greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Ginger extract protects the heart against inflammation and fibrosis in diabetes.

BACKGROUND : Fibrosis and inflammation in the heart of patients with diabetes mellitus alongside increased production of free radicals and collagen are together known as diabetic cardiomyopathy .
Ginger rhizome has antidiabetic , antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects .
Thus , we investigated the effect of ginger extract on diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats .
METHODS : Animals were divided into 7 groups : control ; diabetic ; diabetic treated with different doses of ginger extract of 100 , 200 and 400 mg/kg ; metformin ( 200 mg/kg ) ; and metformin-valsartan ( 200 and 30 mg/kg , respectively ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ aminotransferase , lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-muscle/brain were measured .
Fibrosis and inflammation were determined by histologic assessment .
Gene expression of transforming growth factor ( TGF ) -β1 , TGF-β3 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in heart tissue .
RESULTS : Serum glucose level in all treated groups , except for the ginger extract 100-mg/kg group , was significantly lower than in the diabetic group .
Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase , lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-muscle/brain were significantly reduced in all treated groups @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the study of fibrosis , collagen amount in the heart tissue of all treated groups , except the ginger extract 100-mg/kg group , was significantly lower than in the diabetic group .
Inflammatory cell infiltrates were decreased , and disarrangement was improved in cardiac tissues of all treated groups compared with the diabetic group .
Expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 genes in all treated groups downregulated compared with the diabetic group .
CONCLUSIONS : Treatment by ginger extract reduced myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in the course of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the expression of genes involved in the SMAD/TGF-β pathway .

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis and inflammation in the heart of patients with diabetes mellitus alongside increased production of free radicals and collagen are together known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Ginger rhizome has antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, we investigated the effect of ginger extract on diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS: Animals were divided into 7 groups: control; diabetic; diabetic treated with different doses of ginger extract of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg; metformin (200 mg/kg); and metformin-valsartan (200 and 30 mg/kg, respectively). Serum levels of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-muscle/brain were measured. Fibrosis and inflammation were determined by histologic assessment. Gene expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β3 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in heart tissue.
RESULTS: Serum glucose level in all treated groups, except for the ginger extract 100-mg/kg group, was significantly lower than in the diabetic group. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-muscle/brain were significantly reduced in all treated groups compared with the diabetic group. In the study of fibrosis, collagen amount in the heart tissue of all treated groups, except the ginger extract 100-mg/kg group, was significantly lower than in the diabetic group. Inflammatory cell infiltrates were decreased, and disarrangement was improved in cardiac tissues of all treated groups compared with the diabetic group. Expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 genes in all treated groups downregulated compared with the diabetic group.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment by ginger extract reduced myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in the course of diabetic cardiomyopathy, possibly through regulation of the expression of genes involved in the SMAD/TGF-β pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Ginger improves oxidative stress and trace elements status in patients with alopecia areata.

Background : Alopecia areata ( AA ) involves oxidative reactions in the hair follicle .
Its treatment is difficult due to both the unknown etiology and the adverse drug effects .
Aims : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orally administered ginger powder on the oxidative stress markers of the plasma and blood cells in Iraqi patients with AA .
Subjects and Methods : Twenty patients ( 9 females and 11 males ) , with a mean age of 26.0± 8.0 years , with different lesions of stable alopecia areata localized on the scalp , were enrolled in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the use of any medication that may influence the course of the disease .
All patients were treated with 500 mg of ginger powder once daily for 60zz days .
Blood samples were obtained at zero time , day-30 and day-60 and utilized for the evaluation of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes contents of reduced glutathione ( GSH ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and total antioxidant status ( TAS ) , in addition to the assessment of serum zinc ( Zn ) and copper ( Cu ) levels.The results are compared with those @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control group .
Results : Treatment of the AA patients with ginger significantly improves the antioxidant/oxidant balance of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes , which is known to be impaired in the patient group as compared with healthy subjects .
The ginger powder also elevates the serum concentration of zinc up to that reported in controls and associated with normalizing serum copper levels at the end of the treatment period .
Conclusion : Consumption of ginger as a supplement by the patients with AA could improve the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ zinc .

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) involves oxidative reactions in the hair follicle. Its treatment is difficult due to both the unknown etiology and the adverse drug effects. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orally administered ginger powder on the oxidative stress markers of the plasma and blood cells in Iraqi patients with AA.
Subjects and Methods: Twenty patients (9 females and 11 males), with a mean age of 26.0± 8.0 years, with different lesions of stable alopecia areata localized on the scalp, were enrolled in this pilot study. Exclusion criteria include the use of any medication that may influence the course of the disease. All patients were treated with 500 mg of ginger powder once daily for 60zz days. Blood samples were obtained at zero time, day-30 and day-60 and utilized for the evaluation of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS), in addition to the assessment of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels.The results are compared with those of 20 healthy subjects served as a control group.
Results: Treatment of the AA patients with ginger significantly improves the antioxidant/oxidant balance of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes, which is known to be impaired in the patient group as compared with healthy subjects. The ginger powder also elevates the serum concentration of zinc up to that reported in controls and associated with normalizing serum copper levels at the end of the treatment period.
Conclusion: Consumption of ginger as a supplement by the patients with AA could improve the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the erythrocytes and lymphocytes and restoring the normal level of serum zinc.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oil during heating prevent the oxidative

Lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oil during heating prevent the oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction triggered by heated oils.

In this study , we elucidated the modulatory potentials of lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oils during heating on the brain antioxidant defense and cognitive response in rats .
Male Wistar rats were fed with control diet [ including native canola oil ( N-CNO ) , and native sunflower oil ( N-SFO ) ] , or experimental diets [ including heated canola oil ( H-CNO ) , heated sunflower oil ( H-SFO ) , heated canola oil with ginger ( H-CNO + GI ) , heated canola oil with turmeric ( H-CNO + TU ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ + GI ) , heated sunflower oil with turmeric ( H-SFO + TU ) ] for 90 days .
Memory parameters [ Morris water maze , elevated plus maze , novel object recognition test , T-maze ( spontaneous alteration ) ] , locomotor skills ( open field test and rotarod test ) , antioxidant defense enzymes , reactive oxygen species , NOS2 , ICAM-1 , and NRF-2 level in the brain were assessed .
Compared to their respective controls , heated oil-fed rats , but not those fed oils heated with ginger or @ @ @ @ @ @

In this study, we elucidated the modulatory potentials of lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oils during heating on the brain antioxidant defense and cognitive response in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with control diet [including native canola oil (N-CNO), and native sunflower oil (N-SFO)], or experimental diets [including heated canola oil (H-CNO), heated sunflower oil (H-SFO), heated canola oil with ginger (H-CNO + GI), heated canola oil with turmeric (H-CNO + TU), heated sunflower oil with ginger (H-SFO + GI), heated sunflower oil with turmeric (H-SFO + TU)] for 90 days. Memory parameters [Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition test, T-maze (spontaneous alteration)], locomotor skills (open field test and rotarod test), antioxidant defense enzymes, reactive oxygen species, NOS2, ICAM-1, and NRF-2 level in the brain were assessed. Compared to their respective controls, heated oil-fed rats, but not those fed oils heated with ginger or turmeric, showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the memory, motor coordination skills, antioxidant defense enzymes, and NRF-2 activation in the brain. Compared to their respective controls, the brain NOS-2 and ICAM-1 were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in heated oil-fed rats, but not those fed oils heated with ginger or turmeric. Chronic intake of repeatedly heated oil causes brain dysfunction by inducing oxidative stress through NRF-2 downregulation. Lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oil during heatingprevent the oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction triggered by heated oils in rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--The Great Reset Abolishes the US Constitution & English Bill of Rights

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greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract attenuated reserpine-induced depression.

Background : Repeated and regimented treatment with reserpine causes depression-like condition characterized by persistent mood disorder , feelings of severe despondency and dejection , thus altering the hippocampal morphology .
Our study compared a well-known antidepressant ( fluoxetine ) , with the potential ofto ameliorate reserpine-induced depression and the associated hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 ( CA1 ) neuronal cell damage .
Methods : Forty-eight male Wistar rats , weighing 130-160 g , were randomly assigned to 6 groups ( n=8 ) , housed in plastic cages under natural light and dark cycles at room temperature with access to feed and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ distilled water .
Group-B and Group-C orally received 400 mg/kg ofand 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine , respectively , for 7 days , while Group-D intraperitoneally received 0.2 mg/kg of reserpine for 14 days .
Group-E and Group-F intraperitoneally received 0.2 mg/kg of reserpine for 14 days followed by 400 mg/kg ofand 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine respectively for 7 days .
All animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of experiment , and the brains hippocampi were dissected , excised and processed for various analyses including histology [ H & E ] @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and specific gene expressions including p53 gene , glutathione reductase ( GSR ) , glutathione peroxidase and catalase ( CAT ) .
Results : Reserpine significantly depleted the expression of P53 and glutathione reductase ( GSR ) genes while significantly increasing the expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 ( GPx-1 ) gene ( P≤0.05 ) .
Also , a marked increase in the expression of catalase ( CAT ) gene was observed .
Furthermore , histoarchitecture ( photomicrographs ) of hippocampus CA1 region showed disruption in the arrangement of pyramidal neurons and alterations in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reserpine ( Group D ) .
There was also accompanying increased astrocyte densities within the CA1 region following reserpine treatment .
These features indicated deleterious effects of reserpine .
Bothand fluoxetine treatments ameliorated these effects .
Conclusion : These findings showed structural and molecular alterations associated with reserpine-induced depression .
Also , was effective to provide ameliorative and protective effects against the neurotoxic effects of reserpine in the hippocampus , making it a potential candidate for treating depression and its associated neurodegenerative diseases .

