greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in pregnancy and beyond.

In addition to its role in calcium homeostasis and bone formation , a modulatory role of the active form of vitamin D on cells of the immune system , particularly T lymphocytes , has been described .
The effects of vitamin D on the production and action of several cytokines has been intensively investigated in recent years .
In this connection , deficiency of vitamin D has been associated with several autoimmune diseases , including rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) , antiphospholipid syndrome ( APS ) , Hashimoto Thyroiditis ( HT ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In a successful pregnancy , the maternal immune response needs to adapt to accommodate the semiallogeneic fetus .
Disturbances in maternal tolerance are implicated in infertility and pregnancy complications such as miscarriages ( RM ) and preeclampsia ( PE ) .
It is well-known that a subset of T lymphocytes , regulatory T cells ( Tregs ) exhibit potent suppressive activity , and have a crucial role in curtailing the destructive response of the immune system during pregnancy , and preventing autoimmune diseases .
Interestingly , vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prenatal vitamins , and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as RM , PE , intrauterine growth restriction have been linked to hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy .
Research has shown that autoimmune diseases have a significant prevalence within the female population , and women with autoimmune disorders are at higher risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes .
Provocatively , dysregulation of T cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity , and adverse pregnancy outcomes where these pathologies are also associated with vitamin D deficiency .
This article reviews the immunomodulatory role of vitamin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In particular , we will describe the role of vitamin D from conception until delivery , including the health of the offspring .
This review highlights an observational study where hypovitaminosis D was correlated with decreased fertility , increased disease activity , placental insufficiency , and preeclampsia in women with APS .

In addition to its role in calcium homeostasis and bone formation, a modulatory role of the active form of vitamin D on cells of the immune system, particularly T lymphocytes, has been described. The effects of vitamin D on the production and action of several cytokines has been intensively investigated in recent years. In this connection, deficiency of vitamin D has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), Hashimoto Thyroiditis (HT), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In a successful pregnancy, the maternal immune response needs to adapt to accommodate the semiallogeneic fetus. Disturbances in maternal tolerance are implicated in infertility and pregnancy complications such as miscarriages (RM) and preeclampsia (PE). It is well-known that a subset of T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit potent suppressive activity, and have a crucial role in curtailing the destructive response of the immune system during pregnancy, and preventing autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women, despite the widespread use of prenatal vitamins, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as RM, PE, intrauterine growth restriction have been linked to hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy. Research has shown that autoimmune diseases have a significant prevalence within the female population, and women with autoimmune disorders are at higher risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Provocatively, dysregulation of T cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes where these pathologies are also associated with vitamin D deficiency. This article reviews the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases and pregnancy. In particular, we will describe the role of vitamin D from conception until delivery, including the health of the offspring. This review highlights an observational study where hypovitaminosis D was correlated with decreased fertility, increased disease activity, placental insufficiency, and preeclampsia in women with APS.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Are low sun exposure and/or vitamin D risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

The global variation in type 1 diabetes ( T1D ) incidence rates is one of the most significant observed for any non-communicable disease .
Geographical patterns in incidence suggest that low sun exposure may contribute to the wide disparity , with incidence rates generally increasing with distance from the Equator .
T1D development is associated with hyperactivity of the adaptive immune system leading to autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreaticβ cells .
Both exposure to ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) and vitamin D , with their known immunosuppressive effects , have the potential to delay or inhibit the disease .
Efforts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vitamin D dependent and independent pathways in the pathogenesis of T1D have been challenged byinconsistent results among studies .
Human observational studies and animal and in vitro experiments indicate that at least some of the benefits of sun exposure come from improved vitamin D status .
There is no evidence of benefit for T1D risk of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy at current recommended levels ( 400 IU per day ) ; but some evidence supports that higher sun exposure and/or vitamin D sufficiency in pregnancy , or supplementation in early life , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ required to confirm an association between UVR exposure and T1D and clarify the mechanisms involved .

The global variation in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence rates is one of the most significant observed for any non-communicable disease. Geographical patterns in incidence suggest that low sun exposure may contribute to the wide disparity, with incidence rates generally increasing with distance from the Equator. T1D development is associated with hyperactivity of the adaptive immune system leading to autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreaticβ cells. Both exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and vitamin D, with their known immunosuppressive effects, have the potential to delay or inhibit the disease. Efforts to confirm the role of UVR by vitamin D dependent and independent pathways in the pathogenesis of T1D have been challenged byinconsistent results among studies. Human observational studies and animal and in vitro experiments indicate that at least some of the benefits of sun exposure come from improved vitamin D status. There is no evidence of benefit for T1D risk of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy at current recommended levels (400 IU per day); but some evidence supports that higher sun exposure and/or vitamin D sufficiency in pregnancy, or supplementation in early life, decreases T1D risk. Further research is required to confirm an association between UVR exposure and T1D and clarify the mechanisms involved.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Daily very low UV dose exposure enhances adaptive immunity, compared with a single high-dose exposur

Daily very low UV dose exposure enhances adaptive immunity, compared with a single high-dose exposure.

Ultraviolet radiation ( UVr ) promotes several well-known molecular changes , which may ultimately impact on health .
Some of these effects are detrimental , like inflammation , carcinogenesis and immunosuppression .
On the other hand , UVr also promotes vitamin D synthesis and other beneficial effects .
We recently demonstrated that exposure to very low doses of UVr on four consecutive days [ repetitive low UVd ( rlUVd ) ] does not promote an inflammatory state , nor the recruitment of neutrophils or lymphocytes , as the exposure to a single high UV dose ( shUVd ) does .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ increasing antimicrobial peptides transcription and epidermal thickness .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptive immune response after shUVd and rlUVd , determining T-cell and B-cell responses .
Finally , we challenged animals exposed to both irradiation procedures with Staphylococcus aureus to study the overall effects of both innate and adaptive immunity during a cutaneous infection .
We observed , as expected , a marked suppression of T-cell and B-cell responses after exposure to an shUVd but a novel and significant increase in both specific responses after exposure to rlUVd @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cutaneous S. aureus infection was defective in this last group , suggesting that responses against pathogens can not be ruled out from isolated stimuli .

Ultraviolet radiation (UVr) promotes several well-known molecular changes, which may ultimately impact on health. Some of these effects are detrimental, like inflammation, carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. On the other hand, UVr also promotes vitamin D synthesis and other beneficial effects. We recently demonstrated that exposure to very low doses of UVr on four consecutive days [repetitive low UVd (rlUVd)] does not promote an inflammatory state, nor the recruitment of neutrophils or lymphocytes, as the exposure to a single high UV dose (shUVd) does. Moreover, rlUVd reinforce the epithelium by increasing antimicrobial peptides transcription and epidermal thickness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptive immune response after shUVd and rlUVd, determining T-cell and B-cell responses. Finally, we challenged animals exposed to both irradiation procedures with Staphylococcus aureus to study the overall effects of both innate and adaptive immunity during a cutaneous infection. We observed, as expected, a marked suppression of T-cell and B-cell responses after exposure to an shUVd but a novel and significant increase in both specific responses after exposure to rlUVd. However, the control of the cutaneous S. aureus infection was defective in this last group, suggesting that responses against pathogens cannot be ruled out from isolated stimuli.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Inhalation of chamomile oil after Cesarean section reduced pain and the need for analgesics.

BACKGROUND : Pain after cesarean section can turn the pleasant event of childbirth into an unpleasant experience for the mother .
Pain relief through non-pharmaceutical methods , such as aromatherapy , could potentially be a useful intervention .
In this study , the analgesic effect of chamomile oil was studied .
PURPOSE : The current research was conducted to study the effect of chamomile oil on cesarean section pain in primiparous women .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : This was a randomized double blind clinical trial wherein 128 primiparous pregnant women ( who willingly selected cesarean section ) took part .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhaled one drop of 5 % chamomile oil , and in the control group the subjects inhaled one placebo drop .
In both groups the subjects inhaled for 15-20 minutes at a distance of 5 cm from the nose at 4 , 8 , and 12 hours after surgery , and pain intensity was measured before and after half an hour after inhalation using the visual analog scale ( VAS ) .
For data analysis , the software SPSS ( version 25 ) and descriptive statistics ( frequency , frequency percentage , mean @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
In order to determine the significance , inferential statistics ( Mann-Whitney , Wilcoxon , independent t-test , and Chi-square ) were used .
FINDINGS : Data indicated that the intervention and placebo groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables .
The average weights and heights of women in the intervention group were 86/5± 5/9 and 163/7 ±5/1 , respectively .
Corresponding values women in the control group were 84/5± 5/7 kg and 163/4± 5/8 cm .
The finding of the current research indicates that the intervention and placebo groups showed no @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pain before intervention ( p=0.08 ) , while the difference between the two groups was significant in terms of pain 4 , 8 , and 12 hours after intervention ( p < 0.01 ) .
Therefore , inhalation of chamomile oil reduced pain intensity significantly compared to post-intervention .
CONCLUSION : According to the results of the present study , inhalation of chamomile oil following caesarean section in primiparous women reduced pain and also the need for analgesics .
Therefore , the use of aromatherapy with chamomile oil as a simple way without @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pain in mothers after cesarean section is recommended .

