greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Bisphenol-A exposure during gestation and lactation causes visual perception deficits.

Bisphenol-A ( BPA ) exposure can affect cognitive functions of rodents and humans .
However , whether information inputs for these functions in the brain are perturbed by BPA remains unclear .
Here , visual perception in rats was assessed by testing their ability to discriminate between vertical and horizontal grating .
We found that BPA exposure ( 1 mg/kg/day ) during gestation and lactation markedly decreased the grating discrimination ability in rat pups ( postnatal 21 days ) .
The results of neuronal functions in the primary visual cortex ( V1 ) showed that the orientation selectivity and signal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ after BPA exposure .
These effects were accompanied by a reduction in synaptic plasticity ( i.e.
, spine density and maturity ) in the V1 .
According to inflammatory factor expression and glial cell morphology , no increase in inflammatory activation was observed after BPA exposure .
However , BPA-exposed rat pups exhibited a significant decrease in IL-1β expression in the V1 , accompanied by a decline in P38 phosphorylation .
After local injection of IL-1β ( 10 ng/ml ) in the V1 , these two visual properties recovered to normal levels .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ dysfunction of IL-1β may contribute to orientation perception deficitsin BPA-exposed rats .

Bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure can affect cognitive functions of rodents and humans. However, whether information inputs for these functions in the brain are perturbed by BPA remains unclear. Here, visual perception in rats was assessed by testing their ability to discriminate between vertical and horizontal grating. We found that BPA exposure (1 mg/kg/day) during gestation and lactation markedly decreased the grating discrimination ability in rat pups (postnatal 21 days). The results of neuronal functions in the primary visual cortex (V1) showed that the orientation selectivity and signal extraction ability and fidelity were notably decreased after BPA exposure. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in synaptic plasticity (i.e., spine density and maturity) in the V1. According to inflammatory factor expression and glial cell morphology, no increase in inflammatory activation was observed after BPA exposure. However, BPA-exposed rat pups exhibited a significant decrease in IL-1β expression in the V1, accompanied by a decline in P38 phosphorylation. After local injection of IL-1β (10 ng/ml) in the V1, these two visual properties recovered to normal levels. Thus, our findings imply that physiological dysfunction of IL-1β may contribute to orientation perception deficitsin BPA-exposed rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Honokiol may be clinically applied as a drug candidate for treatment of glioblastoma patients with c

Honokiol may be clinically applied as a drug candidate for treatment of glioblastoma patients with chemoresistance.

Temozolomide ( TMZ ) -induced chemoresistance to human glioblastomas is a critical challenge now .
Our previous studies showed that honokiol , a major bioactive constituent of ( Houpo ) , can kill human glioblastoma cells and suppresses glioblastoma growth .
This study was further aimed to evaluate the effects of honokiol on human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells and the possible mechanisms .
The results by data mining in the cancer genome atlas ( TCGA ) database and immunohistochemistry displayed that expression of caspase-9 mRNA and protein in human glioblastomas was induced .
Human TMZ-resistant U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells were selected and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Compared to human drug-sensitive U87-MG cells , TMZ did not affect viability of U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells .
Interestingly , treatment with honokiol suppressed proliferation and survival of human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners .
Compared to caspase-8 activation , honokiol chiefly increased activity of caspase-9 in U87-MG-R9 cells .
Successively , levels of cleaved caspase-3 and activities of caspase-3 and caspase-6 in human TMZ-tolerant glioblastoma cells were augmented following honokiol administration .
In parallel , honokiol triggered DNA fragmentation of U87-MG-R9 cells .
Accordingly , treatment of human TMZ-resistant glioblastoma @ @ @ @ @ @ @ did not affect cell necrosis .
Fascinatingly , suppressing caspase-9 activity using its specific inhibitors repressed honokiol-induced caspase-6 activation , DNA fragmentation , and cell apoptosis .
Taken together , this study has shown the major roles of caspase-9 in transducing honokiol-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells .
Thus , honokiol may be clinically applied as a drug candidate for treatment of glioblastoma patients with chemoresistance .

