greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--S-aadenosylmethionine rescues cognitive deficits.

BACKGROUND : Alterations in the methionine cycle and abnormal tau phosphorylation are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases , including Alzheimer 's disease and frontotemporal dementia .
rTg4510 mice express mutant human P301L tau and are a model of tau hyperphosphorylation .
The cognitive deficit seen in these animals correlates with a burden of hyperphosphorylated tau and is a model to test therapies aimed at lowering phosphorylated tau .
OBJECTIVE : This study aimed to increase protein phosphatase 2A activity through supplementation of S-adenosylmethionine and analyze the effect on spatial memory and tau in treated animals .
METHODS : 6-month-old rTg4510 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by oral gavage for 3 weeks .
Spatial recognition memory was tested in the Y-maze .
Alterations to phosphorylated tau and protein phosphatase 2A were explored using immunohistochemistry , western blot , and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays .
RESULTS : Treatment with S-adenosylmethionine increased the Y-maze novel arm exploration time and increased both the expression and activity of protein phosphatase 2A .
Furthermore , treatment reduced the number of AT8 positive neurons and reduced the expression of phosphorylated tau ( Ser202/Thr205 ) .
S-adenosylmethionine contributes to multiple pathways in neuronal homeostasis and neurodegeneration .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ with S-adenosylmethionine stabilizes the heterotrimeric form of PP2A resulting in an increase the enzymatic activity , a reduced level of pathological tau , and improved cognition .

BACKGROUND: Alterations in the methionine cycle and abnormal tau phosphorylation are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. rTg4510 mice express mutant human P301L tau and are a model of tau hyperphosphorylation. The cognitive deficit seen in these animals correlates with a burden of hyperphosphorylated tau and is a model to test therapies aimed at lowering phosphorylated tau.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to increase protein phosphatase 2A activity through supplementation of S-adenosylmethionine and analyze the effect on spatial memory and tau in treated animals.
METHODS: 6-month-old rTg4510 mice were treated with 100 mg/kg S-adenosylmethionine by oral gavage for 3 weeks. Spatial recognition memory was tested in the Y-maze. Alterations to phosphorylated tau and protein phosphatase 2A were explored using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
RESULTS: Treatment with S-adenosylmethionine increased the Y-maze novel arm exploration time and increased both the expression and activity of protein phosphatase 2A. Furthermore, treatment reduced the number of AT8 positive neurons and reduced the expression of phosphorylated tau (Ser202/Thr205). S-adenosylmethionine contributes to multiple pathways in neuronal homeostasis and neurodegeneration.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that supplementation with S-adenosylmethionine stabilizes the heterotrimeric form of PP2A resulting in an increase the enzymatic activity, a reduced level of pathological tau, and improved cognition.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--S-Adenosylmethionine in major depressive disorder.

Background : Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) is a recurrent illness with high rates of chronicity , treatment-resistance , and significant economic impact.-Adenosylmethionine ( SAMe ) , a molecule that is formed naturally in the human body , has shown antidepressant effects and may expand the available options for treating MDD .
This systematic review examines the evidence concerning the efficacy of SAMe as monotherapy or in combination with antidepressants .
Methods : A systematic search in Medline , Psychinfo , AMED , and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was conducted for any reference recorded up to March 2020 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the antidepressant efficacy of SAMe to placebo or/and to other antidepressants , were selected .
Two authors evaluated each study independently and then , reconciled findings .
Results : Eight trials , with a total of 11 arms and 1011 subjects , evaluating the efficacy of SAMe used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy ( 512 individuals ) , were included in this review .
The study duration ranged between 2 and 12 weeks and the daily dose of SAMe varied from 200 to 3200 mg. Five comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe @ @ @ @ @ @ @ than placebo in three of these studies .
Four comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe and other antidepressants ( imipramine or escitalopram ) and showed no significant difference .
One study showed that SAMe was significantly better than placebo in accelerating the response to imipramine from day 4 to day 12 , but the mean scores were not statistically different at the day 14 endpoint .
One study showed that SAMe combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRI ) was better than PBO combined with SSRI .
The studies reported only mild , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Conclusions : The existing trials of SAMe , used as monotherapy or add on to another antidepressants , have shown encouraging and generally positive results .
However , more evidence is necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn .
Larger , double-blind randomised controlled studies are warranted to confirm the antidepressant effectiveness of SAMe .

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent illness with high rates of chronicity, treatment-resistance, and significant economic impact.-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a molecule that is formed naturally in the human body, has shown antidepressant effects and may expand the available options for treating MDD. This systematic review examines the evidence concerning the efficacy of SAMe as monotherapy or in combination with antidepressants.
Methods: A systematic search in Medline, Psychinfo, AMED, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was conducted for any reference recorded up to March 2020. Double-blind, randomised controlled trials, comparing the antidepressant efficacy of SAMe to placebo or/and to other antidepressants, were selected. Two authors evaluated each study independently and then, reconciled findings.
Results: Eight trials, with a total of 11 arms and 1011 subjects, evaluating the efficacy of SAMe used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy (512 individuals), were included in this review. The study duration ranged between 2 and 12 weeks and the daily dose of SAMe varied from 200 to 3200 mg. Five comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe and placebo and SAMe resulted significantly better than placebo in three of these studies. Four comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe and other antidepressants (imipramine or escitalopram) and showed no significant difference. One study showed that SAMe was significantly better than placebo in accelerating the response to imipramine from day 4 to day 12, but the mean scores were not statistically different at the day 14 endpoint. One study showed that SAMe combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) was better than PBO combined with SSRI. The studies reported only mild, transient or non-clinically relevant side effects.
Conclusions: The existing trials of SAMe, used as monotherapy or add on to another antidepressants, have shown encouraging and generally positive results. However, more evidence is necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Larger, double-blind randomised controlled studies are warranted to confirm the antidepressant effectiveness of SAMe.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--SAMe as a nutraceutical for metabolic disorders occurring in fatty liver and endothelium dysfunction

S-adenosylmethionine ( SAMe ) is an endogenous methyl donor derived from ATP and methionine that has pleiotropic functions .
Most SAMe is synthetized and consumed in the liver , where it acts as the main methylating agent and in protection against the free radical toxicity .
Previous studies have shown that the administration of SAMe as a supernutrient exerted many beneficial effects in various tissues , mainly in the liver .
In the present study , we aimed to clarify the direct effects of SAMe on fatty acid-induced steatosis and oxidative stress in hepatic and endothelial cells .
Hepatoma FaO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a mixture of oleate/palmitate are reliable models for hepatic steatosis and endothelium dysfunction , respectively .
Our findings indicate that SAMe was able to significantly ameliorate lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatic cells , mainly through promoting mitochondrial fatty acid entry forβ-oxidation and external triglyceride release .
SAMe also reverted both lipid accumulation and oxidant production ( i.e.
, ROS and NO ) in endothelial cells .
In conclusion , these outcomes suggest promising beneficial applications of SAMe as a nutraceutical for metabolic disorders occurring in fatty liver and endothelium dysfunction .

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is an endogenous methyl donor derived from ATP and methionine that has pleiotropic functions. Most SAMe is synthetized and consumed in the liver, where it acts as the main methylating agent and in protection against the free radical toxicity. Previous studies have shown that the administration of SAMe as a supernutrient exerted many beneficial effects in various tissues, mainly in the liver. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the direct effects of SAMe on fatty acid-induced steatosis and oxidative stress in hepatic and endothelial cells. Hepatoma FaO cells and endothelial HECV cells exposed to a mixture of oleate/palmitate are reliable models for hepatic steatosis and endothelium dysfunction, respectively. Our findings indicate that SAMe was able to significantly ameliorate lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatic cells, mainly through promoting mitochondrial fatty acid entry forβ-oxidation and external triglyceride release. SAMe also reverted both lipid accumulation and oxidant production (i.e., ROS and NO) in endothelial cells. In conclusion, these outcomes suggest promising beneficial applications of SAMe as a nutraceutical for metabolic disorders occurring in fatty liver and endothelium dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--The estimated proportion of asymptomatic infections ranges from 18% to 81%.

While successful containment measures of COVID-19 in China and many European countries have led to flattened curves , case numbers @ @ @ @ @ countries , with the emergence of a second wave expected .
Asymptomatic individuals carrying SARS-CoV-2 @ @ @ @ @ pandemic , and infectivity studies confirm the existence of transmission by asymptomatic individuals .
The @ @ @ @ @ characteristics of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infection are not identical .
Younger age correlates strongly with @ @ @ @ @ children as hidden drivers .
The estimated proportion of asymptomatic infections ranges from 18 % @ @ @ @ @ current perception of asymptomatic infections does not provide clear guidance for public-health measures .
Asymptomatic @ @ @ @ @ contributor in the spread of COVID-19 .
Asymptomatic cases should be reported in official COVID-19 @ @

While successful containment measures of COVID-19 in China and many European countries have led to flattened curves, case numbers are rising dramatically in other countries, with the emergence of a second wave expected. Asymptomatic individuals carrying SARS-CoV-2 are hidden drivers of the pandemic, and infectivity studies confirm the existence of transmission by asymptomatic individuals. The data addressed here show that characteristics of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infection are not identical. Younger age correlates strongly with asymptomatic and mild infections and children as hidden drivers. The estimated proportion of asymptomatic infections ranges from 18% to 81%. The current perception of asymptomatic infections does not provide clear guidance for public-health measures. Asymptomatic infections will be a key contributor in the spread of COVID-19. Asymptomatic cases should be reported in official COVID-19 statistics.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--There was no evidence that the identified asymptomatic positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 were infectious.