BACKGROUND: Pain after cesarean section can turn the pleasant event of childbirth into an unpleasant experience for the mother. Pain relief through non-pharmaceutical methods, such as aromatherapy, could potentially be a useful intervention. In this study, the analgesic effect of chamomile oil was studied.
PURPOSE: The current research was conducted to study the effect of chamomile oil on cesarean section pain in primiparous women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized double blind clinical trial wherein 128 primiparous pregnant women (who willingly selected cesarean section) took part. In the aromatherapy group, the subjects inhaled one drop of 5% chamomile oil, and in the control group the subjects inhaled one placebo drop. In both groups the subjects inhaled for 15-20 minutes at a distance of 5 cm from the nose at 4, 8, and 12 hours after surgery, and pain intensity was measured before and after half an hour after inhalation using the visual analog scale (VAS). For data analysis, the software SPSS (version 25) and descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used. In order to determine the significance, inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, independent t-test, and Chi-square) were used.
FINDINGS: Data indicated that the intervention and placebo groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables. The average weights and heights of women in the intervention group were 86/5± 5/9 and 163/7 ±5/1, respectively. Corresponding values women in the control group were 84/5± 5/7 kg and 163/4± 5/8 cm. The finding of the current research indicates that the intervention and placebo groups showed no significant statistical difference in terms of baseline pain before intervention (p=0.08), while the difference between the two groups was significant in terms of pain 4, 8, and 12 hours after intervention (p<0.01). Therefore, inhalation of chamomile oil reduced pain intensity significantly compared to post-intervention.
CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, inhalation of chamomile oil following caesarean section in primiparous women reduced pain and also the need for analgesics. Therefore, the use of aromatherapy with chamomile oil as a simple way without any side effects for the reduction of pain in mothers after cesarean section is recommended.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Chamomile tea decreases HbA1C, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C.

AIMS : This study aimed at assessing the effects of chamomile tea consumption on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) .
METHODS : This single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 individuals with T2DM ( males and females ) aged between 30 and 60 years .
The intervention group ( n = 32 ) consumed chamomile tea ( 3 g/150 mL hot water ) three times per day immediately after meals for 8 weeks .
The control group ( n = 32 ) followed a water regimen for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ samples , anthropometric measurements , and 3-day , 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial .
Data were analyzed by independent t test , paired t test , Pearson correlation test , and analysis of covariance .
RESULTS : Chamomile tea significantly decreased concentration of HbA1C ( p = 0.03 ) , serum insulin levels ( p < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ( p < 0.001 ) , total cholesterol ( p = 0.001 ) , triglyceride ( p < @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( p = 0.05 ) compared with control group .
No significant changes were shown in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both groups .
CONCLUSION : Chamomile tea has some beneficial effects on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in T2DM patients .

AIMS: This study aimed at assessing the effects of chamomile tea consumption on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS: This single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 individuals with T2DM (males and females) aged between 30 and 60 years. The intervention group (n = 32) consumed chamomile tea (3 g/150 mL hot water) three times per day immediately after meals for 8 weeks. The control group (n = 32) followed a water regimen for the same intervention period. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and 3-day, 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Data were analyzed by independent t test, paired t test, Pearson correlation test, and analysis of covariance.
RESULTS: Chamomile tea significantly decreased concentration of HbA1C (p = 0.03), serum insulin levels (p<0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p<0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.05) compared with control group. No significant changes were shown in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both groups.
CONCLUSION: Chamomile tea has some beneficial effects on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in T2DM patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic t

Lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis in the US radiologic technologists cohort study.

BACKGROUND : Low exposure to ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) from sunlight may be a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis ( MS ) .
Possible pathways may be related to effects on immune system function or vitamin D insufficiency , as UVR plays a role in the production of the active form of vitamin D in the body .
OBJECTIVE : This study examined whether lower levels of residential UVR exposure from sunlight were associated with increased MS risk in a cohort of radiologic technologists .
METHODS : Participants in the third and fourth surveys of the US Radiologic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( = 39,801 ) for analysis provided complete residential histories and reported MS diagnoses .
MS-specialized neurologists conducted medical record reviews and confirmed 148 cases .
Residential locations throughout life were matched to satellite data from NASA 's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS ) project to estimate UVR dose .
RESULTS : Findings indicate that MS risk increased as average lifetime levels of UVR exposures in winter decreased .
The effects were consistent across age groups < 40 years .
There was little indication that low exposures during summer or at older @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CONCLUSION : Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that UVR exposure reduces MS risk and may ultimately suggest prevention strategies .

BACKGROUND: Low exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight may be a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Possible pathways may be related to effects on immune system function or vitamin D insufficiency, as UVR plays a role in the production of the active form of vitamin D in the body.
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether lower levels of residential UVR exposure from sunlight were associated with increased MS risk in a cohort of radiologic technologists.
METHODS: Participants in the third and fourth surveys of the US Radiologic Technologists (USRT) Cohort Study eligible ( = 39,801) for analysis provided complete residential histories and reported MS diagnoses. MS-specialized neurologists conducted medical record reviews and confirmed 148 cases. Residential locations throughout life were matched to satellite data from NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) project to estimate UVR dose.
RESULTS: Findings indicate that MS risk increased as average lifetime levels of UVR exposures in winter decreased. The effects were consistent across age groups<40 years. There was little indication that low exposures during summer or at older ages were related to MS risk.
CONCLUSION: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that UVR exposure reduces MS risk and may ultimately suggest prevention strategies.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--This study demonstrated that red palm oil can modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters.

BACKGROUND : A large amount of endotoxin can be detected in the peripheral venous blood of patients with liver cirrhosis , contributing to the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity because of its role in oxidative stress .
The present study aimed to test the effect of the supplementation with red palm oil ( RPO ) , which is a natural oil obtained from oil palm fruit ( Elaeis guineensis ) rich in natural fat-soluble tocopherols , tocotrienols and carotenoids , on lipid peroxidation and endotoxemia with plasma endotoxin-inactivating capacity , proinflammatory cytokines profile , and monocyte tissue factor in patients with chronic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group consisted of sixty patients ( 34 males and 26 females ; mean age 62 years , range 54-75 ) with Child A/B , genotype 1 HCV-related cirrhosis without a history of ethanol consumption , randomly enrolled into an 8-week oral daily treatment with either vitamin E or RPO .
All patients had undergone an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 8 months before , and 13 out of them showed esophageal varices .
RESULTS : Both treatments significantly decreased erythrocyte malondialdehyde and urinary isoprostane output , only RPO significantly affected macrophage-colony stimulating factor and monocyte @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not show any change .
CONCLUSIONS : RPO beneficially modulates oxidative stress and , not least , downregulates macrophage/monocyte inflammatory parameters .
RPO can be safely advised as a valuable nutritional implementation tool in the management of chronic liver diseases .

BACKGROUND: A large amount of endotoxin can be detected in the peripheral venous blood of patients with liver cirrhosis, contributing to the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity because of its role in oxidative stress. The present study aimed to test the effect of the supplementation with red palm oil (RPO), which is a natural oil obtained from oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis) rich in natural fat-soluble tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids, on lipid peroxidation and endotoxemia with plasma endotoxin-inactivating capacity, proinflammatory cytokines profile, and monocyte tissue factor in patients with chronic liver disease.
METHODS: The study group consisted of sixty patients (34 males and 26 females; mean age 62 years, range 54-75) with Child A/B, genotype 1 HCV-related cirrhosis without a history of ethanol consumption, randomly enrolled into an 8-week oral daily treatment with either vitamin E or RPO. All patients had undergone an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 8 months before, and 13 out of them showed esophageal varices.
RESULTS: Both treatments significantly decreased erythrocyte malondialdehyde and urinary isoprostane output, only RPO significantly affected macrophage-colony stimulating factor and monocyte tissue factor. Liver ultrasound imaging did not show any change.
CONCLUSIONS: RPO beneficially modulates oxidative stress and, not least, downregulates macrophage/monocyte inflammatory parameters. RPO can be safely advised as a valuable nutritional implementation tool in the management of chronic liver diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Direct infant UV light exposure is associated with eczema and immune development.

BACKGROUND : Suboptimal vitamin D levels during critical periods of immune development have emerged as an explanation for higher rates @ @ @ @ @ industrialization and residing at higher latitudes .
OBJECTIVE : We sought to determine the effects @ @ @ @ @ supplementation on infant eczema and immune development .
METHODS : By using a double-blind randomized @ @ @ @ @ were randomized to receive vitamin D supplementation ( 400 IU/d ) or a placebo until @ @ @ @ @ Some infants also wore personal UV dosimeters to measure direct UV light ( 290-380 nm @ @ @ @ @ D levels were measured at 3 and 6 months of age .
Eczema , wheeze @ @ @ @ @ were assessed at 6 months of age .
CONCLUSION : This study is the first @ @ @ @ @ greater direct UV light exposures in early infancy with lower incidence of eczema and proinflammatory @ @ @ @ @ of age .
Our findings indicate that UV light exposure appears more beneficial than vitamin @ @ @ @ @ prevention strategy in early life .

