greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--An overview of the therapeutic effects of curcumol in several diseases.

also known asis a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for many centuries against several diseases .
The rhizome of the plant is composed of curcuminoids ( curcumin , demethoxycurcumin , and bisdemethoxycurcumin ) , and essential volatile oils including curcumol , curdione , and germacrone .
While curcuminoids have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial , antioxidant , anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties , the therapeutic efficacy of curcumol is still emerging .
Recent studies have shown anticancer properties of curcumol against multiple solid tumors such as breast , colorectal , head and neck , and lung adenocarcinomas .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ several signaling pathways ( NF-κB , MAPK , PI-3K/AKT , and GSK-3β ) associated with cell proliferation , survival , anti-apoptosis , invasion and metastasis .
Besides curcumol , extracts from theroots possess many other terpenoids such asβ-elemene , δ-elemene , germacrone , furanodiene and furanodienone with known anticancer properties .
In this review , we comprehensively focused on the composition ofessential oils , their structure , isolation and therapeutic uses of curcumol to aid in the improvement and development of novel drugs with minimal cytotoxicity , enhanced efficacy , and less cost @

also known asis a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for many centuries against several diseases. The rhizome of the plant is composed of curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin), and essential volatile oils including curcumol, curdione, and germacrone. While curcuminoids have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, the therapeutic efficacy of curcumol is still emerging. Recent studies have shown anticancer properties of curcumol against multiple solid tumors such as breast, colorectal, head and neck, and lung adenocarcinomas. The underlying anti-tumor mechanisms revealed inhibition of several signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK, PI-3K/AKT, and GSK-3β) associated with cell proliferation, survival, anti-apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Besides curcumol, extracts from theroots possess many other terpenoids such asβ-elemene, δ-elemene, germacrone, furanodiene and furanodienone with known anticancer properties. In this review, we comprehensively focused on the composition ofessential oils, their structure, isolation and therapeutic uses of curcumol to aid in the improvement and development of novel drugs with minimal cytotoxicity, enhanced efficacy, and less cost.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells through miR-1323/Cbl-b

β-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells through miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR pathway.

BACKGROUND : β-Elemene is a natural agent extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Curcuma wenyujin that is a promising novel plant-derived drug with broad-spectrum anticancer activity .
Our previous study identified an enhanced capacity for metastasis in multidrug resistant ( MDR ) gastric cancer and breast cancer cells .
However , the anti-metastatic effects of β-Elemene on MDR cancer cells remain unknown .
PURPOSE : In this study , we posit the hypothesis thatβ-elemene possesses antimetastatic effects on MDR cancer cells .
METHODS : Cell viability assay was used to assess the resistance of SGC7901/ADR cells and the cytotoxic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assay and lung metastatic mice model were used to the anti-metastasis effects of β-Elemene .
MicroRNA microarray analysis was used to explore potential regulated miRNAs .
Luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the direct target .
Human MMP antibody array , western blot , immunoprecipitation , qRT-PCR analyses and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate the underlying anti-metastasis mechanism of β-Elemene .
RESULTS : In this study , we found thatβ-Elemene significantly inhibited the metastatic capacity of MDR gastric cells in vivo and in vitro .
Mechanistically , we found that β-Elemene regulated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Further studies showed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b expression , resultingin inhibition of the EGFR-ERK/AKT pathways , which regulate MMP-2/9 .
Additionally , we confirmed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b by inhibiting miR-1323 expression .
Finally , we found that numbers of metastatic tumor nodules were significantly decreased in the lungs of nude mice after β-Elemene treatment .
CONCLUSION : Our results suggested thatβ-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of MDR gastric cancer cells by modulating the miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR signaling axis .

BACKGROUND: β-Elemene is a natural agent extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Curcuma wenyujin that is a promising novel plant-derived drug with broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Our previous study identified an enhanced capacity for metastasis in multidrug resistant (MDR) gastric cancer and breast cancer cells. However, the anti-metastatic effects of β-Elemene on MDR cancer cells remain unknown.
PURPOSE: In this study, we posit the hypothesis thatβ-elemene possesses antimetastatic effects on MDR cancer cells.
METHODS: Cell viability assay was used to assess the resistance of SGC7901/ADR cells and the cytotoxic effects ofβ-Elemene. Wound healing, transwell assay and lung metastatic mice model were used to the anti-metastasis effects of β-Elemene. MicroRNA microarray analysis was used to explore potential regulated miRNAs. Luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the direct target. Human MMP antibody array, western blot, immunoprecipitation, qRT-PCR analyses and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate the underlying anti-metastasis mechanism of β-Elemene.
RESULTS: In this study, we found thatβ-Elemene significantly inhibited the metastatic capacity of MDR gastric cells in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that β-Elemene regulated MMP-2/9 expression and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Further studies showed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b expression, resultingin inhibition of the EGFR-ERK/AKT pathways, which regulate MMP-2/9. Additionally, we confirmed that β-Elemene upregulated Cbl-b by inhibiting miR-1323 expression. Finally, we found that numbers of metastatic tumor nodules were significantly decreased in the lungs of nude mice after β-Elemene treatment.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggested thatβ-Elemene inhibits the metastasis of MDR gastric cancer cells by modulating the miR-1323/Cbl-b/EGFR signaling axis.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--β-elemene suppresses the malignant behavior of esophageal cancer cells by regulating the phosphoryla

β-elemene suppresses the malignant behavior of esophageal cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of AKT.

BACKGROUND : Esophageal cancer is a digestive tract malignancy , ranking sixth among the world 's deadliest tumor incidence .
However , the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is complex and the prognosis remains poor .
Therefore , in-depth study of the pathogenesis and developing effective treatments are of great value for esophageal cancer.β-elemene is a natural monomeric compound derived from the Chinese herbal Curcuma wenyujin .
β-elemene has been reported to have anti-tumor effects and used as an adjunct to clinical therapy for multiple cancers .
This study aims to explore the effects of β-elemene on esophageal cancer and its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and KYSE-150 cells were used to evaluate the activity ofβ-elemene on esophageal cancerin vitro and in vivo .
Western blot was performed for protein expression assessment .
CCK8 assay and cell cycle analysis were used for proliferation testing .
Flow cytometry was performed for apoptosis detection .
Wound healing assay was subjected to assess the migration ability .
Transwell chamber assay was applied to assess the invasion ability .
HE staining , TUNEL staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the changes in tumor tissues .
RESULTS : We found thatβ-elemene treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells .
In addition , β-elemene inhibited the migration and invasion ability of esophageal cancer cells .
Furthermore , β-elemene exerted its effects against esophageal cancer by specifically regulating AKT signaling , thereby controlling the expression of PD-L1 .
CONCLUSION : β-elemene inhibits proliferation and metastasis of esophageal cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of AKT .

BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer is a digestive tract malignancy, ranking sixth among the world's deadliest tumor incidence. However, the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is complex and the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, in-depth study of the pathogenesis and developing effective treatments are of great value for esophageal cancer.β-elemene is a natural monomeric compound derived from the Chinese herbal Curcuma wenyujin. β-elemene has been reported to have anti-tumor effects and used as an adjunct to clinical therapy for multiple cancers. This study aims to explore the effects of β-elemene on esophageal cancer and its related molecular mechanisms.
METHODS: TE-1 and KYSE-150 cells were used to evaluate the activity ofβ-elemene on esophageal cancerin vitro and in vivo. Western blot was performed for protein expression assessment. CCK8 assay and cell cycle analysis were used for proliferation testing. Flow cytometry was performed for apoptosis detection. Wound healing assay was subjected to assess the migration ability. Transwell chamber assay was applied to assess the invasion ability. HE staining, TUNEL staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the changes in tumor tissues.
RESULTS: We found thatβ-elemene treatment suppressed proliferation, as well as induced apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells. In addition, β-elemene inhibited the migration and invasion ability of esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, β-elemene exerted its effects against esophageal cancer by specifically regulating AKT signaling, thereby controlling the expression of PD-L1.
CONCLUSION: β-elemene inhibits proliferation and metastasis of esophageal cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of AKT.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--The antitumor efficacy of β-elemene by changing tumor inflammatory environment and tumor microenviro

The antitumor efficacy of β-elemene by changing tumor inflammatory environment and tumor microenvironment

Inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells in the inflammatory microenvironment promote the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells in the early stage of cancer , promote the growth and development of cancer cells , and induce tumor immune escape .
The monomeric active ingredient-elemene is extracted from the traditional Chinese medicineand has been proven to have good anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities in clinical applications for more than 20 years in China .
Recent studies have found that this traditional Chinese medicine plays a vital role in macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization , as well as in regulating immune disorders , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NF-B and STAT3 to alter inflammation , tumorigenesis , and development .
In addition , -elemene regulates not only different inflammatory factors ( such as TNF- , IFN , TGF- , and IL-6/10 ) but also oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro .
The excellent anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects of-elemene and its ability to alter the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors have been gradually elaborated .
Although the study of monomeric active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines is insufficient in terms of quality and quantity , the pharmacological effects of more active ingredients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ after-elemene .

Inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells in the inflammatory microenvironment promote the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells in the early stage of cancer, promote the growth and development of cancer cells, and induce tumor immune escape. The monomeric active ingredient-elemene is extracted from the traditional Chinese medicineand has been proven to have good anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities in clinical applications for more than 20 years in China. Recent studies have found that this traditional Chinese medicine plays a vital role in macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization, as well as in regulating immune disorders, and it even regulates the transcription factors NF-B and STAT3 to alter inflammation, tumorigenesis, and development. In addition,-elemene regulates not only different inflammatory factors (such as TNF-, IFN, TGF-, and IL-6/10) but also oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. The excellent anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects of-elemene and its ability to alter the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors have been gradually elaborated. Although the study of monomeric active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines is insufficient in terms of quality and quantity, the pharmacological effects of more active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines will be revealed after-elemene.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-28--The emerging role of curcumin in the modulation of TLR-4 signaling pathway.

Natural products have been used in medicine for thousands of years .
Given their potential health benefits , they have @ @ @ @ @ times .
The administration of phytochemicals existed shown to regulate differential gene expression and modulate @ @ @ @ @ cell protection .
Curcumin is a natural dietary polyphenol extracted fromwith different biological and pharmacological @ @ @ @ @ important targets of curcumin is Toll-like receptor-4 ( TLR-4 ) , the receptor which plays @ @ @ @ @ modulation of the immune responses and the stimulation of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production .
@ @ @ @ @ curcumin attenuates inflammatory response via TLR-4 acting directly on receptor , or by its downstream @ @ @ @ @ low , so the use of exosomes , as nano drug delivery , could improve @ @ @ @ @ inflammatory diseases .
The focus of this review is to explore the therapeutic effect of @ @ @ @ @ and how this modulation could improve the prognosis of neuroinflammatory and rheumatic diseases .

Natural products have been used in medicine for thousands of years. Given their potential health benefits, they have gained significant popularity in recent times. The administration of phytochemicals existed shown to regulate differential gene expression and modulate various cellular pathways implicated in cell protection. Curcumin is a natural dietary polyphenol extracted fromwith different biological and pharmacological effects. One of the important targets of curcumin is Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), the receptor which plays a key role in the modulation of the immune responses and the stimulation of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production. Different studies have demonstrated that curcumin attenuates inflammatory response via TLR-4 acting directly on receptor, or by its downstream pathway. Curcumin bioavailability is low, so the use of exosomes, as nano drug delivery, could improve the efficacy of curcumin in inflammatory diseases. The focus of this review is to explore the therapeutic effect of curcumin interacting with TLR-4 receptor and how this modulation could improve the prognosis of neuroinflammatory and rheumatic diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-28--Flaxseed Versus Fish Oil Supplementation for People With Diabetes

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By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--L-Citrulline and L-Arginine Combo May Boost Athletic Performance


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults.

Background Stress , anxiety and impeded sleep are a frequent feature of life in modern societies .
Across socio-economic strata , stress , anxiety and ineffective sleep detract from healthful living and serve as precursors of various ailments .
The use of herbs to offset these antecedents and outcomes has greatly increased in recent years .
Ashwagandha , an adaptogenic Ayurvedic herb , has been often used to combat and reduce stress and thereby enhance general wellbeing .
While there have been other studies documenting the use of Ashwagandha for stress resistance , this is the first study to use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the dosage substantially .
Therefore , this is the first study to offer insight into dose-response of a high concentration root extract .
Material and methods In this eight-week , prospective , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , the stress-relieving effect of Ashwagandha root extract was investigated in stressed healthy adults .
Sixty male and female participants with a baseline perceived stress scale ( PSS ) score > 20 were randomized to receive capsules of Ashwagandha extract 125 mg , Ashwagandha extract 300 mg or identical placebo twice daily for eight weeks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assessed using PSS at baseline , four weeks and eight weeks .
Anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton-Anxiety ( HAM-A ) scale and serum cortisol was measured at baseline and at eight weeks .
Sleep quality was assessed using a seven-point sleep scale .
A repeat measures ANOVA ( general linear model ) was used for assessment of treatment effect at different time periods .
Post-hoc Dunnett 's test was used for comparison of two treatments with placebo .
Results Two participants ( one each in 250 mg/day Ashwagandha and placebo ) were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the study .
A significant reduction in PSS scores was observed with Ashwagandha 250 mg/day ( P < 0.05 ) and 600 mg/day ( P < 0.001 ) .
Serum cortisol levels reduced with both Ashwagandha 250 mg/day ( P < 0.05 ) and Ashwagandha 600 mg/day ( P < 0.0001 ) .
Compared to the placebo group participants , the participants receiving Ashwagandha had significant improvement in sleep quality .
Conclusion Ashwagandha root aqueous extract was beneficial in reducing stress and anxiety .

Background Stress, anxiety and impeded sleep are a frequent feature of life in modern societies. Across socio-economic strata, stress, anxiety and ineffective sleep detract from healthful living and serve as precursors of various ailments. The use of herbs to offset these antecedents and outcomes has greatly increased in recent years. Ashwagandha, an adaptogenic Ayurvedic herb, has been often used to combat and reduce stress and thereby enhance general wellbeing. While there have been other studies documenting the use of Ashwagandha for stress resistance, this is the first study to use a high-concentration root extract while also varying the dosage substantially. Therefore, this is the first study to offer insight into dose-response of a high concentration root extract. Material and methods In this eight-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the stress-relieving effect of Ashwagandha root extract was investigated in stressed healthy adults. Sixty male and female participants with a baseline perceived stress scale (PSS) score>20 were randomized to receive capsules of Ashwagandha extract 125 mg, Ashwagandha extract 300 mg or identical placebo twice daily for eight weeks in a 1:1:1 ratio. Stress was assessed using PSS at baseline, four weeks and eight weeks. Anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton-Anxiety (HAM-A) scale and serum cortisol was measured at baseline and at eight weeks. Sleep quality was assessed using a seven-point sleep scale. A repeat measures ANOVA (general linear model) was used for assessment of treatment effect at different time periods. Post-hoc Dunnett's test was used for comparison of two treatments with placebo. Results Two participants (one each in 250 mg/day Ashwagandha and placebo) were lost to follow-up and 58 participants completed the study. A significant reduction in PSS scores was observed with Ashwagandha 250 mg/day (P<0.05) and 600 mg/day (P<0.001). Serum cortisol levels reduced with both Ashwagandha 250 mg/day (P<0.05) and Ashwagandha 600 mg/day (P<0.0001). Compared to the placebo group participants, the participants receiving Ashwagandha had significant improvement in sleep quality. Conclusion Ashwagandha root aqueous extract was beneficial in reducing stress and anxiety.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A potential therapeutic adjuvant in cancer.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Withania somnifera ( L. ) Dunal ( WS ) is one of the moststudied Rasayana botanicals used in Ayurveda practice for its immunomodulatory , anti-aging , adaptogenic , and rejuvenating effects .
The botanical is being used for various clinical indications , including cancer .
Several studies exploring molecular mechanisms of WS suggest its possible role in improving clinical outcomes in cancer management .
Therefore , research on WS may offer new insights in rational development of therapeutic adjuvants for cancer .
AIM OF THIS REVIEW : The review aims at providing a detailed analysis of in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and clinical studies related to WS and cancer .
It suggests possible role of WS in regulating molecular mechanisms associated with carcinogenesis .
The review discusses potential of WS in cancer management in terms of cancer prevention , anti-cancer activity , and enhancing efficacy of cancer therapeutics .
MATERIAL AND METHODS : The present narrative review offers a critical analysis of published literature on WS studies in cancer .
The reported studies were analysed in the context of pathophysiology of cancer , commonly referred as 'cancer hallmarks ' .
The review attempts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ into molecular mechanisms of cancer .
RESULTS : Critical analysisof the published literature suggests an anti-cancer potential of WS with a key role in cancer prevention .
The possible mechanisms for these effects are associated with the modulation of apoptotic , proliferative , and metastatic markers in cancer .
WS can attenuate inflammatory responses and enzymes involved in invasion and metastatic progression of cancer.The properties of WS are likely to be mediated through withanolides , which may activate tumor suppressor proteins to restrict proliferation of cancer cells .
Withanolides also regulate the genomic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cells .
The reported studies indicate the need for deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of WS in inhibiting angiogenesis and promoting immunosurveillance .
Additionally , WS can augment efficacy and safety of cancer therapeutics .
CONCLUSION : The experimentally-supported evidence of immunomodulatory , anti-cancer , adaptogenic , and regenerative attributes of WS suggest its therapeutic adjuvant potential in cancer management .
The adjuvant properties of withanolides can modulate multidrug resistance and reverse chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression .
These mechanisms need to be further explored in systematically designed translational and clinical studies that will pave the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ therapeutic adjuvant in cancer management .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) is one of the moststudied Rasayana botanicals used in Ayurveda practice for its immunomodulatory, anti-aging, adaptogenic, and rejuvenating effects. The botanical is being used for various clinical indications, including cancer. Several studies exploring molecular mechanisms of WS suggest its possible role in improving clinical outcomes in cancer management. Therefore, research on WS may offer new insights in rational development of therapeutic adjuvants for cancer.
AIM OF THIS REVIEW: The review aims at providing a detailed analysis of in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies related to WS and cancer. It suggests possible role of WS in regulating molecular mechanisms associated with carcinogenesis. The review discusses potential of WS in cancer management in terms of cancer prevention, anti-cancer activity, and enhancing efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present narrative review offers a critical analysis of published literature on WS studies in cancer. The reported studies were analysed in the context of pathophysiology of cancer, commonly referred as 'cancer hallmarks'. The review attempts to bridge Ayurveda knowledge with biological insights into molecular mechanisms of cancer.
RESULTS: Critical analysisof the published literature suggests an anti-cancer potential of WS with a key role in cancer prevention. The possible mechanisms for these effects are associated with the modulation of apoptotic, proliferative, and metastatic markers in cancer. WS can attenuate inflammatory responses and enzymes involved in invasion and metastatic progression of cancer.The properties of WS are likely to be mediated through withanolides, which may activate tumor suppressor proteins to restrict proliferation of cancer cells. Withanolides also regulate the genomic instability, and energy metabolism of cancer cells. The reported studies indicate the need for deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms of WS in inhibiting angiogenesis and promoting immunosurveillance. Additionally, WS can augment efficacy and safety of cancer therapeutics.
CONCLUSION: The experimentally-supported evidence of immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, adaptogenic, and regenerative attributes of WS suggest its therapeutic adjuvant potential in cancer management. The adjuvant properties of withanolides can modulate multidrug resistance and reverse chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. These mechanisms need to be further explored in systematically designed translational and clinical studies that will pave the way for integration of WS as a therapeutic adjuvant in cancer management.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--W. somnifera extract offers some potential advantages as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy to

