greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The evidence suggests that chlorogenic acids intake causes statistically significant reductions in s

The evidence suggests that chlorogenic acids intake causes statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Several dietary supplements are currently marketed for management of hypertension , but the evidence for effectiveness is conflicting .
Our objective was to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of chlorogenic acids ( CGAs ) on blood pressure , using data from published randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) .
Electronic searches were conducted in Medline , Embase , Amed , Cinahl and The Cochrane Library .
We also hand-searched the bibliographies of all retrieved articles .
Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of studies and extracted the data .
The reporting quality of all included studies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ quality assessment checklist adapted from the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials Statement .
Disagreements were resolved through discussion .
Seven eligible studies were identified , and five including 364 participants were included .
There were variations in the reporting quality of the included RCTs .
Meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in favour of CGA ( mean difference ( MD ) : -4.31 mm Hg ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : -5.60 to -3.01 ; I ( 2 ) =65 % ; P < 0.00001 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in diastolic blood pressure favouring CGA ( MD : -3.68 mm Hg ; 95 % CI : -3.91 to -3.45 ; I ( 2 ) =97 % ; P < 0.00001 ) .
All studies reported no adverse events .
In conclusion , the evidence from published RCTs suggests that CGA intake causes statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures .
The size of the effect is moderate .
Few clinical trials have been conducted ; they vary in design and methodology and are confined to Asian populations and funded by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the effects of CGA on blood pressure are warranted .

Several dietary supplements are currently marketed for management of hypertension, but the evidence for effectiveness is conflicting. Our objective was to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) on blood pressure, using data from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Electronic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl and The Cochrane Library. We also hand-searched the bibliographies of all retrieved articles. Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of studies and extracted the data. The reporting quality of all included studies was assessed by the use of a quality assessment checklist adapted from the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials Statement. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. Seven eligible studies were identified, and five including 364 participants were included. There were variations in the reporting quality of the included RCTs. Meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in favour of CGA (mean difference (MD): -4.31 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval (CI): -5.60 to -3.01; I(2)=65%; P<0.00001). Meta-analysis also showed a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure favouring CGA (MD: -3.68 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.91 to -3.45; I(2)=97%; P<0.00001). All studies reported no adverse events. In conclusion, the evidence from published RCTs suggests that CGA intake causes statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The size of the effect is moderate. Few clinical trials have been conducted; they vary in design and methodology and are confined to Asian populations and funded by CGA manufacturers. Large independent trials evaluating the effects of CGA on blood pressure are warranted.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Green tea intake results in significant reductions in systolic blood pressure.

INTRODUCTION : Many different dietary supplements are currently marketed for the management of hypertension , but the evidence for effectiveness is mixed .
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for or against the effectiveness of green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) on blood pressure and lipid parameters .
METHODS AND RESULTS : Electronic searches were conducted in Medline , Embase , Amed , Cinahl and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant human randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) .
Hand searches of bibliographies were also conducted .
The reporting quality of included studies was assessed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Statement .
Two reviewers independently determined eligibility , assessed the reporting quality of the included studies , and extracted the data .
As many as 474 citations were identified and 20 RCTs comprising 1536 participants were included .
There were variations in the designs of the RCTs .
A meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure favouring green tea ( MD : -1.94 mmHg ; 95 % CI : -2.95 to -0.93 ; I ( 2 ) = 8 % ; p = 0.0002 ) .
Similar results were also observed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mmol/l ; 95 % CI : -0.2 to -0.07 ; I ( 2 ) = 8 % ; p < 0.0001 ) and LDL cholesterol ( MD : -0.19 mmol/l ; 95 % CI : -0.3 to -0.09 ; I ( 2 ) = 70 % ; p = 0.0004 ) .
Adverse events included rash , elevated blood pressure , and abdominal discomfort .
CONCLUSION : Green tea intake results in significant reductions in systolic blood pressure , total cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol .
The effect size on systolic blood pressure @ @ @ @ @ @ @ total and LDL cholesterol appear moderate .
Longer-term independent clinical trials evaluating the effects of green tea are warranted .

INTRODUCTION: Many different dietary supplements are currently marketed for the management of hypertension, but the evidence for effectiveness is mixed. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for or against the effectiveness of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on blood pressure and lipid parameters.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Electronic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant human randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Hand searches of bibliographies were also conducted. The reporting quality of included studies was assessed using a checklist adapted from the CONSORT Statement. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility, assessed the reporting quality of the included studies, and extracted the data. As many as 474 citations were identified and 20 RCTs comprising 1536 participants were included. There were variations in the designs of the RCTs. A meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure favouring green tea (MD: -1.94 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.95 to -0.93; I(2) = 8%; p = 0.0002). Similar results were also observed for total cholesterol (MD: -0.13 mmol/l; 95% CI: -0.2 to -0.07; I(2) = 8%; p<0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (MD: -0.19 mmol/l; 95% CI: -0.3 to -0.09; I(2) = 70%; p = 0.0004). Adverse events included rash, elevated blood pressure, and abdominal discomfort.
CONCLUSION: Green tea intake results in significant reductions in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. The effect size on systolic blood pressure is small, but the effects on total and LDL cholesterol appear moderate. Longer-term independent clinical trials evaluating the effects of green tea are warranted.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The present meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption significantly decreases the SBP lev

The present meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption significantly decreases the SBP level at the higher dose.

BACKGROUND & AIMS : The results of human clinical trials that have investigated the effects of resveratrol on blood pressure are inconsistent .
We aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of resveratrol on systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) and diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) .
METHODS : We conducted a strategic literature search of PubMed , EMBASE , MEDLINE , and the Cochrane Library ( updated to January , 2014 ) for randomized controlled trials that evaluate the effects of resveratrol on SBP and DBP .
Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale .
Weighted mean differences @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and DBP using fixed-effects or random-effects models .
We performed pre-specified subgroup , sensitivity and meta-regression analyses to evaluate potential the heterogeneity .
Dose effects of resveratrol on SBP and DBP were estimated using meta-regression analyses .
RESULTS : Six studies comprising a total of 247 subjects were included in our meta-analysis .
The overall outcome of the meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption can not significantly reduce SBP and DBP .
Subgroup analyses indicated that higher-dose of resveratrol consumption ( ≥ 150 mg/d ) significantly reduces SBP of -11.90 mmHg ( 95 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ P = 0.01 ) , whereas lower dose of resveratrol did not show a significant lowering effect on SBP .
The meta-regression analyses did not indicate dose effects of resveratrol on SBP or DBP .
CONCLUSIONS : The present meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption significantly decreases the SBP level at the higher dose , while resveratrol has no significant effects on DBP levels .
Additional high-quality studies are needed to further evaluate the causal conclusions .

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The results of human clinical trials that have investigated the effects of resveratrol on blood pressure are inconsistent. We aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of resveratrol on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
METHODS: We conducted a strategic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library (updated to January, 2014) for randomized controlled trials that evaluate the effects of resveratrol on SBP and DBP. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. Weighted mean differences were calculated for net changes in SBP and DBP using fixed-effects or random-effects models. We performed pre-specified subgroup, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses to evaluate potential the heterogeneity. Dose effects of resveratrol on SBP and DBP were estimated using meta-regression analyses.
RESULTS: Six studies comprising a total of 247 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. The overall outcome of the meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption can not significantly reduce SBP and DBP. Subgroup analyses indicated that higher-dose of resveratrol consumption (≥ 150 mg/d) significantly reduces SBP of -11.90 mmHg (95% CI: -20.99, -2.81 mmHg, P = 0.01), whereas lower dose of resveratrol did not show a significant lowering effect on SBP. The meta-regression analyses did not indicate dose effects of resveratrol on SBP or DBP.
CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption significantly decreases the SBP level at the higher dose, while resveratrol has no significant effects on DBP levels. Additional high-quality studies are needed to further evaluate the causal conclusions.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The meta-analysis suggested that green tea consumption had a favourable effect on decrease of blood

The meta-analysis suggested that green tea consumption had a favourable effect on decrease of blood pressure.

The studies investigating the effects of green tea on blood pressure ( BP ) have generated inconsistent results .
The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the effects of green tea on BP control .
PubMed , Embase , and the Cochrane Library ( updated to March 2014 ) were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of green tea on BP .
Pooled effect of green tea consumption on BP was evaluated using fixed-effects or random-effects model .
Thirteen trials comprising a total of 1,367 subjects were included in the current meta-analysis .
The overall outcome @ @ @ @ @ @ @ consumption significantly decrease systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) level by -1.98 mmHg ( 95 % CI : -2.94 , -1.01 mmHg ; P < 0.001 ) .
Compared with the control group , green tea also showed a significant lowering effect on diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) in treatment group ( -1.92 mmHg ; 95 % CI : -3.17 , -0.68 mmHg ; P = 0.002 ) .
Subgroup analyses further suggested that the positive effect of green tea polyphenols on BP was only showed in studies using a low-dose green @ @ @ @ @ @ @ duration or ruling out the confounding effects of caffeine .
The meta-analysis suggested that green tea consumption had a favorable effect on decrease of BP .