Stringent COVID-19 control measures were imposed in Wuhan between January 23 and April 8 , 2020 .
Estimates of the @ @ @ @ @ release of restrictions could inform post-lockdown pandemic management .
Here , we describe a city-wide @ @ @ @ @ between May 14 and June 1 , 2020 in Wuhan .
All city residents aged @ @ @ @ @ eligible and 9,899,828 ( 92.9 % ) participated .
No new symptomatic cases and 300 @ @ @ @ @ 0.303/10,000 , 95 % CI 0.270-0.339/10,000 ) were identified .
There were no positive tests @ @ @ @ @ asymptomatic cases .
107 of 34,424 previously recovered COVID-19 patients tested positive again ( re-positive @ @ @ @ @ % CI 0.423-0.574 % ) .
The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan was therefore @ @ @ @ @ weeks after the end of lockdown .

Stringent COVID-19 control measures were imposed in Wuhan between January 23 and April 8, 2020. Estimates of the prevalence of infection following the release of restrictions could inform post-lockdown pandemic management. Here, we describe a city-wide SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening programme between May 14 and June 1, 2020 in Wuhan. All city residents aged six years or older were eligible and 9,899,828 (92.9%) participated. No new symptomatic cases and 300 asymptomatic cases (detection rate 0.303/10,000, 95% CI 0.270-0.339/10,000) were identified. There were no positive tests amongst 1,174 close contacts of asymptomatic cases. 107 of 34,424 previously recovered COVID-19 patients tested positive again (re-positive rate 0.31%, 95% CI 0.423-0.574%). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan was therefore very low five to eight weeks after the end of lockdown.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--This study shows that the combination of currently approved agents S-adenosylmethionine and immune c

This study shows that the combination of currently approved agents S-adenosylmethionine and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors ( ICPi ) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have shown marked success in patients with advanced melanoma .
However , 60-70 % of patients fail to respond , warranting a therapeutic intervention that could increase response rates .
We and others have shown that S-adenosylmethionine ( SAM ) , a universal methyl donor , has significant anticancer effects in numerous cancers previously ; however , its effect on melanoma progression has not been evaluated .
Interestingly , SAM was reported to be essential for T cell activation and proliferation and , thus , could potentially cooperate with ICPi @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study , we examined the antitumor effects of SAM and ICPi alone and in combination in a well-established melanoma mouse model wherein syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse were subcutaneously ( orthotopic ) injected with B16-F1 cells .
Treatment of mice with either SAM or anti-PD-1 antibody alone resulted in significant reduction in tumor volumes and weights ; effects that were highest in mice treated with a combination of SAM+anti-PD-1 .
RNA-sequencing analysis of the primary tumors showed numerous differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) following treatment with SAM+anti-PD-1 , which was shown to downregulate cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Indeed , SAM+anti-PD-1 reversed the aberrant expression of some known melanoma genes .
Tumor immunophenotyping revealed the SAM+anti-PD-1 combination was significantly more effective than either SAM or anti-PD-1 as the CD8T cells had higher activation , proliferation , and cytokine production compared to all other groups .
This study shows that the combination of currently approved agents SAM and ICPi can effectively block melanoma via alteration of key genes/pathways implicated in cancer and immune response pathways , providing the rationale for the initiation of clinical trials with SAM and ICPi .

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have shown marked success in patients with advanced melanoma. However, 60-70% of patients fail to respond, warranting a therapeutic intervention that could increase response rates. We and others have shown that S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor, has significant anticancer effects in numerous cancers previously; however, its effect on melanoma progression has not been evaluated. Interestingly, SAM was reported to be essential for T cell activation and proliferation and, thus, could potentially cooperate with ICPi and block melanoma progression. In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of SAM and ICPi alone and in combination in a well-established melanoma mouse model wherein syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse were subcutaneously (orthotopic) injected with B16-F1 cells. Treatment of mice with either SAM or anti-PD-1 antibody alone resulted in significant reduction in tumor volumes and weights; effects that were highest in mice treated with a combination of SAM+anti-PD-1. RNA-sequencing analysis of the primary tumors showed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following treatment with SAM+anti-PD-1, which was shown to downregulate cancer, MAPK, and tyrosine kinase pathways. Indeed, SAM+anti-PD-1 reversed the aberrant expression of some known melanoma genes. Tumor immunophenotyping revealed the SAM+anti-PD-1 combination was significantly more effective than either SAM or anti-PD-1 as the CD8T cells had higher activation, proliferation, and cytokine production compared to all other groups. This study shows that the combination of currently approved agents SAM and ICPi can effectively block melanoma via alteration of key genes/pathways implicated in cancer and immune response pathways, providing the rationale for the initiation of clinical trials with SAM and ICPi.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-28--Therapeutic potential of the natural compound S-adenosylmethionine as a chemoprotective synergistic

Therapeutic potential of the natural compound S-adenosylmethionine as a chemoprotective synergistic agent in breast, and head and neck cancer treatment.

The present review summarizes the most recent studies focusing on the synergistic antitumor effect of the physiological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine @ @ @ @ @ with the main drugs used against breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma @ @ @ @ @ highly aggressive and metastatic malignancies .
In these two tumors the chemotherapy approach is recommended @ @ @ @ @ the numerous side effects and recurrence of metastasis , so better tolerated treatments are needed @ @ @ @ @ In this regard , combination therapy with natural compounds , such as AdoMet , a @ @ @ @ @ multiple cellular processes , is emerging as a suitable strategy to achieve synergistic anticancer efficacy @ @ @ @ @ the analysis of studies conducted in the literature highlighted AdoMet as one of the most @ @ @ @ @ to be taken into consideration for inclusion in emerging antitumor therapeutic modalities such as nanotechnologies @

The present review summarizes the most recent studies focusing on the synergistic antitumor effect of the physiological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) in association with the main drugs used against breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), two highly aggressive and metastatic malignancies. In these two tumors the chemotherapy approach is recommended as the first choice despite the numerous side effects and recurrence of metastasis, so better tolerated treatments are needed to overcome this problem. In this regard, combination therapy with natural compounds, such as AdoMet, a molecule with pleiotropic effects on multiple cellular processes, is emerging as a suitable strategy to achieve synergistic anticancer efficacy. In this context, the analysis of studies conducted in the literature highlighted AdoMet as one of the most effective and promising chemosensitizing agents to be taken into consideration for inclusion in emerging antitumor therapeutic modalities such as nanotechnologies.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-30--Comparative effects of dietary hemp and poppy seed oil on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant statu

Comparative effects of dietary hemp and poppy seed oil on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant status.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the dietary inclusion of hemp seed oil ( HO ) and poppy seed oil ( PO ) on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of lean and genetically obese Zucker rats .
The rats were fed a control diet for laboratory rodents or a modification with HO or PO .
Both oils reduced body and epididymal fat and liver cholesterol levels and promoted oxidative stress in the liver of obese rats .
The HO reduced plasma triglycerides and had a stronger liver cholesterol-lowering effect in obese rats than PO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and PO had no effects on the body fat content , plasma lipid profile , or lipid metabolism in the liver .
HO considerably elevated the content ofα-linolenic acid in the liver and increased the liver ratio of reduced glutathione ( GSH ) /oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) in the lean rats .
In conclusion , the regular consumption of both oils increases the accumulation of essential fatty acids in the liver of healthy animals , whilst not having any adverse effects on the body , whereas in genetically obese rats , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lipid metabolism and antioxidant status are unequivocal and only partially beneficial .

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the dietary inclusion of hemp seed oil (HO) and poppy seed oil (PO) on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of lean and genetically obese Zucker rats. The rats were fed a control diet for laboratory rodents or a modification with HO or PO. Both oils reduced body and epididymal fat and liver cholesterol levels and promoted oxidative stress in the liver of obese rats. The HO reduced plasma triglycerides and had a stronger liver cholesterol-lowering effect in obese rats than PO. In the lean rats, HO and PO had no effects on the body fat content, plasma lipid profile, or lipid metabolism in the liver. HO considerably elevated the content ofα-linolenic acid in the liver and increased the liver ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in the lean rats. In conclusion, the regular consumption of both oils increases the accumulation of essential fatty acids in the liver of healthy animals, whilst not having any adverse effects on the body, whereas in genetically obese rats, the effects of both dietary oils on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant status are unequivocal and only partially beneficial.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-30--Anti-cancer potential of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids present in cannabis.

In recent years , and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions , cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have @ @ @ @ @ interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings .
Cannabinoids have been suggested and @ @ @ @ @ the treatment of various conditions .
In cancer , the endocannabinoid system is altered in @ @ @ @ @ can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome .
Additionally , cannabinoids display anticancer effects @ @ @ @ @ the proliferation , migration and/or invasion of cancer cells , as well as tumour angiogenesis @ @ @ @ @ use of cannabinoids is currently limited to the treatment of symptoms and pain associated with @ @ @ @ @ use as cytotoxic drugs in chemotherapy still requires validation in patients .
Along with cannabinoids @ @ @ @ @ compounds that have also been shown to exert anti-tumorigenic actions .
The potential anti-cancer effects @ @ @ @ @ flavonoids , present in cannabis , are explored in this literature review .