W. somnifera extract offers some potential advantages as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy to SSRIs in generalized anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND : Anxiety disorders are the most universal psychiatric problems in the general population .
Due to their chronic nature , these diseases are managed with a multi-drug regimen lasting for a long period of time .
Medication discontinuation leads to 25 % and 80 % recurrence in the first month and the first year , respectively .
Despite several treatment approaches , there is no specific and optimal method for patient management .
Therefore , it is necessary to find some new theraputic approaches with fewer side effects .
Withania somnifera is a plant with GABAergic property responsible for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this study was to investigate the effect of W. somnifera root extract as an alternative therapy to reduce standard generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) symptoms .
METHODS : Forty patients who met the inclusion criteria ( with a confirmed diagnosis of GAD as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition , Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR ) took part in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial and were randomly selected for participation in the treatment group ( W. somnifera extract , 1g/day ; n = 22 ) or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
All patients were under treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and were prescribed one capsule of the extract or placebo per day for six weeks .
The Hamilton anxiety rating scale ( HAM-A ) was used to assess the severity of GAD symptoms at baseline as well as the second and sixth weeks of the trial .
RESULTS : Comparison of the HAM-A scores during the course of the trial revealed a significant amelioration ofHAM-A score in the treatment group versus placebo ( 14 and 8 units reduction @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) .
Moreover , there was a significant difference in the reduction of GAD score between the second ( P =0.04 ) and sixth week ( P =0.02 ) in the treatment group .
The extract was safe and no adverse effect was observed during the trial .
CONCLUSION : W. somnifera extract offers some potential advantages as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy to SSRIs in GAD .

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are the most universal psychiatric problems in the general population. Due to their chronic nature, these diseases are managed with a multi-drug regimen lasting for a long period of time. Medication discontinuation leads to 25% and 80% recurrence in the first month and the first year, respectively. Despite several treatment approaches, there is no specific and optimal method for patient management. Therefore, it is necessary to find some new theraputic approaches with fewer side effects. Withania somnifera is a plant with GABAergic property responsible for its anxiolytic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of W. somnifera root extract as an alternative therapy to reduce standard generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms.
METHODS: Forty patients who met the inclusion criteria (with a confirmed diagnosis of GAD as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) took part in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial and were randomly selected for participation in the treatment group (W. somnifera extract, 1g/day; n = 22) or the placebo group (n = 18). All patients were under treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and were prescribed one capsule of the extract or placebo per day for six weeks. The Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) was used to assess the severity of GAD symptoms at baseline as well as the second and sixth weeks of the trial.
RESULTS: Comparison of the HAM-A scores during the course of the trial revealed a significant amelioration ofHAM-A score in the treatment group versus placebo (14 and 8 units reduction, respectively (P<0.05)). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the reduction of GAD score between the second (P =0.04) and sixth week (P =0.02) in the treatment group. The extract was safe and no adverse effect was observed during the trial.
CONCLUSION: W. somnifera extract offers some potential advantages as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy to SSRIs in GAD.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Ashwagandha supplementation might improve the VO2max in athlete and non-athlete people.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of supplementation with Ashwagandha ( ) on maximum oxygen consumption ( VO ) , as well as to provide directions for clinical practice .
A systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines ( PRISMA ) .
The inclusion criteria were : ( a ) VOdata , with means± standard deviation before and after the supplement intervention , ( b ) the study was randomized controlled trial ( RCT ) , ( c ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations , Assessment , Development and Evaluation ( GRADE ) approach.A meta-analysis was performed to determine effect sizes .
Five studies were selected in the systematic review ( 162 participants ) and four were included in the meta-analysis ( 142 participants ) .
Results showed a significant enhancement in VOin healthy adults and athletes ( = 0.04 ) .
The mean difference was 3.00 ( 95 % CI from 0.18 to 5.82 ) with high heterogeneity .
In conclusion , Ashwagandha supplementation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ people .
However , further research is need to confirm this hypothesis since the number of studies is limited and the heterogeneity was high .

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of supplementation with Ashwagandha () on maximum oxygen consumption (VO), as well as to provide directions for clinical practice. A systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines (PRISMA). The inclusion criteria were: (a) VOdata, with means± standard deviation before and after the supplement intervention, (b) the study was randomized controlled trial (RCT), (c) the article was written in English. The quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.A meta-analysis was performed to determine effect sizes. Five studies were selected in the systematic review (162 participants) and four were included in the meta-analysis (142 participants). Results showed a significant enhancement in VOin healthy adults and athletes (= 0.04). The mean difference was 3.00 (95% CI from 0.18 to 5.82) with high heterogeneity. In conclusion, Ashwagandha supplementation might improve the VOin athlete and non-athlete people. However, further research is need to confirm this hypothesis since the number of studies is limited and the heterogeneity was high.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Melatonin and tumeric ameliorate aging-induced changes: implication of immunoglobulins, cytokines, D

Melatonin and tumeric ameliorate aging-induced changes: implication of immunoglobulins, cytokines, DJ-1/NRF2 and apoptosis regulation.

Aging is associated with several biological , physiological , cellular and histological changes .
In the present study , we investigated the effect of aging on different signaling pathways , including antioxidant system , apoptosis and immune status .
Several natural products were used to ameliorate and block aging-related changes .
Melatonin and turmeric have been known to ameliorate and decrease aging-related changes .
However , the exact mechanism ( s ) of their action is not fully understood .
In the present study , we tried to uncover the regulatory mechanism ( s ) by which melatonin and turmeric @ @ @ @ @ @ @ aging differentially regulated blood serum immunoglobulins ; increased IgA and decreased IgE .
Furthermore , all the serum cytokines investigated ( TNF-α , IFN-γ , IL-6 and IL-8 ) were highly increased by aging .
In addition , the antioxidant upstream regulators ; DJ-1 and NRF2 were markedly repressed with aging in thymus tissues .
We also found that aging induced apoptosis promoting genes p53 and Bax mRNA in thymus tissues .
Finally , we found clear histological changes in thymus and spleen tissues .
Administration of either melatonin or tumeric clearly ameliorated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of aging .
Altogether , aging was associated with downregulation of antioxidant regulators ; DJ-1 and NRF2 , promoted apoptosis and induced changes in the immune status .
Furthermore , melatonin and tumeric markedly reversed the action of aging through activating DJ-1/NRF2 signaling pathway and inhibiting p53/Bax apoptotic pathway .

Aging is associated with several biological, physiological, cellular and histological changes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of aging on different signaling pathways, including antioxidant system, apoptosis and immune status. Several natural products were used to ameliorate and block aging-related changes. Melatonin and turmeric have been known to ameliorate and decrease aging-related changes. However, the exact mechanism(s) of their action is not fully understood. In the present study, we tried to uncover the regulatory mechanism(s) by which melatonin and turmeric work against aging. We found that aging differentially regulated blood serum immunoglobulins; increased IgA and decreased IgE. Furthermore, all the serum cytokines investigated (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8) were highly increased by aging. In addition, the antioxidant upstream regulators; DJ-1 and NRF2 were markedly repressed with aging in thymus tissues. We also found that aging induced apoptosis promoting genes p53 and Bax mRNA in thymus tissues. Finally, we found clear histological changes in thymus and spleen tissues. Administration of either melatonin or tumeric clearly ameliorated and blocked to some extinct the effect of aging. Altogether, aging was associated with downregulation of antioxidant regulators; DJ-1 and NRF2, promoted apoptosis and induced changes in the immune status. Furthermore, melatonin and tumeric markedly reversed the action of aging through activating DJ-1/NRF2 signaling pathway and inhibiting p53/Bax apoptotic pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Purple sweet potato color protects against hepatocyte apoptosis through Sirt1 activation in high-fat

Purple sweet potato color protects against hepatocyte apoptosis through Sirt1 activation in high-fat-diet-treated mice.