The studies investigating the effects of green tea on blood pressure (BP) have generated inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the effects of green tea on BP control. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (updated to March 2014) were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of green tea on BP. Pooled effect of green tea consumption on BP was evaluated using fixed-effects or random-effects model. Thirteen trials comprising a total of 1,367 subjects were included in the current meta-analysis. The overall outcome of the meta-analysis suggested that green tea consumption significantly decrease systolic blood pressure (SBP) level by -1.98 mmHg (95% CI: -2.94, -1.01 mmHg; P<0.001). Compared with the control group, green tea also showed a significant lowering effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in treatment group (-1.92 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.17, -0.68 mmHg; P = 0.002). Subgroup analyses further suggested that the positive effect of green tea polyphenols on BP was only showed in studies using a low-dose green tea polyphenol, with the long-term intervention duration or ruling out the confounding effects of caffeine. The meta-analysis suggested that green tea consumption had a favorable effect on decrease of BP.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Consumption of a polyphenol-rich grape-wine extract lowers ambulatory blood pressure in mildly hyper

Consumption of a polyphenol-rich grape-wine extract lowers ambulatory blood pressure in mildly hypertensive subjects.

Polyphenols in grape and wine have been suggested to contribute to the cardiovascular health benefits of the Mediterranean lifestyle .
The reported effects of grape products on blood pressure ( BP ) remain , however , equivocal .
In a double-blind placebo controlled crossover study , the effect of two grape extracts on BP and vascular function was assessed in 60 untreated , mildly hypertensive subjects after four weeks intervention .
Both extracts ( grape-red wine and grape alone ) had high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols , but the grape alone was relatively poor in catechins and procyanidins .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , flow-mediated vasodilation , arterial distensibility , platelet function and plasma lipoproteins .
Results showed that 24-hour ambulatory systolic/diastolic BPs were significantly lower in the grape-wine extract intervention ( 135.9± 1.3/84.7 ± 0.8 mmHg ; mean ± SEM ) compared to placebo ( 138.9 ± 1.3/86.6 ± 1.2 mmHg ) , predominantly during daytime .
Plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 decreased by 10 % , but other measures of vascular function were not affected .
Grape juice extract alone had no effect on BP or any measures of vascular function .
Polyphenol-rich @ @ @ @ @ @ @ catechins and procyanidins , may thus help sustain a healthy BP and contribute to the healthy Mediterranean lifestyle .

Polyphenols in grape and wine have been suggested to contribute to the cardiovascular health benefits of the Mediterranean lifestyle. The reported effects of grape products on blood pressure (BP) remain, however, equivocal. In a double-blind placebo controlled crossover study, the effect of two grape extracts on BP and vascular function was assessed in 60 untreated, mildly hypertensive subjects after four weeks intervention. Both extracts (grape-red wine and grape alone) had high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols, but the grape alone was relatively poor in catechins and procyanidins. Parameters measured included ambulatory and office BP, flow-mediated vasodilation, arterial distensibility, platelet function and plasma lipoproteins. Results showed that 24-hour ambulatory systolic/diastolic BPs were significantly lower in the grape-wine extract intervention (135.9± 1.3/84.7 ± 0.8 mmHg; mean ± SEM) compared to placebo (138.9 ± 1.3/86.6 ± 1.2 mmHg), predominantly during daytime. Plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 decreased by 10%, but other measures of vascular function were not affected. Grape juice extract alone had no effect on BP or any measures of vascular function. Polyphenol-rich food products, and may be specifically catechins and procyanidins, may thus help sustain a healthy BP and contribute to the healthy Mediterranean lifestyle.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Daily grape polyphenol intake can significantly reduce the systolic blood pressure in humans.

BACKGROUND : The effect of grape polyphenols on blood pressure remains unclear , which we aimed to address via a meta-analysis study .
METHODS : We conducted study trial searches in PubMed , Embase , and the Cochrane Library databases .
Summary estimates of weighted mean differences and 95 % confidence intervals were obtained by using fixed-effects models .
Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the source of heterogeneity .
The protocol details of our meta-analysis have been submitted to the international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews ( registration number CRD42015019196 ) .
RESULTS : Ten studies were included @ @ @ @ @ @ @ showed daily grape polyphenol intake could significantly reduce systolic blood pressure by 1.48 mmHg when compared to control subjects ( 12 comparisons ; -1.48 [ -2.79 to -0.16 ] mmHg ; P = 0.03 ) .
Subgroup analyses indicated larger reduction was identified in the intake of low-dose of grape polyphenols ( < 733 mg/day , median level of the included studies ) or patients with metabolic syndrome .
Contrarily , diastolic blood pressure was not significantly decreased in the grape polyphenols group as compared to controls .
No significant heterogeneity or publication @ @ @ @ @ @ @ either systolic or diastolic blood pressure .
CONCLUSIONS : Daily grape polyphenol intake can significantly reduce the systolic blood pressure in humans , although the reduction is modest when compared with anti-hypertensive medications .
Larger , better designed trials , that specifically include hypertensive subjects , are required to verify our results in the future .

BACKGROUND: The effect of grape polyphenols on blood pressure remains unclear, which we aimed to address via a meta-analysis study.
METHODS: We conducted study trial searches in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were obtained by using fixed-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the source of heterogeneity. The protocol details of our meta-analysis have been submitted to the international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews (registration number CRD42015019196).
RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the present meta-analysis. Our results showed daily grape polyphenol intake could significantly reduce systolic blood pressure by 1.48 mmHg when compared to control subjects (12 comparisons; -1.48 [-2.79 to -0.16] mmHg; P = 0.03). Subgroup analyses indicated larger reduction was identified in the intake of low-dose of grape polyphenols (<733 mg/day, median level of the included studies) or patients with metabolic syndrome. Contrarily, diastolic blood pressure was not significantly decreased in the grape polyphenols group as compared to controls. No significant heterogeneity or publication bias was detected in the meta-analysis of either systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
CONCLUSIONS: Daily grape polyphenol intake can significantly reduce the systolic blood pressure in humans, although the reduction is modest when compared with anti-hypertensive medications. Larger, better designed trials, that specifically include hypertensive subjects, are required to verify our results in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--The effects of grape and red wine polyphenols on gut microbiota.

There is a growing body of evidence implicating the gut 'microbiome ' role in overall human health .
Bacterial species belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are generally considered to be beneficial and are commonly used in probiotic applications , whereas increases in some genera including Clostridum , Eubacterium and Bacteroides are implicated in negative health outcomes .
Dietary polyphenols are bioactive compounds that have been found to increase the numbers of beneficial bacteria and antimicrobial actions against pathogenic bacteria , however most studies have been conducted in animal models or in-vitro colonic models .
The aim of this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of recent trials on the effect of dietary grape and red wine polyphenols on the gut microbiota in humans .
Following PRISMA guidelines , a systematic review was conducted of electronic databases ( PubMed , CINAHL , Cochrane Library , Wed of Science and Scopus ) to identify human intervention trials examining the effect of grape or wine polyphenols on gut microbiota .
Seven trials met the inclusion criteria .
One study looked at changes in gut microbiota following the ingestion of de-alcoholised red wine or red wine , and six studies referred @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of phenolic metabolites .
All studies confirmed that ingested polyphenols from grape and red wine , were modulated by gut microbiota , increasing numbers of polyphenolic metabolites which were found in blood , urine , ileal fluid and faeces .
Intake of polyphenols derived from grape and red wine can modulate gut microbiota and contribute to beneficial microbial ecology that can enhance human health benefits .
Additionally , grape and red wine polyphenols were modulated by the gut microbiota and there is a potential for a two-way relationship between the gut microbiota and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is required to fully understand the complex relationship between gut microbiota and dietary polyphenols before any health claims can be made in relation to human health .

There is a growing body of evidence implicating the gut 'microbiome' role in overall human health. Bacterial species belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are generally considered to be beneficial and are commonly used in probiotic applications, whereas increases in some genera including Clostridum, Eubacterium and Bacteroides are implicated in negative health outcomes. Dietary polyphenols are bioactive compounds that have been found to increase the numbers of beneficial bacteria and antimicrobial actions against pathogenic bacteria, however most studies have been conducted in animal models or in-vitro colonic models. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of recent trials on the effect of dietary grape and red wine polyphenols on the gut microbiota in humans. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted of electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Wed of Science and Scopus) to identify human intervention trials examining the effect of grape or wine polyphenols on gut microbiota. Seven trials met the inclusion criteria. One study looked at changes in gut microbiota following the ingestion of de-alcoholised red wine or red wine, and six studies referred to gut microbiota as intermediates in formation of phenolic metabolites. All studies confirmed that ingested polyphenols from grape and red wine, were modulated by gut microbiota, increasing numbers of polyphenolic metabolites which were found in blood, urine, ileal fluid and faeces. Intake of polyphenols derived from grape and red wine can modulate gut microbiota and contribute to beneficial microbial ecology that can enhance human health benefits. Additionally, grape and red wine polyphenols were modulated by the gut microbiota and there is a potential for a two-way relationship between the gut microbiota and polyphenolic compounds. Nevertheless, additional research is required to fully understand the complex relationship between gut microbiota and dietary polyphenols before any health claims can be made in relation to human health.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Grape-derived polyphenols ameliorate stress-induced depression by regulating synaptic plasticity.