In recent years, and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions, cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have received an increasing amount of interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings. Cannabinoids have been suggested and shown to be effective in the treatment of various conditions. In cancer, the endocannabinoid system is altered in numerous types of tumours and can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome. Additionally, cannabinoids display anticancer effects in several models by suppressing the proliferation, migration and/or invasion of cancer cells, as well as tumour angiogenesis. However, the therapeutic use of cannabinoids is currently limited to the treatment of symptoms and pain associated with chemotherapy, while their potential use as cytotoxic drugs in chemotherapy still requires validation in patients. Along with cannabinoids, cannabis contains several other compounds that have also been shown to exert anti-tumorigenic actions. The potential anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids, present in cannabis, are explored in this literature review.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Polysaccharides from hemp seed protect against cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal oxidative damage.

Hemp seed has been used as a traditional oriental medicine and health food in China for centuries .
Polysaccharides from hemp seed ( HSP ) exhibit important properties of intestinal protection , but there are limited data on the specific underlying mechanism .
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of HSP on intestinal oxidative damage induced by cyclophosphamide ( Cy ) in mice .
The results showed that pretreatment with HSP significantly increased the average daily gain , thymus index , spleen index , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activity in serum and ileal homogenate and significantly reduced malondialdehyde ( MDA ) content in ileal homogenate .
In addition , the expression levels of SOD , GSH-Px , Nrf2 , heme oxidase-1 ( HO-1 ) , and quinoneoxidoreductase-1 ( NQO1 ) mRNA in ileal homogenate were significantly increased .
Western blot results showed that HSP significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2 protein and downregulated the expression of Keap1 protein in the ileum .
Collectively , our findings indicated that HSP had protective effects on intestinal oxidative damage induced by Cy in mice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the activation of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway .

Hemp seed has been used as a traditional oriental medicine and health food in China for centuries. Polysaccharides from hemp seed (HSP) exhibit important properties of intestinal protection, but there are limited data on the specific underlying mechanism. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of HSP on intestinal oxidative damage induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) in mice. The results showed that pretreatment with HSP significantly increased the average daily gain, thymus index, spleen index, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum and ileal homogenate and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in ileal homogenate. In addition, the expression levels of SOD, GSH-Px, Nrf2, heme oxidase-1 (HO-1), and quinoneoxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) mRNA in ileal homogenate were significantly increased. Western blot results showed that HSP significantly upregulated the expression of Nrf2 protein and downregulated the expression of Keap1 protein in the ileum. Collectively, our findings indicated that HSP had protective effects on intestinal oxidative damage induced by Cy in mice, and its mechanism might be related to the activation of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Impact of enzymatic and microbial bioprocessing on antioxidant properties of hemp.

Although the hemp seed boasts high nutritional and functional potential , its use in food preparations is still underestimated due @ @ @ @ @ the presence of several anti-nutritional factors .
Here , an optimization of a biotechnological protocol @ @ @ @ @ properties and the protein digestibility of the whole hemp seed has been proposed .
Processing @ @ @ @ @ commercial food grade enzymes and ad hoc selected lactic acid bacteria was tested and the @ @ @ @ @ investigated through an integrated approach including selective extraction , purification , and identification of the @ @ @ @ @ influence of the bioprocessing on the antioxidant activity of the hemp was evaluated both in @ @ @ @ @ .
The lactic acid bacteria fermentation was the best method to significantly improve the antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ intense proteolysis which led to both the release of bioactive peptides and the increase in @ @ @ @ @ , changes in the phenolic profile allowed a significant protective effect against oxidative stress measured @ @ @ @ @ line .

Although the hemp seed boasts high nutritional and functional potential, its use in food preparations is still underestimated due to scarce technological properties and the presence of several anti-nutritional factors. Here, an optimization of a biotechnological protocol aimed at improving the antioxidant properties and the protein digestibility of the whole hemp seed has been proposed. Processing based on the use of commercial food grade enzymes and ad hoc selected lactic acid bacteria was tested and the phenolic and protein profiles were investigated through an integrated approach including selective extraction, purification, and identification of the potentially active compounds. The influence of the bioprocessing on the antioxidant activity of the hemp was evaluated both in vitro and on human keratinocytes. The lactic acid bacteria fermentation was the best method to significantly improve the antioxidant potential of the hemp through intense proteolysis which led to both the release of bioactive peptides and the increase in the protein digestibility. Moreover, changes in the phenolic profile allowed a significant protective effect against oxidative stress measured on the human keratinocyte cell line.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid markedly alleviates liver fibrosis and inflammation.

BACKGROUND : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is the most common liver disease in the Western world , and it is closely associated to obesity , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and dyslipidemia .
Medicinal cannabis and some neutral cannabinoids have been suggested as a potential therapy for liver diseases .
HYPOTHESIS : Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid ( Δ-THCA ) , the non-psychotropic precursor ofΔ-THC , is one of the most abundant cannabinoids presents in Cannabis Sativa .
However , its biological activities have been poorly investigated .
Herein , we studied the antifibrotic and antiinflammatory activities ofΔ-THCA in two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ providing a rationale for additional studies on the medicinal use of this cannabinoid in the treatment of liver fibrosis and the management of NAFLD .
STUDY DESIGN : The antifibrotic activity ofΔ-THCA in vitro was investigated in the cell lines LX-2 and NIH-3T3-Col1A2-luc .
Non-alcoholic liver fibrosis was induced in mice by CCltreatment or , alternatively , by 23-week high fat diet ( HFD ) feeding.Δ-THCA was administered daily intraperitoneally during the CCltreatment or during the last 3 weeks in HFD-fed mice .
METHODS : TGFβ-induced profibrotic gene expression was analyzed by luciferase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inflammation were assessed by immunochemistry and qPCR .
Blood glucose , insulin , leptin and triglyceride levels were measured in HFD mice .
RESULTS : Δ-THCA inhibited the expression of Tenascin C ( TNC ) and Col3A1 induced by TGFβ in LX-2 cells and the transcriptional activity of the Col1A2 promoter in fibroblasts .
Δ-THCA significantly attenuated CCl-induced liver fibrosis and inflammation and reduced T cell and macrophage infiltration .
Mice fed HFD for 23 weeks developed severe obesity ( DIO ) , fatty liver and marked liver fibrosis , accompanied by immune @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and adiposity , improved glucose tolerance , and drastically attenuated DIO-induced liver fibrosis and immune cell infiltration .
CONCLUSIONS : Δ-THCA prevents TGFβ-induced fibrotic markers in vitro and liver inflammation and fibrogenesis in vivo , providing a rationale for additional studies on the medicinal use of this cannabinoid , as well as cannabis preparations containing it , for the treatment of liver fibrosis and the management of NAFLD .

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the Western world, and it is closely associated to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Medicinal cannabis and some neutral cannabinoids have been suggested as a potential therapy for liver diseases.
HYPOTHESIS: Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ-THCA), the non-psychotropic precursor ofΔ-THC, is one of the most abundant cannabinoids presents in Cannabis Sativa. However, its biological activities have been poorly investigated. Herein, we studied the antifibrotic and antiinflammatory activities ofΔ-THCA in two different animal models of liver injury, providing a rationale for additional studies on the medicinal use of this cannabinoid in the treatment of liver fibrosis and the management of NAFLD.
STUDY DESIGN: The antifibrotic activity ofΔ-THCA in vitro was investigated in the cell lines LX-2 and NIH-3T3-Col1A2-luc. Non-alcoholic liver fibrosis was induced in mice by CCltreatment or, alternatively, by 23-week high fat diet (HFD) feeding.Δ-THCA was administered daily intraperitoneally during the CCltreatment or during the last 3 weeks in HFD-fed mice.
METHODS: TGFβ-induced profibrotic gene expression was analyzed by luciferase and qPCR assays. Liver fibrosis and inflammation were assessed by immunochemistry and qPCR. Blood glucose, insulin, leptin and triglyceride levels were measured in HFD mice.
RESULTS: Δ-THCA inhibited the expression of Tenascin C (TNC) and Col3A1 induced by TGFβ in LX-2 cells and the transcriptional activity of the Col1A2 promoter in fibroblasts. Δ-THCA significantly attenuated CCl-induced liver fibrosis and inflammation and reduced T cell and macrophage infiltration. Mice fed HFD for 23 weeks developed severe obesity (DIO), fatty liver and marked liver fibrosis, accompanied by immune cell infiltration.Δ-THCA, significantly reduced body weight and adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, and drastically attenuated DIO-induced liver fibrosis and immune cell infiltration.
CONCLUSIONS: Δ-THCA prevents TGFβ-induced fibrotic markers in vitro and liver inflammation and fibrogenesis in vivo, providing a rationale for additional studies on the medicinal use of this cannabinoid, as well as cannabis preparations containing it, for the treatment of liver fibrosis and the management of NAFLD.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of Lebanese Cannabis sativa.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Cannabis sativa L. is an aromatic annual herb belonging to the family Cannabaceae and it is widely distributed worldwide .
Cultivation , selling , and consumption of cannabis and cannabis related products , regardless of its use , was prohibited in Lebanon until April 22 , 2020 .
Nevertheless , cannabis oil has been traditionally used unlawfully for many years in Lebanon to treat diseases such as arthritis , diabetes , cancer and few neurological disorders .
AIM OF THE STUDY : The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory properties of a cannabis oil @ @ @ @ @ @ @ used cannabis oil in Lebanon .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Dried Cannabis flowers were extracted with ethanol without any purification procedures to simulate the extracts sold by underground dealers in Lebanon .
GC/MS was performed to identify chemical components of the cannabis oil extract ( COE ) .
In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of COE was evaluated by using carageenan- and formalin-induced paw edema rat models .
TNF-α production were determined by using LPS-activated rat monocytes .
Anti-inflammatory markers were quantified using western blot .
RESULTS : Chemical analysis of COE revealed that cannabidiol @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ; 20.2 % ) were found to be the most abundant cannabinoids.Various monoterpenes ( α-Pinene , Camphene , β-Myrecene and D-Limonene ) and sesquiterpenes ( β-Caryophyllene , α-Bergamotene , α-Humelene , Humulene epoxide II , and Caryophyllene oxide ) were identified in the extract .
Results showed that COE markedly suppressed the release of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated rat monocytes .
Westernblot analysis revealed that COE significantly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 and i-NOS protein expressions and blocked the phosphorylation of MAPKs , specifically that of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p38 MAPK .
COE displayed a significant inhibition ofpaw edema in both rat models .
Histopathological examination revealed that COE reduced inflammation and edema in chronic paw edema model .
CONCLUSION : The current findings demonstrate that COE possesses remarkable in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional use of the Lebanese cannabis oil extract in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cannabis sativa L. is an aromatic annual herb belonging to the family Cannabaceae and it is widely distributed worldwide. Cultivation, selling, and consumption of cannabis and cannabis related products, regardless of its use, was prohibited in Lebanon until April 22, 2020. Nevertheless, cannabis oil has been traditionally used unlawfully for many years in Lebanon to treat diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, cancer and few neurological disorders.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory properties of a cannabis oil preparation that is analogous to the illegally used cannabis oil in Lebanon.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dried Cannabis flowers were extracted with ethanol without any purification procedures to simulate the extracts sold by underground dealers in Lebanon. GC/MS was performed to identify chemical components of the cannabis oil extract (COE). In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of COE was evaluated by using carageenan- and formalin-induced paw edema rat models. TNF-α production were determined by using LPS-activated rat monocytes. Anti-inflammatory markers were quantified using western blot.
RESULTS: Chemical analysis of COE revealed that cannabidiol (CBD; 59.1%) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 20.2%) were found to be the most abundant cannabinoids.Various monoterpenes (α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Myrecene and D-Limonene) and sesquiterpenes (β-Caryophyllene, α-Bergamotene, α-Humelene, Humulene epoxide II, and Caryophyllene oxide) were identified in the extract. Results showed that COE markedly suppressed the release of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated rat monocytes. Westernblot analysis revealed that COE significantly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 and i-NOS protein expressions and blocked the phosphorylation of MAPKs, specifically that of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. COE displayed a significant inhibition ofpaw edema in both rat models. Histopathological examination revealed that COE reduced inflammation and edema in chronic paw edema model.
CONCLUSION: The current findings demonstrate that COE possesses remarkable in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional use of the Lebanese cannabis oil extract in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette or vaping product-use-associated lung injury (EVALI): A case report of a pneumonia mimic