Background : Recent evidence indicates that the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis is possible to develop a potential therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) .
Our previous work suggested that purple sweet potato color ( PSPC ) , a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins , effectively improved many features of high-fat diet ( HFD ) -induced NAFLD .
However , whether PSPC ameliorates HFD-induced hepatocyte apoptosis has never been investigated .
Objective : Here we investigated the effects of PSPC on HFD-induced hepatic apoptosis and the mechanisms underlying these effects .
Design : Mice were divided into @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group , HFD + PSPC group and PSPC group .
PSPC was administered by daily oral gavage at doses of 700 mg/kg/day for 20 weeks .
EX-527 ( a SirT1-selective inhibitor ) andsiRNA were used to demonstrate the Sirt1 dependence of PSPC-mediated effects on apoptotic and survival signaling pathwaysand .
Results : Our results showed that PSPC reduced body weights , hepatic triglyceride contents , histopathological lesions and serum ALT levels in a mouse model of NAFLD induced by HFD .
Furthermore , PSPC attenuated HFD-induced hepatocyte apoptosis ratio from 7.27± 0.92 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ livers , which is insignificant compared with that of controls .
Moreover , PSPC activated Sirt1 by boosting NADlevel in HFD-treated mouse livers .
Furthermore , PSPC promoted Sirt1-dependent suppression of P53-mediated apoptotic signaling and activation of Akt survival signaling pathway in HFD-treated mouse livers , which was confirmed by EX527 treatment .
Moreover , knockdown abolished these ameliorative effects of PSPC on apoptosis and P53 acetylation and protein expression in PA-treated L02 cells .
Ultimately , PSPC reduced Caspase-3 activation and Bax level , and elevated the Bcl-2 level in HFD-treated mouse @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HFD-induced hepatic apoptosis by promoting Sirt1- dependent inhibition of p53-apoptotic pathway and facilitation of Akt survival pathway .
This study indicates that PSPC is a candidate for nutritional intervention of NAFLD .

Background: Recent evidence indicates that the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis is possible to develop a potential therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our previous work suggested that purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins, effectively improved many features of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. However, whether PSPC ameliorates HFD-induced hepatocyte apoptosis has never been investigated.
Objective: Here we investigated the effects of PSPC on HFD-induced hepatic apoptosis and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Design: Mice were divided into four groups: Control group, HFD group, HFD + PSPC group and PSPC group. PSPC was administered by daily oral gavage at doses of 700 mg/kg/day for 20 weeks. EX-527 (a SirT1-selective inhibitor) andsiRNA were used to demonstrate the Sirt1 dependence of PSPC-mediated effects on apoptotic and survival signaling pathwaysand.
Results: Our results showed that PSPC reduced body weights, hepatic triglyceride contents, histopathological lesions and serum ALT levels in a mouse model of NAFLD induced by HFD. Furthermore, PSPC attenuated HFD-induced hepatocyte apoptosis ratio from 7.27± 0.92% to 1.79 ± 0.27% in mouse livers, which is insignificant compared with that of controls. Moreover, PSPC activated Sirt1 by boosting NADlevel in HFD-treated mouse livers. Furthermore, PSPC promoted Sirt1-dependent suppression of P53-mediated apoptotic signaling and activation of Akt survival signaling pathway in HFD-treated mouse livers, which was confirmed by EX527 treatment. Moreover,knockdown abolished these ameliorative effects of PSPC on apoptosis and P53 acetylation and protein expression in PA-treated L02 cells. Ultimately, PSPC reduced Caspase-3 activation and Bax level, and elevated the Bcl-2 level in HFD-treated mouse livers.
Conclusion: PSPC protected against HFD-induced hepatic apoptosis by promoting Sirt1- dependent inhibition of p53-apoptotic pathway and facilitation of Akt survival pathway. This study indicates that PSPC is a candidate for nutritional intervention of NAFLD.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin-entrapped poly d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles in mi

Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin-entrapped poly d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles in mice.

Background : Studies have shown that curcumin fromhas a wide range of medicinal and immunomodulatory properties .
These activities have , however , been hindered by its low bioavailability .
Meanwhile , incorporation of nanoparticles has been shown to increase bioavailability of certain drugs .
This study was , therefore , conducted to comparatively evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of free and nanoparticulate curcumin in mice .
Methods : Healthy albino mice were sensitized with sheep red blood cells ( SRBCs ) and thereafter free and nanoparticulate curcumin were administered orally at doses of 5 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day for 10 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the immunomodulatory activity was carried out by determining the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses using hemagglutination and delayed-type hypersensitivity assays , respectively .
Hematological components and some lymphoid organs of treated mice were further evaluated .
Results : The study showed that nanoparticulate curcumin stimulated higher early cell-mediated immune response at 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg when compared to control .
While nanoparticulate curcumin significantly stimulated primary humoral immune response with 9.00 ± 1.00 antibody titre ( Conclusion : This work showed that poly d , l-lactic-co-glycolic acid entrapped curcumin nanoparticle could @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Background: Studies have shown that curcumin fromhas a wide range of medicinal and immunomodulatory properties. These activities have, however, been hindered by its low bioavailability. Meanwhile, incorporation of nanoparticles has been shown to increase bioavailability of certain drugs. This study was, therefore, conducted to comparatively evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of free and nanoparticulate curcumin in mice.
Methods: Healthy albino mice were sensitized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and thereafter free and nanoparticulate curcumin were administered orally at doses of 5 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days to the mice. The assessment of the immunomodulatory activity was carried out by determining the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses using hemagglutination and delayed-type hypersensitivity assays, respectively. Hematological components and some lymphoid organs of treated mice were further evaluated.
Results: The study showed that nanoparticulate curcumin stimulated higher early cell-mediated immune response at 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg when compared to control. While nanoparticulate curcumin significantly stimulated primary humoral immune response with 9.00 ± 1.00 antibody titre ( < 0.05), the free curcumin suppressed the immunity with 3.33 ± 0.67 antibody titre when compared to control. Similar result was observed with secondary humoral antibody titres. Production of white blood cells and weight of the lymphoid organs were also enhanced in the groups that received 10 mg/kg nanocurcumin.
Conclusion: This work showed that poly d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid entrapped curcumin nanoparticle could increase bioavailability of curcumin for improved immunity.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Melatonin treatment could be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) is the most common ocular complication caused by diabetes mellitus and is the main cause @ @ @ @ @ people .
Reactive gliosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by Müller cells contribute to the progression @ @ @ @ @ strong anti-inflammatory hormone , mediating the cytoprotective effect of a variety of retinal cells against @ @ @ @ @ , melatonin inhibited the gliosis activation and inflammatory cytokine production of Müller cellsin both in @ @ @ @ @ of DR .
The melatonin membrane blocker , Luzindole , invalidated the melatonin-mediated protective effect @ @ @ @ @ , melatonin inhibited Müller cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by upregulating the long noncoding @ @ @ @ @ 1 axis .
In conclusion , our study suggested that melatonin treatment could be a @ @ @ @ @ .

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common ocular complication caused by diabetes mellitus and is the main cause of visual impairment in working-age people. Reactive gliosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by Müller cells contribute to the progression of DR. Melatonin is a strong anti-inflammatory hormone, mediating the cytoprotective effect of a variety of retinal cells against hyperglycemia. In this study, melatonin inhibited the gliosis activation and inflammatory cytokine production of Müller cellsin both in vitro and in vivo models of DR. The melatonin membrane blocker, Luzindole, invalidated the melatonin-mediated protective effect on Müller cells. Furthermore, melatonin inhibited Müller cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by upregulating the long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3/miR-204/sirtuin 1 axis. In conclusion, our study suggested that melatonin treatment could be a novel therapeutic strategy for DR.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--These effects suggest that turmeric supplementation can be used as an inexpensive intervention to pr

The awareness of the interrelationship between immunosenescence and constant light exposure can provide new insights into the consequences of excessive exposure to light at night due to light pollution or shift work .
Here , we investigated whether constant light exposure ( LL ) acts as an inducer of immunosenescence .
We also determined the role of melatonin or turmeric in reversing the putative effects of constant light and explored for the first time the underlying molecular mechanisms .
Young ( 3-4-month-old ) rats were exposed daily to LL alone or in combination with each of melatonin and turmeric for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rats ( 18-months old ; n = 6 ) was used as a reference for natural immunosenescence .
Constant light exposure resulted in remarkable pathophysiological alterations resembling those noticed in normal aged rats , manifested as apparent decreases in antioxidant activities as well as Nrf2 and DJ-1 expressions , striking augmentation in oxidative stress , proinflammatory cytokines and expression of TNFα , Bax , and p53 genes , and deleterious changes of lymphoid organs , Co-administration of melatonin or turmeric was able to reverse all alterations induced by LL through upregulation of Nrf2/DJ-1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ data suggest that LL accelerates immunosenescence via oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways .
They also demonstrate for the first time that turmeric is comparable to melatonin in boosting the immune function and counteracting the LL-associated immunosenescence .
These effects suggest that turmeric supplementation can be used as an inexpensive intervention to prevent circadian disruption-related immunosenescence .
However , to validate the effects of turmeric on humans further studies are warranted .