Background: Repeated and regimented treatment with reserpine causes depression-like condition characterized by persistent mood disorder, feelings of severe despondency and dejection, thus altering the hippocampal morphology. Our study compared a well-known antidepressant (fluoxetine), with the potential ofto ameliorate reserpine-induced depression and the associated hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) neuronal cell damage.
Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats, weighing 130-160 g, were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=8), housed in plastic cages under natural light and dark cycles at room temperature with access to feed and water. Group-A (control) received distilled water. Group-B and Group-C orally received 400 mg/kg ofand 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine, respectively, for 7 days, while Group-D intraperitoneally received 0.2 mg/kg of reserpine for 14 days. Group-E and Group-F intraperitoneally received 0.2 mg/kg of reserpine for 14 days followed by 400 mg/kg ofand 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine respectively for 7 days. All animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of experiment, and the brains hippocampi were dissected, excised and processed for various analyses including histology [H&E], histochemistry of GFAP expression by astrocytes and specific gene expressions including p53 gene, glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase and catalase (CAT).
Results: Reserpine significantly depleted the expression of P53 and glutathione reductase (GSR) genes while significantly increasing the expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) gene (P≤0.05). Also, a marked increase in the expression of catalase (CAT) gene was observed. Furthermore, histoarchitecture (photomicrographs) of hippocampus CA1 region showed disruption in the arrangement of pyramidal neurons and alterations in their morphologies when animals were treated with reserpine (Group D). There was also accompanying increased astrocyte densities within the CA1 region following reserpine treatment. These features indicated deleterious effects of reserpine. Bothand fluoxetine treatments ameliorated these effects.
Conclusion: These findings showed structural and molecular alterations associated with reserpine-induced depression. Also,was effective to provide ameliorative and protective effects against the neurotoxic effects of reserpine in the hippocampus, making it a potential candidate for treating depression and its associated neurodegenerative diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--The effects and mechanisms of the action of galangin on spatial memory in rats.

BACKGROUND : Galangin , a flavonoid compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity , may improve cognitive functions by enhancing cholinergic transmission .
OBJECTIVES : We aimed to investigate the effects of galangin on spatial memory impairment in rats .
METHODS : The effects of galangin ( 50 and 100 mg/kg ) and reference anti-dementia drug donepezil ( 1mg/kg ) administrations were examined on memory impairment induced by the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine or the nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine in the Morris water maze ( MWM ) test .
Hippocampal acetylcholine concentrations were also determined .
RESULTS : Galangin 50 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ distance to platform and increased the time spent in the escape platform quadrant in scopolamine-treated rats .
Galangin 100 mg/kg significantly decreased the mean distance to platform and increased the time spent in the escape platform quadrant in mecamylamine-treated rats .
The effects of galangin in the MWM were comparable with donepezil .
Scopolamine and mecamylamine decreased acetylcholine concentrations , whereas galangin both alone and with mecamylamine or scopolamine administration increased acetylcholine concentrations .
CONCLUSION : Galangin improved memory impairment comparable to donepezil and nicotinic and muscarinic receptors may be involved in this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a promising flavonoid in the prevention and treatment of memory impairment in Alzheimer 's disease and other dementias ( Fig .
7 , Ref .
37 ) .

BACKGROUND: Galangin, a flavonoid compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, may improve cognitive functions by enhancing cholinergic transmission.
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effects of galangin on spatial memory impairment in rats.
METHODS: The effects of galangin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and reference anti-dementia drug donepezil (1mg/kg) administrations were examined on memory impairment induced by the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine or the nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Hippocampal acetylcholine concentrations were also determined.
RESULTS: Galangin 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly decreased the mean distance to platform and increased the time spent in the escape platform quadrant in scopolamine-treated rats. Galangin 100 mg/kg significantly decreased the mean distance to platform and increased the time spent in the escape platform quadrant in mecamylamine-treated rats. The effects of galangin in the MWM were comparable with donepezil. Scopolamine and mecamylamine decreased acetylcholine concentrations, whereas galangin both alone and with mecamylamine or scopolamine administration increased acetylcholine concentrations.
CONCLUSION: Galangin improved memory impairment comparable to donepezil and nicotinic and muscarinic receptors may be involved in this effect. Galangin may be considered as a promising flavonoid in the prevention and treatment of memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (Fig. 7,Ref. 37).


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Galangin induced apoptosis via p53-dependent pathway in ovarian cells.

Among women worldwide , ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers .
Patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy might get adverse side effects and develop resistance to drugs .
In recent years , natural compounds have aroused growing attention in cancer treatment .
Galangin inhibited the growth of two cell lines , A2780/CP70 and OVCAR-3 , more strongly than the growth of a normal ovarian cell line , IOSE 364 .
The ICvalues of galangin on proliferation of A2780/CP70 , OVCAR-3 and IOSE 364 cells were 42.3 , 34.5 , and 131.3μM , respectively .
Flow cytometry analysis indicated that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cancer cells with respect to normal ovarian cells .
Galangin treatment increased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and -7 via the p53-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulatingBax protein and via the p53-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulating DR5 protein .
By down-regulating the level of p53 with 20 μM pifithrin-α ( PFT-α ) , the apoptotic rates of OVCAR-3 cells induced by galangin treatment ( 40 μM ) were significantly decreased from 18.2 % to 10.2 % , indicating that p53 is a key regulatory protein in galangin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ p21 , it had little effect on the cell cycle of the two ovarian cancer cell lines .
Furthermore , the levels of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated p70S6Kwere decreased through galangin treatment , suggesting that the Akt/p70S6K pathways might be involved in the apoptosis .
Our results suggested that galangin is selective against cancer cells and can be used for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancers in humans .

Among women worldwide, ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers. Patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy might get adverse side effects and develop resistance to drugs. In recent years, natural compounds have aroused growing attention in cancer treatment. Galangin inhibited the growth of two cell lines, A2780/CP70 and OVCAR-3, more strongly than the growth of a normal ovarian cell line, IOSE 364. The ICvalues of galangin on proliferation of A2780/CP70, OVCAR-3 and IOSE 364 cells were 42.3, 34.5, and 131.3μM, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that galangin preferentially induced apoptosis in both ovarian cancer cells with respect to normal ovarian cells. Galangin treatment increased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and -7 via the p53-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulatingBax protein and via the p53-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulating DR5 protein. By down-regulating the level of p53 with 20 μM pifithrin-α (PFT-α), the apoptotic rates of OVCAR-3 cells induced by galangin treatment (40 μM) were significantly decreased from 18.2% to 10.2%, indicating that p53 is a key regulatory protein in galangin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Although galangin up-regulated the expression of p21, it had little effect on the cell cycle of the two ovarian cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the levels of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated p70S6Kwere decreased through galangin treatment, suggesting that the Akt/p70S6K pathways might be involved in the apoptosis. Our results suggested that galangin is selective against cancer cells and can be used for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancers in humans.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Galangin promotes cell apoptosis through suppression of H19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma c

Galangin promotes cell apoptosis through suppression of H19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND : Galangin has been extensively studied as the antitumor agent in various cancers .
However , the effect of galangin in hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) remains elusive .
METHODS : Using RNA sequencing , the differential expression of lncRNA in human HCC cell line with highly metastatic potential ( MHCC97H ) cells treated with galangin was investigated .
Furthermore , H19 expression pattern was also determined in MHCC97H cells following treatment with galangin .
In addition , knockdown and overexpression of H19 was performed to analyze the effect of the expression pattern of H19 on cell apoptosis , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in HCC cells .
Moreover , the in vivo effect of galangin on tumor development was also determined in nude mice .
In order to analyze loss expression of H19 in vivo , clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 ( CRISPR/Cas9 ) was used .
RESULTS : Total of 50 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in MHCC97H cells treated with galangin .
Besides , the expression of H19 was markedly reduced following treatment with galangin in MHCC97H cells .
Compared to the Control group , the galangin-treated group inhibited cell migration and invasion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell apoptosis and decreased invasion .
In addition , RNA-seq data also identified 161 mRNA which was significantly differentially expressed following treatment with galangin .
To further determine the underlying mechanism , p53 protein was analyzed .
Notably , the results indicated that knockdown of H19 and miR675 induced the expression of p53 , eventually promoting cell apoptosis in MHCC97H cells .
These results indicated that galangin promoted cell apoptosis through reduced the expression of H19 and miR675 in MHCC97H cells .
The in vivo result showed that compared to the Con , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression of H19 .
CONCLUSION : Our data suggested that galangin has a crucial role in hepatocarcinogenesis through regulating the expression pattern of H19 .