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal vitamin D levels during critical periods of immune development have emerged as an explanation for higher rates of allergic diseases associated with industrialization and residing at higher latitudes.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effects of early postnatal vitamin D supplementation on infant eczema and immune development.
METHODS: By using a double-blind randomized controlled trial, newborn infants were randomized to receive vitamin D supplementation (400 IU/d) or a placebo until 6 months of age. Some infants also wore personal UV dosimeters to measure direct UV light (290-380 nm) exposure. Infant vitamin D levels were measured at 3 and 6 months of age. Eczema, wheeze, and immune function outcomes were assessed at 6 months of age.
RESULTS: At 3 (P < .01) and 6 (P = .02) months of age, vitamin D levels were greater for the vitamin D-supplemented group than the placebo group, but there was no difference in eczema incidence between groups. Infants with eczema were found to have had less UV light exposure (median, 555 Joules per square meter [J/m; interquartile range, 322-1210 J/m]) compared with those without eczema (median, 998 J/m[interquartile range, 676-1577 J/m]; P = .02). UV light exposure was also inversely correlated with IL-2, GM-CSF, and eotaxin production to Toll-like receptor ligands.
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate an association between greater direct UV light exposures in early infancy with lower incidence of eczema and proinflammatory immune markers by 6 months of age. Our findings indicate that UV light exposure appears more beneficial than vitamin D supplementation as an allergy prevention strategy in early life.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared laser modulates mast cell function and augments the immune r

Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared laser modulates mast cell function and augments the immune response.

The treatment of skin with a low-power continuous-wave ( CW ) near-infrared ( NIR ) laser prior to vaccination is an emerging strategy to augment the immune response to intradermal vaccine , potentially substituting for chemical adjuvant , which has been linked to adverse effects of vaccines .
This approach proved to be low cost , simple , small , and readily translatable compared with the previously explored pulsed-wave medical lasers .
However , little is known on the mode of laser-tissue interaction eliciting the adjuvant effect .
In this study , we sought to identify the pathways leading to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of responses resulting from genetic ablation of innate subsets including mast cells and specific dendritic cell populations in an established model of intradermal vaccination and analyzing functional changes of skin microcirculation upon the CW NIR laser treatment in mice .
We found that a CW NIR laser transiently stimulates mast cells via generation of reactive oxygen species , establishes an immunostimulatory milieu in the exposed tissue , and provides migration cues for dermal CD103dendritic cells without inducing prolonged inflammation , ultimately augmenting the adaptive immune response .
These results indicate that use of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ power is a safe and effective tool to reproducibly modulate innate programs in skin .
These mechanistic findings would accelerate the clinical translation of this technology and warrant further explorations into the broader application of NIR lasers to the treatment of immune-related skin diseases .

The treatment of skin with a low-power continuous-wave (CW) near-infrared (NIR) laser prior to vaccination is an emerging strategy to augment the immune response to intradermal vaccine, potentially substituting for chemical adjuvant, which has been linked to adverse effects of vaccines. This approach proved to be low cost, simple, small, and readily translatable compared with the previously explored pulsed-wave medical lasers. However, little is known on the mode of laser-tissue interaction eliciting the adjuvant effect. In this study, we sought to identify the pathways leading to the immunological events by examining the alteration of responses resulting from genetic ablation of innate subsets including mast cells and specific dendritic cell populations in an established model of intradermal vaccination and analyzing functional changes of skin microcirculation upon the CW NIR laser treatment in mice. We found that a CW NIR laser transiently stimulates mast cells via generation of reactive oxygen species, establishes an immunostimulatory milieu in the exposed tissue, and provides migration cues for dermal CD103dendritic cells without inducing prolonged inflammation, ultimately augmenting the adaptive immune response. These results indicate that use of an NIR laser with distinct wavelength and power is a safe and effective tool to reproducibly modulate innate programs in skin. These mechanistic findings would accelerate the clinical translation of this technology and warrant further explorations into the broader application of NIR lasers to the treatment of immune-related skin diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Twelve-week annatto-extracted tocotrienol supplementation decreased bone resorption and improved bon

Twelve-week annatto-extracted tocotrienol supplementation decreased bone resorption and improved bone turnover rate via suppressing bone remodeling regulators in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

: Tocotrienols have shown bone-protective effect in animals .
This study showed that a 12-week tocotrienol supplementation decreased concentrations of bone resorption biomarker and bone remodeling regulators via suppressing oxidative stress in postmenopausal osteopenic women .
INTRODUCTION : Tocotrienols ( TT ) have been shown to benefit bone health in ovariectomized animals , a model of postmenopausal women .
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12-week TT supplementation on bone markers ( serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ( BALP ) , urine N-terminal telopeptide ( NTX ) , serum soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( OPG ) ) , urine calcium , and an oxidative stress biomarker ( 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG ) ) in postmenopausal women with osteopenia .
METHODS : Eighty-nine postmenopausal osteopenic women ( 59.7 ± 6.8 year , BMI 28.7 ± 5.7 kg/m ) were randomly assigned to three groups : ( 1 ) placebo ( 430 mg olive oil/day ) , ( 2 ) low TT ( 430 mg TT/day , 70 % purity ) , and ( 3 ) high TT ( 860 mg TT/day , 70 % purity ) .
TT @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 70 % purity , consisted of 90 % delta-TT and 10 % gamma-TT .
Overnight fasting blood and urine samples were collected at baseline , 6 , and 12 weeks for biomarker analyses .
Eighty-seven subjects completed the 12-week study .
RESULTS : Relative to the placebo group , there were marginal decreases in serum BALP level in the TT-supplemented groups over the 12-week study period .
Significant decreases in urine NTX levels , serum sRANKL , sRANKL/OPG ratio , and urine 8-OHdG concentrations and a significant increase in BALP/NTX ratio due to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ did not affect serum OPG concentrations or urine calcium levels throughout the study period .
There were no significant differences in NTX level , BALP/NTX ratio , sRANKL level , and sRANKL/OPG ratio between low TT and high TT groups .
CONCLUSIONS : Twelve-week annatto-extracted TT supplementation decreased bone resorption and improved bone turnover rate via suppressing bone remodeling regulators in postmenopausal women with osteopenia .
Such osteoprotective TT 's effects may be , in part , mediated by an inhibition of oxidative stress .

: Tocotrienols have shown bone-protective effect in animals. This study showed that a 12-week tocotrienol supplementation decreased concentrations of bone resorption biomarker and bone remodeling regulators via suppressing oxidative stress in postmenopausal osteopenic women.
INTRODUCTION: Tocotrienols (TT) have been shown to benefit bone health in ovariectomized animals, a model of postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12-week TT supplementation on bone markers (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), urine N-terminal telopeptide (NTX), serum soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (sRANKL), and serum osteoprotegerin (OPG)), urine calcium, and an oxidative stress biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
METHODS: Eighty-nine postmenopausal osteopenic women (59.7 ± 6.8 year, BMI 28.7 ± 5.7 kg/m) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) placebo (430 mg olive oil/day), (2) low TT (430 mg TT/day, 70% purity), and (3) high TT (860 mg TT/day, 70% purity). TT, an extract from annatto seed with 70% purity, consisted of 90% delta-TT and 10% gamma-TT. Overnight fasting blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks for biomarker analyses. Eighty-seven subjects completed the 12-week study.
RESULTS: Relative to the placebo group, there were marginal decreases in serum BALP level in the TT-supplemented groups over the 12-week study period. Significant decreases in urine NTX levels, serum sRANKL, sRANKL/OPG ratio, and urine 8-OHdG concentrations and a significant increase in BALP/NTX ratio due to TT supplementation were observed. TT supplementation did not affect serum OPG concentrations or urine calcium levels throughout the study period. There were no significant differences in NTX level, BALP/NTX ratio, sRANKL level, and sRANKL/OPG ratio between low TT and high TT groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Twelve-week annatto-extracted TT supplementation decreased bone resorption and improved bone turnover rate via suppressing bone remodeling regulators in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Such osteoprotective TT's effects may be, in part, mediated by an inhibition of oxidative stress.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02058420.
TITLE: Tocotrienols and bone health of postmenopausal women.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Tocotrienols and tocopherols reduce markers of lipid peroxidation.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound and powerful antioxidant that have been shown to protect the cell membranes against damage caused by free radicals .
Human vitamin E supplementation studies are usually limited toα-tocopherol but currently tocotrienols are also available .
This study aims to compare the effects of tocotrienol rich fraction ( TRF ) with α-tocopherol ( α-TF ) supplementation on oxidative stress in healthy male and female older adults aged 50-55 years old .
A total of 71 subjects both male and female aged between 50 and 55 years were divided into groups receiving placebo ( n = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 24 ) and TRF ( n = 24 ) for six months .
Blood was taken at baseline ( month 0 ) , 3 months and 6 months osf supplementation for determination of plasma malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , protein carbonyl , total DNAdamage , vitamin D concentration and vitamin E isomers .
α-TF supplementation reduced plasma MDA and protein carbonyl in female subjects after 3 and 6 months .
TRF supplementation reduced MDA levels in both males and females as early as 3 months while DNA damage was reduced in females only @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and TRF increased plasma vitamin D concentration in both males and females after 6 months , but vitamin D concentration in male subjects were significantly higher compared to female subjects in TRF group .
Vitamin E isomer determination showed α-TF , α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol were increased in both male and female subjects .
In conclusion , TRF supplementation effects were different from α-TF in reducing oxidative stress markers and vitamin D levels with a more pronounced effect in female subjects .