The awareness of the interrelationship between immunosenescence and constant light exposure can provide new insights into the consequences of excessive exposure to light at night due to light pollution or shift work. Here, we investigated whether constant light exposure (LL) acts as an inducer of immunosenescence. We also determined the role of melatonin or turmeric in reversing the putative effects of constant light and explored for the first time the underlying molecular mechanisms. Young (3-4-month-old) rats were exposed daily to LL alone or in combination with each of melatonin and turmeric for 12 weeks. A group of aged rats (18-months old; n = 6) was used as a reference for natural immunosenescence. Constant light exposure resulted in remarkable pathophysiological alterations resembling those noticed in normal aged rats, manifested as apparent decreases in antioxidant activities as well as Nrf2 and DJ-1 expressions, striking augmentation in oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and expression of TNFα, Bax, and p53 genes, and deleterious changes of lymphoid organs, Co-administration of melatonin or turmeric was able to reverse all alterations induced by LL through upregulation of Nrf2/DJ-1 and downregulation of p53/Bax pathways. These data suggest that LL accelerates immunosenescence via oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways. They also demonstrate for the first time that turmeric is comparable to melatonin in boosting the immune function and counteracting the LL-associated immunosenescence. These effects suggest that turmeric supplementation can be used as an inexpensive intervention to prevent circadian disruption-related immunosenescence. However, to validate the effects of turmeric on humans further studies are warranted.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Molecular mechanisms of curcumin in neuroinflammatory disorders.

OBJECTIVE : Neuroinflammatory disease is a general term used to denote the progressive loss of neuronal function or structure .
Many neuroinflammatory diseases , including Alzheimer 's , Parkinson 's , and multiple sclerosis ( MS ) , occur due to neuroinflammation .
Neuroinflammation increases nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) levels , cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes and inducible nitric oxide synthase , resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines , such as interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) .
It could also lead to cellular deterioration and symptoms of neuroinflammatory diseases .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the active ingredient in turmeric ) could alleviate the process of neuroinflammatory disease .
Thus , the present mini-review was conducted to summarize studies regarding cellular and molecular targets of curcumin relevant to neuroinflammatory disorders .
METHODS : A literature search strategy was conducted for all English-language literature .
Studies that assessed the various properties of curcuminoids in respect of neuroinflammatory disorders were included in this review .
RESULTS : The studies have suggested that curcuminoids have significant anti- neuroinflammatory , antioxidant and neuroprotective properties that could attenuate the development and symptom of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms , by reducing inflammatory mediators ( such as TNF-α , IL-1β , nitric oxide and NF-κB gene expression ) , and affect mitochondrial dynamics and even epigenetic changes .
CONCLUSION : It is a promising subject of study in the prevention and management of the neuroinflammatory disease .
However , controlled , randomized clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate its clinical potential .

OBJECTIVE: Neuroinflammatory disease is a general term used to denote the progressive loss of neuronal function or structure. Many neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis (MS), occur due to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation increases nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels, cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes and inducible nitric oxide synthase, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). It could also lead to cellular deterioration and symptoms of neuroinflammatory diseases. Recent studies have suggested that curcumin (the active ingredient in turmeric) could alleviate the process of neuroinflammatory disease. Thus, the present mini-review was conducted to summarize studies regarding cellular and molecular targets of curcumin relevant to neuroinflammatory disorders.
METHODS: A literature search strategy was conducted for all English-language literature. Studies that assessed the various properties of curcuminoids in respect of neuroinflammatory disorders were included in this review.
RESULTS: The studies have suggested that curcuminoids have significant anti- neuroinflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties that could attenuate the development and symptom of neuroinflammatory disorders. Curcumin can alleviate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms, by reducing inflammatory mediators (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide and NF-κB gene expression), and affect mitochondrial dynamics and even epigenetic changes.
CONCLUSION: It is a promising subject of study in the prevention and management of the neuroinflammatory disease. However, controlled, randomized clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate its clinical potential.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Mechanistic insights of hepatoprotective effects of curcumin.

The liver is the most essential organ of the body performing vital functions .
Hepatic disorders affect the physiological and biochemical functions of the body .
These disorders include hepatitis B , hepatitis C , alcoholic liver disease ( ALD ) , nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) , liver cirrhosis , hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) .
Drugs related hepatotoxicity is one of the major challenges facing by clinicians as it is a leading cause of liver failure .
During post-marketing surveillance studies , detection and reporting of drug-induced hepatotoxicity may lead to drug withdrawal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in hepatotoxicity such as cell membrane disruption , initiating an immune response , alteration of cellular pathways of drug metabolism , accumulation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) , lipid peroxidation and cell death .
Curcumin , the active ingredient of turmeric and exhibits therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes , cardiovascular disorders and various types of cancers .
Curcumin is strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus it possesses hepatoprotective properties .
Despite its low bioavailability , its hepatoprotective effects have been studied in various protocols of hepatotoxicity including acetaminophen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( CCL ) , diethylnitrosamine and heavy metals induced hepatotoxicities .
This report reviews the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin with a focus on its mechanistic insights in various hepatotoxic protocols .

The liver is the most essential organ of the body performing vital functions. Hepatic disorders affect the physiological and biochemical functions of the body. These disorders include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Drugs related hepatotoxicity is one of the major challenges facing by clinicians as it is a leading cause of liver failure. During post-marketing surveillance studies, detection and reporting of drug-induced hepatotoxicity may lead to drug withdrawal or warnings. Several mechanisms are involved in hepatotoxicity such as cell membrane disruption, initiating an immune response, alteration of cellular pathways of drug metabolism, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and cell death. Curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric and exhibits therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and various types of cancers. Curcumin is strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus it possesses hepatoprotective properties. Despite its low bioavailability, its hepatoprotective effects have been studied in various protocols of hepatotoxicity including acetaminophen, alcohol, lindane, carbon tetrachloride (CCL), diethylnitrosamine and heavy metals induced hepatotoxicities. This report reviews the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin with a focus on its mechanistic insights in various hepatotoxic protocols.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Curcumin as a therapeutic candidate for multiple sclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and targets.

Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is a disease that has shown a considerable increase in prevalence in recent centuries .
Current knowledge about its etiology is incomplete , and therefore it can not be managed optimally utilizing targeted therapeutic regimens at each stage of the disease .
MS progresses in different stages , beginning with a cascade of inflammation .
The pivotal spark to initiate this cascade seems to be the migration of Th17 into the central nervous system across the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) through the disrupted tight junctions .
Coupling of interleukin ( IL ) -17 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ layer facilitates this migration .
Subsequently , axon degeneration and the various manifestations of nerve-muscle disorders appear .
Curcumin , a major component of turmeric , is derived from Curcuma longa , which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family .
Numerous properties of curcumin have been identified recently , some of which can be effective in the treatment of MS , particularly the anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines .
In this paper , we will review the various properties and key effects of curcumin for the treatment of MS .

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that has shown a considerable increase in prevalence in recent centuries. Current knowledge about its etiology is incomplete, and therefore it cannot be managed optimally utilizing targeted therapeutic regimens at each stage of the disease. MS progresses in different stages, beginning with a cascade of inflammation. The pivotal spark to initiate this cascade seems to be the migration of Th17 into the central nervous system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through the disrupted tight junctions. Coupling of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 to their receptors in the BBB layer facilitates this migration. Subsequently, axon degeneration and the various manifestations of nerve-muscle disorders appear. Curcumin, a major component of turmeric, is derived from Curcuma longa, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Numerous properties of curcumin have been identified recently, some of which can be effective in the treatment of MS, particularly the anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper, we will review the various properties and key effects of curcumin for the treatment of MS.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from In Vitro Studies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is a growing metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia .
Current @ @ @ @ @ T2DM and insulin resistance lack in efficacy resulting in the need for new approaches to @ @ @ @ @ better .
In recent years , epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in fruits @ @ @ @ @ effects including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM .
Curcumin , a polyphenol found in @ @ @ @ @ been reported to have antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , hepatoprotective , nephroprotective , neuroprotective , immunomodulatory @ @ @ @ @ current review ( I of II ) summarizes the existing in vitro studies examining the @ @ @ @ @ while a second ( II of II ) review summarizes evidence from existing in vivo @ @ @ @ @ focusing on curcumin 's antidiabetic properties .