Major depressive disorder ( MDD ) is associated with stress-induced immune dysregulation and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) @ @ @ @ @ associated with depression .
Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced BDNF levels lead to @ @ @ @ @ contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD .
There is accumulating evidence that the administration of @ @ @ @ @ 5 to 180 mg/kg of body weight can normalize elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and @ @ @ @ @ , thus , restore impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms that mediate depressive behavior in animal models @ @ @ @ @ will focus on the mechanisms by which grape-derived polyphenols normalize impaired synaptic plasticity and reduce @ @ @ @ @ of stress .

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with stress-induced immune dysregulation and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in sensitive brain regions associated with depression. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced BDNF levels lead to impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD. There is accumulating evidence that the administration of polyphenols at doses ranging from 5 to 180 mg/kg of body weight can normalize elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and abnormal levels of BDNF and, thus, restore impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms that mediate depressive behavior in animal models of stress. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which grape-derived polyphenols normalize impaired synaptic plasticity and reduce depressive behavior in animal models of stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Grape polyphenols' effects in human cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

The consumption of fruits and vegetables , as well as foods enriched in bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals , has increased @ @ @ @ @ in the relevance of food composition for human health .
Considerable recent interest has focused @ @ @ @ @ grape , as they possess many biological activities , such as antioxidant , cardioprotective , @ @ @ @ @ and antimicrobial properties .
Observational studies indicate that the intake of polyphenol-rich foods improves vascular @ @ @ @ @ the risk of hypertension , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) .
Other researchers have @ @ @ @ @ grape polyphenol-rich diet for other types of maladies such as diabetes mellitus .
This is @ @ @ @ @ consumption of polyphenolic grape compounds , concerning their potential benefits for human health in the @ @ @ @ @ diabetes .

The consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as foods enriched in bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals, has increased due to consumers' interest in the relevance of food composition for human health. Considerable recent interest has focused on bioactive phenolic compounds in grape, as they possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-ageing and antimicrobial properties. Observational studies indicate that the intake of polyphenol-rich foods improves vascular health, thereby significantly reducing the risk of hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other researchers have described the benefits of a grape polyphenol-rich diet for other types of maladies such as diabetes mellitus. This is a comprehensive review on the consumption of polyphenolic grape compounds, concerning their potential benefits for human health in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--The protective effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) on benzene-induced leukopenia.

To study the protective effects of diallyl sulfide ( DAS ) on leukopenia induced by benzene.90 Healthy male ICR mice , adaptive feeding 5 days later , 15 were randomly divided into blank control group、model group、low、middle、high dose DAS intervention groups and DAS control group .
Mice in intervention groups and DAS control group were orally given DAS at 40 , 80 , 160 , 160 mg/kg·bw , while mice in the other two groups received an equal volume of corn oil .
After 2 hours , model group and theother three intervention groups were given benzene , corn oil suspension @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control groups treated with the same volume of corn oil , Benzene and DAS are dissolved in corn oil .
one time for each day .
4 weeks later , Anesthesia at 14/29 , make blood routine examination and count organ index and observe pathological examinations of spleen and thymus.On day 14 , the counts of peripheral blood white blood cells ( WBC ) , lymphocytes , monocytes in the model group decreased to 68.99 % , 71.72 % , 53.19 % ( < 0.05 ) ; On day 29 , the counts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ neutrophils in the model group decreased to 83.00 % , 81.03 % , 89.37 % , 20.84 % , 19.25 % ( < 0.05 ) ; spleen weight , spleen index , white pulp area ratio of spleen , thymus weight , thymus index , thymic cortex area ratio of mice in the model group decreased ( < 0.05 ) .
On day 14 , the counts of peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes in the DAS high dose intervention group increased by 136.36 % , 260.00 % ( < 0.05 ) ; On @ @ @ @ @ @ @ blood cells , lymphocytes , red blood cells , platelets , hemoglobin in the DAS low , middle and high dose intervention groups increased ( < 0.05 ) ; spleen weight , spleen index , white pulp area ratio of spleen , thymus weight , thymus index , thymic cortex area ratio of mice in the DAS high dose intervention groups increased ( < 0.05 ) .DAS can effectively suppress benzene-induced leucopenia in mice .

To study the protective effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) on leukopenia induced by benzene.90 Healthy male ICR mice, adaptive feeding 5 days later, 15 were randomly divided into blank control group、model group、low、middle、high dose DAS intervention groups and DAS control group. Mice in intervention groups and DAS control group were orally given DAS at 40, 80, 160, 160 mg/kg·bw, while mice in the other two groups received an equal volume of corn oil. After 2 hours, model group and theother three intervention groups were given benzene, corn oil suspension (1.3 g/kg·bw) , the two control groups treated with the same volume of corn oil, Benzene and DAS are dissolved in corn oil. one time for each day. 4 weeks later, Anesthesia at 14/29, make blood routine examination and count organ index and observe pathological examinations of spleen and thymus.On day 14, the counts of peripheral blood white blood cells (WBC) , lymphocytes, monocytes in the model group decreased to 68.99%, 71.72%, 53.19% (<0.05) ; On day 29, the counts of peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils in the model group decreased to 83.00%, 81.03%, 89.37%, 20.84%, 19.25% (<0.05) ; spleen weight, spleen index, white pulp area ratio of spleen, thymus weight, thymus index, thymic cortex area ratio of mice in the model group decreased (<0.05) . On day 14, the counts of peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes in the DAS high dose intervention group increased by 136.36%, 260.00% (<0.05) ; On day 29, the counts of White blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin in the DAS low, middle and high dose intervention groups increased (<0.05) ; spleen weight, spleen index, white pulp area ratio of spleen, thymus weight, thymus index, thymic cortex area ratio of mice in the DAS high dose intervention groups increased (<0.05) .DAS can effectively suppress benzene-induced leucopenia in mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone ameliorates the PM2.5-induced lung injury.

BACKGROUND : This study aims to explore the effect of thymoquinone ( TQ ) on particulate matter 2.5 ( PM2.5 ) -induced lung injury .
METHODS : The PM2.5 sample was provided by Shenyang Environment Monitor Central Station .
Lung injury was established by intratracheal instillation PM2.5 ( 7.5 mg/kg ) followed by TQ treatment ( 20 and 40 mg/kg ) for 14 d in rats .
Hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) and Evans blue dye ( EBD ) staining were detected on lung tissues .
ELISA , real-time PCR , western blotting and TUNEL assays were also performed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ TQ diminished lung injury and EBD accumulation .
The number of macrophages , neutrophils , eosinophils , and lymphocytes was ameliorated after TQ treatment .
In addition , TQ suppressed the inflammation reaction parameters ( interleukin-1β and -6 , IL-1β and IL-6 ; tumor necrosis factor-α , TNF-α ) and oxidative stress in PM2.5-induced lung injury .
The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) and heme oxygenase ( HO-1 ) were increased due to the treatment of TQ .
The number of TUNEL-positive cells was prominently reduced in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group .
Intratracheal instillation PM2.5 activated autophagy , whilst TQ blocked it in lung .
CONCLUSIONS : Taken together , this study provides the firstevidence that TQ suppresses inflammation , oxidative stress , apoptosis , and autophagy in PM2.5-induced lung injury .

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-induced lung injury.
METHODS: The PM2.5 sample was provided by Shenyang Environment Monitor Central Station. Lung injury was established by intratracheal instillation PM2.5 (7.5 mg/kg) followed by TQ treatment (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 14 d in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Evans blue dye (EBD) staining were detected on lung tissues. ELISA, real-time PCR, western blotting and TUNEL assays were also performed.
RESULTS: The data showed that TQ diminished lung injury and EBD accumulation. The number of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes was ameliorated after TQ treatment. In addition, TQ suppressed the inflammation reaction parameters (interleukin-1β and -6, IL-1β and IL-6; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) and oxidative stress in PM2.5-induced lung injury. The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) were increased due to the treatment of TQ. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was prominently reduced in TQ-treated rats compared with that in PM2.5 group. Intratracheal instillation PM2.5 activated autophagy, whilst TQ blocked it in lung.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study provides the firstevidence that TQ suppresses inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in PM2.5-induced lung injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone inhibits proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells.

BACKGROUND : Triple negative breast cancer ( TNBC ) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis .
A better understanding of the biology of this complex cancer is needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies for improvement of patient survival .
We have previously demonstrated that Thymoquinone ( TQ ) , the major phenolic compound found in Nigella sativa , induces anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects and inhibits in vivo tumor growth in orthotopic TNBC models in mice .
Also , we have previously shown that Beclin-1 and LC3 autophagy genes contributes to TNBC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suggesting that Beclin-1 and LC3 genes provide proto-oncogenic effects in TNBC .
However , the role of Beclin1 and LC3 in mediating TQ-induced anti-tumor effects in TNBC is not known .
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effects of TQ on the major autophagy mediators , Beclin-1 and LC3 expression , as wells autophagic activity in TNBC cells .
METHODS : Cell proliferation , colony formation , migration and autophagy activity were evaluated using MTS cell viability , colony formation assay , wound healing and acridine orange staining assays , respectively .
Western blotting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ LC3 and Beclin-1 protein and gene expressions , respectively , in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells in response to TQ treatments .
RESULTS : TQ treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation , colony formation , migration and autophagic activity of MDA-MB-231 cells and suppressed LC3 and Beclin-1 expressions .
Furthermore , TQ treatment led to the inhibition of Integrin-β1 , VEGF , MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TNBC cells .
CONCLUSION : TQ inhibits autophagic activity and expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in TNBC cells and suppresses pathways related to cell migration/invasion and angiogenesis , including Integrin-β1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suggesting that TQ may be used to control autophagic activity and oncogenic signaling in TNBC .