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound and powerful antioxidant that have been shown to protect the cell membranes against damage caused by free radicals. Human vitamin E supplementation studies are usually limited toα-tocopherol but currently tocotrienols are also available. This study aims to compare the effects of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) with α-tocopherol (α-TF) supplementation on oxidative stress in healthy male and female older adults aged 50-55 years old. A total of 71 subjects both male and female aged between 50 and 55 years were divided into groups receiving placebo (n = 23), α-TF (n = 24) and TRF (n = 24) for six months. Blood was taken at baseline (month 0), 3 months and 6 months osf supplementation for determination of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, total DNAdamage, vitamin D concentration and vitamin E isomers. α-TF supplementation reduced plasma MDA and protein carbonyl in female subjects after 3 and 6 months. TRF supplementation reduced MDA levels in both males and females as early as 3 months while DNA damage was reduced in females only at 6 months. Supplementation with α-TF and TRF increased plasma vitamin D concentration in both males and females after 6 months, but vitamin D concentration in male subjects were significantly higher compared to female subjects in TRF group. Vitamin E isomer determination showed α-TF, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol were increased in both male and female subjects. In conclusion, TRF supplementation effects were different from α-TF in reducing oxidative stress markers and vitamin D levels with a more pronounced effect in female subjects.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Narrow band mid-infrared radiation exposure can modulate the early immune response of infectious dis

Narrow band mid-infrared radiation exposure can modulate the early immune response of infectious disease.

Previous studies revealed significant impact on cancer cell by mid-infrared ( MIR ) radiation .
However , the effects of narrow band MIR on immune reaction and infectious disease are still unknown .
In this study , an enhanced innate immune response was observed through the interaction between Leptospiral outer membrane protein ( LipL32 ) and toll-like receptor 2 ( TLR2 ) .
Thereafter , human kidney proximal tubular cells ( HK-2 cells ) initiated a serial reaction of enhanced MCP-1 production .
The 6 μm narrow bandwidth light source emitted by waveguide thermal emitter ( WTE ) was applied @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) stretching vibration during the stage of antigen-receptor complex formation .
The amount of MCP-1 gene expression had 2.5 folds increase after narrow band MIR illumination comparing to non-MIR illumination at low dose LipL32 condition .
Besides , both ELISA and confocal microscopy results also revealed that the chemokine concentration increased significantly after narrow band MIR illumination either at low or high concentration of LipL32 .
Furthermore , a specific phenomenon that narrow band MIR can amplify the signal of weak immune response by enhancing sensitivity of the interaction between antigen and receptor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidence that the narrow band MIR exposure can modulate the early immune response of infectious disease and play a potential role to develop host-directed therapy in the future .

Previous studies revealed significant impact on cancer cell by mid-infrared (MIR) radiation. However, the effects of narrow band MIR on immune reaction and infectious disease are still unknown. In this study, an enhanced innate immune response was observed through the interaction between Leptospiral outer membrane protein (LipL32) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Thereafter, human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells) initiated a serial reaction of enhanced MCP-1 production. The 6 μm narrow bandwidth light source emitted by waveguide thermal emitter (WTE) was applied to induce carbonyl group (CO bond) stretching vibration during the stage of antigen-receptor complex formation. The amount of MCP-1 gene expression had 2.5 folds increase after narrow band MIR illumination comparing to non-MIR illumination at low dose LipL32 condition. Besides, both ELISA and confocal microscopy results also revealed that the chemokine concentration increased significantly after narrow band MIR illumination either at low or high concentration of LipL32. Furthermore, a specific phenomenon that narrow band MIR can amplify the signal of weak immune response by enhancing sensitivity of the interaction between antigen and receptor was observed. This study exhibits clear evidence that the narrow band MIR exposure can modulate the early immune response of infectious disease and play a potential role to develop host-directed therapy in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--A nutraceutical formula containing berberine, chlorogenic acid, and tocotrienols was found to improv

A nutraceutical formula containing berberine, chlorogenic acid, and tocotrienols was found to improve a large number of metabolic and liver parameters in overweight subjects.

BACKGROUND : Overweight subjects easily develop alterations of the glucose and lipid metabolism and are exposed to an increased cardiometabolic risk .
This condition is potentially reversible through the improvement of dietary and behavioural habits .
However , a well-assembled nutraceutical would be a useful tool to better improve the metabolic parameters associated to overweight and insulin resistance .
METHODS : To evaluate the effect of a combined nutraceutical containing berberine , chlorogenic acid and tocotrienols , we performed a double blind , cross-over designed trial versus placebo , in 40 overweight subjects with mixed hyperlipidaemia .
After the first @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , patients were asked to observe a 2-week washout period , and they were then assigned to the alternative treatment for a further period of 8 weeks .
Clinical and laboratory data associated to hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance have been obtained at the baseline , at the end of the first treatment period , after the washout , and again after the second treatment period .
RESULTS : Both groups experienced a significant improvement of anthropometric and biochemical parameters versus baseline .
However , total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , triglycerides , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , GOT and Lipid Accumulation Product decreased more significantly in the nutraceutical group versus placebo .
CONCLUSIONS : This combination seems to improve a large number of metabolic and liver parameters on the short-term in overweight subjects .
Further studies are needed to confirm these observations on the middle- and long-term .

BACKGROUND: Overweight subjects easily develop alterations of the glucose and lipid metabolism and are exposed to an increased cardiometabolic risk. This condition is potentially reversible through the improvement of dietary and behavioural habits. However, a well-assembled nutraceutical would be a useful tool to better improve the metabolic parameters associated to overweight and insulin resistance.
METHODS: To evaluate the effect of a combined nutraceutical containing berberine, chlorogenic acid and tocotrienols, we performed a double blind, cross-over designed trial versus placebo, in 40 overweight subjects with mixed hyperlipidaemia. After the first 8 weeks of treatment (or placebo), patients were asked to observe a 2-week washout period, and they were then assigned to the alternative treatment for a further period of 8 weeks. Clinical and laboratory data associated to hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance have been obtained at the baseline, at the end of the first treatment period, after the washout, and again after the second treatment period.
RESULTS: Both groups experienced a significant improvement of anthropometric and biochemical parameters versus baseline. However, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, GOT and Lipid Accumulation Product decreased more significantly in the nutraceutical group versus placebo.
CONCLUSIONS: This combination seems to improve a large number of metabolic and liver parameters on the short-term in overweight subjects. Further studies are needed to confirm these observations on the middle- and long-term.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D significantly reduce the risk for incident Crohn's disease

Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D significantly reduce the risk for incident Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS : Vitamin D influences innate immunity , which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn 's disease ( CD ) and ulcerative colitis ( UC ) .
However , data examining vitamin D status in relation to risk of CD and UC are lacking .
METHODS : We conducted a prospective cohort study of 72,719 women ( age , 40-73 y ) enrolled in the Nurses ' Health Study .
In 1986 , women completed an assessment of diet and lifestyle , from which a 25-hydroxy vitamin D [ 25 ( OH ) D @ @ @ @ @ @ @ against directly measured levels of plasma 25 ( OH ) D. Through 2008 , we confirmed reported diagnoses of incident CD or UC through medical record review .
We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to examine the hazard ratio ( HR ) for incident CD or UC after adjusting for potential confounders .
RESULTS : During 1,492,811 person-years of follow-up evaluation , we documented 122 incident cases of CD and 123 cases of UC .
The median predicted 25 ( OH ) D level was 22.3 ng/mL in the lowest and 32.2 ng/mL @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the lowest quartile , the multivariate-adjusted HR associated with the highest quartile of vitamin D was 0.54 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.30-.99 ) for CD ( P ( trend ) = .02 ) and 0.65 ( 95 % CI , 0.34-1.25 ) for UC ( P ( trend ) = .17 ) .
Compared with women with a predicted 25 ( OH ) D level less than 20 ng/mL , the multivariate-adjusted HR was 0.38 ( 95 % CI , 0.15-0.97 ) for CD and 0.57 ( 95 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for women with a predicted 25 ( OH ) D level greater than 30 ng/mL .
There was a significant inverse association between dietary and supplemental vitamin D and UC , and a nonsignificant reduction in CD risk .
CONCLUSIONS : Higher predicted plasma levels of 25 ( OH ) D significantly reduce the risk for incident CD and nonsignificantly reduce the risk for UC in women .