BACKGROUND: Galangin has been extensively studied as the antitumor agent in various cancers. However, the effect of galangin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive.
METHODS: Using RNA sequencing, the differential expression of lncRNA in human HCC cell line with highly metastatic potential (MHCC97H) cells treated with galangin was investigated. Furthermore, H19 expression pattern was also determined in MHCC97H cells following treatment with galangin. In addition, knockdown and overexpression of H19 was performed to analyze the effect of the expression pattern of H19 on cell apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion in HCC cells. Moreover, the in vivo effect of galangin on tumor development was also determined in nude mice. In order to analyze loss expression of H19 in vivo, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) was used.
RESULTS: Total of 50 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in MHCC97H cells treated with galangin. Besides, the expression of H19 was markedly reduced following treatment with galangin in MHCC97H cells. Compared to the Control group, the galangin-treated group inhibited cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of H19 expression showed increased cell apoptosis and decreased invasion. In addition, RNA-seq data also identified 161 mRNA which was significantly differentially expressed following treatment with galangin. To further determine the underlying mechanism, p53 protein was analyzed. Notably, the results indicated that knockdown of H19 and miR675 induced the expression of p53, eventually promoting cell apoptosis in MHCC97H cells. These results indicated that galangin promoted cell apoptosis through reduced the expression of H19 and miR675 in MHCC97H cells. The in vivo result showed that compared to the Con, tumor growth was remarkably suppressed with loss expression of H19.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that galangin has a crucial role in hepatocarcinogenesis through regulating the expression pattern of H19.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Galangin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and metastasis.

Galangin , a natural flavonoid product derived from the root of galangal , is emerging as a promising anticancer agent @ @ @ @ @ , whether it also has antitumor effects on cholangiocarcinoma ( CCA ) and the underlying @ @ @ @ @ Herein , we demonstrate that galangin exhibits multiple antitumor effects on CCA cells including decreases @ @ @ @ @ , migration , and invasion ; and induces apoptosis .
Moreover , those phenotypic changes @ @ @ @ @ ( miR-21 ) expression .
To support , overexpression of miR-21 blocks galangin-mediated antisurvival and @ @ @ @ @ .
Mechanically , galangin increases the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog ( PTEN ) @ @ @ @ @ miR-21 , resulting in decreased phosphorylation of AKT , a protein kinase which plays a @ @ @ @ @ and apoptosis .
In contrast , overexpression of miR-21 abrogates galangin-regulated PTEN expression and AKT @ @ @ @ @ these findings indicate that galangin inhibits CCA cell proliferation and metastasis and induces cell apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ and galangin may provide a novel potential therapeutic adjuvant to treat CCA .

Galangin, a natural flavonoid product derived from the root of galangal, is emerging as a promising anticancer agent against multiple cancers. Yet, whether it also has antitumor effects on cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that galangin exhibits multiple antitumor effects on CCA cells including decreases cell viability; inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion; and induces apoptosis. Moreover, those phenotypic changes are associated with downregulated microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression. To support, overexpression of miR-21 blocks galangin-mediated antisurvival and metastasis effects on CCA cells. Mechanically, galangin increases the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a direct target of miR-21, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of AKT, a protein kinase which plays a critical role in controlling survival and apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of miR-21 abrogates galangin-regulated PTEN expression and AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings indicate that galangin inhibits CCA cell proliferation and metastasis and induces cell apoptosis through a miR-21-dependent manner, and galangin may provide a novel potential therapeutic adjuvant to treat CCA.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Galangin improved non-alcoholic fatty liver Disease in mice by promoting autophagy.

Background : Previous studies have shown that curcumin derivatives can improve the fatty degeneration of liver tissue that occurs in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) .
However , the specific mechanism for that improvement remains unclear .
We examined whether the curcumin derivative galangin could reduce the fatty degeneration of liver tissue in mice with NAFLD by inducing autophagy , from the perspective of both prevention and treatment .
Methods : C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a prevention group ( given galangin and a HFD simultaneously ) or a treatment group ( given galangin after being fed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was treated with galangin ( 100 mg/kg/d ) or an equal volume of normal saline ( NS ) while being fed an HFD .
Some mice were treated with an autophagy inhibitor ( 3-methyladenine , 3-MA ; 30 mg/kg/biwk , i.p . )
while being fed an HFD and galangin .
HepG2 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing both free fatty acids and galangin .
Results : Galangin was found to reduce the fatty degeneration of liver tissue induced by eating an HFD at both the prevention and treatment levels , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ enhancement of hepatocyte autophagy .
Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA blocked the protective effect of galangin on hepatic steatosis .
At the cellular level , galangin reduced lipid accumulation and enhanced the level of hepatocyte autophagy .
Conclusion : In vitro and in vivo studies showed that galangin can not only improve pre-existing hepatic steatosis but also prevent the development of stenosis by promoting hepatocyte autophagy .

Background: Previous studies have shown that curcumin derivatives can improve the fatty degeneration of liver tissue that occurs in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the specific mechanism for that improvement remains unclear. We examined whether the curcumin derivative galangin could reduce the fatty degeneration of liver tissue in mice with NAFLD by inducing autophagy, from the perspective of both prevention and treatment.
Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a prevention group (given galangin and a HFD simultaneously) or a treatment group (given galangin after being fed an HFD). The prevention group was treated with galangin (100 mg/kg/d) or an equal volume of normal saline (NS) while being fed an HFD. Some mice were treated with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA; 30 mg/kg/biwk, i.p.) while being fed an HFD and galangin. HepG2 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing both free fatty acids and galangin.
Results: Galangin was found to reduce the fatty degeneration of liver tissue induced by eating an HFD at both the prevention and treatment levels, and that effect might be related to an enhancement of hepatocyte autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA blocked the protective effect of galangin on hepatic steatosis. At the cellular level, galangin reduced lipid accumulation and enhanced the level of hepatocyte autophagy.
Conclusion: In vitro and in vivo studies showed that galangin cannot only improve pre-existing hepatic steatosis but also prevent the development of stenosis by promoting hepatocyte autophagy.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-23--Galangin has an anti-fibrogenic effect and may represent a promising agent in the treatment of hepat

Galangin has an anti-fibrogenic effect and may represent a promising agent in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

Hepatic fibrosis ( HF ) is a common disease , with currently no available treatment .
Galangin , a natural flavonoid extracted from Alpinia officinaruim Hance , has multiple effects demonstrated in previous studies .
The aim of the present study was to explore the anti-fibrogenic effect of galangin in vitro , and research its potential molecular mechanisms .
LX-2 cells were chosen as an in vitro HF model , and were treated with galangin in different concentrations .
Cell viability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 ( CCK-8 ) and 3- ( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl ) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ flow cytometry , and the anti-fibrogenic effect of galangin was determined using RT-quantitative ( q ) PCR , immunofluorescence , and Western blotting .
The results show that the proliferation of LX-2 cells was efficiently inhibited by galangin , and apoptosis was induced in a dose-dependent manner .
Both the mRNA and protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin ( α-SMA ) and collagen I were markedly downregulated .
Galangin also inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( PI3K ) /Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio .
The results of this study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and may represent a promising agent in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis .

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a common disease, with currently no available treatment. Galangin, a natural flavonoid extracted from Alpinia officinaruim Hance, has multiple effects demonstrated in previous studies. The aim of the present study was to explore the anti-fibrogenic effect of galangin in vitro, and research its potential molecular mechanisms. LX-2 cells were chosen as an in vitro HF model, and were treated with galangin in different concentrations. Cell viability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry, and the anti-fibrogenic effect of galangin was determined using RT-quantitative (q)PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The results show that the proliferation of LX-2 cells was efficiently inhibited by galangin, and apoptosis was induced in a dose-dependent manner. Both the mRNA and protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I were markedly downregulated. Galangin also inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The results of this study suggest that galangin has an anti-fibrogenic effect and may represent a promising agent in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--The influence of hemp extract in combination with ginger on the metabolic activity of metastatic cel

The influence of hemp extract in combination with ginger on the metabolic activity of metastatic cells and microorganisms.

This study presents an investigation of the anticancer and antimicrobial ability of a combination of ginger and cannabis extracts in different ratios ( 1:1 , 7:3 and 3:7 ) .
Extracts were obtained using various methods ( Soxhlet extractions , cold macerations , ultrasonic extractions and supercritical fluid extractions ) .
The antioxidant activity and the presence of total phenols were measured in the extracts , and the effect of the application extracts in various concentrations ( c = 50 , 20 , 10 , 5 , 1 , 0.1 , 0.01 mg/mL ) on cells was investigated .
Higher @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ratio where ginger was predominant , which is reflected in a higher concentration of total phenols .
Depending on the polyphenol content , the extracts were most effective when prepared supercritically and ultrasonically .
However , with respect to cell response , the ratio was shown to have no effect on inhibiting cancer cell division .
The minimum concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth was found to be 1 mg/mL .
High-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction , as their extracts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ extractions , the cannabidiol ( CBD ) content was above 30 % and the cannabidiolic acid ( CBDA ) content was above 45 % .
In the case of ultrasonic extraction , a higher quantity of cannabigerol ( CBG ) ( 5.75± 0.18 ) was detected , and in the case of supercritical fluid extraction , higher cannabichromene ( CBC ) ( 5.48 ± 0.13 ) content was detected , when compared to other extraction methods .
The antimicrobial potential of extracts prepared with ultrasonic and supercritical extractions on three microorganisms ( , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cannabis extract show better growth inhibition of microorganisms in cannabis-dominated ratios for gram-positive bacterium , MIC = 9.38 mg/mL , for gram-negative bacterium , MIC > 37.5 mg/mL and for thefungus MIC = 4.69 mg/mL .
This suggests guidelines for further work : a 1 : 1 ratio of ginger and hemp will be chosen in a combination with supercritical and ultrasonic extraction .