BACKGROUND: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis. A better understanding of the biology of this complex cancer is needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies for improvement of patient survival. We have previously demonstrated that Thymoquinone (TQ), the major phenolic compound found in Nigella sativa, induces anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects and inhibits in vivo tumor growth in orthotopic TNBC models in mice. Also, we have previously shown that Beclin-1 and LC3 autophagy genes contributes to TNBC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, suggesting that Beclin-1 and LC3 genes provide proto-oncogenic effects in TNBC. However, the role of Beclin1 and LC3 in mediating TQ-induced anti-tumor effects in TNBC is not known.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of TQ on the major autophagy mediators, Beclin-1 and LC3 expression, as wells autophagic activity in TNBC cells.
METHODS: Cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and autophagy activity were evaluated using MTS cell viability, colony formation assay, wound healing and acridine orange staining assays, respectively. Western blotting and RT-PCR assays were used to investigate LC3 and Beclin-1 protein and gene expressions, respectively, in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells in response to TQ treatments.
RESULTS: TQ treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and autophagic activity of MDA-MB-231 cells and suppressed LC3 and Beclin-1 expressions. Furthermore, TQ treatment led to the inhibition of Integrin-β1, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TNBC cells.
CONCLUSION: TQ inhibits autophagic activity and expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in TNBC cells and suppresses pathways related to cell migration/invasion and angiogenesis, including Integrin-β1, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9, suggesting that TQ may be used to control autophagic activity and oncogenic signaling in TNBC.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone may have a potential protective effect against hypothyroidism-induced renal injury.

Background : The association between hypothyroidism and renal diseases has been described in many studies.was among the recently reported natural product that has the potential to prevent renal tissue damage and fibrosis .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of thymoquinone on the structure of the renal cortex of hypothyroid rats and explore the mechanism behind it .
Methods : An experimental model of hypothyroidism was induced in adult male Wistar rats by administration of propylthiouracil ( 6 mg/kg/body weight ) .
One hypothyroid group was treated with thymoquinone at the dose of 50 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group .
Thyroid function and oxidant/antioxidant status were assessed in the serum .
Catalase gene expression was assessed using the real-time polymerase chainreaction .
The kidney was assessed both histologically and immunohistochemically .
Results : Administration of propylthiouracil resulted in a significant decrease in the serum levels of nitric oxide , reduced glutathione , and superoxide dismutase activity while the level of malondialdehyde significantly ( < 0.001 ) increased .
Administration of thymoquinone alleviated this effect on the thyroid hormones and significantly increased the serum levels of antioxidants .
Thymoquinone significantly ( < @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 24-fold and could block the hypothyroidism-induced glomerular and tubular injury .
Conclusion : Thymoquinone may have a potential protective effect against hypothyroidism-induced renal injury acting through the attenuation of the oxidative stress and upregulation of renal catalase gene expression .

Background: The association between hypothyroidism and renal diseases has been described in many studies.was among the recently reported natural product that has the potential to prevent renal tissue damage and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of thymoquinone on the structure of the renal cortex of hypothyroid rats and explore the mechanism behind it.
Methods: An experimental model of hypothyroidism was induced in adult male Wistar rats by administration of propylthiouracil (6 mg/kg/body weight). One hypothyroid group was treated with thymoquinone at the dose of 50 mg/kg/body weight and compared to the untreated group. Thyroid function and oxidant/antioxidant status were assessed in the serum. Catalase gene expression was assessed using the real-time polymerase chainreaction. The kidney was assessed both histologically and immunohistochemically.
Results: Administration of propylthiouracil resulted in a significant decrease in the serum levels of nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase activity while the level of malondialdehyde significantly (<0.001) increased. Administration of thymoquinone alleviated this effect on the thyroid hormones and significantly increased the serum levels of antioxidants. Thymoquinone significantly (<0.001) upregulated catalase transcription by about 24-fold and could block the hypothyroidism-induced glomerular and tubular injury.
Conclusion: Thymoquinone may have a potential protective effect against hypothyroidism-induced renal injury acting through the attenuation of the oxidative stress and upregulation of renal catalase gene expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone induces apoptosis and DNA damage in 5-Fluorouracil-resistant colorectal cancer stem/pro

Thymoquinone induces apoptosis and DNA damage in 5-Fluorouracil-resistant colorectal cancer stem/progenitor cells.

The high recurrence rates of colorectal cancer have been associated with a small population of cancer stem cells ( CSCs ) that are resistant to the standard chemotherapeutic drug , 5-fluorouracil ( 5FU ) .
Thymoquinone ( TQ ) has shown promising antitumor properties on numerous cancer systems bothand ; however , its effect on colorectal CSCs is poorly established .
Here , we investigated TQ 's potential to target CSCs in a three-dimensional ( 3D ) sphere-formation assay enriched for a population of colorectal cancer stem/progenitor cells .
Our results showed a significant decrease in self-renewal potential of CSC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cells at 10-fold lower concentrations when compared to 2D monolayers .
TQ decreased the expression levels of colorectal stem cell markers CD44 and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule EpCAM and proliferation marker Ki67 in colonospheres derived from both cell lines and reduced cellular migration and invasion .
Further investigation revealed that TQ treatment led to increased TUNEL positivity and a dramatic increase in the amount of the DNA damage marker gamma H2AX particularly in 5FU-resistant colonospheres , suggesting that the diminished sphere forming ability in TQ-treated colonospheres is due to induction of DNA damage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ injection of TQ in mice inhibited tumor growth of spheres derived from 5FU-sensitive and 5FU-resistant HCT116 cells .
Furthermore , TQ induced apoptosis and inhibited NF-κB and MEK signaling in mouse tumors .
Altogether , our findings document TQ 's effect on colorectal cancer stem-like cells and provide insights into its underlying mechanism of action .

The high recurrence rates of colorectal cancer have been associated with a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are resistant to the standard chemotherapeutic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Thymoquinone (TQ) has shown promising antitumor properties on numerous cancer systems bothand; however, its effect on colorectal CSCs is poorly established. Here, we investigated TQ's potential to target CSCs in a three-dimensional (3D) sphere-formation assay enriched for a population of colorectal cancer stem/progenitor cells. Our results showed a significant decrease in self-renewal potential of CSC populations enriched from 5FU-sensitive and resistant HCT116 cells at 10-fold lower concentrations when compared to 2D monolayers. TQ decreased the expression levels of colorectal stem cell markers CD44 and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule EpCAM and proliferation marker Ki67 in colonospheres derived from both cell lines and reduced cellular migration and invasion. Further investigation revealed that TQ treatment led to increased TUNEL positivity and a dramatic increase in the amount of the DNA damage marker gamma H2AX particularly in 5FU-resistant colonospheres, suggesting that the diminished sphere forming ability in TQ-treated colonospheres is due to induction of DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. The intraperitoneal injection of TQ in mice inhibited tumor growth of spheres derived from 5FU-sensitive and 5FU-resistant HCT116 cells. Furthermore, TQ induced apoptosis and inhibited NF-κB and MEK signaling in mouse tumors. Altogether, our findings document TQ's effect on colorectal cancer stem-like cells and provide insights into its underlying mechanism of action.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Potential benefits of combination of Nigella sativa and zinc supplements to treat COVID-19.

An effective vaccine to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 is yet to be approved .
Further there is no drug that is specific to treat COVID-19 .
A number of antiviral drugs such as Ribavirin , Remdesivir , Lopinavir/ritonavir , Azithromycin and Doxycycline have been recommended or are being used to treat COVID-19 patients .
In addition to these drugs , rationale and evidence have been presented to use chloroquine to treat COVID-19 , arguably with certain precautions and criticism .
In line with the proposed use of chloroquine , Nigella sativa ( black seed ) could be considered as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of bioactive components such as thymoquinone , dithymoquinone , thymohydroquinone , and nigellimine .
Further benefits to use.could be augmented by Zn supplement .
Notably , Zn has been proven to improve innate and adaptive immunity in the course of any infection , be it by pathogenic virus or bacteria .
The effectiveness of the Zn salt supplement could also be enhanced with.as its major bioactive component might work as ionophore to allow Zn2+ to enter pneumocytes - the target cell for SARSCoV-2 .
Given those benefits , this review paper describes how.in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a complement to COVID-19 treatment .

An effective vaccine to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 is yet to be approved. Further there is no drug that is specific to treat COVID-19. A number of antiviral drugs such as Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Azithromycin and Doxycycline have been recommended or are being used to treat COVID-19 patients. In addition to these drugs, rationale and evidence have been presented to use chloroquine to treat COVID-19, arguably with certain precautions and criticism. In line with the proposed use of chloroquine, Nigella sativa (black seed) could be considered as a natural substitute that contains a number of bioactive components such as thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, and nigellimine. Further benefits to use.could be augmented by Zn supplement. Notably, Zn has been proven to improve innate and adaptive immunity in the course of any infection, be it by pathogenic virus or bacteria. The effectiveness of the Zn salt supplement could also be enhanced with.as its major bioactive component might work as ionophore to allow Zn2+ to enter pneumocytes - the target cell for SARSCoV-2. Given those benefits, this review paper describes how.in combination with Zn could be useful as a complement to COVID-19 treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone suppresses migration of human renal carcinoma caki-1 cells.

Renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) is likely to metastasize to other organs , and is often resistant to conventional @ @ @ @ @ ) , a phytochemical derived from the seeds of , has been shown to inhibit @ @ @ @ @ cancers .
In this study , we assessed the effect of TQ on the migratory @ @ @ @ @ cells .
We found that treatment with TQ reduced the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 @ @ @ @ @ cells .
TQ significantly repressed prostaglandin E ( PGE ) production , its EP2 receptor @ @ @ @ @ activation of Akt and p38 , the wellknown upstream signal proteins of MMP-9 .
In @ @ @ @ @ , a PGEagonist , also induced MMP-9 activity and migration/invasion in Caki-1 cells .
Moreover @ @ @ @ @ and p38 remarkably attenuated butaprostinduced Caki-1 cell migration and invasion , implying that activation of @ @ @ @ @ bridge between the PGE-EP2 axis and MMP-9-dependent migration and invasion .
Taken together , these @ @ @ @ @ a promising anti-metastatic drug to treat advanced and metastatic RCC .

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is likely to metastasize to other organs, and is often resistant to conventional chemotherapies. Thymoquinone (TQ), a phytochemical derived from the seeds of, has been shown to inhibit migration and metastasis in various cancers. In this study, we assessed the effect of TQ on the migratory activity of human RCC Caki-1 cells. We found that treatment with TQ reduced the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Caki-1 cells. TQ significantly repressed prostaglandin E(PGE) production, its EP2 receptor expression as well as the activation of Akt and p38, the wellknown upstream signal proteins of MMP-9. In addition, treatment with butaprost, a PGEagonist, also induced MMP-9 activity and migration/invasion in Caki-1 cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K/Akt and p38 remarkably attenuated butaprostinduced Caki-1 cell migration and invasion, implying that activation of PI3K/Akt and p38 is a bridge between the PGE-EP2 axis and MMP-9-dependent migration and invasion. Taken together, these data suggest that TQ is a promising anti-metastatic drug to treat advanced and metastatic RCC.


Thymoquinone attenuates doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity.

Contrary to the fact that doxorubicin is a powerful chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of neoplastic diseases , cardiotoxicity is too important to be ignored .
Thymoquinone serves as a powerful free radical scavenger .
In the study , the effects of thymoquinone against doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity will be evaluated .
Forty rats were divided into five groups .
Group I : control group ( n = 8 ) ; group II : olive oil group ( n = 8 ) ; group III : thymoquinone group ( n = 8 ) ; given 10 mg/kg thymoquinone intraperitoneally per day throughout the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( n = 8 ) ; injected with a single dose of 15 mg/kg ip doxorubicin on the 7th day of the experiment ; group V : doxorubicin + thymoquinone group ( n = 8 ) ; administered with 10 mg/kg thymoquinone per day during the experiment and 15 mg/kg doxorubicin ip on the 7th day .
The experiment was planned for 14 days .
Immunohistochemically , heat shock protein ( HSP ) 70 and HSP90 , glucose-regulated protein 78 ( GRP78 ) , caspase-3 were stained .
We made terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Total oxidant status ( TOS ) levels and total antioxidant status ( TAS ) were measured in the heart tissue .
Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) and pro-B type natriuretic peptide ( proBNP ) were evaluated .
In the study , HSP70 , HSP90 , GRP78 , and caspase-3 levels increased in group IV .
TOS and TAS levels were significant compared to group I. Doxorubicin significantly increased ANP and NT-proBNP levels .
Thymoquinone revealed significant differences in these values .
Thymoquinone can be an important cardioprotective agent against doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity .

Contrary to the fact that doxorubicin is a powerful chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, cardiotoxicity is too important to be ignored. Thymoquinone serves as a powerful free radical scavenger. In the study, the effects of thymoquinone against doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity will be evaluated. Forty rats were divided into five groups. Group I: control group (n = 8); group II: olive oil group (n = 8); group III: thymoquinone group (n = 8); given 10 mg/kg thymoquinone intraperitoneally per day throughout the experiment; group IV: doxorubicin group (n = 8); injected with a single dose of 15 mg/kg ip doxorubicin on the 7th day of the experiment; group V: doxorubicin + thymoquinone group (n = 8); administered with 10 mg/kg thymoquinone per day during the experiment and 15 mg/kg doxorubicin ip on the 7th day. The experiment was planned for 14 days. Immunohistochemically, heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), caspase-3 were stained. We made terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling for apoptotic evaluation. Total oxidant status (TOS) levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in the heart tissue. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and pro-B type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) were evaluated. In the study, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78, and caspase-3 levels increased in group IV. TOS and TAS levels were significant compared to group I. Doxorubicin significantly increased ANP and NT-proBNP levels. Thymoquinone revealed significant differences in these values. Thymoquinone can be an important cardioprotective agent against doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone can protect the brain against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The extracellular space ( ECS ) is the space between the neurons and the capillaries in the brain .
The volume fraction ( α ) and the tortuosity ( λ ) are the main parameters used to describe its characteristics .
Thymoquinone has been proved to possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity .
In this study , we used a gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentacetate ( Gd-DTPA ) -enhanced magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) systemto determine the effects of thymoquinone on ECS parameters in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats ( tMCAO ) to prove the neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone on brain tissue damage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride ( TTC ) staining , hematoxylin-eosin ( H & E ) staining and assaying of ECS parameters using MRI were performed 24 h after surgery .
We found that thymoquinone could improve the behavioural performance by neurological examinations .
TTC staining indicated that thymoquinone significantly decreased the percentage of hemi-cerebral infarction .
Also , H & E staining showed that thymoquinone could inhibit the neuron necrosis in the hippocampal CA1 region .
We found that thymoquinone treatment could inhibit the changes in ECS diffusion parameters , which might prove that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by ischemic stroke .
Thymoquinone can protect the brain against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury , effectively ameliorate abnormalities in characteristics of ECS and decrease cerebral infarction in tMCAO rats .

The extracellular space (ECS) is the space between the neurons and the capillaries in the brain. The volume fraction (α) and the tortuosity (λ) are the main parameters used to describe its characteristics. Thymoquinone has been proved to possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we used a gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systemto determine the effects of thymoquinone on ECS parameters in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats (tMCAO) to prove the neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone on brain tissue damage caused by ischemic stroke. Neurological examinations, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and assaying of ECS parameters using MRI were performed 24 h after surgery. We found that thymoquinone could improve the behavioural performance by neurological examinations. TTC staining indicated that thymoquinone significantly decreased the percentage of hemi-cerebral infarction. Also, H&E staining showed that thymoquinone could inhibit the neuron necrosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. We found that thymoquinone treatment could inhibit the changes in ECS diffusion parameters, which might prove that thymoquinone might protect brain tissue damage caused by ischemic stroke. Thymoquinone can protect the brain against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, effectively ameliorate abnormalities in characteristics of ECS and decrease cerebral infarction in tMCAO rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Thymoquinone inhibits the proliferation and invasion of esophageal cancer cells.

Although thymoquinone ( TQ ) has been reported to exert antitumor activity against various types of human cancers without evident toxicity , limited studies have reported the effects of TQ on esophageal cancer .
Here , we showed that TQ induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion .
Further investigation of the potential mechanism revealed that TQ increased the levels of p53 and p21 but significantly reduced the expression of Cyclin B1 , Cyclin A , and Cyclin E. Moreover , TQ led to a decrease in Bcl-2 and an increase in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caspase-9 , and Bax , indicating that TQ induced apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway .
Western blotting showed that TQ disrupted the PI3K/AKT pathway by upregulating PTEN , thus modulating GSK-3β activity , increasing β-catenin degradation , and decreasing decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in Eca109 cells .
However , these changes were attenuated by disrupting PTEN function ( using a potent inhibitor ) or downregulating PTEN expression .
In addition , in vivo results showed that the efficacy of TQ as an antitumor agent in a mouse xenograft tumor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ human esophageal cancer cells proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo and could provide a novel therapeutic approach for esophageal cancer .