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Current preventative and treatment strategies for T2DM and insulin resistance lack in efficacy resulting in the need for new approaches to prevent and manage/treat the disease better. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in fruits and vegetables have beneficial health effects including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in turmeric, and curcuminoids have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review (I of II) summarizes the existing in vitro studies examining the antidiabetic effects of curcumin, while a second (II of II) review summarizes evidence from existing in vivo animal studies and clinical trials focusing on curcumin's antidiabetic properties.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in neurotherapeutics: A comprehensive review.

Curcumin , a dietary polyphenol and major constituent of Curcuma longa ( Zingiberaceae ) , is extensively used as a @ @ @ @ @ For ages , turmeric has been used in traditional medicine systems to treat various diseases @ @ @ @ @ of its anti-inflammatory , antioxidant , anticancerous , antiepileptic , antidepressant , immunomodulatory , neuroprotective @ @ @ @ @ .
Curcumin has potent antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , antiapoptotic , neurotrophic activities , which support @ @ @ @ @ neurodegenerative disease .
However , there is limited information available regarding the clinical efficacy of @ @ @ @ @ The low oral bioavailability of curcumin may be speculated as a plausible factor that limits @ @ @ @ @ Therefore , utilization of several approaches for the enhancement of bioavailability may improve clinical outcomes @ @ @ @ @ of nanotechnology and a targeted drug delivery system may improve the bioavailability of curcumin .
@ @ @ @ @ to summarize the molecular mechanisms pertaining to the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and its nanoformulations @

Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol and major constituent of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), is extensively used as a spice in Asian countries. For ages, turmeric has been used in traditional medicine systems to treat various diseases, which was possible because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancerous, antiepileptic, antidepressant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antiapoptotic, and antiproliferativeeffects. Curcumin has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neurotrophic activities, which support its plausible neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease. However, there is limited information available regarding the clinical efficacy of curcumin in neurodegenerative cases. The low oral bioavailability of curcumin may be speculated as a plausible factor that limits its effects in humans. Therefore, utilization of several approaches for the enhancement of bioavailability may improve clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the use of nanotechnology and a targeted drug delivery system may improve the bioavailability of curcumin. The present review is designed to summarize the molecular mechanisms pertaining to the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and its nanoformulations.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-29--Cinnamon Helps Reduce High Blood Pressure


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Astaxanthin enhances the intestinal mucosal functions in immunodeficient mice.

Increasing pressure of life may bring some disease risks and stress injuries , which may destroy the immune system and result in intestinal mucosal immune disorders .
In this study , the effects of different doses of ATX ( 30 mg per kg b.w.
, 60 mg per kg b.w .
and 120 mg per kg b.w . )
on intestinal mucosal functions were explored in cyclophosphamide ( Cy ) -induced immunodeficient mice .
The results showed that continuous intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg per kg b.w .
Cy for three days led to a persistent decrease of body weight @ @ @ @ @ @ @ intestine of C57BL/6 mice .
However , administration of ATX at 60 and 120 mg per kg b.w .
could effectively prevent intestinal mucosa from this damage , including reduced levels of oxidative stress ( MDA , GSH and GSH-PX ) , increased intestinal morphological structural integrity , stimulative growth of goblet cells and mucous secretion , decreased development of Paneth cells and expression levels of antimicrobial peptides ( AMPs ) ( Reg-3γ and lysozyme ) , increased IgA secretion , ameliorative main gut flora ( especially total bacteria , Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acetic acid , propionic acid and butyric acid ) .
These protective effects of ATX were better than those of control-β-carotene in general.Our results may provide a new protective measure to keep intestinal mucosal barriers , which is of great significance for maintaining immune function in the body .

Increasing pressure of life may bring some disease risks and stress injuries, which may destroy the immune system and result in intestinal mucosal immune disorders. In this study, the effects of different doses of ATX (30 mg per kg b.w., 60 mg per kg b.w. and 120 mg per kg b.w.) on intestinal mucosal functions were explored in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunodeficient mice. The results showed that continuous intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg per kg b.w. Cy for three days led to a persistent decrease of body weight and a range of abnormalities in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice. However, administration of ATX at 60 and 120 mg per kg b.w. could effectively prevent intestinal mucosa from this damage, including reduced levels of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH and GSH-PX), increased intestinal morphological structural integrity, stimulative growth of goblet cells and mucous secretion, decreased development of Paneth cells and expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Reg-3γ and lysozyme), increased IgA secretion, ameliorative main gut flora (especially total bacteria, Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae spp. ) and its metabolites (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid). These protective effects of ATX were better than those of control-β-carotene in general.Our results may provide a new protective measure to keep intestinal mucosal barriers, which is of great significance for maintaining immune function in the body.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Astaxanthin alleviates gestational diabetes mellitus in mice through suppression of oxidative stress

Astaxanthin alleviates gestational diabetes mellitus in mice through suppression of oxidative stress.

Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) affects 7 % of pregnant women worldwide , which increases the risk of diabetes @ @ @ @ @ the mother and the fetus .
Natural compound Astaxanthin has been reported to have benefits @ @ @ @ @ A pregnant C57BL/KsJ db/+ mouse was used as a genetic GDM model to investigate the @ @ @ @ @ symptoms and reproductive outcomes .
Blood glucose , plasma insulin , glucose intolerance , insulin @ @ @ @ @ plasma , and the liver were measured ; Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were detected @ @ @ @ @ significantly alleviated the glucose intolerance andβ cell insufficiency , inhibited in vivo oxidative stress , @ @ @ @ @ enzymes , and improved reproductive outcomes .
Mechanistically , the effect of Astaxanthin was mediated @ @ @ @ @ pathway in the liver of GDM mice .
Our findings supported that Astaxanthin was a @ @ @ @ @ only diabetes but also GDM symptomology .

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7% of pregnant women worldwide, which increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease for both the mother and the fetus. Natural compound Astaxanthin has been reported to have benefits in obesity and diabetes. A pregnant C57BL/KsJ db/+ mouse was used as a genetic GDM model to investigate the effect of Astaxanthin on GDM symptoms and reproductive outcomes. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucose intolerance, insulin sensitivity, biochemical indexes of plasma, and the liver were measured; Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Astaxanthin significantly alleviated the glucose intolerance andβ cell insufficiency, inhibited in vivo oxidative stress, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and improved reproductive outcomes. Mechanistically, the effect of Astaxanthin was mediated by restoring the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway in the liver of GDM mice. Our findings supported that Astaxanthin was a potential therapeutic reagent for not only diabetes but also GDM symptomology.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Astaxanthin might be a potential effective therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that featured by the loss of dopaminergic neurons .
Astaxanthin ( AST ) , an important antioxidant , is demonstrated to be a neuroprotective agent for PD .
However , the underlying mechanisms of AST in PD remain largely unclear .
In this study , we found that AST treatment significantly not only abolished the cell viability inhibition and apoptosis promotion induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ( MPP+ ) in SH-SY5Y cells via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress , but also reversed the MPP + caused dysregulation of miR-7 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SNCA overexpression were achieved by treating SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 inhibitor and pcDNA3.1-SNCA plasmids , respectively .
MiR-7 could bind to and negatively regulate SNCA in SH-SY5Y cells .
Treated SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7inhibitor or pcDNA3.1-SNCA abrogated the protective effects of AST on MPP + induced cytotoxicity .
Knockdown of miR-7 aggravated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ( MPTP ) induced neuron injury in vivo suggested by athletic performance , histopathological morphology , expression of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) and TUNEL positvie cells , however , AST treatment could reverse these effects of miR-7 knockdown .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ protected against PD-caused neuron damage by targeting miR-7/SNCA axis , implying that AST might be a potential effective therapeutic agent for PD .

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that featured by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Astaxanthin (AST), an important antioxidant, is demonstrated to be a neuroprotective agent for PD. However, the underlying mechanisms of AST in PD remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that AST treatment significantly not only abolished the cell viability inhibition and apoptosis promotion induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in SH-SY5Y cells via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but also reversed the MPP + caused dysregulation of miR-7 and SNCA expression. MiR-7 knockdown and SNCA overexpression were achieved by treating SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7 inhibitor and pcDNA3.1-SNCA plasmids, respectively. MiR-7 could bind to and negatively regulate SNCA in SH-SY5Y cells. Treated SH-SY5Y cells with miR-7inhibitor or pcDNA3.1-SNCA abrogated the protective effects of AST on MPP + induced cytotoxicity. Knockdown of miR-7 aggravated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced neuron injury in vivo suggested by athletic performance, histopathological morphology, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and TUNEL positvie cells, however, AST treatment could reverse these effects of miR-7 knockdown. Collectively, AST suppressed ER stress and protected against PD-caused neuron damage by targeting miR-7/SNCA axis, implying that AST might be a potential effective therapeutic agent for PD.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Astaxanthin attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging in rats.