Temozolomide (TMZ)-induced chemoresistance to human glioblastomas is a critical challenge now. Our previous studies showed that honokiol, a major bioactive constituent of(Houpo), can kill human glioblastoma cells and suppresses glioblastoma growth. This study was further aimed to evaluate the effects of honokiol on human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells and the possible mechanisms. The results by data mining in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database and immunohistochemistry displayed that expression of caspase-9 mRNA and protein in human glioblastomas was induced. Human TMZ-resistant U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells were selected and prepared from human drug-sensitive U87-MG cells. Compared to human drug-sensitive U87-MG cells, TMZ did not affect viability of U87-MG-R9 glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, treatment with honokiol suppressed proliferation and survival of human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Compared to caspase-8 activation, honokiol chiefly increased activity of caspase-9 in U87-MG-R9 cells. Successively, levels of cleaved caspase-3 and activities of caspase-3 and caspase-6 in human TMZ-tolerant glioblastoma cells were augmented following honokiol administration. In parallel, honokiol triggered DNA fragmentation of U87-MG-R9 cells. Accordingly, treatment of human TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells with honokiol induced cell apoptosis but did not affect cell necrosis. Fascinatingly, suppressing caspase-9 activity using its specific inhibitors repressed honokiol-induced caspase-6 activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study has shown the major roles of caspase-9 in transducing honokiol-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human drug-resistant glioblastoma cells. Thus, honokiol may be clinically applied as a drug candidate for treatment of glioblastoma patients with chemoresistance.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation

Galangin ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various cancers .
However , cisplatin can induce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity , limiting its dosage and usage .
Galangin , a natural flavonol , has been found to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo .
Here , we investigated the effects of galangin on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury ( AKI ) and its molecular mechanisms in mice .
Galangin administration reduced the cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by decreasing renal MDA and 3-NT formations .
Galangin administration also increased renal anti-oxidative enzyme activities ( SOD , GPx , and CAT @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Furthermore , galangin administration inactivated stress-induced Nrf2 protein and its downstream products , HO-1 and GCLC .
In terms of the inflammatory response , galangin administration reduced IκBα phosphorylation , NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation , and then inhibited cisplatin-induced secretions of pro-inflammatory TNF-α , IL-1β and IL-6 .
In addition , cisplatin-induced ERK and p38 phosphorylations were inhibited by galangin administration .
In terms of cell death , galangin administration reduced levels of p53 , pro-apoptotic Bax and activated caspase-3 to inhibit the cisplatin-induced apoptosis .
Galangin administration also reduced the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inhibit cisplatin-induced RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis .
Therefore , galangin administration significantly ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress , inflammation , and cell death through inhibitions of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways .
Galangin might be a potential adjuvant for clinical cisplatin therapy .

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various cancers. However, cisplatin can induce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, limiting its dosage and usage. Galangin, a natural flavonol, has been found to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Here, we investigated the effects of galangin on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and its molecular mechanisms in mice. Galangin administration reduced the cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by decreasing renal MDA and 3-NT formations. Galangin administration also increased renal anti-oxidative enzyme activities (SOD, GPx, and CAT) and GSH levels depleted by cisplatin. Furthermore, galangin administration inactivated stress-induced Nrf2 protein and its downstream products, HO-1 and GCLC. In terms of the inflammatory response, galangin administration reduced IκBα phosphorylation, NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and then inhibited cisplatin-induced secretions of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, cisplatin-induced ERK and p38 phosphorylations were inhibited by galangin administration. In terms of cell death, galangin administration reduced levels of p53, pro-apoptotic Bax and activated caspase-3 to inhibit the cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Galangin administration also reduced the expression levels of RIP1 and RIP3 to inhibit cisplatin-induced RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Therefore, galangin administration significantly ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death through inhibitions of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Galangin might be a potential adjuvant for clinical cisplatin therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin suppresses human laryngeal carcinoma via modulation of caspase-3 and AKT signaling pathways

Galangin suppresses human laryngeal carcinoma via modulation of caspase-3 and AKT signaling pathways.