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vitamin D influences innate immunity, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, data examining vitamin D status in relation to risk of CD and UC are lacking.
METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 72,719 women (age, 40-73 y) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. In 1986, women completed an assessment of diet and lifestyle, from which a 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] prediction score was developed and validated against directly measured levels of plasma 25(OH)D. Through 2008, we confirmed reported diagnoses of incident CD or UC through medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to examine the hazard ratio (HR) for incident CD or UC after adjusting for potential confounders.
RESULTS: During 1,492,811 person-years of follow-up evaluation, we documented 122 incident cases of CD and 123 cases of UC. The median predicted 25(OH)D level was 22.3 ng/mL in the lowest and 32.2 ng/mL in the highest quartiles. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariate-adjusted HR associated with the highest quartile of vitamin D was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-.99) for CD (P(trend) = .02) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.34-1.25) for UC (P(trend) = .17). Compared with women with a predicted 25(OH)D level less than 20 ng/mL, the multivariate-adjusted HR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.15-0.97) for CD and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.19-1.70) for UC for women with a predicted 25(OH)D level greater than 30 ng/mL. There was a significant inverse association between dietary and supplemental vitamin D and UC, and a nonsignificant reduction in CD risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D significantly reduce the risk for incident CD and nonsignificantly reduce the risk for UC in women.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Tocopherols and tocotrienols protect against UV radiation.

BACKGROUND : Vitamin E is among the earliest recognized antioxidants .
Recent findings suggested that tocotrienols have superior activity than tocopherols .
Moreover , vitamin A is well-known in dermatology for its actions , including the ultraviolet radiation absorbing property .
OBJECTIVES : In view of experimental evidence for the photoprotective properties of these antioxidants , we evaluated in 30 patients with photosensitivity , the prophylactic efficacy of a new topical agent , containing tocopherols 10 % and tocotrienols 0.3 % , compared with retinol , simple vehicle and untreated areas .
METHODS : After determination of the minimal UVB @ @ @ @ @ @ @ areas of 2× 2 cm were selected on the buttocks of each subject , one of which was treated with the antioxidant formulation whereas the other field did not undergo any treatment .
Therefore , both areas were irradiated with a twofold MED .
As further controls , other two similar areas , selected on the forearm of 15 patients , were photo-irradiated similarly , 30 min after application of the simple vehicle to a field and of vitamin A in the same vehicle to the other .
Reactions ( erythema/oedema/itch/vesciculation ) assessment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ their intensity ; then , mean values +DS ofscores were calculated .
RESULTS : The pre-treatment with the vitamin E formulation highly protects against photosensitivity , and all reactions to irradiation were significantly lower in the areas treated with the topical vitamin E formulation compared to those treated with the simple vehicle or vitamin A .
CONCLUSIONS : The use of a new topical formulation containing significant concentrations of tocotrienols and tocopherols represents a promising strategy to reduce the photo-induced skin damage .

BACKGROUND: Vitamin E is among the earliest recognized antioxidants. Recent findings suggested that tocotrienols have superior activity than tocopherols. Moreover, vitamin A is well-known in dermatology for its actions, including the ultraviolet radiation absorbing property.
OBJECTIVES: In view of experimental evidence for the photoprotective properties of these antioxidants, we evaluated in 30 patients with photosensitivity, the prophylactic efficacy of a new topical agent, containing tocopherols 10% and tocotrienols 0.3%, compared with retinol, simple vehicle and untreated areas.
METHODS: After determination of the minimal UVB erythema dose (MED), two areas of 2× 2 cm were selected on the buttocks of each subject, one of which was treated with the antioxidant formulation whereas the other field did not undergo any treatment. Therefore, both areas were irradiated with a twofold MED. As further controls, other two similar areas, selected on the forearm of 15 patients, were photo-irradiated similarly, 30 min after application of the simple vehicle to a field and of vitamin A in the same vehicle to the other. Reactions (erythema/oedema/itch/vesciculation) assessment was carried out assigning scores indicative of their intensity; then, mean values +DS ofscores were calculated.
RESULTS: The pre-treatment with the vitamin E formulation highly protects against photosensitivity, and all reactions to irradiation were significantly lower in the areas treated with the topical vitamin E formulation compared to those treated with the simple vehicle or vitamin A.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of a new topical formulation containing significant concentrations of tocotrienols and tocopherols represents a promising strategy to reduce the photo-induced skin damage.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--The role of ultraviolet radiation radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infecti

The role of ultraviolet radiation radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infectious disease.

The seasonality of infectious disease outbreaks suggests that environmental conditions have a significant effect on disease risk .
One of the major environmental factors that can affect this is solar radiation , primarily acting through ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) , and its subsequent control of vitamin D production .
Here we show how UVR and vitamin D , which are modified by latitude and season , can affect host and pathogen fitness and relate them to the outcomes of bacterial , viral and vector-borne infections .
We conducted a thorough comparison of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fitness and host immunity and related these to the effects observed in animal models and clinical trials to understand their independent and complementary effects on infectious disease outcome .
UVR and vitamin D share common pathways of innate immune activation primarily via antimicrobial peptide production , and adaptive immune suppression .
Whilst UVR can induce vitamin D-independent effects in the skin , such as the generation of photoproducts activating interferon signaling , vitamin D has a larger systemic effect due to its autocrine and paracrine modulation of cellular responses in a range of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in infectious disease prevalence are not solely driven by variation in UVR and vitamin D levels across latitudes .
Vector-borne pathogens show a strong seasonality of infection correlated to climatic conditions favoring their replication .
Conversely , pathogens , such as influenza A virus , Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , have strong evidence to support their interaction with vitamin D. Thus , UVR has both vitamin D-dependent and independent effects on infectious diseases ; these effects vary depending on the pathogen of interest and the effects can be complementary @ @ @

The seasonality of infectious disease outbreaks suggests that environmental conditions have a significant effect on disease risk. One of the major environmental factors that can affect this is solar radiation, primarily acting through ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and its subsequent control of vitamin D production. Here we show how UVR and vitamin D, which are modified by latitude and season, can affect host and pathogen fitness and relate them to the outcomes of bacterial, viral and vector-borne infections. We conducted a thorough comparison of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of UVR and vitamin D on pathogen fitness and host immunity and related these to the effects observed in animal models and clinical trials to understand their independent and complementary effects on infectious disease outcome. UVR and vitamin D share common pathways of innate immune activation primarily via antimicrobial peptide production, and adaptive immune suppression. Whilst UVR can induce vitamin D-independent effects in the skin, such as the generation of photoproducts activating interferon signaling, vitamin D has a larger systemic effect due to its autocrine and paracrine modulation of cellular responses in a range of tissues. However, the seasonal patterns in infectious disease prevalence are not solely driven by variation in UVR and vitamin D levels across latitudes. Vector-borne pathogens show a strong seasonality of infection correlated to climatic conditions favoring their replication. Conversely, pathogens, such as influenza A virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, have strong evidence to support their interaction with vitamin D. Thus, UVR has both vitamin D-dependent and independent effects on infectious diseases; these effects vary depending on the pathogen of interest and the effects can be complementary or antagonistic.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the general aspects and the potential role of vitamin D.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ( IBS ) is a bowel disorder leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain , modifications in the motility and bowel habits , distention , bloating , and gas .
Vitamin D ( VD ) may interfere in a plethora of cellular mechanisms , and act directly or indirectly in the regulation of the microbiome , the release of anti-microbial peptides , modulation of the immune system and inflammation processes ; which in turn , may positively interfere with the altered gut function .
The main purpose of this review was to survey studies involving the impacts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Eligible studies including the term VD and IBS were searched in the MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE ( 2009-2018 ) .
VD may act direct or indirectly in the regulation of the gut microbiome , immune response , and psychosocial factors that may be included in the list of IBS triggering factors .
Expert opinion : Once VD plays an essential role in many processes associated with IBS , its deficiency may be associated with IBS , and the supplementation could help in the therapeutic approach for this condition .
For these reasons , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in IBS is indispensable for the development of new strategies that could improve the quality of life of the patient .

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a bowel disorder leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, modifications in the motility and bowel habits, distention, bloating, and gas. Vitamin D (VD) may interfere in a plethora of cellular mechanisms, and act directly or indirectly in the regulation of the microbiome, the release of anti-microbial peptides, modulation of the immune system and inflammation processes; which in turn, may positively interfere with the altered gut function. The main purpose of this review was to survey studies involving the impacts of VD on IBS. Area covered: Eligible studies including the term VD and IBS were searched in the MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE (2009-2018). VD may act direct or indirectly in the regulation of the gut microbiome, immune response, and psychosocial factors that may be included in the list of IBS triggering factors. Expert opinion: Once VD plays an essential role in many processes associated with IBS, its deficiency may be associated with IBS, and the supplementation could help in the therapeutic approach for this condition. For these reasons, the understanding of the association of VD in IBS is indispensable for the development of new strategies that could improve the quality of life of the patient.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Vitamin D deficiency and the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.