This study presents an investigation of the anticancer and antimicrobial ability of a combination of ginger and cannabis extracts in different ratios (1:1, 7:3 and 3:7). Extracts were obtained using various methods (Soxhlet extractions, cold macerations, ultrasonic extractions and supercritical fluid extractions). The antioxidant activity and the presence of total phenols were measured in the extracts, and the effect of the application extracts in various concentrations (c = 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01 mg/mL) on cells was investigated. Higher values of antioxidants were measured at the ratio where ginger was predominant, which is reflected in a higher concentration of total phenols. Depending on the polyphenol content, the extracts were most effective when prepared supercritically and ultrasonically. However, with respect to cell response, the ratio was shown to have no effect on inhibiting cancer cell division. The minimum concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth was found to be 1 mg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction, as their extracts reached higher cannabinoid contents. In both extractions, the cannabidiol (CBD) content was above 30% and the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content was above 45%. In the case of ultrasonic extraction, a higher quantity of cannabigerol (CBG) (5.75± 0.18) was detected, and in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, higher cannabichromene (CBC) (5.48 ± 0.13) content was detected, when compared to other extraction methods. The antimicrobial potential of extracts prepared with ultrasonic and supercritical extractions on three microorganisms (,and) was checked. Ginger and cannabis extract show better growth inhibition of microorganisms in cannabis-dominated ratios for gram-positive bacterium, MIC = 9.38 mg/mL, for gram-negative bacterium, MIC>37.5 mg/mL and for thefungus MIC = 4.69 mg/mL. This suggests guidelines for further work: a 1: 1 ratio of ginger and hemp will be chosen in a combination with supercritical and ultrasonic extraction.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-26--Once Weekly Yoga Practice Clinically Shown to Reduce Anxiety


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Top Four Health Benefits of Cucumbers

Top Four Health Benefits of Cucumbers


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--The hydrolysis of saponin-rich extracts from fenugreek and quinoa improves their pancreatic lipase i

The hydrolysis of saponin-rich extracts from fenugreek and quinoa improves their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and hypocholesterolemic effect.

Saponins are promising compounds for ameliorating hyperlipidemia but scarce information exists about sapogenins , the hydrolyzed forms of saponins .
@ @ @ @ @ from fenugreek ( FE , HFE ) and quinoa ( QE , HQE ) , @ @ @ @ @ , were assessed on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and interference on the bioaccessibility of @ @ @ @ @ models .
All extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase ( ICbetween 1.15 and 0.59 mg/mL ) , @ @ @ @ @ bioactivity of HQE ( p = 0.014 ) .
The ICvalue significantly correlated to the @ @ @ @ @ -0.82 ; p = 0.001 ) .
Only the hydrolyzed extracts showed a reduction of @ @ @ @

Saponins are promising compounds for ameliorating hyperlipidemia but scarce information exists about sapogenins, the hydrolyzed forms of saponins. Saponin-rich extracts and their hydrolysates from fenugreek (FE, HFE) and quinoa (QE, HQE), and saponin and sapogenin standards, were assessed on the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and interference on the bioaccessibility of cholesterol by in vitro digestion models. All extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase (ICbetween 1.15 and 0.59 mg/mL), although the hydrolysis enhanced the bioactivity of HQE (p = 0.014). The ICvalue significantly correlated to the saponin content (r = -0.82; p = 0.001). Only the hydrolyzed extracts showed a reduction of bioaccessible cholesterol (p < 0.001) higher than that of phytosterols (35% reduction). Sapogenin standards exhibited no bioactivities, protodioscin and hederacoside C slightly inhibited the lipase (around 10%) and protodioscin reduced the bioaccessible cholesterol (23% reduction, p = 0.035). The hydrolysis process of saponin-rich extracts enhances the bioactivity and allows developing multibioactive products against pancreatic lipase and cholesterol absorption simultaneously.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Pecan pericarp extract protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury through oxidative

Pecan pericarp extract protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury through oxidative mechanism.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the proanthocyanidin content of pecan ( ) pericarp extract ( PPE ) @ @ @ @ @ impacts against carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ) -induced hepatotoxicity .
Rats were randomly divided into @ @ @ @ @ : received intraperitoneal injection of saline solution , Group 2 : was injected with PPE @ @ @ @ @ ) for 10 consecutive days , Group 3 : received CCl ( 0.5 ml/kg , @ @ @ @ @ 4 : was coadministred with PPE + CCl .
The CClwas administered every 3 days @ @ @ @ @ revealed the presence of a high amount of total proanthocyanidins in the PPE ( 81.01 @ @ @ @ @ .
CClinjection induced significant reductions in hepatic antioxidants but increased hepatic lipid peroxidation ( LPO @ @ @ @ @ injury biomarkers .
However , cotreatment with PPE significantly (

The purpose of this study was to quantify the proanthocyanidin content of pecan () pericarp extract (PPE) and to assess its useful impacts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1: received intraperitoneal injection of saline solution, Group 2: was injected with PPE (25 mg/kg body weight) for 10 consecutive days, Group 3: received CCl(0.5 ml/kg, subcutaneous injection), Group 4: was coadministred with PPE + CCl. The CClwas administered every 3 days during 10 days. Results revealed the presence of a high amount of total proanthocyanidins in the PPE (81.01 ± 0.21 mg TAE.gDW). CClinjection induced significant reductions in hepatic antioxidants but increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as serum injury biomarkers. However, cotreatment with PPE significantly ( < 0.05) inverted CCl-induced increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, respectively to 74%, 77%, 60%, and 82% compared with CClgroup. No significant toxic effects were observed following treatment with plant extract alone. PPE cotreatment also decreased significant ( < 0.05) the hepatic malondialdehyde formation (21%) and enhanced the liver catalase activity (107%) in CCl-intoxicated rats. The histopathological examination showed inflammatory infiltration and degenerative changes in the hepatic tissue following CClinjection. The hepatoprotective activity of PPE against CClexposure was supported by the maintenance of structural integrity of liver histopathology. In conclusion, the current study illustrated that PPE pretreatment significantly improved all examined parameters, restored the hepatic architecture and successfully alleviates oxidative damage induced by CClintoxication.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Evaluation of antitumor potential of cashew gum extracted from Anacardium occidentale.

This study aims to determine the antitumor potential of cashew gum in vitro and in vivo .
The cashew gum ( CG ) structure is similar to already showed in literature .
The cytotoxicity effect of CG was performed by MTT assay , and B16-F10 melanoma model was used to evaluate antitumor effect .
The tumor inhibition was calculated based on tumor weight .
Hematological , histopathological , FTIR , oxidative stress and Western Blot analysis were performed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition and toxic effects .
As results , CG did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in vitro , however @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , with about 36.9 to 43 % of reduction in tumor mass , with no toxicity to organs .
Animals treated with CG did not show toxicity in normal tissues , FTIR spectrum and oxidative stress analysis of the tumor tissue indicated that CG cause tumor inhibition with the presence of apoptosis morphotype cells , without alterations in the levels of antioxidants components .
In addition , it was observed that CG reduced the expression ofγH2AX without changing the expression of caspase-3 .
With this , we can suggest that this polymer can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the side effects of standard drugs used in treatment of cancer .

This study aims to determine the antitumor potential of cashew gum in vitro and in vivo. The cashew gum (CG) structure is similar to already showed in literature. The cytotoxicity effect of CG was performed by MTT assay, and B16-F10 melanoma model was used to evaluate antitumor effect. The tumor inhibition was calculated based on tumor weight. Hematological, histopathological, FTIR, oxidative stress and Western Blot analysis were performed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition and toxic effects. As results, CG did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in vitro, however showed a significant tumor inhibition in vivo, with about 36.9 to 43% of reduction in tumor mass, with no toxicity to organs. Animals treated with CG did not show toxicity in normal tissues, FTIR spectrum and oxidative stress analysis of the tumor tissue indicated that CG cause tumor inhibition with the presence of apoptosis morphotype cells, without alterations in the levels of antioxidants components. In addition, it was observed that CG reduced the expression ofγH2AX without changing the expression of caspase-3. With this, we can suggest that this polymer can assist in the anticancer activity and/or decrease the side effects of standard drugs used in treatment of cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Vitamin B12 Fights Nerve Pain and Defends Your Heart and Brain


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Cashew nuts could have a beneficial effect not only on pancreatitis but also on lung injury induced

BACKGROUND : One of the most common co-morbidities , that often leads to death , associated with acute pancreatitis ( AP ) is represented by acute lung injury ( ALI ) .
While many aspects of AP-induced lung inflammation have been investigated , the involvement of specific pathways , such as those centered on nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat ( NLR ) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3 ( NLRP3 ) , has not been fully elucidated .
METHODS : To investigate the effect of cashew ( L. ) nuts on pancreatic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , cerulein ( 50μg/kg ) was administered to CD1 mice for 10 h. Oral treatment with cashew nuts at a dose of 100 mg/kg was given 30 min and 2 h after the first cerulein injection .
One hour after the final cerulein injection , mice were euthanized and blood , lung and pancreatic tissue samples were collected .
RESULTS : Cashew nuts were able to ( 1 ) reduce histological damage ; ( 2 ) mitigate the induction of mast cell degranulation as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of amylase and lipase as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines ; and ( 4 ) enhance the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and suppress the activation of the NLRP3 pathway in response to cerulein in both pancreas and lung .
CONCLUSIONS : Cashew nuts could have a beneficial effect not only on pancreatitis but also on lung injury induced by cerulein .