Laryngeal cancers are mostly squamous cell carcinomas .
Although targeting radio-resistant cancer cells is important for improving the treatmental efficiency , the signaling pathway- and therapeutic strategy-related to laryngeal carcinoma still require further study .
Galangin is an active pharmacological ingredient , isolated from propolis and Alpinia officinarum Hance , and has been reported to have anticancer and anti-oxidative properties through regulation of cell cycle , resulting in angiogenesis , apoptosis , invasion and migration without triggering any toxicity in normal cells .
PI3K/AKT and p38 are important signaling pathways to modulate cancer cell apoptosis and proliferation through caspase-3 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is also enhanced by activating LC3s and Beclin 1 .
In the present study , galangin was found to suppress laryngeal cancer cell proliferation .
Also , flow cytometry , immunohistochemical and western blotanalysis indicated that cell apoptosis was induced for galangin administration , promoting caspase-3 expression through regulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB .
Furthermore , galangin inhibited laryngeal cancer cell proliferation , related to p38 inactivation by galangin treatment .
Additionally , mTOR activation regulated by PI3K/AKT was reduced by galangin , suppressing cancer cell transcription and proliferation .
Our data also indicated that the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were reduced for galangin use in vivo accompanied by Ki-67 decrease and TUNEL increase in tumor tissues .
Together , our data indicated that galangin has a potential role in suppressing human laryngeal cancer via inhibiting tumor cell proliferation , activating apoptosis and autophagy , which were regulated by p38 and AKT/NF-κB/mTOR pathways , providing a therapeutic strategy for human laryngeal cancer treatment .

Laryngeal cancers are mostly squamous cell carcinomas. Although targeting radio-resistant cancer cells is important for improving the treatmental efficiency, the signaling pathway- and therapeutic strategy-related to laryngeal carcinoma still require further study. Galangin is an active pharmacological ingredient, isolated from propolis and Alpinia officinarum Hance, and has been reported to have anticancer and anti-oxidative properties through regulation of cell cycle, resulting in angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion and migration without triggering any toxicity in normal cells. PI3K/AKT and p38 are important signaling pathways to modulate cancer cell apoptosis and proliferation through caspase-3, NF-κB and mTOR signal pathways. Autophagy is also enhanced by activating LC3s and Beclin 1. In the present study, galangin was found to suppress laryngeal cancer cell proliferation. Also, flow cytometry, immunohistochemical and western blotanalysis indicated that cell apoptosis was induced for galangin administration, promoting caspase-3 expression through regulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB. Furthermore, galangin inhibited laryngeal cancer cell proliferation, related to p38 inactivation by galangin treatment. Additionally, mTOR activation regulated by PI3K/AKT was reduced by galangin, suppressing cancer cell transcription and proliferation. Our data also indicated that the tumor volume and weight in nude mice were reduced for galangin use in vivo accompanied by Ki-67 decrease and TUNEL increase in tumor tissues. Together, our data indicated that galangin has a potential role in suppressing human laryngeal cancer via inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, activating apoptosis and autophagy, which were regulated by p38 and AKT/NF-κB/mTOR pathways, providing a therapeutic strategy for human laryngeal cancer treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by reversing the Warburg effect.

Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is the sixth most common cancer .
The Warburg effect is an important way by @ @ @ @ @ hypoxic environment .
The aim of the present study was to determine whether and how @ @ @ @ @ in HCC cells .
We treated three HCC cell lines , HepG2 , Hep3B and @ @ @ @ @ , respectively .
Cell proliferation was measured with MTT assay .
Glucose uptake , lactate @ @ @ @ @ were measured .
Pyruvate kinase activities were detected by measuring the consumption of NADH , @ @ @ @ @ measured by Western blotting .
The results showed that galangin suppressed proliferation of HCC cells @ @ @ @ @ lactate production of HCC .
In addition , galangin also gave rise to increased oxygen @ @ @ @ @ cell lines .
After treatment with galangin , the activity of pyruvate kinase was up-regulated @ @ @ @ @ glycolytic pathway-related proteins were changed .
These results suggest that galangin suppresses the Warburg effect @ @ @ @ @ that galangin might be a potential therapeutic agent for HCC .