Although thymoquinone (TQ) has been reported to exert antitumor activity against various types of human cancers without evident toxicity, limited studies have reported the effects of TQ on esophageal cancer. Here, we showed that TQ induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. Further investigation of the potential mechanism revealed that TQ increased the levels of p53 and p21 but significantly reduced the expression of Cyclin B1, Cyclin A, and Cyclin E. Moreover, TQ led to a decrease in Bcl-2 and an increase in cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-9, and Bax, indicating that TQ induced apoptosis by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Western blotting showed that TQ disrupted the PI3K/AKT pathway by upregulating PTEN, thus modulating GSK-3β activity, increasing β-catenin degradation, and decreasing decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in Eca109 cells. However, these changes were attenuated by disrupting PTEN function (using a potent inhibitor) or downregulating PTEN expression. In addition, in vivo results showed that the efficacy of TQ as an antitumor agent in a mouse xenograft tumor model. In conclusion, TQ suppressed human esophageal cancer cells proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo and could provide a novel therapeutic approach for esophageal cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Immunomodulatory effect of diallyl sulfide on experimentally-induced benign prostate hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH ) is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate common in older men .
Diallyl sulfide ( DAS ) , a major component of garlic , has been reported to possess antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and antiproliferative effects .
However , the underlying protective immunomodulatory mechanism of DAS on BPH remains vague .
Herein , experimental BPH was induced in rats by daily subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate ( TP ) ( 3 mg/kg , s.c. ) for 4 weeks .
In parallel , finasteride ( Fin ) ( 5 mg/kg , p.o ) or DAS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was administered orally during BPH induction .
TP-induced histological alterations and the immune-inflammatory cascade .
On the other hand , DAS or Fin administration alleviated all abnormalities induced testosterone .
Fin and DAS administration markedly reduced prostate weight by 53 % with Fin , and by 60 % with DAS .
Moreover , serum testosterone and DHT were reduced by 55 % and 52 % , respectively , with Fin and by 68 % and 75 % , respectively , with DAS , in concordance with decreased protein expression ofandrogen receptor ( AR @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
Furthermore , both regime lessen immune-inflammatory milieu , as evidenced by decrease CD4+ T-cells protein expression and associated inflammatory cytokines .
Concomitantly , Fin and DAS exhibited marked mitigation in insulin-like growth factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) , transforming growth factor-beta1 ( TGF-β1 ) , and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK1/2 ) signaling .
Besides alleviating oxidative stress by 53 % and 68 % in prostatic MDA and by 27 % and 7 % in prostatic iNOS with Fin and DAS , respectively .
In conclusion , this work highlighted a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dietary preventive agent against BPH via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect along with suppression of the ERK pathway .

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate common in older men. Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a major component of garlic, has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. However, the underlying protective immunomodulatory mechanism of DAS on BPH remains vague. Herein, experimental BPH was induced in rats by daily subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (TP) (3 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. In parallel, finasteride (Fin) (5 mg/kg, p.o) or DAS (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered orally during BPH induction. TP-induced histological alterations and the immune-inflammatory cascade. On the other hand, DAS or Fin administration alleviated all abnormalities induced testosterone. Fin and DAS administration markedly reduced prostate weight by 53% with Fin, and by 60% with DAS. Moreover, serum testosterone and DHT were reduced by 55% and 52%, respectively, with Fin and by 68% and 75%, respectively, with DAS, in concordance with decreased protein expression ofandrogen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Furthermore, both regime lessen immune-inflammatory milieu, as evidenced by decrease CD4+ T-cells protein expression and associated inflammatory cytokines. Concomitantly, Fin and DAS exhibited marked mitigation in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling. Besides alleviating oxidative stress by 53% and 68% in prostatic MDA and by 27% and 7% in prostatic iNOS with Fin and DAS, respectively. In conclusion, this work highlighted a potential therapeutic approach of DAS as a dietary preventive agent against BPH via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect along with suppression of the ERK pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of aged garlic extract against adriamycin-induced cardiotoxic

Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of aged garlic extract against adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Adriamycin ( ADR ) efficacy in cancer chemotherapy is well-established .
However , ADR-induced cardiotoxicity remains a significant challenge .
Aged garlic extract ( AGE ) is a natural polyphenol with high antioxidant potential .
This study was planned to determine the cytoprotective and antioxidant actions of AGE against the cardiotoxic effect of ADR in rats .
Six equal groups , control , ADR-treated ( single dose of 10 mg/kg on day 8 ) ; AGE-treated ( one dose of 250 mg/kg for 14 days ) ; AGE plus ADR-treated ( one dose of 250 mg/kg AGE for one week @ @ @ @ @ @ @ day 8 ) ; ADR plus AGE-treated ( single ADR injection of 10 mg/kg on day 8 plus AGE of 250 mg/kg once from 8th to 14th day ) ; combined AGE plus ADR plus AGE-treated ( one dose of 250 mg/kg AGE for 14 days plus single ADR injection of 10 mg/kg on day 8 ) .
Sera and cardiac samples were collected on day 15 and prepared for histological , ultrastructural and biochemical study .
Disorganization , focal degeneration and necrosis with apoptotic changes of the cardiac myofibrils were observed in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ level of total creatine kinase , lactic dehydrogenase , alkaline phosphatase enzymes , glutathione , glutathione- peroxidase , superoxide dismutase , and catalase activities and elevation in malondialdehyde concentration were detected in ADR-treated rats .
However , combination of AGE attenuated most of the histopathological , ultrastructural , and biochemical changes induced by ADR .
Combination of AGE attenuated the cardiotoxic effects-induced by ADR through its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials .
Therefore , AGE can use as adjunct during administration of ADR in cancer therapy .

Adriamycin (ADR) efficacy in cancer chemotherapy is well-established. However, ADR-induced cardiotoxicity remains a significant challenge. Aged garlic extract (AGE) is a natural polyphenol with high antioxidant potential. This study was planned to determine the cytoprotective and antioxidant actions of AGE against the cardiotoxic effect of ADR in rats. Six equal groups, control, ADR-treated (single dose of 10 mg/kg on day 8); AGE-treated (one dose of 250 mg/kg for 14 days); AGE plus ADR-treated (one dose of 250 mg/kg AGE for one week plus ADR injection of 10 mg/kg on day 8); ADR plus AGE-treated (single ADR injection of 10 mg/kg on day 8 plus AGE of 250 mg/kg once from 8th to 14th day); combined AGE plus ADR plus AGE-treated (one dose of 250 mg/kg AGE for 14 days plus single ADR injection of 10 mg/kg on day 8). Sera and cardiac samples were collected on day 15 and prepared for histological, ultrastructural and biochemical study. Disorganization, focal degeneration and necrosis with apoptotic changes of the cardiac myofibrils were observed in ADR-treated rats. Also, reduction in level of total creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase enzymes, glutathione, glutathione- peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities and elevation in malondialdehyde concentration were detected in ADR-treated rats. However, combination of AGE attenuated most of the histopathological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes induced by ADR. Combination of AGE attenuated the cardiotoxic effects-induced by ADR through its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials. Therefore, AGE can use as adjunct during administration of ADR in cancer therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--This meta-analysis showed that supplementation with garlic could reduce the level of circulating C-r

This meta-analysis showed that supplementation with garlic could reduce the level of circulating C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS : Previous studies have indicated that garlic consumption may be beneficial in improving inflammation .
This systematic @ @ @ @ @ examine the effect of garlic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers .
METHODS : PubMed/Medline , Scopus @ @ @ @ @ were searched up to February 2019 .
Random effects model was used to calculate the @ @ @ @ @ ( CRP ) , Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and Tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α @ @ @ @ @ randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) were included in the meta-analyses .
Garlic supplementation significantly @ @ @ @ @ CRP ( P 0.05 ) .
Sub-group analysis showed that aged garlic extract ( AGE @ @ @ @ @ CRP and TNF-α significantly ( P CONCLUSIONS : This meta-analysis showed that supplementation with garlic @ @ @ @ @ circulating CRP and AGE could reduce the level of TNF-α and CRP , whereas it @ @ @ @ @ the IL-6 level .

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies have indicated that garlic consumption may be beneficial in improving inflammation. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of garlic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers.
METHODS: PubMed/Medline, Scopus and ISI web of science were searched up to February 2019. Random effects model was used to calculate the overall effects on C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
RESULTS: 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analyses. Garlic supplementation significantly reduced the level of circulating CRP (P < 0.05), whereas it did not have any significant effect on IL-6 level (p > 0.05). Sub-group analysis showed that aged garlic extract (AGE) was able to reduce CRP and TNF-α significantly (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that supplementation with garlic could reduce the level of circulating CRP and AGE could reduce the level of TNF-α and CRP, whereas it had no significant effect on the IL-6 level.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Anti-viral potential of garlic and it's organosulfur compounds.

Background : Garlic ( L. ) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time .
Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds ( OSCs ) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations .
However , so far no systematic review on its anti-viral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists .
Scope and approach : The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that underpin these antiviral actions .
PubMed , Cochrane library , Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review .
Key findings and conclusions : Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human , animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells , inhibiting viral RNA polymerase , reverse transcriptase , DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1 ( IEG1 ) transcription , as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MAPK ) signaling pathway .
The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs .
Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response .
This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections .

Background: Garlic (L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its anti-viral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.
Scope and approach: The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review.
Key findings and conclusions: Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Swimming exercise supplemented with garlic extract not only improves antioxidant capacity but also d

Swimming exercise supplemented with garlic extract not only improves antioxidant capacity but also declines oxidative damages and apoptosis.