BACKGROUND: One of the most common co-morbidities, that often leads to death, associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) is represented by acute lung injury (ALI). While many aspects of AP-induced lung inflammation have been investigated, the involvement of specific pathways, such as those centered on nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) and pyrin domain containing receptor 3 (NLRP3), has not been fully elucidated.
METHODS: To investigate the effect of cashew (L.) nuts on pancreatic and lung injury induced by cerulein injection, cerulein (50μg/kg) was administered to CD1 mice for 10 h. Oral treatment with cashew nuts at a dose of 100 mg/kg was given 30 min and 2 h after the first cerulein injection. One hour after the final cerulein injection, mice were euthanized and blood, lung and pancreatic tissue samples were collected.
RESULTS: Cashew nuts were able to (1) reduce histological damage; (2) mitigate the induction of mast cell degranulation as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde; (3) decrease the activity levels of amylase and lipase as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; and (4) enhance the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and suppress the activation of the NLRP3 pathway in response to cerulein in both pancreas and lung.
CONCLUSIONS: Cashew nuts could have a beneficial effect not only on pancreatitis but also on lung injury induced by cerulein.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis by Anacardium occidentale via inhibition of collagenase and lys

Amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis by Anacardium occidentale via inhibition of collagenase and lysosomal enzymes.

( cashew ) has been used in the traditional system of medicine for curing many inflammatory disorders .
The present study investigates the antiarthritic effects of cashew leaves extract using the rat model of FCA-induced rheumatoid arthritis .
Arthritic rats were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w .
ethanolic extract of cashew leaves .
Animals were sacrificed at day 23 , and before sacrificing the animals , gross pathological changes were observed .
Histopathology of ankle joint was evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining , whereas the serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) were evaluated by the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hematological parameters were assessed by employing an automated hemocytometer and chemistry analyzer .
Rheumatoid factor ( Rf ) and lysosomal enzymes levels were determined in blood .
Results indicated thatsignificantly decreased the CPR levels , macroscopic arthritic score , and rheumatoid factor as compared to the diseased group .
Histopathological evaluation showed significant attenuation in bone erosion , joint inflammation , and pannus formation by plant extract .
Treatment withsignificantly suppressed the levels of acid phosphatase , -galactosidase , -glucuronidase , -acetylglucosaminidase , and collagenase .
Moreover , significantly raised the HB levels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the diseased group .
The raised counts of total leukocytes , platelets , neutrophils , lymphocytes , and monocytes were also significantly decreased by treatment with plant extract .
Comparative analysis showed that higher dose ofdemonstrated superior amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis as compared to low dose .
In conclusion , possesses significant antiarthritic potential , which may be attributed to the suppression of lysosomal enzymes and collagenase levels .

(cashew) has been used in the traditional system of medicine for curing many inflammatory disorders. The present study investigates the antiarthritic effects of cashew leaves extract using the rat model of FCA-induced rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritic rats were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. ethanolic extract of cashew leaves. Animals were sacrificed at day 23, and before sacrificing the animals, gross pathological changes were observed. Histopathology of ankle joint was evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated by the agglutination method. Inflammatory cells and other hematological parameters were assessed by employing an automated hemocytometer and chemistry analyzer. Rheumatoid factor (Rf) and lysosomal enzymes levels were determined in blood. Results indicated thatsignificantly decreased the CPR levels, macroscopic arthritic score, and rheumatoid factor as compared to the diseased group. Histopathological evaluation showed significant attenuation in bone erosion, joint inflammation, and pannus formation by plant extract. Treatment withsignificantly suppressed the levels of acid phosphatase,-galactosidase,-glucuronidase,-acetylglucosaminidase, and collagenase. Moreover,significantly raised the HB levels and RBCs counts which were found depleted in the diseased group. The raised counts of total leukocytes, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were also significantly decreased by treatment with plant extract. Comparative analysis showed that higher dose ofdemonstrated superior amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis as compared to low dose. In conclusion,possesses significant antiarthritic potential, which may be attributed to the suppression of lysosomal enzymes and collagenase levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--The effect of tree nuts on glycaemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE : The objective of this review was to synthesize the best available research evidence regarding the effectiveness of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus .
INTRODUCTION : There has been an increase in the use of complementary therapy , particularly botanical products , for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus .
It has been reported that increasing mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet effectively lowers the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus .
Hence , it was hypothesized that consumption of nuts , which are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in preventing diabetes and reducing levels of blood glucose by reducing glycemic load by displacing dietary carbohydrates present in diet .
INCLUSION CRITERIA : This systematic review included randomized controlled trials that compared the consumption of any type and form of tree nut with a placebo or any other intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus .
Trials were included if they measured fasting blood glucose , post prandial blood glucose , and/or glycated hemoglobin .
Trials that assessed triglyceride levels and weight post intervention were also considered for inclusion .
Trials @ @ @ @ @ @ @ METHODS : A three step search of PubMed , CINAHL , Embase , Tripdatabase , and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) was done in July 2019 .
To find unpublished studies , the National Institute of Health Clinical Database and Google Scholar were searched .
Studies from the search were uploaded to EndNote X8 and reviewed against the inclusion criteria by two reviewers .
The JBI critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials was used to assess the potential studies for methodological quality .
A meta-analysis and subgroup analysis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ type of intervention and outcome measures .
Results are presented in a narrative format where statistical pooling was not possible .
The a priori protocol was registered in PROSPERO ( CRD42019133558 ) .
RESULTS : Fifteen trials were included with a total sample size of 667 .
Consumption of pistachios demonstrated a significant reduction in triglyceride levels ( mmol/L ) at three months or earlier follow-up ( MD -0.28 ; CI -0.33 , -0.23 ; P = < 0.00001 ) .
The meta-analysis including all tree nuts combined showed reduction in both fasting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ -0.26 mmol/L and -0.11 % respectively ) at three months or earlier follow-up .
The subgroup analysis demonstrated mean difference of -0.45 , -0.16 , and -0.90 mmol/L in fasting blood glucose following ingestion of walnuts , almonds , and hazelnuts , and -0.17 % in glycated hemoglobin following ingestion of walnuts for three months or earlier follow-up .
Although not clinically significant , these figures give an indication that further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up may show encouraging results .
CONCLUSIONS : The authors found that pistachio consumption for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Other tree nuts ( walnuts , almonds , and hazelnuts ) reduced fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin by varying degrees .
Further robust randomized controlled trials with power calculation based sample size , comparing same type , dose , and method of nut intervention will provide more evidence .
For now , clinical decisions should be based on standard practice local guidelines .

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to synthesize the best available research evidence regarding the effectiveness of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in the use of complementary therapy, particularly botanical products, for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been reported that increasing mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet effectively lowers the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, it was hypothesized that consumption of nuts, which are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, may aid in preventing diabetes and reducing levels of blood glucose by reducing glycemic load by displacing dietary carbohydrates present in diet.
INCLUSION CRITERIA: This systematic review included randomized controlled trials that compared the consumption of any type and form of tree nut with a placebo or any other intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trials were included if they measured fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose, and/or glycated hemoglobin. Trials that assessed triglyceride levels and weight post intervention were also considered for inclusion. Trials were restricted to the English language.
METHODS: A three step search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Tripdatabase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was done in July 2019. To find unpublished studies, the National Institute of Health Clinical Database and Google Scholar were searched. Studies from the search were uploaded to EndNote X8 and reviewed against the inclusion criteria by two reviewers. The JBI critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials was used to assess the potential studies for methodological quality. A meta-analysis and subgroup analysis was conducted among trials with the same type of intervention and outcome measures. Results are presented in a narrative format where statistical pooling was not possible. The a priori protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019133558).
RESULTS: Fifteen trials were included with a total sample size of 667. Consumption of pistachios demonstrated a significant reduction in triglyceride levels (mmol/L) at three months or earlier follow-up (MD -0.28; CI -0.33, -0.23; P = <0.00001). The meta-analysis including all tree nuts combined showed reduction in both fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (MD -0.26 mmol/L and -0.11% respectively) at three months or earlier follow-up. The subgroup analysis demonstrated mean difference of -0.45, -0.16, and -0.90 mmol/L in fasting blood glucose following ingestion of walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts, and -0.17% in glycated hemoglobin following ingestion of walnuts for three months or earlier follow-up. Although not clinically significant, these figures give an indication that further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up may show encouraging results.
CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that pistachio consumption for three months or fewer significantly reduced triglycerides. Other tree nuts (walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts) reduced fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin by varying degrees. Further robust randomized controlled trials with power calculation based sample size, comparing same type, dose, and method of nut intervention will provide more evidence. For now, clinical decisions should be based on standard practice local guidelines.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Apitherapy for Parkinson's disease: A focus on the effects of propolis and royal jelly.

The vast increase of world 's aging populations is associated with increased risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) .
PD is a widespread disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , which encompasses a wide range of debilitating motor , emotional , cognitive , and physical symptoms .
PD threatens the quality of life of millions of patients and their families .
Additionally , public welfare and healthcare systems are burdened with its high cost of care .
Available treatments provide only a symptomatic relief and produce a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ increase noncompliance .
Hence , researchers have recently focused on the use of nutraceuticals as safe adjunctive treatments of PD to limit its progress and associated damages in affected groups .
Propolis is a common product of the beehive , which possesses a large number of therapeutic properties .
Royal jelly ( RJ ) is a bee product that is fed to bee queens during their entire life , and it contributes to their high physical fitness , fertility , and long lifespan .
Evidence suggests that propolis and RJ can promote health @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diseases .
Therefore , they have been used to treat various serious disorders such as diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular diseases , and cancer .
Some evolving studies used these bee products to treat PD in animal models .
However , a clear understanding of the collective effect of propolis and RJ as well as their mechanism of action in PD is lacking .
This review evaluates the available literature for the effects of propolis and RJ on PD .
Whenever possible , it elaborates on the underlying mechanisms through which they function in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ use of bee products in future clinical trials .