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer. The Warburg effect is an important way by which HCC adapts to a hypoxic environment. The aim of the present study was to determine whether and how galangin reverses the Warburg effect in HCC cells. We treated three HCC cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B and PLC/PRF/5 with galangin for 24h, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured with MTT assay. Glucose uptake, lactate production and the oxygen consumption were measured. Pyruvate kinase activities were detected by measuring the consumption of NADH, and glycolytic pathway-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. The results showed that galangin suppressed proliferation of HCC cells, decreased glucose absorption and lactate production of HCC. In addition, galangin also gave rise to increased oxygen consumption in all three HCC cell lines. After treatment with galangin, the activity of pyruvate kinase was up-regulated and the expression levels of glycolytic pathway-related proteins were changed. These results suggest that galangin suppresses the Warburg effect in HCC cells, indicating that galangin might be a potential therapeutic agent for HCC.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin combined with cisplatin suppresses human lung cancer.

Lung cancer represents a significant problem for public health worldwide .
Galangin ( GG ) , a natural active compound 3 , 5 , 7-trihydroxyflavone , is a type of bioflavonoid , which is isolated from the Alpinia galangal root and suggested to induce apoptosis in various cancers .
We investigated the ability of Galangin ( GG ) to attenuate the drug resistance of human lung cancer cells , resistant to treatment of cisplatin ( DDP ) .
DDP is a pyrimidine analog , widely used in cancer treatment .
Galangin and DDP co-treatment resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was included in p65 suppression by GG with DDP in combination .
Additionally , the presence of GG potentiated the effects of DDP on apoptosis induction through suppressing Bcl-2 in DDP-resistant lung cancer cells .
The pro-apoptotic proteins of Bax and Bid were up-regulated , accompanied with Caspases cleavage , leading to apoptosis .
Moreover , in mice xenograft models , the combined therapy inhibited tumor growth compared to the GG or DDP treatment alone .
Our data indicated a novel therapeutic strategy to potentiate DDP-induced anti-tumor effect in lung cancer cells with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Bcl-2 pathways .

Lung cancer represents a significant problem for public health worldwide. Galangin (GG), a natural active compound 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone, is a type of bioflavonoid, which is isolated from the Alpinia galangal root and suggested to induce apoptosis in various cancers. We investigated the ability of Galangin (GG) to attenuate the drug resistance of human lung cancer cells, resistant to treatment of cisplatin (DDP). DDP is a pyrimidine analog, widely used in cancer treatment. Galangin and DDP co-treatment resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of the cell proliferation. Decreasing of p-STAT3 was included in p65 suppression by GG with DDP in combination. Additionally, the presence of GG potentiated the effects of DDP on apoptosis induction through suppressing Bcl-2 in DDP-resistant lung cancer cells. The pro-apoptotic proteins of Bax and Bid were up-regulated, accompanied with Caspases cleavage, leading to apoptosis. Moreover, in mice xenograft models, the combined therapy inhibited tumor growth compared to the GG or DDP treatment alone. Our data indicated a novel therapeutic strategy to potentiate DDP-induced anti-tumor effect in lung cancer cells with DDP resistance by GG through inactivating p-STAT3/p65 and Bcl-2 pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin induces cell death by modulating the expression of glyoxalase-1 and Nrf-2 in HeLa cells.