Background/Objective : One of the problems associated with aging is the development of apoptosis in different tissues .
There is evidence that physical activity and herbal remedies can be useful .
This study aimed to determine the effect of swimming training ( SW ) alone or combined with garlic extract on renal and hepatic cells apoptosis , as wellas on the liver and kidney function biomarkers in old rats .
Methods : A total of 35 old rats ( aged 40-50 weeks ) were randomly divided into 5 groups including control , saline ( S ) , exercise training ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and exercise training+ garlic ( ET.G ) groups .
Exercise was started for 5 min/day and then gradually extended to 60 min/day and the G and E+G groups received 1 mL/kg of this mixture by gavage .
Twenty-four hours after completion of 8 weeks training , liver , kidney and blood samples were collected for histopathological examinations , liver and kidney functions , oxidative stress and apoptosis biomarkers .
Results : The tissue sections of the SW exercise , control and saline groups showed some mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ damages .
The SW alone or supplemented with garlic significantly increased the Bcl-2 value and declined the BAX level in both liver and kidney ( p < 0.05 ) .
The activities of catalase ( CAT ) and superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) in the liver and kidney of the control and saline groups were lower than those in E , G and G+E groups , while a significant increase for malondialdehyde ( MDA ) value was found in the control and saline groups .
Furthermore , the E+G significantly declined the activity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ALP ) and renal damage ( uric acid , urea and creatinine ) biomarkers compared to the control and saline groups ( p < 0.05 ) .
Discussion : Swimming exercise supplemented with garlic extract not only improves antioxidant capacity but also declines oxidative damages and apoptosis through reducing Bax levels and enhancing Bcl-2 value .

Background/Objective: One of the problems associated with aging is the development of apoptosis in different tissues. There is evidence that physical activity and herbal remedies can be useful. This study aimed to determine the effect of swimming training (SW) alone or combined with garlic extract on renal and hepatic cells apoptosis, as wellas on the liver and kidney function biomarkers in old rats.
Methods: A total of 35 old rats (aged 40-50 weeks) were randomly divided into 5 groups including control, saline (S), exercise training (ET), garlic (G) and exercise training+ garlic (ET.G) groups. Exercise was started for 5 min/day and then gradually extended to 60 min/day and the G and E+G groups received 1 mL/kg of this mixture by gavage. Twenty-four hours after completion of 8 weeks training, liver, kidney and blood samples were collected for histopathological examinations, liver and kidney functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis biomarkers.
Results: The tissue sections of the SW exercise, control and saline groups showed some mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney, while SW supplemented with garlic prevented these damages. The SW alone or supplemented with garlic significantly increased the Bcl-2 value and declined the BAX level in both liver and kidney (p<0.05). The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and kidney of the control and saline groups were lower than those in E, G and G+E groups, while a significant increase for malondialdehyde (MDA) value was found in the control and saline groups. Furthermore, the E+G significantly declined the activity of hepatic (ALT, AST and ALP) and renal damage (uric acid, urea and creatinine) biomarkers compared to the control and saline groups (p<0.05).
Discussion: Swimming exercise supplemented with garlic extract not only improves antioxidant capacity but also declines oxidative damages and apoptosis through reducing Bax levels and enhancing Bcl-2 value.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Is Eating Dates Good for You?

Is Eating Dates Good for You?

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Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-09-11--Phenolics from commercialized grape extracts prevent early atherosclerotic lesions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiatherosclerotic effect of commercially available phenolic-rich extracts from grape seeds ( @ @ @ @ @ grape seed extract , GSE ) and marc ( ExGrape total , EGT ) in @ @ @ @ @ possible operating mechanisms .
These extracts fed at a moderate dose mimicking two glasses of @ @ @ @ @ plasma cholesterol ( -11 % on average ) but did not affect plasma antioxidant capacity @ @ @ @ @ prevented the development of aortic atherosclerosis by 68 % ( EGS ) , 63 % @ @ @ @ @ 34 % ( GSE ) .
Elsewhere , in an ex vivo experiment using rat @ @ @ @ @ 7 microg/mL ) induced 77 % endothelium-dependent relaxation , whereas EGT and GSE ( 30 @ @ @ @ @ 72 % , respectively .
These results suggests that phenolic extracts from grape seeds and @ @ @ @ @ atherosclerosis by indirect mechanism ( s ) .

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiatherosclerotic effect of commercially available phenolic-rich extracts from grape seeds (ExGrape seeds, EGS; grape seed extract, GSE) and marc (ExGrape total, EGT) in cholesterol-fed hamsters and to investigate possible operating mechanisms. These extracts fed at a moderate dose mimicking two glasses of red wine per meal reduced plasma cholesterol (-11% on average) but did not affect plasma antioxidant capacity of hamsters. The extracts prevented the development of aortic atherosclerosis by 68% (EGS), 63% (EGT), and 34% (GSE). Elsewhere, in an ex vivo experiment using rat aortic rings, EGS (7 microg/mL) induced 77% endothelium-dependent relaxation, whereas EGT and GSE (30 microg/mL) induced 84 and 72%, respectively. These results suggests that phenolic extracts from grape seeds and marc are beneficial in inhibiting atherosclerosis by indirect mechanism(s).


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Quercetin abrogates bisphenol A induced altered neurobehavioral response and oxidative stress.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) , a well-recognized anthropogenic xenoestrogen , has been identified as a causative agent responsible for @ @ @ @ @ , neurotoxicity , oxidative stress , etc .
However , BPA-induced neurotoxicity and its possible @ @ @ @ @ remain elusive .
The current study was performed to elucidate the neurotoxic potential of BPA @ @ @ @ @ ) by waterborne exposure and its possible amelioration by quercetin co-supplementation .
Protective effect of @ @ @ @ @ response , oxidative stress and neuromorphological changes were evaluated in zebrafish brain .
The present @ @ @ @ @ neurobehavioral response was ameliorated by quercetin .
Biochemical studies advocate the potential therapeutic efficacy of @ @ @ @ @ in zebrafish brain .
Quercetin also shows neuroprotection against BPA-induced augmented neuronal pyknosis in periventricular @ @ @ @ @ of zebrafish brain .
These basic findings indicate that quercetin may act as an effective @ @ @ @ @ zebrafish through down-regulation of oxidative stress .

Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-recognized anthropogenic xenoestrogen, has been identified as a causative agent responsible for inducing carcinogenicity, cognitive impairment, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, etc. However, BPA-induced neurotoxicity and its possible amelioration through natural compound intervention remain elusive. The current study was performed to elucidate the neurotoxic potential of BPA in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by waterborne exposure and its possible amelioration by quercetin co-supplementation. Protective effect of quercetin against BPA-induced altered neurobehavioral response, oxidative stress and neuromorphological changes were evaluated in zebrafish brain. The present findings reveal that BPA-induced altered neurobehavioral response was ameliorated by quercetin. Biochemical studies advocate the potential therapeutic efficacy of quercetin against BPA-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish brain. Quercetin also shows neuroprotection against BPA-induced augmented neuronal pyknosis in periventricular grey zone (PGZ) of zebrafish brain. These basic findings indicate that quercetin may act as an effective intervention against BPA-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish through down-regulation of oxidative stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Paternal bisphenol A exposure in mice impairs glucose tolerance in female offspring.

Humans are ubiquitously exposed bisphenol A ( BPA ) , and epidemiological studies show a positive association between BPA exposure and diabetes risk , but the impact of parental exposure on offspring diabetes risk in humans is unknown .
Our previous studies in mice show disruption of metabolic health upon maternal BPA exposure .
The current study was undertaken to determine whether exposure in fathers causes adverse metabolic consequences in offspring .
Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to BPA in the diet beginning at 5 weeks of age resulting in the following dietary exposure groups : Control ( 0μg/kg/day ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Upper BPA ( 10 mg/kg/day ) .
After 12 weeks of dietary exposure , males were mated to control females .
Mothers and offspring were maintained on the control diet .
Post-pubertal paternal BPA exposure did not affect offspring body weight , body composition or glucose tolerance .
However , when fathers were exposed to BPA during gestation and lactation , their female offspring displayed impaired glucose tolerance in the absence of compromised in vivo insulin sensitivity or reduced ex vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion .
Male offspring exhibited normal glucose tolerance .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ is an early window of susceptibility in which paternal BPA exposure can cause sex-specific impairments in glucose homeostasis .

Humans are ubiquitously exposed bisphenol A (BPA), and epidemiological studies show a positive association between BPA exposure and diabetes risk, but the impact of parental exposure on offspring diabetes risk in humans is unknown. Our previous studies in mice show disruption of metabolic health upon maternal BPA exposure. The current study was undertaken to determine whether exposure in fathers causes adverse metabolic consequences in offspring. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to BPA in the diet beginning at 5 weeks of age resulting in the following dietary exposure groups: Control (0μg/kg/day), Lower BPA (10 μg/kg/day) and Upper BPA (10 mg/kg/day). After 12 weeks of dietary exposure, males were mated to control females. Mothers and offspring were maintained on the control diet. Post-pubertal paternal BPA exposure did not affect offspring body weight, body composition or glucose tolerance. However, when fathers were exposed to BPA during gestation and lactation, their female offspring displayed impaired glucose tolerance in the absence of compromised in vivo insulin sensitivity or reduced ex vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Male offspring exhibited normal glucose tolerance. Taken together, these studies show there is an early window of susceptibility in which paternal BPA exposure can cause sex-specific impairments in glucose homeostasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Maternal Bisphenol S exposure affects the reproductive capacity of F1 and F2 offspring in mice.