The vast increase of world's aging populations is associated with increased risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a widespread disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which encompasses a wide range of debilitating motor, emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. PD threatens the quality of life of millions of patients and their families. Additionally, public welfare and healthcare systems are burdened with its high cost of care. Available treatments provide only a symptomatic relief and produce a trail of noxious side effects, which increase noncompliance. Hence, researchers have recently focused on the use of nutraceuticals as safe adjunctive treatments of PD to limit its progress and associated damages in affected groups. Propolis is a common product of the beehive, which possesses a large number of therapeutic properties. Royal jelly (RJ) is a bee product that is fed to bee queens during their entire life, and it contributes to their high physical fitness, fertility, and long lifespan. Evidence suggests that propolis and RJ can promote health by preventing the occurrence of age-related debilitating diseases. Therefore, they have been used to treat various serious disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Some evolving studies used these bee products to treat PD in animal models. However, a clear understanding of the collective effect of propolis and RJ as well as their mechanism of action in PD is lacking. This review evaluates the available literature for the effects of propolis and RJ on PD. Whenever possible, it elaborates on the underlying mechanisms through which they function in this disorder and offers insights for fruitful use of bee products in future clinical trials.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Royal jelly attenuates gastric mucosal injury in a rat ethanol-induced gastric injury model.

The aim of the study was to investigate traditionally used Royal Jelly ( RJ ) for treating an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats .
A total of 32 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 : group I = Control , group II = Ethanol , group III = RJ + Ethanol , and group IV = Lansoprazole + Ethanol .
In groups II , III , and IV , animals were administered 1 ml of absolute ethanol orally after a 24-h fast to induce ulcer formation .
The histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa @ @ @ @ @ @ @ E ) staining .
Immunohistochemically , inducible nitric oxide ( iNOS ) and nuclear factor kappa beta ( Nf-κβ ) markings were evaluated in gastric tissue .
Cell death in the gastric mucosa was determined by the TUNEL method .
Oxidative status markers , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , catalase ( CAT ) , and myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) levels were determined spectrophotometrically .
Expression of the interleukin - 1 beta ( IL-1β ) and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) genes in gastric tissues was determined @ @ @ @ @ @ @ IL-10 , and IL-1β levels were determined .
RJ was found to inhibit iNOS and Nf-κβ activity in the gastric mucosa and prevent epithelial cell apoptosis .
In particular , pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased in the RJ + Ethanol group compared to the Ethanol group .
In addition , a decrease in the MPO level indicated that RJ prevented tissue damage , especially by preventing inflammatory cell infiltration .
The study demonstrated a possible gastroprotective effect of RJ in a rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model .

The aim of the study was to investigate traditionally used Royal Jelly (RJ) for treating an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. A total of 32 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups of 8: group I = Control, group II = Ethanol, group III = RJ + Ethanol, and group IV = Lansoprazole + Ethanol. In groups II, III, and IV, animals were administered 1 ml of absolute ethanol orally after a 24-h fast to induce ulcer formation. The histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa were determined using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemically, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa beta (Nf-κβ) markings were evaluated in gastric tissue. Cell death in the gastric mucosa was determined by the TUNEL method. Oxidative status markers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Expression of the interleukin - 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes in gastric tissues was determined by real-time PCR; and TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β levels were determined. RJ was found to inhibit iNOS and Nf-κβ activity in the gastric mucosa and prevent epithelial cell apoptosis. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased in the RJ + Ethanol group compared to the Ethanol group. In addition, a decrease in the MPO level indicated that RJ prevented tissue damage, especially by preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The study demonstrated a possible gastroprotective effect of RJ in a rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--The potential antiviral effect of major royal jelly protein2 and its isoform X1 against severe acute

The potential antiviral effect of major royal jelly protein2 and its isoform X1 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) -2 is a newly emerging type of CoV .
We evaluated the predicted @ @ @ @ @ jelly protein ( MRJP ) 2 and MRJP2 isoform X1 , which recently showed high @ @ @ @ @ ( HCV and HIV ) .
Some in-silico analyses have been performed to predict the @ @ @ @ @ viral entry , replication , and complications .
These proteins have shown a high potency @ @ @ @ @ the lung cells ( WI-38 ) surface .
Docking analysis showed that these proteins have @ @ @ @ @ viral receptor-binding sites in the receptor-binding domain , causing attachment prevention .
Moreover , MRJPs @ @ @ @ @ , via different mechanisms , for SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins ( main and papain proteases , @ @ @ @ @ polymerase , and methyltransferase ) .
Also , they can bind to hemoglobin-binding sites on @ @ @ @ @ attack .
Thus , MRJP2 and MRJP2 X1 can be a promising therapy for SARS-CoV-2 @ @

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is a newly emerging type of CoV. We evaluated the predicted anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of major royal jelly protein (MRJP)2 and MRJP2 isoform X1, which recently showed high efficacy against other enveloped RNA-viruses (HCV and HIV). Some in-silico analyses have been performed to predict the impact of these proteins on viral entry, replication, and complications. These proteins have shown a high potency in sialic acid hydrolysis from the lung cells (WI-38) surface. Docking analysis showed that these proteins have a high binding affinity to viral receptor-binding sites in the receptor-binding domain, causing attachment prevention. Moreover, MRJPs can exert an inhibitory influence, via different mechanisms, for SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins (main and papain proteases, RNA replicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and methyltransferase). Also, they can bind to hemoglobin-binding sites on viral-nsps and prevent their hemoglobin attack. Thus, MRJP2 and MRJP2 X1 can be a promising therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--A review of edible nuts for memory.

A review of edible nuts for memory.

Nuts hold prime significance throughout the world as they offer multiple health benefits owing to their highly nutritious profile .
A number of scientific studies have demonstrated their actions against inflammation , oxidative damage , the aging process , as well as dementia or memory loss .
However , only walnuts , followed by almonds , hazelnuts and pistachios , have shown promising results in empirical studies for memory improvements .
So , the current review focuses on presenting hypotheses regarding anti-dementia property of nine different nuts : almond , walnut , pistachio , Brazil nut , peanut , pecans @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The nutritious profile of nuts contains essential fats ( mostly mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids ) , proteins ( source for arginine , lysine and tryptophan ) , vitamins ( riboflavin , folate , and various tocopherols ) , fibers , minerals ( calcium , sodium , magnesium , phosphorus and potassium ) and trace elements ( copper , zinc , and selenium ) .
Interestingly , the constituents of natural products , nuts being an excellent example , work synergistically and/or in a side-effect neutralizing manner .
These latter properties can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to fight against memory loss .

Nuts hold prime significance throughout the world as they offer multiple health benefits owing to their highly nutritious profile. A number of scientific studies have demonstrated their actions against inflammation, oxidative damage, the aging process, as well as dementia or memory loss. However, only walnuts, followed by almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios, have shown promising results in empirical studies for memory improvements. So, the current review focuses on presenting hypotheses regarding anti-dementia property of nine different nuts: almond, walnut, pistachio, Brazil nut, peanut, pecans, cashew, hazelnut, and chestnut. The nutritious profile of nuts contains essential fats (mostly mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids), proteins (source for arginine, lysine and tryptophan), vitamins (riboflavin, folate, and various tocopherols), fibers, minerals (calcium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and selenium). Interestingly, the constituents of natural products, nuts being an excellent example, work synergistically and/or in a side-effect neutralizing manner. These latter properties can make nuts an alternate therapy for humankind to fight against memory loss.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-25--Effect of chronic consumption of nuts on oxidative stress.

Nuts consumption has been associated with a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress-related disorders .
We aimed to perform a systematic review with clinical trials to assess the impact of chronic nuts consumption on oxidative stress and the possible mechanisms involved .
Studies were identified by searching in three electronic databases : PubMed/MEDLINE , Scopus , and LILACS , and selected following PRISMA guidelines .
Two authors perform searching and data extraction .
A total of 16 articles were included ( 12 randomized clinical trials and 4 one or two-arm clinical trials ) .
Nut doses were generally @ @ @ @ @ @ @ except for Brazil nuts ( 5-13 g/d ) .
The follow-up time ranges between four weeks and six months , and the oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL ) was the most assessed biomarker .
Eight articles reported improvement in oxidative stress biomarkers after nuts supplementation .
Pathways regulated by selenium ( e.g .
glutathione peroxidase activity and nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) regulation ) , monounsaturated fatty acids ( e.g .
reduction of LDL oxidation ) , and bioactive compounds ( e.g .
antioxidant activity ) were described as mechanisms involved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reported harmful effects of nut consumption , even in high doses .
The chronic consumption of nuts seemed to be effective to change some oxidative stress biomarkers , however , this topic remains controversial because the benefits depends on nut type , nut dose , and population characteristics .