Vitamin D has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to pathogen threat .
The hormonal form of @ @ @ @ @ nuclear receptor transcription factor and regulates gene transcription .
Several papers have shown that vitamin @ @ @ @ @ upstream and downstream of pattern recognition receptors , vanguards of innate immune responses .
Crohn @ @ @ @ @ is a relapsing-recurring inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) that arises from dysregulated intestinal innate @ @ @ @ @ studies have identified several CD susceptibility markers linked to mechanisms of innate immune responses to @ @ @ @ @ between vitamin D deficiency and CD has grown substantially , particularly in the last five @ @ @ @ @ of studies have consistently revealed an association between CD and vitamin D deficiency , recent @ @ @ @ @ compelling mechanistic basis for the contribution of vitamin D deficiency to the pathogenesis of the @ @ @ @ @ number of intervention trials have provided generally solid evidence that robust vitamin D supplementation may @ @ @ @ @ patients with CD .
This review summarizes these laboratory and clinical findings .

Vitamin D has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to pathogen threat. The hormonal form of vitamin D signals through a nuclear receptor transcription factor and regulates gene transcription. Several papers have shown that vitamin D signaling is active both upstream and downstream of pattern recognition receptors, vanguards of innate immune responses. Crohn's disease (CD) is a relapsing-recurring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that arises from dysregulated intestinal innate immunity. Indeed, genetic studies have identified several CD susceptibility markers linked to mechanisms of innate immune responses to infection. Interest in links between vitamin D deficiency and CD has grown substantially, particularly in the last five years. While a number of studies have consistently revealed an association between CD and vitamin D deficiency, recent experimental work has uncovered a compelling mechanistic basis for the contribution of vitamin D deficiency to the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, a number of intervention trials have provided generally solid evidence that robust vitamin D supplementation may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with CD. This review summarizes these laboratory and clinical findings.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Vitamin D, immune regulation, the microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease.

The inflammatory bowel diseases are complex diseases caused by environmental , immunological , and genetic factors .
Vitamin D status @ @ @ @ @ inflammatory bowel diseases , and experimental inflammatory bowel diseases are more severe in vitamin D-deficient @ @ @ @ @ animals .
Vitamin D is beneficial in inflammatory bowel diseases because it regulates multiple checkpoints @ @ @ @ @ in the gut .
Vitamin D inhibits IFN-γ and IL-17 production while inducing regulatory T @ @ @ @ @ vitamin D regulates epithelial cell integrity , innate immune responses , and the composition of @ @ @ @ @ , vitamin D regulates multiple pathways that maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis .
The data support improving @ @ @ @ @ with inflammatory bowel diseases .

The inflammatory bowel diseases are complex diseases caused by environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. Vitamin D status is low in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and experimental inflammatory bowel diseases are more severe in vitamin D-deficient or vitamin D receptor knockout animals. Vitamin D is beneficial in inflammatory bowel diseases because it regulates multiple checkpoints and processes essential for homeostasis in the gut. Vitamin D inhibits IFN-γ and IL-17 production while inducing regulatory T cells. In addition, vitamin D regulates epithelial cell integrity, innate immune responses, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Overall, vitamin D regulates multiple pathways that maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. The data support improving vitamin D status in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Vitamin D signaling in intestinal innate immunity and homeostasis.

The lumen of the gut hosts a plethora of microorganisms that participate in food assimilation , inactivation of harmful particles and in vitamin synthesis .
On the other hand , enteric flora , a number of food antigens , and toxins are capable of triggering immune responses causing inflammation , which , when unresolved , may lead to chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) .
It is important , therefore , to contain the gut bacteria within the lumen , control microbial load and composition , as well as ensure adequate innate and adaptive immune responses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidence that vitamin D signaling has impacts on all these aspects of intestinal physiology , contributing to healthy enteric homeostasis .
VD was first discovered as the curative agent for nutritional rickets , and its classical actions are associated with calcium absorption and bone health .
However , vitamin D exhibits a number of extra-skeletal effects , particularly in innate immunity .
Notably , it stimulates production of pattern recognition receptors , anti-microbial peptides , and cytokines , which are at the forefront of innate immune responses .
They play a role in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bacterial overgrowth , and complement the actions of vitamin D signaling in enhancing intestinal barrier function .
Vitamin D also favours tolerogenic rather than inflammogenic T cell differentiation and function .
Compromised innate immune function and overactive adaptive immunity , as well as defective intestinal barrier function , have been associated with IBD .
Importantly , observational and intervention studies support a beneficial role of vitamin D supplementation in patients with Crohn 's disease , a form of IBD .
This review summarizes the effects of vitamin D signaling on barrier integrity and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , as well as on microbial load and composition .
Collectively , studies to date reveal that vitamin D signaling has widespread effects on gut homeostasis , and provide a mechanistic basis for potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin D supplementation in IBD .

The lumen of the gut hosts a plethora of microorganisms that participate in food assimilation, inactivation of harmful particles and in vitamin synthesis. On the other hand, enteric flora, a number of food antigens, and toxins are capable of triggering immune responses causing inflammation, which, when unresolved, may lead to chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is important, therefore, to contain the gut bacteria within the lumen, control microbial load and composition, as well as ensure adequate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogenic threats. There is growing evidence that vitamin D signaling has impacts on all these aspects of intestinal physiology, contributing to healthy enteric homeostasis. VD was first discovered as the curative agent for nutritional rickets, and its classical actions are associated with calcium absorption and bone health. However, vitamin D exhibits a number of extra-skeletal effects, particularly in innate immunity. Notably, it stimulates production of pattern recognition receptors, anti-microbial peptides, and cytokines, which are at the forefront of innate immune responses. They play a role in sensing the microbiota, in preventing excessive bacterial overgrowth, and complement the actions of vitamin D signaling in enhancing intestinal barrier function. Vitamin D also favours tolerogenic rather than inflammogenic T cell differentiation and function. Compromised innate immune function and overactive adaptive immunity, as well as defective intestinal barrier function, have been associated with IBD. Importantly, observational and intervention studies support a beneficial role of vitamin D supplementation in patients with Crohn's disease, a form of IBD. This review summarizes the effects of vitamin D signaling on barrier integrity and innate and adaptive immunity in the gut, as well as on microbial load and composition. Collectively, studies to date reveal that vitamin D signaling has widespread effects on gut homeostasis, and provide a mechanistic basis for potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin D supplementation in IBD.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE : Chronic hemodialysis patients experience accelerated atherosclerosis contributed to by dyslipidemia , inflammation , and an impaired antioxidant system .
Vitamin E tocotrienols possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties .
However , the impact of dietary intervention with Vitamin E tocotrienols is unknown in this population .
PATIENTS AND METHODS : A randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel trial was conducted in 81 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis .
Subjects were provided daily with capsules containing either vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction ( TRF ) ( 180 mg tocotrienols , 40 mg tocopherols ) or placebo ( 0.48 mg tocotrienols , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ measurements of inflammatory markers ( C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 ) , oxidative status ( total antioxidant power and malondialdehyde ) , lipid profiles ( plasma total cholesterol , triacylglycerols , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ) , as well as cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity and apolipoprotein A1 .
RESULTS : TRF supplementation did not impact any nutritional , inflammatory , or oxidative status biomarkers over time when compared with the baseline within the group ( one-way repeated measures analysis of variance ) or when compared with the placebo group at a particular time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the TRF supplemented group showed improvement in lipid profiles after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention when compared with placebo at the respective time points .
Normalized plasma triacylglycerols ( cf baseline ) in the TRF group were reduced by 33 mg/dL ( P=0.032 ) and 36 mg/dL ( P=0.072 ) after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention but no significant improvement was seen in the placebo group .
Similarly , normalized plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher ( P < 0.05 ) in the TRF group as compared with placebo at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The changes in the TRF group at week 12 and week 16 were associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein A1 concentration ( P < 0.02 ) and lower cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity ( P < 0.001 ) .
CONCLUSION : TRF supplementation improved lipid profiles in this study of maintenance hemodialysis patients .
A multi-centered trial is warranted to confirm these observations .