Astaxanthin ( AX ) is a red-colored xanthophyll carotenoid with potent antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and neuroprotective properties .
However , the underlying in vivo mechanism by which AX protects the brain from oxidative stress remains unclear .
In this study , we investigated the protective effect of AX on brain oxidative damage in a d-galactose-induced rat model of aging .
We also explored its possible mechanism of action by analyzing the resulting serum metabolic profiles .
Our results showed that AX significantly increased the activities of catalase ( CAT ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , and glutathione @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , 30 % , and 53 % , respectively .
AX also significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential by 18 % when compared with the model group .
Additionally , treatment with AX ( 15 mg kg-1 ) increased the activities of respiratory chain complexes I and IV by 50.17 % and 122.87 % , respectively .
Furthermore , AX also improved age-related morphological changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus .
Significant differences in serum metabolic profiles were observed between the d-galactose and AX treatment groups .
AX corrected amino acid metabolic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , N-acetyl-l-tyrosine , and methionine sulfoxide to protect nerve cells .
This also allowed AX to regulate the pentose phosphate pathway by acting on ergotoxine , d-xylose-5-phosphoric , and thiamine , to against oxidative stress and apoptosis .
Moreover , AX reduced the levels of both hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid though the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway , resulting in improved brain mitochondrial dysfunction .
In conclusion , AX likely enhances the brain 's antioxidant defenses through these potential metabolic means , enabling the brain to resist mitochondrial dysfunction , improve neuronal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of mitochondrial respiratory chain , thus preventing brain aging .

Astaxanthin (AX) is a red-colored xanthophyll carotenoid with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, the underlying in vivo mechanism by which AX protects the brain from oxidative stress remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of AX on brain oxidative damage in a d-galactose-induced rat model of aging. We also explored its possible mechanism of action by analyzing the resulting serum metabolic profiles. Our results showed that AX significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) by 26%, 30%, and 53%, respectively. AX also significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential by 18% when compared with the model group. Additionally, treatment with AX (15 mg kg-1) increased the activities of respiratory chain complexes I and IV by 50.17% and 122.87%, respectively. Furthermore, AX also improved age-related morphological changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Significant differences in serum metabolic profiles were observed between the d-galactose and AX treatment groups. AX corrected amino acid metabolic problems by increasing the levels of N-acetyl-l-leucine, N-acetyl-l-tyrosine, and methionine sulfoxide to protect nerve cells. This also allowed AX to regulate the pentose phosphate pathway by acting on ergotoxine, d-xylose-5-phosphoric, and thiamine, to against oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, AX reduced the levels of both hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid though the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway, resulting in improved brain mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, AX likely enhances the brain's antioxidant defenses through these potential metabolic means, enabling the brain to resist mitochondrial dysfunction, improve neuronal damage, and protect the electron transmission of mitochondrial respiratory chain, thus preventing brain aging.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Astaxanthin reduces demyelination and oligodendrocytes death in a rat model of multiple sclerosis.

Objective : Astaxanthin ( AST ) is a carotenoid with anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory , and anti-apoptotic properties .
It has also been reported that AST exerts protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases and reduces oxidative stress-induced the central nervous system ( CNS ) injury .
In this study , we aimed to evaluate the protective potential of AST in inhibiting demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of multiple sclerosis ( MS ) .
Materials and Methods : In this experimental study , forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups : control group ( with normal feeding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that daily received 0.6 % CPZ for 4 weeks , sham group that daily received 0.6 % CPZ plus dimethyl sulfoxid ( DMSO ) for 4 weeks , and AST group that daily received 0.6 % CPZ and after 12 hours were treated with AST ( 3 mg/kg ) , for 4 weeks .
Muscle strength was evaluated by the behavioral basket test at the end of every week for 4 weeks .
Luxol Fast Blue ( LFB ) staining was utilized for the identification of myelination and demyelination .
Myelin density was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression of A2B5 ( oligodendrocyte precursor protein ) and myelin oligodendrocyte protein ( MOG ) were assessed by immunohistochemistry ( IHC ) and the expression of myelin basic protein , MOG , and platelet-derived growth factor-alphagenes was examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ) technique .
Results : The administration of AST reduced the oligodendrocyte damage and myelin sheath disruption in a rat model of MS .
The basket behavioral test showed the improvement of muscle strength in the AST group compared with CPZ and sham groups .
Besides , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ indicated the beneficial effects of AST in declining demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS .
Conclusion : AST reduces damages to the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS .

Objective: Astaxanthin (AST) is a carotenoid with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. It has also been reported that AST exerts protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases and reduces oxidative stress-induced the central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective potential of AST in inhibiting demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: control group (with normal feeding), cuprizone (CPZ group) that daily received 0.6% CPZ for 4 weeks, sham group that daily received 0.6% CPZ plus dimethyl sulfoxid (DMSO) for 4 weeks, and AST group that daily received 0.6% CPZ and after 12 hours were treated with AST (3 mg/kg), for 4 weeks. Muscle strength was evaluated by the behavioral basket test at the end of every week for 4 weeks. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining was utilized for the identification of myelination and demyelination. Myelin density was evaluated by the ImageJ software. The expression of A2B5 (oligodendrocyte precursor protein) and myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG) were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the expression of myelin basic protein, MOG, and platelet-derived growth factor-alphagenes was examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique.
Results: The administration of AST reduced the oligodendrocyte damage and myelin sheath disruption in a rat model of MS. The basket behavioral test showed the improvement of muscle strength in the AST group compared with CPZ and sham groups. Besides, the results of real-time PCR and IHC indicated the beneficial effects of AST in declining demyelination and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS.
Conclusion: AST reduces damages to the myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte death in a rat model of MS.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Concentrates of buttermilk and krill oil improve cognition in aged rats.

Cognitive decline is one of the hallmarks of aging and can vary from mild cognitive impairment to dementia to Alzheimer @ @ @ @ @ to some lifestyle interventions , there is room for the use of nutraceuticals/functional foods as @ @ @ @ @ burden of cognitive decline before it worsens .
We previously reported the promising molecular actions @ @ @ @ @ and krill oil concentrates in a rat model of aging .
In this study , @ @ @ @ @ on cognition , using an array of validated tests .
We also performed lipidomic analyses @ @ @ @ @ and different brain areas .
We report lower emotional memory ( contextual fear conditioning ) @ @ @ @ @ concentrates of polar lipids from buttermilk or krill oil at doses that approximate human consumption @ @ @ @ @ was significantly influenced by the supplements , calling for further research to confirm or not @ @ @ @ @ polar lipids , namely those rich inω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , on cognitive decline @

Cognitive decline is one of the hallmarks of aging and can vary from mild cognitive impairment to dementia to Alzheimer's disease. In addition to some lifestyle interventions, there is room for the use of nutraceuticals/functional foods as pharma-nutritional tools to lessen the burden of cognitive decline before it worsens. We previously reported the promising molecular actions of milk fat globule membranes and krill oil concentrates in a rat model of aging. In this study, we concentrated on the activities on cognition, using an array of validated tests. We also performed lipidomic analyses of plasma, erythrocytes, and different brain areas. We report lower emotional memory (contextual fear conditioning) in aged rats supplemented with concentrates of polar lipids from buttermilk or krill oil at doses that approximate human consumption. No other behavioral parameter was significantly influenced by the supplements, calling for further research to confirm or not the purported salubrious activities of polar lipids, namely those rich inω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, on cognitive decline.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Krill oil-incorporated liposomes as an effective nanovehicle to ameliorate the inflammatory response

Krill oil-incorporated liposomes as an effective nanovehicle to ameliorate the inflammatory responses of DSS-induced colitis.

Background : Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) and Omega-3 fatty acid ( Omega-3 ) are promising therapeutic molecules for treating inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) .
Purpose : Based on the IBD therapeutic potential of nanoparticles , we herein sought to develop Omega-3-incorporated PC nanoparticles ( liposomes ) as an orally administrable vehicle for treating IBD .
Methods : Liposomes prepared with or without Omega-3 incorporation were compared in terms of colloidal stability and anitiinflammatory effects .
Results : The incorporation of free Omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid , eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid ) into liposomes induced time-dependent membrane fusion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nm toμm during storage .
In contrast , krill oil incorporation into liposomes ( KO liposomes ) did not induce the fusion and the particle size maintained < 250 nm during storage .
KO liposomes also maintained colloidal stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and exhibited a high capacity to entrap the IBD drug , budesonide ( BDS ) .
KO liposomes greatly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophages and completely restored inflammation-impaired membrane barrier function in an intestinal barrier model .
In mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α production ( by 84.1 % ) , interleukin-6 production ( by 35.3 % ) , and the systemic level of endotoxin ( by 96.8 % ) , and slightly reduced the macroscopic signs of the disease .
Conclusion : Taken together , KO liposomes may have great potential as a nanovehicle for oral delivery of IBD drugs .