Nuts consumption has been associated with a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress-related disorders. We aimed to perform a systematic review with clinical trials to assess the impact of chronic nuts consumption on oxidative stress and the possible mechanisms involved. Studies were identified by searching in three electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and LILACS, and selected following PRISMA guidelines. Two authors perform searching and data extraction. A total of 16 articles were included (12 randomized clinical trials and 4 one or two-arm clinical trials). Nut doses were generally high (>30 g/d), except for Brazil nuts (5-13 g/d). The follow-up time ranges between four weeks and six months, and the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was the most assessed biomarker. Eight articles reported improvement in oxidative stress biomarkers after nuts supplementation. Pathways regulated by selenium (e.g. glutathione peroxidase activity and nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulation), monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g. reduction of LDL oxidation), and bioactive compounds (e.g. antioxidant activity) were described as mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects. No studies reported harmful effects of nut consumption, even in high doses. The chronic consumption of nuts seemed to be effective to change some oxidative stress biomarkers, however, this topic remains controversial because the benefits depends on nut type, nut dose, and population characteristics.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Phytocannabinoids can be a low-cost and well-tolerated therapy to reduce symptoms and increase the q

OBJECTIVE : To determine the benefit of a tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) -rich cannabis oil on symptoms and quality of life of fibromyalgia patients .
METHODS : A double-blind , randomized , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted for eight weeks to determine the benefit of a THC-rich cannabis oil ( 24.44 mg/mL of THC and 0.51 mg/mL of cannabidiol [ CBD ] ) on symptoms and quality of life of 17 women with fibromyalgia , residents of a neighborhood with a low socioeconomic profile and a high incidence of violence in the city of Florianopolis , Brazil .
The initial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of THCand 0.02 mg of CBD ) a day with subsequent increases according to symptoms .
The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ( FIQ ) was applied at pre- and postintervention moments and in five visits over eight weeks .
RESULTS : There were no significant differences on baseline FIQ score between groups .
However , after the intervention , the cannabis group presented a significant decrease in FIQ score in comparison with the placebo group ( P = 0.005 ) and in comparison with cannabis group baseline score .
( P CONCLUSIONS : Phytocannabinoids @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to reduce symptoms and increase the quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia .
Future studies are still needed to assess long-term benefits , and studies with different varieties of cannabinoids associated with a washout period must be done to enhance our knowledge of cannabis action in this health condition .

OBJECTIVE: To determine the benefit of a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis oil on symptoms and quality of life of fibromyalgia patients.
METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted for eight weeks to determine the benefit of a THC-rich cannabis oil (24.44 mg/mL of THC and 0.51 mg/mL of cannabidiol [CBD]) on symptoms and quality of life of 17 women with fibromyalgia, residents of a neighborhood with a low socioeconomic profile and a high incidence of violence in the city of Florianopolis, Brazil. The initial dose was one drop (∼1.22 mg of THCand 0.02 mg of CBD) a day with subsequent increases according to symptoms. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was applied at pre- and postintervention moments and in five visits over eight weeks.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences on baseline FIQ score between groups. However, after the intervention, the cannabis group presented a significant decrease in FIQ score in comparison with the placebo group (P = 0.005) and in comparison with cannabis group baseline score. (P < 0.001). Analyzing isolated items on the FIQ, the cannabis group presented significant improvement on the"feel good,""pain,""do work,"and"fatigue"scores. The placebo group presented significant improvement on the"depression"score after intervention. There were no intolerable adverse effects.
CONCLUSIONS: Phytocannabinoids can be a low-cost and well-tolerated therapy to reduce symptoms and increase the quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia. Future studies are still needed to assess long-term benefits, and studies with different varieties of cannabinoids associated with a washout period must be done to enhance our knowledge of cannabis action in this health condition.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Cannabis use may reduce healthcare utilization and improve hospital outcomes in patients with cirrho

Cannabis use may reduce healthcare utilization and improve hospital outcomes in patients with cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES : Previous studies reveal conflicting data on the effect of cannabis use in patients with cirrhosis .
This research evaluates the impact of cannabis on hepatic decompensation , health care utilization , and mortality in patients with cirrhosis .
MATERIAL AND METHODS : A retrospective analysis of the State Inpatient Database ( SID ) was performed evaluating patients from Colorado and Washington in 2011 to represent pre-cannabis legalization and 2015 to represent post-cannabis legalization .
Multivariable analysis was performed to study the impact of cannabis on the rate of admissions with hepatic decompensations , healthcare utilization , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ RESULTS : Cannabis use was detected in 370 ( 2.1 % ) of 17,520 cirrhotics admitted in 2011 and in 1,162 ( 5.3 % ) of 21,917 cirrhotics in 2015 ( p-value < 0.001 ) .
On multivariable analysis , cirrhotics utilizing cannabis after its legalization experienced a decreased rate of admissions related to hepatorenal syndrome ( Odds Ratio ( OR ) : 0.51 ; 95 % Confidence Interval ( CI ) : 0.34-0.78 ) and ascites ( OR : 0.73 ; 95 % CI : 0.63-0.84 ) .
Cirrhotics with an etiology @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C had a higher risk of admission for hepatic encephalopathy if they utilized cannabis [ OR : 1.57 ; 95 % CI : 1.16-2.13 ] .
Decreased length of stay ( -1.15 days ; 95 % CI : -1.62 , -0.68 ) , total charges ( - $ 15,852 ; 95 % CI : - $ 21,009 , - $ 10,694 ) , and inpatient mortality ( OR : 0.68 ; 95 % CI : 0.51-0.91 ) were also observed in cirrhotics utilizing cannabis after legalization compared to cirrhotics not utilizing cannabis or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Cannabis use in patients with cirrhosis resulted in mixed outcomes regarding hospital admissions with hepatic decompensation .
A trend towards decreased hospital utilization and mortality was noted in cannabis users after legalization .
These observations need to be confirmed with a longitudinal randomized study .

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies reveal conflicting data on the effect of cannabis use in patients with cirrhosis. This research evaluates the impact of cannabis on hepatic decompensation, health care utilization, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the State Inpatient Database (SID) was performed evaluating patients from Colorado and Washington in 2011 to represent pre-cannabis legalization and 2015 to represent post-cannabis legalization. Multivariable analysis was performed to study the impact of cannabis on the rate of admissions with hepatic decompensations, healthcare utilization, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis.
RESULTS: Cannabis use was detected in 370 (2.1%) of 17,520 cirrhotics admitted in 2011 and in 1,162 (5.3%) of 21,917 cirrhotics in 2015 (p-value<0.001). On multivariable analysis, cirrhotics utilizing cannabis after its legalization experienced a decreased rate of admissions related to hepatorenal syndrome (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.51; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.34-0.78) and ascites (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.63-0.84). Cirrhotics with an etiology of disease other than alcohol and hepatitis C had a higher risk of admission for hepatic encephalopathy if they utilized cannabis [OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.16-2.13]. Decreased length of stay (-1.15 days; 95% CI: -1.62, -0.68), total charges (-$15,852; 95% CI: -$21,009, -$10,694), and inpatient mortality (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.91) were also observed in cirrhotics utilizing cannabis after legalization compared to cirrhotics not utilizing cannabis or utilizing cannabis prior to legalization.
CONCLUSION: Cannabis use in patients with cirrhosis resulted in mixed outcomes regarding hospital admissions with hepatic decompensation. A trend towards decreased hospital utilization and mortality was noted in cannabis users after legalization. These observations need to be confirmed with a longitudinal randomized study.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--The Psychology of Blame: A Health Freedom Lawyer’s Message From the Front Lines

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greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Nearly 20% of patients suffering from rheumatologic diseases actively consume cannabis, with an impr

OBJECTIVES : Despite classic analgesic or effective treatments in rheumatic diseases , such as synthetic DMARDs in RA , patients remain in pain and often turn to non-prescribed pharmacological alternatives , such as cannabis self-therapeutic use .
However , this medical use of cannabis has not been thoroughly studied .
METHODS : We performed a systematic literature review up to June 2020 .
The incidence of cannabis consumption was calculated by metaproportion .
Differences between cannabis users and non-users were expressed as standardized mean differences using the inverse-variance method .
We also assessed the effects of cannabis on pain .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ reported cannabis consumption in a sample of 10 873 patients [ incidence 40.4 % ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.28 , 0.54 ) ] , and 15.3 % ( 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.27 ) specified that they were currently taking cannabis .
Cannabis use was higher in the four fibromyalgia studies [ 68.2 % ( 95 % CI : 0.41 , 0.90 ) , n = 611 ] compared with seven articles concerning RA or lupus [ 26.0 % ( 95 % CI : 0.14 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Cannabis consumption was associated with a decrease in pain intensity [ VAS pain at baseline 8.2 ( 2.9 ) vs 5.6 ( 3.5 ) mm over time ; pooled effect size -1.75 ( 95 % CI : -2.75 , -0.76 ) ] .
Cannabis users were younger [ 58.4 ( 11.4 ) vs 63.6 ( 12.1 ) years ; P < 0.001 ] , more often smokers [ OR 2.91 ( 95 % CI : 1.84 , 4.60 ) ] or unemployed [ OR 2.40 ( 95 % CI : 1.31 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pain intensity [ 5.0 ( 2.4 ) vs 4.1 ( 2.6 ) mm ; P < 0.001 ] than non-users .
CONCLUSION : Nearly 20 % of patients suffering from rheumatologic diseases actively consume cannabis , with an improvement in pain .
The issue of cannabis use in the management of these patients should be addressed during medical consultation , essentially with cannabis-based standardized pharmaceutical products .