PURPOSE: Chronic hemodialysis patients experience accelerated atherosclerosis contributed to by dyslipidemia, inflammation, and an impaired antioxidant system. Vitamin E tocotrienols possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the impact of dietary intervention with Vitamin E tocotrienols is unknown in this population.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was conducted in 81 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Subjects were provided daily with capsules containing either vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) (180 mg tocotrienols, 40 mg tocopherols) or placebo (0.48 mg tocotrienols, 0.88 mg tocopherols). Endpoints included measurements of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6), oxidative status (total antioxidant power and malondialdehyde), lipid profiles (plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), as well as cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity and apolipoprotein A1.
RESULTS: TRF supplementation did not impact any nutritional, inflammatory, or oxidative status biomarkers over time when compared with the baseline within the group (one-way repeated measures analysis of variance) or when compared with the placebo group at a particular time point (independent t-test). However, the TRF supplemented group showed improvement in lipid profiles after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention when compared with placebo at the respective time points. Normalized plasma triacylglycerols (cf baseline) in the TRF group were reduced by 33 mg/dL (P=0.032) and 36 mg/dL (P=0.072) after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention but no significant improvement was seen in the placebo group. Similarly, normalized plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher (P<0.05) in the TRF group as compared with placebo at both week 12 and week 16. The changes in the TRF group at week 12 and week 16 were associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein A1 concentration (P<0.02) and lower cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: TRF supplementation improved lipid profiles in this study of maintenance hemodialysis patients. A multi-centered trial is warranted to confirm these observations.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-17--This study demonstrated that rosemary water exerts beneficial effects on cognition.

BACKGROUND : The use of herbal extracts and supplements to enhance health and wellbeing is increasing in western society .
AIMS : This study investigated the impact of the acute ingestion of a commercially available water containing an extract and hydrolat of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L. syn .
Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. )
.
Aspects of cognitive functioning , mood and cerebrovascular response measured by near-infrared spectroscopy provided the dependent variables .
METHODS : Eighty healthy adults were randomly allocated to consume either 250 mL of rosemary water or plain mineral water .
They then completed a series of computerised @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of alertness and fatigue .
Near-infrared spectroscopy monitored levels of total , oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin at baseline and throughout the cognitive testing procedure .
RESULTS : Analysis of the data revealed a number of statistically significant , small , beneficial effects of rosemary water on cognition , consistent with those found previously for the inhalation of the aroma of rosemary essential oil .
Of particular interest here are the cerebrovascular effects noted for deoxygenated haemoglobin levels during cognitive task performance that were significantly higher in the rosemary water condition .
This represents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and may indicate a facilitation of oxygen extraction at times of cognitive demand .
CONCLUSION : Taken together the data suggest potential beneficial properties of acute consumption of rosemary water .
The findings are discussed in terms of putative metabolic and cholinergic mechanisms .

BACKGROUND: The use of herbal extracts and supplements to enhance health and wellbeing is increasing in western society.
AIMS: This study investigated the impact of the acute ingestion of a commercially available water containing an extract and hydrolat of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L. syn. Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.). Aspects of cognitive functioning, mood and cerebrovascular response measured by near-infrared spectroscopy provided the dependent variables.
METHODS: Eighty healthy adults were randomly allocated to consume either 250 mL of rosemary water or plain mineral water. They then completed a series of computerised cognitive tasks, followed by subjective measures of alertness and fatigue. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitored levels of total, oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin at baseline and throughout the cognitive testing procedure.
RESULTS: Analysis of the data revealed a number of statistically significant, small, beneficial effects of rosemary water on cognition, consistent with those found previously for the inhalation of the aroma of rosemary essential oil. Of particular interest here are the cerebrovascular effects noted for deoxygenated haemoglobin levels during cognitive task performance that were significantly higher in the rosemary water condition. This represents a novel finding in this area, and may indicate a facilitation of oxygen extraction at times of cognitive demand.
CONCLUSION: Taken together the data suggest potential beneficial properties of acute consumption of rosemary water. The findings are discussed in terms of putative metabolic and cholinergic mechanisms.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Noni Juice Reduces Cholesterol Among Cigarette Smokers

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Lycopene can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating glycolipid metabolism and reduc

Lycopene can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating glycolipid metabolism and reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines.

OBJECTIVE : To investigate the effects of lycopene on metabolism of glycolipid and inflammation in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease .
METHODS : According to body weight , sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group , non-alcoholic fatty liver model group , 20 , 60 mg/kg lycopene intervention groups , with 15 rats in each group .
The control group was fed normal diet , and the other 3 groups were fed high-fat and high-fructose diet for 4 weeks to establish the model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease .
After modeling , the intervention groups were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
After 8 weeks of continuous feeding , the rats were sacrificed , the body weight and liver weight were weighed , and the liver index was calculated .
Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of liver tissue .
Serum was collected , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , fasting insulin ( INS ) , and insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) were calculated ; Liver function indicators alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) were measured ; Serum triglycerides ( TG ) , total @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin-18 ( IL-18 ) and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) were measured .
RESULTS : Compared with the control group , the liver weight and liver index in the model group increased by 27 % and 24 % , respectively ; And steatosis occurred in the liver tissue ; The levels of serum ALT , TG , TC , LDL-C , IL-6 , IL-1β were significantly increased , the level of serum HDL-C @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
05 ) .
Compared with the model group , liver weight , liver index , levels of serum ALT , TG , FBG , IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly lower in the 20 , 60 mg/kg lycopene intervention groups ( P < 0 .
05 ) , the INS and HOMA-IR index showed a downward trend ; Liver tissue lesions were reduced to different degrees , and the effect was more significant in the 60 mg/kg lycopene group .
CONCLUSION : Lycopene can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating glycolipid metabolism @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rats .

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of lycopene on metabolism of glycolipid and inflammation in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
METHODS: According to body weight, sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, non-alcoholic fatty liver model group, 20, 60 mg/kg lycopene intervention groups, with 15 rats in each group. The control group was fed normal diet, and the other 3 groups were fed high-fat and high-fructose diet for 4 weeks to establish the model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. After modeling, the intervention groups were fed lycopene of different doses by gavage. After 8 weeks of continuous feeding, the rats were sacrificed, the body weight and liver weight were weighed, and the liver index was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of liver tissue. Serum was collected, fasting blood glucose(FBG), fasting insulin(INS), and insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) were calculated; Liver function indicators alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were measured; Serum triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) and levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-18(IL-18) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) were measured.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the liver weight and liver index in the model group increased by 27% and 24%, respectively; And steatosis occurred in the liver tissue; The levels of serum ALT, TG, TC, LDL-C, IL-6, IL-1β were significantly increased, the level of serum HDL-C was significantly decreased(P<0. 05). Compared with the model group, liver weight, liver index, levels of serum ALT, TG, FBG, IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly lower in the 20, 60 mg/kg lycopene intervention groups(P<0. 05), the INS and HOMA-IR index showed a downward trend; Liver tissue lesions were reduced to different degrees, and the effect was more significant in the 60 mg/kg lycopene group.
CONCLUSION: Lycopene can improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating glycolipid metabolism and reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines in rats.


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greenmedinfo--2020-04-19--Mushroom polysaccharides: Chemistry and antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticancer, and antibiotic proper

Mushroom polysaccharides: Chemistry and antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticancer, and antibiotic properties in cells, rodents, and humans.

More than 2000 species of edible and/or medicinal mushrooms have been identified to date , many of which are widely consumed , stimulating much research on their health-promoting properties .
These properties are associated with bioactive compounds produced by the mushrooms , including polysaccharides .
Althoughβ-glucans ( homopolysaccharides ) are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of mushrooms , other types of mushroom polysaccharides ( heteropolysaccharides ) also possess biological properties .
Here we survey the chemistry of such health-promoting polysaccharides and their reported antiobesity and antidiabetic properties as well as selected anticarcinogenic , antimicrobial , and antiviral effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The associated antioxidative , anti-inflammatory , and immunomodulating activities in fat cells , rodents , and humans are also discussed.The mechanisms of action involve the gut microbiota , meaning the polysaccharides act as prebiotics in the digestive system .
Also covered here are the nutritional , functional food , clinical , and epidemiological studies designed to assess the health-promoting properties of polysaccharides , individually and as blended mixtures , against obesity , diabetes , cancer , and infectious diseases , and suggestions for further research .
The collated information and suggested research needs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ better understanding of the health-promoting properties of mushroom polysaccharides and enhance their use to help prevent and treat human chronic diseases .