E-cigarette or vaping product-use-associated lung injury (EVALI): A case report of a pneumonia mimic with severe leukocytosis and weight loss.

E-cigarette or vaping product-use-associated lung injury is a disease process obtained from smoke inhalation with electronic delivery systems and typically @ @ @ @ @ , cough , and fever , not unlike pneumonia .
Our patient presented with similar @ @ @ @ @ went unrecognized through several emergency department visits .
The pathophysiology is similar to chemical pneumonitis @ @ @ @ @ and mortality , particularly when it goes unrecognized .
It often presents with a pneumonia-like @ @ @ @ @ as such .
The distinguishing and controversial treatment for this disease is systemic glucocorticoids , @ @ @ @ @ in pneumonia .
This case is unique for the significant leukocytosis found on laboratory testing @ @ @ @ @ with his course of illness .
Emergency medicine providers should be vigilant in recognizing this @ @ @ @ @ this disease .

E-cigarette or vaping product-use-associated lung injury is a disease process obtained from smoke inhalation with electronic delivery systems and typically presents with shortness of breath, cough, and fever, not unlike pneumonia. Our patient presented with similar symptoms, and his case went unrecognized through several emergency department visits. The pathophysiology is similar to chemical pneumonitis and can cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly when it goes unrecognized. It often presents with a pneumonia-like picture and may be treated as such. The distinguishing and controversial treatment for this disease is systemic glucocorticoids, which are not often given in pneumonia. This case is unique for the significant leukocytosis found on laboratory testing and profound weight loss associated with his course of illness. Emergency medicine providers should be vigilant in recognizing this illness to prevent progression of this disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) in an active duty service member.

E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury ( EVALI ) is a developing serious pulmonary disease associated with the increasing @ @ @ @ @ both civilian and active duty populations .
This case study describes an active duty trainee @ @ @ @ @ developed acute respiratory distress syndrome necessitating intubation and multiday intensive care unit hospitalization .
Diffuse @ @ @ @ @ , lipid-laden macrophages found on bronchoalveolar lavage , negative infectious disease workup , and recent @ @ @ @ @ case demonstrates more work needs to be done within the Armed Forces to reduce use @ @ @ @ @ danger of EVALI .

E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a developing serious pulmonary disease associated with the increasing use of vaping products in both civilian and active duty populations. This case study describes an active duty trainee using unbranded vaping products who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome necessitating intubation and multiday intensive care unit hospitalization. Diffuse ground glass opacities in imaging, lipid-laden macrophages found on bronchoalveolar lavage, negative infectious disease workup, and recent vaping indicate EVALI. This case demonstrates more work needs to be done within the Armed Forces to reduce use of vaping products given the danger of EVALI.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette or vaping induced lung injury: A case series and literature review.

Introduction : Recently , a rapidly increasing number of e-cigarette or vaping induced lung injury ( EVALI ) has been reported across the nation .
Given the ongoing epidemic , it has been suggested that specific chemical substances used as additives in e-cigarettes could be highly related to EVALI .
A history of vaping with positive radiographic changes and low suspicion for active infection are requirements for diagnosis but it still remains a diagnosis of exclusion .
The course of the disease , mechanism of lung injury and the optimal management options need to be better understood .
Here we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in a case series of ten hospitalized EVALI patients with radiological findings of lung injury and provide an up today summary of the known literature of EVALI-induced lung injury .
Methods : A retrospective chart review was conducted on ten patients who presented to Saint Peter 's University Hospital in New Brunswick , NJ from July 2019 to February 2020 , with a mean hospital stay of five days .
According to the CDC recommended definition of the disease , our cases met the current working definition of confirmed or probable cases of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with mean age 30.8 years ( 50 % male ) and average years of vaping 1.708 with 60 % endorsing a simultaneous history of cannabis-related products use , went under a retrospective review .
3/10 ( 30 % ) had documented medically-managed pulmonary disease history , 8/10 ( 80 % ) presented with the respiratory-related chief complaint , 6/10 ( 60 % ) presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and 7/10 ( 70 % ) had constitutional symptoms .
All patients ( 100 % ) were found to have bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest imaging @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 60 % ) had an oxygen saturation of < 95 % requiring oxygen supplementation with 4/10 managed in the intensive care unit .
Conclusion : EVALI patients with radiological findings of lung injury , although mainly present respiratory symptoms , may very often appear with constitutional and gastrointestinal symptoms .
Based on the existing literature and our data it is argued that EVALI may be misdiagnosed and that closer monitoring is required to determine optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of this condition .
Our data and the existing literature suggest that laboratory and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diagnosis of the disease .

Introduction: Recently, a rapidly increasing number of e-cigarette or vaping induced lung injury (EVALI) has been reported across the nation. Given the ongoing epidemic, it has been suggested that specific chemical substances used as additives in e-cigarettes could be highly related to EVALI. A history of vaping with positive radiographic changes and low suspicion for active infection are requirements for diagnosis but it still remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The course of the disease, mechanism of lung injury and the optimal management options need to be better understood. Here we aimed to discuss the clinical characteristics recognized in a case series of ten hospitalized EVALI patients with radiological findings of lung injury and provide an up today summary of the known literature of EVALI-induced lung injury.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on ten patients who presented to Saint Peter's University Hospital in New Brunswick, NJ from July 2019 to February 2020, with a mean hospital stay of five days. According to the CDC recommended definition of the disease, our cases met the current working definition of confirmed or probable cases of EVALI.
Results: Ten patients, with mean age 30.8 years (50 % male) and average years of vaping 1.708 with 60 % endorsing a simultaneous history of cannabis-related products use, went under a retrospective review. 3/10 (30 %) had documented medically-managed pulmonary disease history, 8/10 (80 %) presented with the respiratory-related chief complaint, 6/10 (60 %) presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and 7/10 (70 %) had constitutional symptoms. All patients (100 %) were found to have bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest imaging. 9/10 were admitted, 6/10 (60 %) had an oxygen saturation of<95 % requiring oxygen supplementation with 4/10 managed in the intensive care unit.
Conclusion: EVALI patients with radiological findings of lung injury, although mainly present respiratory symptoms, may very often appear with constitutional and gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the existing literature and our data it is argued that EVALI may be misdiagnosed and that closer monitoring is required to determine optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of this condition. Our data and the existing literature suggest that laboratory and epidemiologic findings can be contributory for the diagnosis of the disease.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury: a review.