OBJECTIVES: Despite classic analgesic or effective treatments in rheumatic diseases, such as synthetic DMARDs in RA, patients remain in pain and often turn to non-prescribed pharmacological alternatives, such as cannabis self-therapeutic use. However, this medical use of cannabis has not been thoroughly studied.
METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review up to June 2020. The incidence of cannabis consumption was calculated by metaproportion. Differences between cannabis users and non-users were expressed as standardized mean differences using the inverse-variance method. We also assessed the effects of cannabis on pain.
RESULTS: A total of 2900 patients reported cannabis consumption in a sample of 10 873 patients [incidence 40.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 0.54)], and 15.3% (95% CI: 0.07, 0.27) specified that they were currently taking cannabis. Cannabis use was higher in the four fibromyalgia studies [68.2% (95% CI: 0.41, 0.90), n = 611] compared with seven articles concerning RA or lupus [26.0% (95% CI: 0.14, 0.41), n = 8168]. Cannabis consumption was associated with a decrease in pain intensity [VAS pain at baseline 8.2 (2.9) vs 5.6 (3.5) mm over time; pooled effect size -1.75 (95% CI: -2.75, -0.76)]. Cannabis users were younger [58.4 (11.4) vs 63.6 (12.1) years; P <0.001], more often smokers [OR 2.91 (95% CI: 1.84, 4.60)] or unemployed [OR 2.40 (95% CI: 1.31, 4.40)], and had higher pain intensity [5.0 (2.4) vs 4.1(2.6) mm; P <0.001] than non-users.
CONCLUSION: Nearly 20% of patients suffering from rheumatologic diseases actively consume cannabis, with an improvement in pain. The issue of cannabis use in the management of these patients should be addressed during medical consultation, essentially with cannabis-based standardized pharmaceutical products.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--This study demonstrates that hemp inflorescences can be used as a source of natural antioxidants.

The ability of hemp ( L. ) inflorescence extract to counteract lipid oxidation was studied in stripped linseed oil .
The ethanolic extract was characterized in terms of terpenes ( 6.00 mg/mL ) , cannabidiol ( 4.99 % ) , phenolic compounds ( 1.80 mg gallic acid equivalents ( GAE ) /mL ) , antiradical , and metal ion-chelating activities ( 50 % effective concentration ( EC ) of 2.47 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL , respectively ) .
The stripped linseed oil , used as control ( CO ) , was mixed with hemp extract ( HO ) orα-tocopherol ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % ( ) and stored for 7 days in darkness at 40°C .
Hemp extract reduced the oxidation and lipolysis processes .
At the end of the storage , HO showed a significantly higher level of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ; 26.64 g/100 g ) , lower peroxide value ( PV ) ( 21.19 meq O/kg oil ) , and lower hexanal content ( 7.67 mmol/kg oil ) than those found in the control .
In contrast , EO showed a marked lipolysis ( the free fatty acids increased by 42.57 % ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ALA content decreased by 2.10 % and a PV of 50 meq O/kg oil was observed .
This study demonstrates that hemp inflorescences can be used as a source of natural antioxidants in vegetable oils and lipid products to retard their oxidation , especially those characterized by a high degree of unsaturation .

The ability of hemp (L.) inflorescence extract to counteract lipid oxidation was studied in stripped linseed oil. The ethanolic extract was characterized in terms of terpenes (6.00 mg/mL), cannabidiol (4.99%), phenolic compounds (1.80 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL), antiradical, and metal ion-chelating activities (50% effective concentration (EC) of 2.47 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively). The stripped linseed oil, used as control (CO), was mixed with hemp extract (HO) orα-tocopherol (EO) at a ratio of 0.6% () and stored for 7 days in darkness at 40°C. Hemp extract reduced the oxidation and lipolysis processes. At the end of the storage, HO showed a significantly higher level of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 26.64 g/100 g), lower peroxide value (PV) (21.19 meq O/kg oil), and lower hexanal content (7.67 mmol/kg oil) than those found in the control. In contrast, EO showed a marked lipolysis (the free fatty acids increased by 42.57%) and a noticeable oxidation, since the ALA content decreased by 2.10% and a PV of 50 meq O/kg oil was observed. This study demonstrates that hemp inflorescences can be used as a source of natural antioxidants in vegetable oils and lipid products to retard their oxidation, especially those characterized by a high degree of unsaturation.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Is Pumpkin Spice Good for You?

Is Pumpkin Spice Good for You?


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Medical cannabis is considered as a therapeutic option by many Parkinson's disease patients.

BACKGROUND : Little is known about the patients ' view on treatment with medical cannabis ( MC ) for Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) .
OBJECTIVE : To assess the PD community 's perception of MC and patients ' experience with MC .
METHODS : Applying a questionnaire-based survey , we evaluated general knowledge and interest in MC as well as the frequency , modalities , efficacy , and tolerability of application .
Questionnaires were distributed nationwide via the membership journal of the German Parkinson Association and locally in our clinic to control for report bias .
RESULTS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 225 local ) were analysed .
51 % of participants were aware of the legality of MC application , 28 % of various routes of administration ( ROA ) and 9 % of the difference between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ9-THC ) and cannabidiol ( CBD ) .
PD-related cannabis use was reported by 8.4 % of patients and associated with younger age , living in large cities and better knowledge about the legal and clinical aspects of MC .
Reduction of pain and muscle cramps was reported by more than 40 % of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tremor , depression , anxiety and restless legs syndrome subjectively improved for more than 20 % and overall tolerability was good .
Improvement of symptoms was reported by 54 % of users applying oral CBD and 68 % inhaling THC-containing cannabis .
Compared to CBD intake , inhalation of THC was more frequently reported to reduce akinesia and stiffness ( 50.0 % vs. 35.4 % ; p CONCLUSION : MC is considered as a therapeutic option by many PD patients .
Nevertheless , efficacy and different ROA should further be investigated .

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the patients' view on treatment with medical cannabis (MC) for Parkinson's disease (PD).
OBJECTIVE: To assess the PD community's perception of MC and patients' experience with MC.
METHODS: Applying a questionnaire-based survey, we evaluated general knowledge and interest in MC as well as the frequency, modalities, efficacy, and tolerability of application. Questionnaires were distributed nationwide via the membership journal of the German Parkinson Association and locally in our clinic to control for report bias.
RESULTS: Overall, 1.348 questionnaires (1.123 nationwide, 225 local) were analysed. 51% of participants were aware of the legality of MC application, 28% of various routes of administration (ROA) and 9% of the difference between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). PD-related cannabis use was reported by 8.4% of patients and associated with younger age, living in large cities and better knowledge about the legal and clinical aspects of MC. Reduction of pain and muscle cramps was reported by more than 40% of cannabis users. Stiffness/akinesia, freezing, tremor, depression, anxiety and restless legs syndrome subjectively improved for more than 20% and overall tolerability was good. Improvement of symptoms was reported by 54% of users applying oral CBD and 68% inhaling THC-containing cannabis. Compared to CBD intake, inhalation of THC was more frequently reported to reduce akinesia and stiffness (50.0% vs. 35.4%; p < 0.05). Interest in using MC was reported by 65% of non-users.
CONCLUSION: MC is considered as a therapeutic option by many PD patients. Nevertheless, efficacy and different ROA should further be investigated.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Four Top Health Benefits of Pumpkin

Four Top Health Benefits of Pumpkin


greenmedinfo--2020-11-24--Migraineurs reported significantly more migraine relief from cannabis compared to non-cannabis produ

Migraineurs reported significantly more migraine relief from cannabis compared to non-cannabis products.

OBJECTIVES : As the legal and cultural landscape surrounding cannabis use in the United States continues to evolve , more Americans are turning to cannabis to self-medicate a number of ailments , including migraines .
The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of cannabis use and its associated relief among migraineurs .
DESIGN : Participants were N = 589 adult cannabis users living in states with full legal access .
Using a cross-sectional design , participants completed an online survey assessing their cannabis use profiles , migraine experience , and self-reported relief from cannabis and non-cannabis treatments @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % ) reported experiencing migraines .
76.4 % of migraineurs ( N = 123 ) endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines .
69.9 % ( N = 86 ) of these participants also endorsed using non-cannabis products ( e.g.
, over-the-counter pain medication , triptans ) to treat their migraines .
Although their subjective health was similar ( p = .17 ) , migraineurs who endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines reported more severe migraines compared to those who did not ( p = .02 ) .
Migraineurs reported significantly more @ @ @ @ @ @ @ products , even after controlling for migraine severity ( p = .03 ) .
The majority of migraineurs using cannabis to treat their migraines were not medical cardholders ( 65.0 % ) , suggesting that these individuals were self-medicating in lieu of physician guidance .
CONCLUSIONS : The present study provides insight into the prevalence of cannabis use for migraine relief in a sample of cannabis users , and suggests that these migraineurs experience a high level of migraine relief from cannabis .
Future studies are needed to determine the cannabis forms , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effective at treating migraine pain .

OBJECTIVES: As the legal and cultural landscape surrounding cannabis use in the United States continues to evolve, more Americans are turning to cannabis to self-medicate a number of ailments, including migraines. The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of cannabis use and its associated relief among migraineurs.
DESIGN: Participants were N = 589 adult cannabis users living in states with full legal access. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed an online survey assessing their cannabis use profiles, migraine experience, and self-reported relief from cannabis and non-cannabis treatments.
RESULTS: 161 participants (27.3%) reported experiencing migraines. 76.4% of migraineurs (N = 123) endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines. 69.9% (N = 86) of these participants also endorsed using non-cannabis products (e.g., over-the-counter pain medication, triptans) to treat their migraines. Although their subjective health was similar (p = .17), migraineurs who endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines reported more severe migraines compared to those who did not (p = .02). Migraineurs reported significantly more migraine relief from cannabis compared to non-cannabis products, even after controlling for migraine severity (p = .03). The majority of migraineurs using cannabis to treat their migraines were not medical cardholders (65.0%), suggesting that these individuals were self-medicating in lieu of physician guidance.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides insight into the prevalence of cannabis use for migraine relief in a sample of cannabis users, and suggests that these migraineurs experience a high level of migraine relief from cannabis. Future studies are needed to determine the cannabis forms, potencies, and dosages that are most effective at treating migraine pain.