Bisphenol S ( BPS ) is an endocrine disruptor which is widely used in commercial plastic products .
Previous studies have shown that exposure to BPS has toxic effects on various aspects of mammalian , but there are few reports about reproductive toxicity .
In order to investigate the effects of maternal BPS exposure on the reproductive of F1 and F2 female mice , the pregnant mice were orally administered with different dosages of BPS only once every day from 12.5 to 15.5 days post-coitus ( dpc ) .
The results showed that maternal BPS exposure to 2 μg per @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2 μg/kg ) and 10 μg/kg accelerated the meiotic prophase I ( MPI ) of F1 female mice and the expression of the genes related to meiotic were increased .
Further studies showed that maternal BPS exposure resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles in the 3 days post-partum ( 3 dpp ) ovaries of F1 female mice .
And at the time of 21 days post-partum ( 21 dpp ) in F1 female mice , the number of antral follicles were significantly lower compare to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ female mice of F1 , we found thatBPS disturbed the folliculogenesis , and the maturation rates and fertilization rates of oocytes were significantly decreased .
Of note , maternal BPS exposure disrupted H3K4 and H3K9 tri-methylation levels in F1 ovaries .
Maternal BPS exposure only affected the cyst breakdown in F2 female mice .
Taken together , our results suggest that , maternal BPS exposure impaired the process of meiosis and oogenesis of F1 and F2 offspring , resulting in abnormal follicular development and serious damage to the reproduction .

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an endocrine disruptor which is widely used in commercial plastic products. Previous studies have shown that exposure to BPS has toxic effects on various aspects of mammalian, but there are few reports about reproductive toxicity. In order to investigate the effects of maternal BPS exposure on the reproductive of F1 and F2 female mice, the pregnant mice were orally administered with different dosages of BPS only once every day from 12.5 to 15.5 days post-coitus (dpc). The results showed that maternal BPS exposure to 2 μg per kg of body weight per day (2 μg/kg) and 10 μg/kg accelerated the meiotic prophase I (MPI) of F1 female mice and the expression of the genes related to meiotic were increased. Further studies showed that maternal BPS exposure resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles in the 3 days post-partum (3 dpp) ovaries of F1 female mice. And at the time of 21 days post-partum (21 dpp) in F1 female mice, the number of antral follicles were significantly lower compare to controls. In the study of five-week female mice of F1, we found thatBPS disturbed the folliculogenesis, and the maturation rates and fertilization rates of oocytes were significantly decreased. Of note, maternal BPS exposure disrupted H3K4 and H3K9 tri-methylation levels in F1 ovaries. Maternal BPS exposure only affected the cyst breakdown in F2 female mice. Taken together, our results suggest that, maternal BPS exposure impaired the process of meiosis and oogenesis of F1 and F2 offspring, resulting in abnormal follicular development and serious damage to the reproduction.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Perinatal oral exposure to low doses of bisphenol A, S or F impairs immune functions at intestinal a

Perinatal oral exposure to low doses of bisphenol A, S or F impairs immune functions at intestinal and systemic levels in female offspring mice.

BACKGROUND : Bisphenol A ( BPA ) , one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide , has been identified as an endocrine disruptor .
Many peer-reviewing studies have reported adverse effects of low dose BPA exposure , particularly during perinatal period ( gestation and/or lactation ) .
We previously demonstrated that perinatal oral exposure to BPA ( via gavage of mothers during gestation and lactation ) has long-term consequences on immune response and intestinal barrier functions .
Due to its adverse effects on several developmental and physiological processes , BPA was removed from consumer products and replaced by chemical substitutes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are structurally similar and not well studied compare to BPA .
Here , we aimed to compare perinatal oral exposure to these bisphenols ( BPs ) at two doses ( 5 and 50 μg/kg of body weight ( BW ) /day ( d ) ) on immune response at intestinal and systemic levels in female offspring mice at adulthood ( Post Natal Day PND70 ) .
METHODS : Pregnant female mice were orally exposed to BPA , BPS or BPF at 5 or 50 μg/kg BW/d from 15th day of gravidity to weaning @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) 21 .
Humoral and cellular immune responses of adult offspring ( PND70 ) were analysed at intestinal and systemic levels .
RESULTS : In female offspring , perinatal oral BP exposure led to adverse effects on intestinal and systemic immune response that were dependant of the BP nature ( A , S or F ) and dose of exposure .
Stronger impacts were observed with BPS at the dose of 5 μg/kg BW/d on inflammatory markers in feces associated with an increase of anti-E. coli IgG in plasma .
BPA and BPF @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in offspring mice , in term of intestinal and systemic immune responses , provoking an intestinal and systemic Th1/Th17 inflammation .
CONCLUSION : These findings provide , for the first time , results of long-time consequences of BPA , S and F perinatal exposure by oral route on immune response in offspring mice .
This work warns that it is mandatory to consider immune markers and dose exposure in risk assessment associated to new BPA 's alternatives .

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, has been identified as an endocrine disruptor. Many peer-reviewing studies have reported adverse effects of low dose BPA exposure, particularly during perinatal period (gestation and/or lactation). We previously demonstrated that perinatal oral exposure to BPA (via gavage of mothers during gestation and lactation) has long-term consequences on immune response and intestinal barrier functions. Due to its adverse effects on several developmental and physiological processes, BPA was removed from consumer products and replaced by chemical substitutes such as BPS or BPF, that are structurally similar and not well studied compare to BPA. Here, we aimed to compare perinatal oral exposure to these bisphenols (BPs) at two doses (5 and 50 μg/kg of body weight (BW)/day (d)) on immune response at intestinal and systemic levels in female offspring mice at adulthood (Post Natal Day PND70).
METHODS: Pregnant female mice were orally exposed to BPA, BPS or BPF at 5 or 50 μg/kg BW/d from 15th day of gravidity to weaning of pups at Post-Natal Day (PND) 21. Humoral and cellular immune responses of adult offspring (PND70) were analysed at intestinal and systemic levels.
RESULTS: In female offspring, perinatal oral BP exposure led to adverse effects on intestinal and systemic immune response that were dependant of the BP nature (A, S or F) and dose of exposure. Stronger impacts were observed with BPS at the dose of 5 μg/kg BW/d on inflammatory markers in feces associated with an increase of anti-E. coli IgG in plasma. BPA and BPF exposure induced prominent changes at low dose in offspring mice, in term of intestinal and systemic immune responses, provoking an intestinal and systemic Th1/Th17 inflammation.
CONCLUSION: These findings provide, for the first time, results of long-time consequences of BPA, S and F perinatal exposure by oral route on immune response in offspring mice. This work warns that it is mandatory to consider immune markers and dose exposure in risk assessment associated to new BPA's alternatives.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-12--Chronic exposure to bisphenol S induces oxidative stress, abnormal anxiety, and fear responses in ad

Chronic exposure to bisphenol S induces oxidative stress, abnormal anxiety, and fear responses in adult zebrafish.

Bisphenol S ( BPS ) is increasingly used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products , resulting in its ubiquitous distribution across the environment , including aquatic ecosystems .
Although it is commonly known as a weak/moderate estrogenic compound , there has been a growing acknowledgment of the potential of BPS to cause toxicity by inducing oxidative stress .
Oxidative stress is a major participant in the development of anxiety-like behaviors in humans and animals .
Therefore , the present study was designed to examine the impact of BPS on anxiety-like behavior and fear responses in adult zebrafish @ @ @ @ @ @ @ between the BPS neurotoxicity and oxidative status of the brain .
To this end , adult male and female zebrafish were exposed to 0 ( control ) , 1 , 10 , and 30 μg/L of BPS and 1 μg/L of 17-β-estradiol ( E2 ) for 75 days .
Following exposure , changes in anxiety and fear-related responses were evaluated by applying a novel tank test and by exposing focal fish to chemical alarm cues .
Additionally , we evaluated the expression of multiple antioxidant genesin the zebrafish brain .
Our results indicate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and E2 significantly decreased bottom-dwelling behavior and the latency to enter the upper water column .
Furthermore , exposure to the highest concentration of BPS and E2 induced a significant decrease in fear-related responses .
The impaired anxiety and reduced fear-related responses were associated with a down-regulation in the transcription of genes involved in enzymatic antioxidant defense .
Taken together , our results suggest that chronic exposure to BPS impairs anxiety and fear responses in adultzebrafish , possibly by inducing oxidative stress in the brain .

Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products, resulting in its ubiquitous distribution across the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. Although it is commonly known as a weak/moderate estrogenic compound, there has been a growing acknowledgment of the potential of BPS to cause toxicity by inducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a major participant in the development of anxiety-like behaviors in humans and animals. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the impact of BPS on anxiety-like behavior and fear responses in adult zebrafish and also to elucidate the possible linkage between the BPS neurotoxicity and oxidative status of the brain. To this end, adult male and female zebrafish were exposed to 0 (control), 1, 10, and 30 μg/L of BPS and 1 μg/L of 17-β-estradiol (E2) for 75 days. Following exposure, changes in anxiety and fear-related responses were evaluated by applying a novel tank test and by exposing focal fish to chemical alarm cues. Additionally, we evaluated the expression of multiple antioxidant genesin the zebrafish brain. Our results indicate that BPS, irrespective of exposure concentration, and E2 significantly decreased bottom-dwelling behavior and the latency to enter the upper water column. Furthermore, exposure to the highest concentration of BPS and E2 induced a significant decrease in fear-related responses. The impaired anxiety and reduced fear-related responses were associated with a down-regulation in the transcription of genes involved in enzymatic antioxidant defense. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic exposure to BPS impairs anxiety and fear responses in adultzebrafish, possibly by inducing oxidative stress in the brain.