity, gastritis, and also for a variety of hormone-related health conditions such as sexual functions, lactation, osteoporosis, PCOS, and post/perimenopausal discomforts. Fenugreek is rich in alkaloids, steroidal saponins, flavonoids and 4-hydroxyisoleucine. The present randomized-controlled study investigated the plausible application of a standardized hydro-ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds (FHE) having a unique 3:1 ratio for protodioscin to trigonelline in the management of perimenopausal discomforts. It was observed that FHE at a dosage of 250 mg × 2/day for 42 days significantly reduced the discomforts, especially vasomotor symptoms and depression, and helped to attain a hormonal balance without any adverse effects or deviations in clinical safety parameters. Thus, FHE could be a potential natural agent for the management of post and perimenopausal discomforts and has to be explored in future studies.