Background: Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Omega-3 fatty acid (Omega-3) are promising therapeutic molecules for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Purpose: Based on the IBD therapeutic potential of nanoparticles, we herein sought to develop Omega-3-incorporated PC nanoparticles (liposomes) as an orally administrable vehicle for treating IBD.
Methods: Liposomes prepared with or without Omega-3 incorporation were compared in terms of colloidal stability and anitiinflammatory effects.
Results: The incorporation of free Omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid) into liposomes induced time-dependent membrane fusion, resulting in particle size increase from nm toμm during storage. In contrast, krill oil incorporation into liposomes (KO liposomes) did not induce the fusion and the particle size maintained<250 nm during storage. KO liposomes also maintained colloidal stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and exhibited a high capacity to entrap the IBD drug, budesonide (BDS). KO liposomes greatly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophages and completely restored inflammation-impaired membrane barrier function in an intestinal barrier model. In mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, oral administration of BDS-entrapped KO liposomes suppressed tumor necrosis factor-α production (by 84.1%), interleukin-6 production (by 35.3%), and the systemic level of endotoxin (by 96.8%), and slightly reduced the macroscopic signs of the disease.
Conclusion: Taken together, KO liposomes may have great potential as a nanovehicle for oral delivery of IBD drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Depressive-like phenotype evoked by lifelong nutritional omega-3 deficiency.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in women is almost twice compared to men , although the reasons of this gender difference are not fully understood yet .
Recently , soluble amyloid beta ( Aβ ) peptide has been receiving great importance in the development of depression , also considering that depression is highly comorbid with Alzheimer 's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses .
The central role played by Aβ in the development of depressive-like symptoms in rodents has been evidenced in environmental rodent model of depression .
Indeed , we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) deficient diet in female rats at 8 weeks of life leads to depressive like- symptoms and higher susceptibility to stress associated with increased Aβ levels .
In order to understand if such effects were maintained over time , rats were exposed to the same diet regimen until 6 or 21 weeks of life .
We found that both timepoints of exposure to n-3 PUFA deficient diet lead to depressive-like phenotype .
Furthermore , a significant alteration in brain neurochemistry was retrieved .
In particular , in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( 5-HT ) and noradrenaline ( NA ) content was evidenced .
Considering the prominent role of NA in counterbalancing neuroinflammatory state , we quantified in the same brain area kynurenine levels , a metabolite of tryptophan implicated in inflammatory state and brought to the fore for its implication in depression .
Interestingly , kynurenine levels were significantly increased in hippocampus ( HIPP ) of female rats exposed to such diet .
In addition , lifelong deficiency in n-3 PUFA dietary intake led to systemic increase of corticosterone , hence hypothalamic pituitary adrenal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ higher proinflammatory cytokine production .
Increased production of kynurenine , along with HPA axis hyperactivation , havebeen associated with immune system modulation , particularly through Toll-like receptor type 2 ( TLR2 ) and Toll-like receptor type 4 ( TLR4 ) involvement .
In addition , it has been shown that soluble forms of Aβcan induced depressive like-phenotype in consequence to a crosstalk between TLR4 and 5-HTergic system .
Thus , considering that in this model we have previously reported increased plasma Aβlevel , we quantified TRL2 and 4 expression in HIPP of treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to a diet characterized by very low n-3 PUFA content led to higher expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in HIPP of female treated rats , indicating an activation of the immune system and was accompanied by increased expression of oligomeric Aβ .
Taken together , our data indicate that the pro-depressive effects induced by a diet poor in n-3 PUFA can be attributable to a shift of hippocampal tryptophan metabolism toward inflammatory metabolite ultimately corresponding to altered immune response and increased Aβ oligomerization .

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in women is almost twice compared to men, although the reasons of this gender difference are not fully understood yet. Recently, soluble amyloid beta (Aβ)peptide has been receiving great importance in the development of depression, also considering that depression is highly comorbid with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses. The central role played by Aβ in the development of depressive-like symptoms in rodents has been evidenced in environmental rodent model of depression. Indeed, we have previously found that lifelong exposure to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) deficient diet in female rats at 8 weeks of life leads to depressive like- symptoms and higher susceptibility to stress associated with increased Aβ levels. In order to understand if such effects were maintained over time, rats were exposed to the same diet regimen until 6 or 21 weeks of life. We found that both timepoints of exposure to n-3 PUFA deficient diet lead to depressive-like phenotype. Furthermore, a significant alteration in brain neurochemistry was retrieved. In particular, in hippocampal area a significant reduction in serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) content was evidenced. Considering the prominent role of NA in counterbalancing neuroinflammatory state, we quantified in the same brain area kynurenine levels, a metabolite of tryptophan implicated in inflammatory state and brought to the fore for its implication in depression. Interestingly, kynurenine levels were significantly increased in hippocampus (HIPP) of female rats exposed to such diet. In addition, lifelong deficiency in n-3 PUFA dietary intake led to systemic increase of corticosterone, hence hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivation, and higher proinflammatory cytokine production. Increased production of kynurenine, along with HPA axis hyperactivation, havebeen associated with immune system modulation, particularly through Toll-like receptor type 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4) involvement. In addition, it has been shown that soluble forms of Aβcan induced depressive like-phenotype in consequence to a crosstalk between TLR4 and 5-HTergic system. Thus, considering that in this model we have previously reported increased plasma Aβlevel, we quantified TRL2 and 4 expression in HIPP of treated rats. We found that chronic exposure to a diet characterized by very low n-3 PUFA content led to higher expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in HIPP of female treated rats, indicating an activation of the immune system and was accompanied by increased expression of oligomeric Aβ. Taken together, our data indicate that the pro-depressive effects induced by a diet poor in n-3 PUFA can be attributable to a shift of hippocampal tryptophan metabolism toward inflammatory metabolite ultimately corresponding to altered immune response and increased Aβ oligomerization.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Omega 3 supplementation can regulate inflammatory states in gas station workers.

Environmental exposure to diesel particulate matter and commercial gasoline in gas station workers might induce oxidative stress and changes in @ @ @ @ @ system .
In this study , the immunomodulatory impacts of omega 3 fatty acid ( @ @ @ @ @ on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in gas station workers in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial @ @ @ @ @ gas stations were treated with ω3FA ( = 29 ) or placebo ( = 24 @ @ @ @ @ C-reactive protein , interleukin-12 ( IL-12 ) , transforming growth factor β ( TGF-β ) @ @ @ @ @ ) , tumor necrosis factor α , IL-10 , and IL-17 levels were measured by @ @ @ @ @ and after the completion of the trial .
The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-17 were @ @ @ @ @ compared with the placebo group (

Environmental exposure to diesel particulate matter and commercial gasoline in gas station workers might induce oxidative stress and changes in the balance of the immune system. In this study, the immunomodulatory impacts of omega 3 fatty acid (ω3FA) supplement were assessed on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in gas station workers in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Fifty-three men working in gas stations were treated with ω3FA ( = 29) or placebo ( = 24) for 60 days. C-reactive protein, interleukin-12 (IL-12), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α, IL-10, and IL-17 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method before and after the completion of the trial. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-17 were significantly decreased in ω3FA group compared with the placebo group ( < 0.001). Moreover, the levels of inhibitory cytokines including TGF-β and IL-10 significantly were increased in ω3FA group ( < 0.001). Overall, ω3FA nutritional supplementation can be useful in reducing inflammatory immune responses and maintaining immune tolerance in people with high exposure to inflammation-inducing factors.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect ag

Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections.

Public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations help reduce the spread and impact of infections .
Nevertheless , the global burden of infection is high , and additional measures are necessary .
Acute respiratory tract infections , for example , were responsible for approximately 2.38 million deaths worldwide in 2016 .
The role nutrition plays in supporting the immune system is well-established .
A wealth of mechanistic and clinical data show that vitamins , including vitamins A , B , B , C , D , E , and folate ; trace elements , including zinc , iron , selenium @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid play important and complementary roles in supporting the immune system .
Inadequate intake and status of these nutrients are widespread , leading to a decrease in resistance to infections and as a consequence an increase in disease burden .
Against this background the following conclusions are made : ( 1 ) supplementation with the above micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids is a safe , effective , and low-cost strategy to help support optimal immune function ; ( 2 ) supplementation above the Recommended Dietary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ recommended upper safety limits , for specific nutrients such as vitamins C and D is warranted ; and ( 3 ) public health officials are encouraged to include nutritional strategies in their recommendations to improve public health .

Public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations help reduce the spread and impact of infections. Nevertheless, the global burden of infection is high, and additional measures are necessary. Acute respiratory tract infections, for example, were responsible for approximately 2.38 million deaths worldwide in 2016. The role nutrition plays in supporting the immune system is well-established. A wealth of mechanistic and clinical data show that vitamins, including vitamins A, B, B, C, D, E, and folate; trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; and the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid play important and complementary roles in supporting the immune system. Inadequate intake and status of these nutrients are widespread, leading to a decrease in resistance to infections and as a consequence an increase in disease burden. Against this background the following conclusions are made: (1) supplementation with the above micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids is a safe, effective, and low-cost strategy to help support optimal immune function; (2) supplementation above the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), but within recommended upper safety limits, for specific nutrients such as vitamins C and D is warranted; and (3) public health officials are encouraged to include nutritional strategies in their recommendations to improve public health.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-30--Hot Yoga Study Shows Benefits for Lowering Blood Pressure

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