The present study was designed to understand the anticancer property and molecular mechanisms associated with chemo preventive effects of galangin @ @ @ @ @ evaluated in vitro using human cervical cancer cell line ( HeLa ) .
Galangin was @ @ @ @ @ inducing cell death and inhibiting proliferation & migration significantly .
The inhibitory effect of galangin @ @ @ @ @ increase in ROS production & induction of apoptosis .
Besides this the activity of glyoxalase-1 @ @ @ @ @ the detoxification of cytotoxic metabolite methy glyoxal and Nrf-2 ( a trascription factor ) , @ @ @ @ @ found to be decreased .
We concluded that galangin exerts its chemo preventive effect via @ @ @ @ @ & increasing oxidative & carbonyl stress .

The present study was designed to understand the anticancer property and molecular mechanisms associated with chemo preventive effects of galangin. The anticancer effect was evaluated in vitro using human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Galangin was found to be effective in inducing cell death and inhibiting proliferation&migration significantly. The inhibitory effect of galangin could be correlated with the increase in ROS production&induction of apoptosis. Besides this the activity of glyoxalase-1, an enzyme important for the detoxification of cytotoxic metabolite methy glyoxal and Nrf-2 (a trascription factor), involved in redox signalling were found to be decreased. We concluded that galangin exerts its chemo preventive effect via redox signalling by inhibiting glyoxalase-1&increasing oxidative&carbonyl stress.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin protects human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‑like synoviocytes via suppression of the NF‑

Galangin protects human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‑like synoviocytes via suppression of the NF‑κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a chronic autoimmune disease that significantly affects patient quality of life .
Galangin is an extract with multiple health benefits , including anti‑oxidative , anti‑proliferative , immunoprotective and cardioprotective effects .
However , to the best of the authors ' knowledge , no detailed studies have investigated its regulatory effects on the nuclear factor ( NF ) ‑κB/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 ( NLRP3 ) signaling pathway .
The presentstudy aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of galangin in RA fibroblast‑like synoviocytes with regards to the NF‑κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway .
Human RA fibroblast‑like @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) to induce inflammation .
The levels of interleukin ( IL ) ‑1β , tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) ‑α , IL‑18 , inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , cyclooxygenase ( COX ) ‑2 , prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) , and nitric oxide ( NO ) were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting in the absence or presence of different concentrations of galangin .
Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) content were additionally evaluated .
Furthermore , factors @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NLRP3 , apoptosis‑associated speck‑like protein containing A , IL‑1β , pro‑caspase‑1 , caspase‑1 , phosphorylated ( p ) ‑NF‑κB inhibitor α and p‑NF‑κB , were assessed by western blotting .
The results revealed that LPS significantly stimulated IL‑1β , TNF‑α , IL‑18 , PGE2 , NO , iNOS , COX‑2 and NF‑κB/NLRP3 factor expression , compared with the control .
SOD activity was reduced .
Pre‑treatment with galangin significantly attenuated the effects of LPS , and galangin was demonstrated to have effective anti‑oxidative properties .
In conclusion , galangin protected RAFSCs through downregulation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ findings suggested that galangin may provide a novel direction for the development of RA therapies in the future .

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that significantly affects patient quality of life. Galangin is an extract with multiple health benefits, including anti‑oxidative, anti‑proliferative, immunoprotective and cardioprotective effects. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no detailed studies have investigated its regulatory effects on the nuclear factor (NF)‑κB/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. The presentstudy aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of galangin in RA fibroblast‑like synoviocytes with regards to the NF‑κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Human RA fibroblast‑like synovium cells (RAFSCs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. The levels of interleukin(IL)‑1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, IL‑18, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting in the absence or presence of different concentrations of galangin. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were additionally evaluated. Furthermore, factors involved in the NF‑κB/NLRP3 pathway, including NLRP3, apoptosis‑associated speck‑like protein containing A, IL‑1β, pro‑caspase‑1, caspase‑1, phosphorylated(p)‑NF‑κB inhibitor α and p‑NF‑κB, were assessed by western blotting. The results revealed that LPS significantly stimulated IL‑1β, TNF‑α, IL‑18, PGE2, NO, iNOS, COX‑2 and NF‑κB/NLRP3 factor expression, compared with the control. SOD activity was reduced. Pre‑treatment with galangin significantly attenuated the effects of LPS, and galangin was demonstrated to have effective anti‑oxidative properties. In conclusion, galangin protected RAFSCs through downregulation of the NF‑κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. These findings suggested that galangin may provide a novel direction for the development of RA therapies in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin ameliorates cardiac remodeling via the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways.