More than 2000 species of edible and/or medicinal mushrooms have been identified to date, many of which are widely consumed, stimulating much research on their health-promoting properties. These properties are associated with bioactive compounds produced by the mushrooms, including polysaccharides. Althoughβ-glucans (homopolysaccharides) are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of mushrooms, other types of mushroom polysaccharides (heteropolysaccharides) also possess biological properties. Here we survey the chemistry of such health-promoting polysaccharides and their reported antiobesity and antidiabetic properties as well as selected anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects that demonstrate their multiple health-promoting potential. The associated antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activities in fat cells, rodents, and humans are also discussed.The mechanisms of action involve the gut microbiota, meaning the polysaccharides act as prebiotics in the digestive system. Also covered here are the nutritional, functional food, clinical, and epidemiological studies designed to assess the health-promoting properties of polysaccharides, individually and as blended mixtures, against obesity, diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases, and suggestions for further research. The collated information and suggested research needs might guide further studies needed for a better understanding of the health-promoting properties of mushroom polysaccharides and enhance their use to help prevent and treat human chronic diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-19--Ergosterol peroxide from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum inhibits differentiation and lipid

Ergosterol peroxide from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum inhibits differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Ergosterol peroxide is a natural compound of the steroid family found in many fungi , and it possesses antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , anticancer and antiviral activities .
The anti-obesity activity of several edible and medicinal mushrooms has been reported , but the effect of mushroom-derived ergosterol peroxide on obesity has not been studied .
Therefore , we analyzed the effect of ergosterol peroxide on the inhibition of triglyceride synthesis at protein and mRNA levels and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes .
Ergosterol peroxide inhibited lipid droplet synthesis of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells , expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARγ ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the major transcription factors of differentiation , and also the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c ( SREBP-1c ) , which promotes the activity of PPARγ , resulting in inhibition of differentiation .
It further inhibited the expression of fatty acid synthase ( FAS ) , fatty acid translocase ( FAT ) , and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACC ) , which are lipogenic factors .
In addition , it inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ( MAPKs ) involved in cell proliferation and activation of early differentiation transcription factors in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stage .
As a result , ergosterol peroxide significantly inhibited the synthesis of triglycerides and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells , and is , therefore , a possibile prophylactic and therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic diseases .

Ergosterol peroxide is a natural compound of the steroid family found in many fungi, and it possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral activities. The anti-obesity activity of several edible and medicinal mushrooms has been reported, but the effect of mushroom-derived ergosterol peroxide on obesity has not been studied. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of ergosterol peroxide on the inhibition of triglyceride synthesis at protein and mRNA levels and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ergosterol peroxide inhibited lipid droplet synthesis of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), the major transcription factors of differentiation, and also the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which promotes the activity of PPARγ, resulting in inhibition of differentiation. It further inhibited the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acid translocase (FAT), and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), which are lipogenic factors. In addition, it inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in cell proliferation and activation of early differentiation transcription factors in the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) stage. As a result, ergosterol peroxide significantly inhibited the synthesis of triglycerides and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, and is, therefore, a possibile prophylactic and therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-18--Use of curcumin in multiple myeloma patients intolerant of steroid therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-19--These results showed that polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake can activate immune cells to regul

These results showed that polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake can activate immune cells to regulate the immunity.

Polysaccharide has been widely used in medical and health field because of its function of immune regulation .
The aim @ @ @ @ @ use protein chip to test the 200 cytokines secreted by macrophages which were induced by @ @ @ @ @ ( TMP-A ) to study the role of TMP-A acting on macrophages and its mechanism @ @ @ @ @ of the TMP-A effect on immune activity .
The results of the analysis indicated that @ @ @ @ @ , including IL-1β , IL-10 , IL-23 , TNF-α , CD40L , G-CSF , etc @ @ @ @ @ and 43 down-regulated cytokines .
The KEGG analysis indicated that T. matsutake polysaccharide can influence @ @ @ @ @ through a series of signaling pathways , and the three major signaling pathways are Jak-STAT @ @ @ @ @ pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway .
Those three signaling pathway are closely related to @ @ @ @ @ .
The results showed that TMP-A can activate immune cells to regulate the immunity .

Polysaccharide has been widely used in medical and health field because of its function of immune regulation. The aim of present study was to use protein chip to test the 200 cytokines secreted by macrophages which were induced by the polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake (TMP-A) to study the role of TMP-A acting on macrophages and its mechanism, further understanding the mechanism of the TMP-A effect on immune activity. The results of the analysis indicated that among all of these cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-10, IL-23, TNF-α, CD40L, G-CSF, etc. there are 73 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated cytokines. The KEGG analysis indicated that T. matsutake polysaccharide can influence the immune response of macrophages through a series of signaling pathways, and the three major signaling pathways are Jak-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Those three signaling pathway are closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. The results showed that TMP-A can activate immune cells to regulate the immunity.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-19--Crude polysaccharide from a wild mushroom enhances immune response in murine macrophage cells by TLR

Crude polysaccharide from a wild mushroom enhances immune response in murine macrophage cells by TLR/NF-κB pathway.

OBJECTIVE : Mushroom crude polysaccharides offer a complete package of various medicinal activities .
In this context , the present study aimed to unveil structural and biomedical properties of crude polysaccharide ( MLHWP ) obtained from an edible wild mushroom Macrocybe lobayensis ( R. Heim ) Pegler & Lodge .
METHOD : Chemical characterization was accomplished with the help of spectrophotometry , Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy , HPTLC and GC-MS. Immunomodulatory activity of the crude polysaccharide and its signalling mechanism was assessed using RAW 264.7 cells .
Furthermore , antioxidant activity was analysed based on radical scavenging , metal ion chelating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Compositional study revealed that MLHWP possessed triple helical structure and its backbone consisted ofβ-linked glucan along with xylose , rhamnose , mannose and galactose .
Investigation on bioactive potency revealed that MLHWP augmented macrophage activity in terms of viability , phagocytosis , NO and ROS generation .
Gene expression studies indicated that MLHWP signalled through TLR and modulated expression of immunomodulation-related genes including NF-κB , COX-2 , IFN-γ , TNF-α , iNOS and Iκ-βα .
Besides , MLHWP displayed noticeable antioxidant potential as reflected in all investigating assays .
CONCLUSIONS : Overall , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pharmaceutical agent with multidimensional application .

OBJECTIVE: Mushroom crude polysaccharides offer a complete package of various medicinal activities. In this context, the present study aimed to unveil structural and biomedical properties of crude polysaccharide (MLHWP) obtained from an edible wild mushroom Macrocybe lobayensis (R. Heim) Pegler&Lodge.
METHOD: Chemical characterization was accomplished with the help of spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, HPTLC and GC-MS. Immunomodulatory activity of the crude polysaccharide and its signalling mechanism was assessed using RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was analysed based on radical scavenging, metal ion chelating and reducing effect.
KEY FINDINGS: Compositional study revealed that MLHWP possessed triple helical structure and its backbone consisted ofβ-linked glucan along with xylose, rhamnose, mannose and galactose. Investigation on bioactive potency revealed that MLHWP augmented macrophage activity in terms of viability, phagocytosis, NO and ROS generation. Gene expression studies indicated that MLHWP signalled through TLR and modulated expression of immunomodulation-related genes including NF-κB, COX-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iNOS and Iκ-βα. Besides, MLHWP displayed noticeable antioxidant potential as reflected in all investigating assays.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results portrayed possibility of MLHWP as pharmaceutical agent with multidimensional application.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-19--Structure and immunomodulatory activity of microparticulate mushroom Sclerotial β-Glucan prepared fr

Structure and immunomodulatory activity of microparticulate mushroom Sclerotial β-Glucan prepared from Polyporus rhinocerus.

In this study , an immunologically active novel microparticulate mushroomβ-glucan ( PRA-1p ) was prepared using an alkali-soluble glucan PRA-1 by an emulsification and cross-linking method .
PRA-1 was a hyperbranched ( 1→3 ) , ( 1→6 ) -β-d-glucan with a degree of branching of 0.89 , isolated from the sclerotia of .
PRA-1 had a rod-like conformation , while PRA-1p exhibited a monodisperse and homogeneous spherical conformation with a diameter ranging from 0.3 to 2.0μm in water .
PRA-1p significantly induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production as well as morphological changes of murine macrophages ( RAW 264.7 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Furthermore , PRA-1p treatment markedly enhanced the secretion of cytokines , including cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine 27 , granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor , monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , macrophage inflammatory protein 1α , macrophage inflammatory protein 2 , regulated on activation , normal T cell expressed and secreted , soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 , and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases .
Activation of RAW 264.7 cells triggered by PRA-1p was associated with activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase , nuclear factor κB , extracellular signal-regulated kinase , and protein kinase B .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the mushroom sclerotia ofhas potential application as an immunostimulatory agent .

In this study, an immunologically active novel microparticulate mushroomβ-glucan (PRA-1p) was prepared using an alkali-soluble glucan PRA-1 by an emulsification and cross-linking method. PRA-1 was a hyperbranched (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucan with a degree of branching of 0.89, isolated from the sclerotia of. PRA-1 had a rod-like conformation, while PRA-1p exhibited a monodisperse and homogeneous spherical conformation with a diameter ranging from 0.3 to 2.0μm in water. PRA-1p significantly induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production as well as morphological changes of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) and upregulated their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, PRA-1p treatment markedly enhanced the secretion of cytokines, including cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine 27, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Activation of RAW 264.7 cells triggered by PRA-1p was associated with activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and protein kinase B. This work suggests that novel PRA-1p derived from the mushroom sclerotia ofhas potential application as an immunostimulatory agent.