Background : E-cigarette , or Vaping , Product Use-Associated Lung Injury ( EVALI ) is a disease entity related to the use of battery-operated or superheating devices that create an aerosolized form of nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) and/or other substances for inhalation .
Methods : We performed a literature review to document epidemiology , pathogenesis and risk factors , diagnosis , clinical presentation , evaluation and management of EVALI .
Results : In the summer of 2019 , an outbreak of EVALI cases brought this disease entity into the national spotlight .
Since being recognized as a serious @ @ @ @ @ @ @ more than 2600 cases have been reported to CDC with 68 deaths as of February 2020 .
The pathophysiology of EVALI remains unknown .
Substances such as Vitamin E acetate have been implicated as a possible causes of lung injury .
The CDC has established case definitions of '' confirmed EVALI '' cases to help guide identification of the disease and assist in surveillance .
While clinical judgement by healthcare providers is imperative in the identification of EVALI cases , the heterogeneous presentations of EVALI make this difficult as well .
Ultimately most @ @ @ @ @ @ @ out other disease processes that can present similarly .
Treatment is centered around removing the offending substance and providing supportive care .
Conclusions : EVALI is a serious pulmonary disease with public health implications .
Diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose and exclusion of other possible causes of lung disease .
It may be beneficial to involve a pulmonary specialist early in the management of this disease which is generally supportive care .

Background: E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) is a disease entity related to the use of battery-operated or superheating devices that create an aerosolized form of nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or other substances for inhalation.
Methods: We performed a literature review to document epidemiology, pathogenesis and risk factors, diagnosis, clinical presentation, evaluation and management of EVALI.
Results: In the summer of 2019, an outbreak of EVALI cases brought this disease entity into the national spotlight. Since being recognized as a serious pulmonary disease with public health implications, more than 2600 cases have been reported to CDC with 68 deaths as of February 2020. The pathophysiology of EVALI remains unknown. Substances such as Vitamin E acetate have been implicated as a possible causes of lung injury. The CDC has established case definitions of"confirmed EVALI"cases to help guide identification of the disease and assist in surveillance. While clinical judgement by healthcare providers is imperative in the identification of EVALI cases, the heterogeneous presentations of EVALI make this difficult as well. Ultimately most investigative studies should be aimed at ruling out other disease processes that can present similarly. Treatment is centered around removing the offending substance and providing supportive care.
Conclusions: EVALI is a serious pulmonary disease with public health implications. Diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose and exclusion of other possible causes of lung disease. It may be beneficial to involve a pulmonary specialist early in the management of this disease which is generally supportive care.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Lung transplantation for the treatment of vaping induced, irreversible, end stage lung injury.

Recently , there has been a rise in the incidence of E-cigarettes/Vaping Associated Lung Injury ( EVALI ) in the @ @ @ @ @ ( THC ) .
Present treatment strategies for EVALI are aimed at controlling the inflammatory @ @ @ @ @ to supportive care .
While most patients improve with supportive measuresthe long-term pulmonary effects of @ @ @ @ @ well defined .
In this report , we describe a case of EVALI resulting in @ @ @ @ @ the lung parenchyma that was treated with double lung transplantation .

Recently, there has been a rise in the incidence of E-cigarettes/Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) in the United States mostly involving Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Present treatment strategies for EVALI are aimed at controlling the inflammatory and infectious etiologies in addition to supportive care. While most patients improve with supportive measuresthe long-term pulmonary effects of this illness are still not well defined. In this report, we describe a case of EVALI resulting in progressive, irreversible destruction of the lung parenchyma that was treated with double lung transplantation.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Vaping associated lung injury (EVALI) as an organizing pneumonia pattern.

Electronic cigarettes use or vaping is popular but has not been proven to be an innocuous substitute for traditional smoking @ @ @ @ @ lung injuries have been reported .
We report a case of a 43-year-old female patient @ @ @ @ @ cough and an organizing pneumonia pattern on computed tomography ( CT ) scan .
Recognizing @ @ @ @ @ of vaping-associated lung injury is important to make a diagnosis because the cessation of vaping @ @ @ @ @ the treatment .

Electronic cigarettes use or vaping is popular but has not been proven to be an innocuous substitute for traditional smoking. Several patterns of vaping-associated lung injuries have been reported. We report a case of a 43-year-old female patient, who presented with productive cough and an organizing pneumonia pattern on computed tomography (CT) scan. Recognizing the various CT scan patterns of vaping-associated lung injury is important to make a diagnosis because the cessation of vaping is an important step in the treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Vaping and e-cigarette use. Mysterious lung manifestations and an epidemic.

Electronic ( e ) -cigarette use and the practice of vaping has rapidly expanded both in adult smokers and previously @ @ @ @ @ has focused on harm reduction in adults using e-cigarettes to stop or reduce traditional cigarette @ @ @ @ @ and long-term safety of these products has not been established .
Vaping has more recently @ @ @ @ @ list of pulmonary complications with the most urgent being the e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated @ @ @ @ @ epidemic .
This review details the inhalant toxicology of vaping products , the described lung @ @ @ @ @ a focus on EVALI , and the predicted long-term consequences of e-cigarette use , including @ @ @ @

Electronic (e)-cigarette use and the practice of vaping has rapidly expanded both in adult smokers and previously nicotine naïve youths. Research has focused on harm reduction in adults using e-cigarettes to stop or reduce traditional cigarette use, but the short and long-term safety of these products has not been established. Vaping has more recently been associated with a growing list of pulmonary complications with the most urgent being the e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) epidemic. This review details the inhalant toxicology of vaping products, the described lung diseases associated with vaping with a focus on EVALI, and the predicted long-term consequences of e-cigarette use, including increased asthma severity.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) mimicking COVID-19 disease.

Background : Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) is the virus associated with the coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) causing a pandemic worldwide in 2020 .
There are other noninfectious diseases that can present exactly as COVID-19 , and the management and approach are completely different , hence the importance of understanding and having a wide differential in patients presenting with similar characteristics.. A 23-year-old male , with a history of childhood asthma , presented to the Emergency Department in a hospital in south Florida in the USA with complaints of a 2-day duration of subjective fever , chills , dry @ @ @ @ @ @ @ His vital signs were blood pressure 135/65 mmHg , temperature 39°C , pulse 134 bpm , respiratory rate 22 breaths per minute , and saturation of oxygen 96 % in room air .
Laboratory analysis was significant for white blood cells 15.3 × 10/L , ALT 69 U/L , AST 66 U/L , ferritin 375.6 ng/mL , C-reactive protein 27.70 mg/dL , and procalcitonin 1.43 ng/mL .
A respiratory pathogen panel ( RPP ) and a SARS-CoV-2 test were both negative .
The patient was given empiric antibiotic treatment and hydroxychloroquine .
Two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the patient reported that he smoked marijuana through an e-cigarette .
The patient was started on high-dose steroids , and symptoms improved .
Conclusion : COVID-19 is an emergent lung disease that is affecting the population worldwide ; many other noninfectious diseases can mimic its presentations and laboratory characteristics ; the importance of having a broad differential diagnosis especially in causing confusion during pandemic times is valuable in the management of patients with such presentations , such as EVALI , and glucocorticoids will be indicated in this circumstances .

Background: Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causing a pandemic worldwide in 2020. There are other noninfectious diseases that can present exactly as COVID-19, and the management and approach are completely different, hence the importance of understanding and having a wide differential in patients presenting with similar characteristics.. A 23-year-old male, with a history of childhood asthma, presented to the Emergency Department in a hospital in south Florida in the USA with complaints of a 2-day duration of subjective fever, chills, dry cough, dyspnea, and myalgia. His vital signs were blood pressure 135/65 mmHg, temperature 39°C, pulse 134 bpm, respiratory rate 22 breaths per minute, and saturation of oxygen 96% in room air. Laboratory analysis was significant for white blood cells 15.3 × 10/L, ALT 69 U/L, AST 66 U/L, ferritin 375.6 ng/mL, C-reactive protein 27.70 mg/dL, and procalcitonin 1.43 ng/mL. A respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) and a SARS-CoV-2 test were both negative. The patient was given empiric antibiotic treatment and hydroxychloroquine. Two more tests for SARS-CoV-2 were negative, and the patient reported that he smoked marijuana through an e-cigarette. The patient was started on high-dose steroids, and symptoms improved.
Conclusion: COVID-19 is an emergent lung disease that is affecting the population worldwide; many other noninfectious diseases can mimic its presentations and laboratory characteristics; the importance of having a broad differential diagnosis especially in causing confusion during pandemic times is valuable in the management of patients with such presentations, such as EVALI, and glucocorticoids will be indicated in this circumstances.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury among three young adults.

BACKGROUND : E-cigarette or vaping associated lung injury ( EVALI ) is a lung disease associated with an inflammatory response to the vaping fluid .
Currently , diagnosis remains elusive without definitive biomarkers .
CASE PRESENTATION : Herein , we describe three cases of EVALI among 18- to 21-year-old patients ranging from mild to severe .
All cases presented with a combination of respiratory , gastrointestinal , and constitutional symptoms .
Oxygen support and level of medical care varied based on disease severity .
Bilateral pulmonary opacities were observed on chest imaging in each case .
Additionally , each case @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C-reactive protein ( CRP ) .
None of these patients improved with intravenous ( IV ) antibiotics and all required IV corticosteroid therapy to achieve clinical improvement .
CONCLUSION : EVALI should be suspected among young , otherwise healthy patients who present with new-onset hypoxia , non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms , and endorse a history of vaping .
Though considered a diagnosis of exclusion , diagnosing EVALI requires thorough history taking .
Inflammatory studies , CRP , and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) should be considered adjunctive biomarkers to aid clinicians when the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mainstay of treatment and patients should have close follow-up whether or not they require hospitalization .