Cardiac remodeling is associated with inflammation and apoptosis .
Galangin , as a natural flavonol , has the potent function @ @ @ @ @ , which are factors related to cardiac remodeling .
Beginning 3 days after aortic banding @ @ @ @ @ surgery , mice were treated with galangin for 4 weeks .
Cardiac remodeling was assessed @ @ @ @ @ histological analyses , and hypertrophy and fibrosis markers .
Our results showed that galangin administration @ @ @ @ @ , and fibrosis response in AB mice and angiotensin II-treated H9c2 cells .
The inhibitory @ @ @ @ @ remodeling was mediated by MEK1/2-extracellular-regulated protein kinases 1/2 ( ERK1/2 ) -GATA4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase @ @ @ @ @ B ( AKT ) -glycogen synthase kinase 3β ( GSK3β ) activation .
Furthermore , @ @ @ @ @ inflammatory response and apoptosis .
Our findings suggest that galangin protects against cardiac remodeling through @ @ @ @ @ , which are associated with inhibition of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-GATA4 and PI3K-AKT-GSK3β signals .

Cardiac remodeling is associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Galangin, as a natural flavonol, has the potent function of regulating inflammation and apoptosis, which are factors related to cardiac remodeling. Beginning 3 days after aortic banding (AB) or Sham surgery, mice were treated with galangin for 4 weeks. Cardiac remodeling was assessed according to echocardiographic parameters, histological analyses, and hypertrophy and fibrosis markers. Our results showed that galangin administration attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis response in AB mice and angiotensin II-treated H9c2 cells. The inhibitory action of galangin in cardiac remodeling was mediated by MEK1/2-extracellular-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)-GATA4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation. Furthermore, we found that galangin inhibited inflammatory response and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that galangin protects against cardiac remodeling through decreasing inflammatory responses and apoptosis, which are associated with inhibition of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-GATA4 and PI3K-AKT-GSK3β signals.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin suppresses renal inflammation.

Galangin suppresses renal inflammation.

Renal inflammation can result in renal injury .
Uric acid ( UA ) is the final product of purine metabolism in humans and because of the lack of urate oxidase , UA may accumulate in tissues , including kidney , causing inflammation .
Galangin was isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine plant and possesses several beneficial effects , working as an anti-oxidant , anti-mutagenic , anti-tumor , anti-inflammatory , anti-microbial , and anti-viral agent .
Therefore , this study aimed at investigating the molecular mechanism of galangin in the attenuation of UA induced renal inflammation in normal rat kidney epithelial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ galangin treatment efficiently protected NRK-52E cells against UA induced renal inflammation by decreasing tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) - , interleukin ( IL ) -1 , IL-18 , prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) , and nitric oxide ( NO ) release , and it inhibited nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 ( PTGS2 ) , TNF- , IL-1 , and IL-18 mRNA expression .
In addition , galangin was not exerting any cytotoxicity at the concentrations that were effective against inflammation as assessed by CCK8 assay .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment effectively inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-B ) , phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase ( PI3K ) /protein kinase B ( AKT ) and nucleotide-binding domain- ( NOD- ) like receptor protein 3 ( NLRP3 ) signaling pathway activation .
Taken together , these findings suggested that galangin plays a pivotal role in renal inflammation by suppressing inflammatory responses , which might be closely associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome , NF-B and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation .

Renal inflammation can result in renal injury. Uric acid (UA) is the final product of purine metabolism in humans and because of the lack of urate oxidase, UA may accumulate in tissues, including kidney, causing inflammation. Galangin was isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine plant and possesses several beneficial effects, working as an anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-viral agent. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the molecular mechanism of galangin in the attenuation of UA induced renal inflammation in normal rat kidney epithelial cells NRK-52E. Our findings suggested that galangin treatment efficiently protected NRK-52E cells against UA induced renal inflammation by decreasing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-18, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) release, and it inhibited nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), TNF-, IL-1, and IL-18 mRNA expression. In addition, galangin was not exerting any cytotoxicity at the concentrations that were effective against inflammation as assessed by CCK8 assay. Moreover, western blotting showed that galangin treatment effectively inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nucleotide-binding domain- (NOD-) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway activation. Taken together, these findings suggested that galangin plays a pivotal role in renal inflammation by suppressing inflammatory responses, which might be closely associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-B and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis by downregulating CD44 in gliom

Galangin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis by downregulating CD44 in glioma.

Galangin ( 3,5,7‑trihydroxyflavone ) , a natural flavonoid present in plants , has been reported to possess anticancer properties in @ @ @ @ @ glioma .
The underlying mechanism , however , has not been fully elucidated .
CD44 @ @ @ @ @ glioma , has been reported to be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) and @ @ @ @ @ roles in glioma progression .
In this study , we aimed to investigate whether galangin @ @ @ @ @ and CD44 expression in glioma .
We observed that galangin inhibited the proliferation , migration @ @ @ @ @ cells in a dose-dependent manner , suppressed the expression of CD44 and inhibited angiogenesis of @ @ @ @ @ endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) in HUVECs .
In addition , the overexpression of @ @ @ @ @ cells partly abolished the effects of galangin on glioma cells .
Moreover , galangin suppressed @ @ @ @ @ glioma mouse model .
These results indicate that galangin is a potential novel drug for @ @ @ @ @ ability to suppress of CD44 , EMT and angiogenesis .

Galangin (3,5,7‑trihydroxyflavone), a natural flavonoid present in plants, has been reported to possess anticancer properties in various types of cancers comprising glioma. The underlying mechanism, however, has not been fully elucidated. CD44, a hall marker in glioma, has been reported to be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, which play important roles in glioma progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether galangin can inhibit EMT, angiogenesis and CD44 expression in glioma. We observed that galangin inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion andangiogenesis of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed the expression of CD44 and inhibited angiogenesis of glioma cells through downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HUVECs. In addition, the overexpression of CD44 in U87 and U251 cells partly abolished the effects of galangin on glioma cells. Moreover, galangin suppressed tumor growth in an intracranial glioma mouse model. These results indicate that galangin is a potential novel drug for glioblastoma treatment due to its ability to suppress of CD44, EMT and angiogenesis.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--The natural flavonoid galangin elicits apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in glioblastoma.

Galangin ( GG ) , a flavonoid , elicits a potent antitumor activity in diverse cancers .
Here , we evaluated the efficacy of GG in the treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM ) and investigated the molecular basis for its inhibitory effects in the disease .
GG inhibited viability and proliferation of GBM cells ( U251 , U87MG , and A172 ) in a dose-dependent manner ( IC= 221.8 , 262.5 , 273.9μM , respectively ; < 0.001 ; EdU , ~40 % decrease at 150μM , < 0.001 ) , and the number of colonies formed was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.001 ) .
However , normal human astrocytes were more resistant to its cytotoxic effects ( IC > 450μM ) .
Annexin-V/PI staining was increased indicating that GG induced apoptosis in GBM cells ( 26.67 and 30.42 % , U87MG and U251 , respectively ) and associated proteins including BAX and cleaved PARP-1 were increased ( ~3× ) .
Cells also underwent pyroptosis as determined under phase-contrast microscopy.Knockdown of gasdermin E ( GSDME ) , a protein involved in pyroptosis , alleviated pyroptosis induced by GG through aggravating nuclear DNA damage in GBM @ @ @ @ @ @ @ associated with autophagy increased under GG treatment , and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of autophagic vesicles .
Inhibition of autophagy enhanced GG-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis in GBM cells .
Finally , in an orthotopic xenograft model in nude mice derived from U87MG cells , treatment with GG in combination with an inhibitor of autophagy , chloroquine , suppressed tumor growth , and enhanced survival compared to GG monotherapy ( < 0.05 ) .
Our results demonstrated that GG simultaneously induces apoptosis , pytoptosis , and protective autophagy in GBM cells , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ autophagy inhibitors may be an effective therapeutic strategy for GBM .