BACKGROUND: E-cigarette or vaping associated lung injury (EVALI) is a lung disease associated with an inflammatory response to the vaping fluid. Currently, diagnosis remains elusive without definitive biomarkers.
CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we describe three cases of EVALI among 18- to 21-year-old patients ranging from mild to severe. All cases presented with a combination of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms. Oxygen support and level of medical care varied based on disease severity. Bilateral pulmonary opacities were observed on chest imaging in each case. Additionally, each case had markedly elevated inflammatory markers, specifically C-reactive protein (CRP). None of these patients improved with intravenous (IV) antibiotics and all required IV corticosteroid therapy to achieve clinical improvement.
CONCLUSION: EVALI should be suspected among young, otherwise healthy patients who present with new-onset hypoxia, non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, and endorse a history of vaping. Though considered a diagnosis of exclusion, diagnosing EVALI requires thorough history taking. Inflammatory studies, CRP, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) should be considered adjunctive biomarkers to aid clinicians when the diagnosis remains unclear. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment and patients should have close follow-up whether or not they require hospitalization.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Toxic chemicals and flavouring agents were detected in high concentrations in the E-smoke of each fl

Toxic chemicals and flavouring agents were detected in high concentrations in the E-smoke of each flavour tested.

Limited toxicity data on electronic cigarette ( ECIG ) impede evidence-based policy recommendations .
We compared two popular mixed fruit flavored ECIG-liquids with and without nicotine aerosolized at 40 W ( E-smoke ) with respect to particle number concentrations , chemical composition , and response on physiologically relevant human bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models cultured at air-liquid interface .
E-smoke was characterized by significantly increased particle number concentrations with increased wattage ( 25 , 40 , and 55 W ) and nicotine presence .
The chemical composition of E-smoke differed across the two tested flavors in terms of cytotoxic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ flavoring agents ( for example vanillin , ethyl vanillin ) .
Significant differences in the expression of markers for pro-inflammation , oxidative stress , tissue injury/repair , alarm anti-protease , anti-microbial defense , epithelial barrier function , and epigenetic modification were observed between the flavors , nicotine content , and/ or lung models ( bronchial or alveolar ) .
Our findings indicatethat ECIG toxicity is influenced by combination of multiple factors including flavor , nicotine content , vaping regime , and the region of respiratory tree ( bronchial or alveolar ) .
Toxic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concentrations in the E-smoke of each flavor warrant independent evaluation for their specific role in imparting toxicity .
Therefore , multi-disciplinary approaches are warranted for comprehensive safety profiling of ECIG .

Limited toxicity data on electronic cigarette (ECIG) impede evidence-based policy recommendations. We compared two popular mixed fruit flavored ECIG-liquids with and without nicotine aerosolized at 40 W (E-smoke) with respect to particle number concentrations, chemical composition, and response on physiologically relevant human bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models cultured at air-liquid interface. E-smoke was characterized by significantly increased particle number concentrations with increased wattage (25, 40, and 55 W) and nicotine presence. The chemical composition of E-smoke differed across the two tested flavors in terms of cytotoxic compounds including p-benzoquinone, nicotyrine, and flavoring agents (for example vanillin, ethyl vanillin). Significant differences in the expression of markers for pro-inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue injury/repair, alarm anti-protease, anti-microbial defense, epithelial barrier function, and epigenetic modification were observed between the flavors, nicotine content, and/ or lung models (bronchial or alveolar). Our findings indicatethat ECIG toxicity is influenced by combination of multiple factors including flavor, nicotine content, vaping regime, and the region of respiratory tree (bronchial or alveolar). Toxic chemicals and flavoring agents detected in high concentrations in the E-smoke of each flavor warrant independent evaluation for their specific role in imparting toxicity. Therefore, multi-disciplinary approaches are warranted for comprehensive safety profiling of ECIG.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Vaping-induced lung injury in a 21-year-old woman.

In the last few years , there has been a significant increase in younger generations using vaping devices as an @ @ @ @ @ media and celebrities have played a major role in its increased popularity .
Many consumers @ @ @ @ @ relatively safer and healthier choice .
We present a case of a 21-year-old , female @ @ @ @ @ who developed severe acute lung injury .
Her workup was negative for any other cause @ @ @ @ @

In the last few years, there has been a significant increase in younger generations using vaping devices as an alternative to smoking. Social media and celebrities have played a major role in its increased popularity. Many consumers believe it to be a relatively safer and healthier choice. We present a case of a 21-year-old, female, non-smoker with vaping exposure who developed severe acute lung injury. Her workup was negative for any other cause of acute lung injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--E-Cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury.

Vaping is associated with an increased risk of lung injury ; however , each case of vaping-associated lung injury leads to varying degrees of lung injury , and the response to therapy can be heterogeneous .
Corticosteroid use has been suggested as a treatment for lung injuries associated with vaping .
We report a case of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury ( EVALI ) that resulted in acute hypoxic respiratory failure .
A 20-year-old woman presented with complaints of sore throat , dry cough , shortness of breath , and pleuritic chest pain .
The patient admitted to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The patient was found to be severely hypoxemic with respiratory distress and was intubated shortly after her arrival at the emergency department .
She was treated with a short course of corticosteroids with tapering of the dose based onher response with significant improvement , and she was extubated on the seventh day of her admission .
EVALI is a syndrome associated with severe lung injury that results in acute respiratory failure that is clinically indistinguishable from acute respiratory distress syndrome , and it is largely a diagnosis of exclusion .
The use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ should be considered after excluding an infectious etiology .

Vaping is associated with an increased risk of lung injury; however, each case of vaping-associated lung injury leads to varying degrees of lung injury, and the response to therapy can be heterogeneous. Corticosteroid use has been suggested as a treatment for lung injuries associated with vaping. We report a case of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that resulted in acute hypoxic respiratory failure. A 20-year-old woman presented with complaints of sore throat, dry cough, shortness of breath, and pleuritic chest pain. The patient admitted to vaping regularly for the past three years. The patient was found to be severely hypoxemic with respiratory distress and was intubated shortly after her arrival at the emergency department. She was treated with a short course of corticosteroids with tapering of the dose based onher response with significant improvement, and she was extubated on the seventh day of her admission. EVALI is a syndrome associated with severe lung injury that results in acute respiratory failure that is clinically indistinguishable from acute respiratory distress syndrome, and it is largely a diagnosis of exclusion. The use of systemic corticosteroids in treating these patients should be considered after excluding an infectious etiology.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Celery seed improved sexual function in women and could be used as a safe, well-tolerated, and effec

Celery seed improved sexual function in women and could be used as a safe, well-tolerated, and effective herbal medicine in women with sexual dysfunction.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Traditional manuscripts refer to plants such as Apium graveolens L. Fruit ( celery seed ) , which could be used to improve sexual function among women .
Since that time , local herbal shops in Iran continue to provide this herb as a natural aphrodisiac product .
AIM OF THE STUDY : This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of celery seed for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction .
METHODS AND MATERIALS : In this parallel , randomized , double-blinded clinical trial , 80 women were assigned to receive either 500 mg of celery @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for a period of 6 weeks ( n = 40 per group ) .
The female sexual function index ( FSFI ) questionnaire was used to evaluate women 's sexual function before and after treatment .
RESULTS : At the end of the sixth week , an improvement in the total FSFI score was significantly greater in celery seed-treated women than those receiving the placebo ( P CONCLUSION : It seems that celery seed improved sexual function in women and could be used as a safe , well-tolerated , and effective herbal medicine @ @ @ @ @ @

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional manuscripts refer to plants such as Apium graveolens L. Fruit (celery seed), which could be used to improve sexual function among women. Since that time, local herbal shops in Iran continue to provide this herb as a natural aphrodisiac product.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of celery seed for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this parallel, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, 80 women were assigned to receive either 500 mg of celery seed or placebo 3 times a day for a period of 6 weeks (n = 40 per group). The female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to evaluate women's sexual function before and after treatment.
RESULTS: At the end of the sixth week, an improvement in the total FSFI score was significantly greater in celery seed-treated women than those receiving the placebo (P < 0.001). Increased total FSFI score is mainly contributed by improvement in the sexual desire (p < 0.001), arousal (p < 0.001), lubrication (p < 0.001), and pain (p = 0.033) domains at the endpoint of study. No serious side effects were noticed in both groups during the study period.
CONCLUSION: It seems that celery seed improved sexual function in women and could be used as a safe, well-tolerated, and effective herbal medicine in women with sexual dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Neuroprotective effects of Apium graveolens against focal cerebral ischemia.

BACKGROUND : Stroke is a neurological disease caused by a sudden disturbance of cerebral blood flow to the brain , leading to loss of brain function .
Recently , accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidants could reduce brain damage and improve cognitive function .
In this study , we investigated the possible protective effects of Apium graveolens , a medicinal plant with putative neuroprotective activity , against oxidative-stress-related brain damage and brain damage due to inflammation induced by focal cerebral ischemia .
METHODS : Male adult Wistar rats were administered with an extract of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ occlusion of their right middle cerebral artery .
The brain infarct volumes of rats in each group were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining , and the density of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of rats was determined by cresyl violet staining .
The levels of malondialdehyde , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , and superoxide dismutase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the rats were also quantified at the end of the study period .
RESULTS : Our results show that A. graveolens extract significantly decreased infarct volume and improved neuronal density @ @ @ @ @ @ @ receiving A. graveolens extract compared with those rats receiving no treatment .
This neuroprotective effect was found to occur partly due to antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and anti-apoptotic effects .
CONCLUSION : Our study demonstrates that A. graveolens helps to reduce the severity of cognitive damage caused by focal cerebral ischemia.© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry .

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a neurological disease caused by a sudden disturbance of cerebral blood flow to the brain, leading to loss of brain function. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidants could reduce brain damage and improve cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of Apium graveolens, a medicinal plant with putative neuroprotective activity, against oxidative-stress-related brain damage and brain damage due to inflammation induced by focal cerebral ischemia.
METHODS: Male adult Wistar rats were administered with an extract of A. graveolens orally 14 days before permanent occlusion of their right middle cerebral artery. The brain infarct volumes of rats in each group were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and the density of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of rats was determined by cresyl violet staining. The levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the rats were also quantified at the end of the study period.
RESULTS: Our results show that A. graveolens extract significantly decreased infarct volume and improved neuronal density in the cortex and hippocampus of rats receiving A. graveolens extract compared with those rats receiving no treatment. This neuroprotective effect was found to occur partly due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that A. graveolens helps to reduce the severity of cognitive damage caused by focal cerebral ischemia.© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-29--Anise was effective in decreasing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in comparison to placebo.

Background Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) has a high prevalence among women of reproductive ages but despite its high prevalence , it has no determined and absolute treatment , so far .
So , the aim of the present study was to compare the effect Pimpinella Anisum ( Anise ) with placebo on the intensity of the symptoms of PMS .
Methods The present study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial .
College students who were suffering from PMS and had the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into two groups of intervention ( Anise ) and control @ @ @ @ @ @ @ intervention group , received 110 mg capsules of Anise three times day ( a total dose of 330 mg per day ) ; the control group received similar capsules with the same dosing that contained starch .
Consumption of the capsules was started 7 days before the start of the menstruation and continued until 3 days after , which was a total of 10 days during two consecutive menstruation cycles .
The intensity of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was measured using Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool ( PSST ) .
To compare the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study groups , generalized estimating equation statistical method was used .
Results Eventually , sixty-seven 18-35 year old college students who were suffering from premenstrual syndrome were enrolled in the study .
Comparing the mean score of the intensity of the syndrome between the two groups after the first and the second menstruation cycles showed a decrease in the intervention group to 13.9 ( p-value < 0.001 ; 95 % CI : 16.5 , -11.4 ) and 9.8 ( p-value < 0.001 ; 95 % CI : 12.4 , -7.3 ) , respectively @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that , in general , Anise was effective in decreasing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in comparison to placebo .

Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a high prevalence among women of reproductive ages but despite its high prevalence, it has no determined and absolute treatment, so far. So, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect Pimpinella Anisum (Anise) with placebo on the intensity of the symptoms of PMS. Methods The present study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. College students who were suffering from PMS and had the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (Anise) and control (placebo). Participants in the intervention group, received 110 mg capsules of Anise three times day (a total dose of 330 mg per day); the control group received similar capsules with the same dosing that contained starch. Consumption of the capsules was started 7 days before the start of the menstruation and continued until 3 days after, which was a total of 10 days during two consecutive menstruation cycles. The intensity of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was measured using Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). To compare the intensity of the symptoms between the two study groups, generalized estimating equation statistical method was used. Results Eventually, sixty-seven 18-35 year old college students who were suffering from premenstrual syndrome were enrolled in the study. Comparing the mean score of the intensity of the syndrome between the two groups after the first and the second menstruation cycles showed a decrease in the intervention group to 13.9 (p-value<0.001; 95% CI: 16.5,-11.4) and 9.8 (p-value<0.001; 95% CI: 12.4,-7.3), respectively. Conclusion Results of the study showed that, in general, Anise was effective in decreasing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in comparison to placebo.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--These findings demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by bai

These findings demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by baicalein treatment in colon cancer.

Baicalein is a Chinese herbal compound extracted fromthat has anti-tumor properties .
The aim of this study was to elucidate @ @ @ @ @ baicalein against human colorectal cancer cell lines and to assess whether the anti-proliferative effects of @ @ @ @ @ autophagy inhibition .
Human colon cancer cell lines ( HT-29 , HCT-116 , SW480 , @ @ @ @ @ with baicalein alone and in combination with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine ( CQ ) .
@ @ @ @ @ all four colon cancer lines in a dose-dependent fashion .
Combination treatment of baicalein and @ @ @ @ @ decreased cell viability compared with baicalein alone in HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines .
Western @ @ @ @ @ cell line treated with both baicalein and CQ demonstrated increased expression of LC3-II , a @ @ @ @ @ combination of baicalein with CQ culminated in activation of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis .
These findings demonstrate @ @ @ @ @ apoptotic cell death induced by baicalein treatment in colon cancer cell lines .
Future work @ @ @ @ @ pathways activated by baicalein and autophagy inhibition .

Baicalein is a Chinese herbal compound extracted fromthat has anti-tumor properties. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of action of baicalein against human colorectal cancer cell lines and to assess whether the anti-proliferative effects of baicalein may be amplified with autophagy inhibition. Human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, SW480, and SW620) were treated with baicalein alone and in combination with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Baicalein reduced cell viability in all four colon cancer lines in a dose-dependent fashion. Combination treatment of baicalein and the autophagy inhibitor CQ significantly decreased cell viability compared with baicalein alone in HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines. Western blot analysis of the HCT-116 cell line treated with both baicalein and CQ demonstrated increased expression of LC3-II, a component of autophagy. The combination of baicalein with CQ culminated in activation of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by baicalein treatment in colon cancer cell lines. Future work will assess other targetable apoptotic pathways activated by baicalein and autophagy inhibition.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--Baicalein alleviates hyperuricemia by promoting uric acid excretion and inhibiting xanthine oxidase.

BACKGROUND : Insufficient renal urate excretion and/or overproduction of uric acid ( UA ) are the dominant causes of hyperuricemia .
Baicalein ( BAL ) is widely distributed in dietary plants and has extensive biological activities , including antioxidative , anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive activities .
PURPOSE : To investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effects of BAL and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo .
METHODS : We investigated the inhibitory effects of BAL on GLUT9 and URAT1 in vitro through electrophysiological experiments andC-urate uptake assays .
To evaluate the impact of BAL on serum and urine UA , the expression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activity of xanthine oxidase ( XOD ) , we developed a mouse hyperuricemia model by potassium oxonate ( PO ) injection .
Molecular docking analysis based on homology modeling was performed to explain the predominant efficacy of BAL compared with the other test compounds .
RESULTS : BAL dose-dependently inhibited GLUT9 and URAT1 in a noncompetitive manner with ICvalues of 30.17 ± 8.68 μM and 31.56 ± 1.37 μM , respectively .
BAL ( 200 mg/kg ) significantly decreased serum UA and enhanced renal urate excretion in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice .
Moreover , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the kidney was downregulated , and XOD activity in the serum and liver was suppressed .
The docking analysis revealed that BAL potently interacted with Trp336 , Asp462 , Tyr71 and Gln328 of GLUT9 and Ser35 and Phe241 of URAT1 .
CONCLUSION : These results indicated that BAL exerts potent antihyperuricemic efects through renal UA excretal promotion and serum UA production .
Thus , we propose that BAL may be a promising treatment for the prevention of hyperuricemia owing to its multitargeted inhibitory activity .

BACKGROUND: Insufficient renal urate excretion and/or overproduction of uric acid (UA) are the dominant causes of hyperuricemia. Baicalein (BAL) is widely distributed in dietary plants and has extensive biological activities, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive activities.
PURPOSE: To investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effects of BAL and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS: We investigated the inhibitory effects of BAL on GLUT9 and URAT1 in vitro through electrophysiological experiments andC-urate uptake assays. To evaluate the impact of BAL on serum and urine UA, the expression of GLUT9 and URAT1, and the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD), we developed a mouse hyperuricemia model by potassium oxonate (PO) injection. Molecular docking analysis based on homology modeling was performed to explain the predominant efficacy of BAL compared with the other test compounds.
RESULTS: BAL dose-dependently inhibited GLUT9 and URAT1 in a noncompetitive manner with ICvalues of 30.17 ± 8.68 μM and 31.56 ± 1.37 μM, respectively. BAL (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased serum UA and enhanced renal urate excretion in PO-induced hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, the expression of GLUT9 and URAT1 in the kidney was downregulated, and XOD activity in the serum and liver was suppressed. The docking analysis revealed that BAL potently interacted with Trp336, Asp462, Tyr71 and Gln328 of GLUT9 and Ser35 and Phe241 of URAT1.
CONCLUSION: These results indicated that BAL exerts potent antihyperuricemic efects through renal UA excretal promotion and serum UA production. Thus, we propose that BAL may be a promising treatment for the prevention of hyperuricemia owing to its multitargeted inhibitory activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--Baicalein restores the balance of Th17/Treg cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor to attenuate colitis

Baicalein restores the balance of Th17/Treg cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor to attenuate colitis.

As one of the ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) , baicalein , isolated from , has been proved to exert potential therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis ( UC ) , but its therapeutic mechanism remains obscure .
Authentically , ulcerative colitis can be alleviated by regulating the differentiation of naïve CD4T cells via AhR activation .
So , our study planned to prove the hypothesis that baicalein protected mice against UC by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells via AhR activation .
Immunofluorescence and western blot results showed that baicalein could promote AhR activation and induce it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ further determined the effect of baicalein on naïve CD4T cell differentiationby magnetic cell separation and drug intervention .
The results showed that baicalein could promote Treg cell differentiation by activating AhR.study , UC mice were established by free drinking of dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) for 7 days and then were orally administrated by baicalein ( 10 , 20 , and 40 mg/kg ) , TCDD ( AhR agonist ) , and CH223191 ( antagonist ) .
The results demonstrated that baicalein improved the symptoms of UC mice , regulated the balance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ balance of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 , IL-6 , and TNF- ; anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF- ; and epithelial protective cytokine IL-22 in UC mice , and these effects were related to AhR .
Taken together , our research found that baicalein might be a potential drug for UC via regulating Treg cell differentiation and maintaining immune homeostasis and attempted to shed a light on the pivotal role of AhR in these effects .

As one of the ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), baicalein, isolated from, has been proved to exert potential therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC), but its therapeutic mechanism remains obscure. Authentically, ulcerative colitis can be alleviated by regulating the differentiation of naïve CD4T cells via AhR activation. So, our study planned to prove the hypothesis that baicalein protected mice against UC by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells via AhR activation. Immunofluorescence and western blot results showed that baicalein could promote AhR activation and induce it to transfer to the nucleus. We further determined the effect of baicalein on naïve CD4T cell differentiationby magnetic cell separation and drug intervention. The results showed that baicalein could promote Treg cell differentiation by activating AhR.study, UC mice were established by free drinking of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and then were orally administrated by baicalein (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), TCDD (AhR agonist), and CH223191 (antagonist). The results demonstrated that baicalein improved the symptoms of UC mice, regulated the balance of Th17/Treg cells, and restored the balance of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-; anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-; and epithelial protective cytokine IL-22 in UC mice, and these effects were related to AhR. Taken together, our research found that baicalein might be a potential drug for UC via regulating Treg cell differentiation and maintaining immune homeostasis and attempted to shed a light on the pivotal role of AhR in these effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--Baicalein exerted antiepileptic effects by regulation of IGF1R in a pilocarpine-induced model.

Treatment for epilepsy , particularly temporal lobe epilepsy , is challenging .
Baicalein has multiple effects , including anti-inflammatory action .
However , little is known about its efficacy in treatment of epilepsy .
In this study , we established a pilocarpine-induced rat model and used it for assessment of baicalein efficacy in vivo .
We predicted the pharmacological mechanism of baicalein by network pharmacology and RNA sequencing analyses .
Pilocarpine epileptic rats treated with baicalein exhibited improved average seizure severity , seizure frequency , seizure duration , and survival time .
Network pharmacology and RNA sequencing identified the differentially @ @ @ @ @ @ @ epileptic groups .
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor ( IGF1R ) was chosen as the top candidate target because of its overlapping findings in RNA sequencing and network pharmacology data .
Western blotting , immunofluorescence , and polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that baicalein inhibited microglial proliferation , IGF1R , and inflammatory cytokine expression .
Moreover , baicalein improved epilepsy symptoms .
Inhibition of IGF1R function by blocking with AXL1717 enhanced baicalein treatment efficacy both in vivo and in vitro .
In conclusion , baicalein exerted antiepileptic effects by regulation of IGF1R in @ @ @ @ @

Treatment for epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy, is challenging. Baicalein has multiple effects, including anti-inflammatory action. However, little is known about its efficacy in treatment of epilepsy. In this study, we established a pilocarpine-induced rat model and used it for assessment of baicalein efficacy in vivo. We predicted the pharmacological mechanism of baicalein by network pharmacology and RNA sequencing analyses. Pilocarpine epileptic rats treated with baicalein exhibited improved average seizure severity, seizure frequency, seizure duration, and survival time. Network pharmacology and RNA sequencing identified the differentially expressed genes between the baicalein treatment and epileptic groups. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was chosen as the top candidate target because of its overlapping findings in RNA sequencing and network pharmacology data. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that baicalein inhibited microglial proliferation, IGF1R, and inflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, baicalein improved epilepsy symptoms. Inhibition of IGF1R function by blocking with AXL1717 enhanced baicalein treatment efficacy both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, baicalein exerted antiepileptic effects by regulation of IGF1R in a pilocarpine-induced rat model.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--Baicalein flavone targets cisplatin resistant human pancreatic cancer cells.

PURPOSE : Pancreatic cancer ( PC ) is a lethal disease of the alimentary system and is ranked 4th in cancer-related deaths in United States .
PC has a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options .
The main purpose of the current study was to demonstrate the anticancer effects of the naturally occurring Baicalein flavone in human cisplatin-resistant pancreatic carcinoma cell line CAPAN-2 .
METHODS : Cell viability was examined via MTT cell proliferative assay .
Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was examined through DAPI and annexin V/propidium iodide ( PI ) staining using fluorescence microscopy along with estimation of apoptosis-related protein expressions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which western blot was used .
Next , wound-healing and transwell assays were performed to find out the effects of Baicalein on cell migration and invasion , respectively .
RESULTS : The results showed that Baicalein induced dose-dependent and selective anticancer effects in CAPAN-2 PC cancer cells with much less cytotoxicity to normal HTRET-HPNE cells .
The antiproliferative effects of Baicalein were due to apoptosis induction as the number of apoptotic cells increased on increasing doses of the test molecule .
Western blotting analysis revealed that the expressions of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ test molecule also induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in PC cells with decreasing the cyclin-B1 expressions .
Cell migration and invasion analysis revealed that Baicalein induced dose-dependent suppression in migration and invasion of CAPAN-2 PC cell line .
CONCLUSION : Baicalein is a potential anticancer agent against PC cells and can be considered for PC systemic therapy provided more toxicological and in vivo studies are carried out .

PURPOSE: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease of the alimentary system and is ranked 4th in cancer-related deaths in United States. PC has a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The main purpose of the current study was to demonstrate the anticancer effects of the naturally occurring Baicalein flavone in human cisplatin-resistant pancreatic carcinoma cell line CAPAN-2.
METHODS: Cell viability was examined via MTT cell proliferative assay. Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was examined through DAPI and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining using fluorescence microscopy along with estimation of apoptosis-related protein expressions like caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 for which western blot was used. Next, wound-healing and transwell assays were performed to find out the effects of Baicalein on cell migration and invasion, respectively.
RESULTS: The results showed that Baicalein induced dose-dependent and selective anticancer effects in CAPAN-2 PC cancer cells with much less cytotoxicity to normal HTRET-HPNE cells. The antiproliferative effects of Baicalein were due to apoptosis induction as the number of apoptotic cells increased on increasing doses of the test molecule. Western blotting analysis revealed that the expressions of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were decreased and Bax was increased. The test molecule also induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in PC cells with decreasing the cyclin-B1 expressions. Cell migration and invasion analysis revealed that Baicalein induced dose-dependent suppression in migration and invasion of CAPAN-2 PC cell line.
CONCLUSION: Baicalein is a potential anticancer agent against PC cells and can be considered for PC systemic therapy provided more toxicological and in vivo studies are carried out.


greenmedinfo--2020-12-31--Baicalein exerts potential neuroprotective effects through multiple signaling pathways in animal mod

Baicalein exerts potential neuroprotective effects through multiple signaling pathways in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Baicalein , a major bioactive flavone of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi , has neuroprotective properties in several animal models of Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) .
Here , we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the available preclinical evidence and possible mechanisms of baicalein for animal models of PD .
Ultimately , 20 studies were identified by searching 7 databases from inception to December 2019. Review Manager 5.3 was applied for data analysis .
Meta-analyses showed baicalein can significantly improve neurobehavioral function in animal models with PD , including spontaneous motor activity test ( = 5 ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rotarod test ( = 9 ) , apomorphine-induced rotations test ( = 4 ) , grid test ( = 2 ) , and tremor test ( = 2 ) .
Compared with controls , the results of the meta-analysis showed baicalein exerted a significant effect in increasing the frequency of spontaneous activity , prolongating the total time for climbing down the pole , decreasing the number of rotations , prolongating the descent latency , reducing the amplitude , and the frequency in animal models with PD .
The possible mechanisms of baicalein for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activity , antioxidation , anti-inflammatory , inhibiting protein aggregation , restorating mitochondrial dysfunction , inhibiting apoptosis , and autophagy .
In conclusion , these findings preliminarily demonstrated that baicalein exerts potential neuroprotective effects through multiple signaling pathways in animal models of PD .

Baicalein, a major bioactive flavone of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has neuroprotective properties in several animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the available preclinical evidence and possible mechanisms of baicalein for animal models of PD. Ultimately, 20 studies were identified by searching 7 databases from inception to December 2019. Review Manager 5.3 was applied for data analysis. Meta-analyses showed baicalein can significantly improve neurobehavioral function in animal models with PD, including spontaneous motor activity test (= 5), pole test (= 2), rotarod test (= 9), apomorphine-induced rotations test (= 4), grid test (= 2), and tremor test (= 2). Compared with controls, the results of the meta-analysis showed baicalein exerted a significant effect in increasing the frequency of spontaneous activity, prolongating the total time for climbing down the pole, decreasing the number of rotations, prolongating the descent latency, reducing the amplitude, and the frequency in animal models with PD. The possible mechanisms of baicalein for PD are regulating neurotransmitters, adjusting enzyme activity, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, inhibiting protein aggregation, restorating mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibiting apoptosis, and autophagy. In conclusion, these findings preliminarily demonstrated that baicalein exerts potential neuroprotective effects through multiple signaling pathways in animal models of PD.