Galangin (GG), a flavonoid, elicits a potent antitumor activity in diverse cancers. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of GG in the treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and investigated the molecular basis for its inhibitory effects in the disease. GG inhibited viability and proliferation of GBM cells (U251, U87MG, and A172) in a dose-dependent manner (IC= 221.8, 262.5, 273.9μM, respectively;<0.001; EdU, ~40% decrease at 150μM,<0.001), and the number of colonies formed was significantly reduced (at 50μM,<0.001). However, normal human astrocytes were more resistant to its cytotoxic effects (IC>450μM). Annexin-V/PI staining was increased indicating that GG induced apoptosis in GBM cells (26.67 and 30.42%, U87MG and U251, respectively) and associated proteins including BAX and cleaved PARP-1 were increased (~3×). Cells also underwent pyroptosis as determined under phase-contrast microscopy.Knockdown of gasdermin E (GSDME), a protein involved in pyroptosis, alleviated pyroptosis induced by GG through aggravating nuclear DNA damage in GBM cells. Meanwhile, fluorescent GFP-RFP-MAP1LC3B puncta associated with autophagy increased under GG treatment, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of autophagic vesicles. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced GG-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis in GBM cells. Finally, in an orthotopic xenograft model in nude mice derived from U87MG cells, treatment with GG in combination with an inhibitor of autophagy, chloroquine, suppressed tumor growth, and enhanced survival compared to GG monotherapy (<0.05). Our results demonstrated that GG simultaneously induces apoptosis, pytoptosis, and protective autophagy in GBM cells, indicating that combination treatment of GG with autophagy inhibitors may be an effective therapeutic strategy for GBM.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Protective effects of galangin against H2O2-induced aging via the IGF-1 signaling pathway in human d

Protective effects of galangin against H2O2-induced aging via the IGF-1 signaling pathway in human dermal fibroblasts.

Galangin , a natural flavonol , has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential .
However , the cytoprotective effects of galangin against @ @ @ @ @ have not been well studied .
IGF-1 signaling pathway is associated with the control of @ @ @ @ @ .
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of galangin on human @ @ @ @ @ HOexposure to induce aging .
In this study , we demonstrate that galangin could decrease @ @ @ @ @ and enhanced collagen formation through promoting the IGF-1R pathway .
Furthermore , aging markers such @ @ @ @ @ , and p16were upregulated under HOexposure and galangin could reverse its effects .
Taken together @ @ @ @ @ anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities of galangin may be mediated through the IGF-1R signaling pathway .
@ @ @ @ @ evidence for galangin to develop as an antiwrinkle product on human skin .

Galangin, a natural flavonol, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential. However, the cytoprotective effects of galangin against oxidative-induced aging in human fibroblasts have not been well studied. IGF-1 signaling pathway is associated with the control of aging and longevity in human. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of galangin on human skin fibroblast HS68 cells under HOexposure to induce aging. In this study, we demonstrate that galangin could decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and enhanced collagen formation through promoting the IGF-1R pathway. Furthermore, aging markers such as senescence-associatedβ-galactosidase p53, p21, and p16were upregulated under HOexposure and galangin could reverse its effects. Taken together, these data indicated that anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities of galangin may be mediated through the IGF-1R signaling pathway. These findings may provide the evidence for galangin to develop as an antiwrinkle product on human skin.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--These results support the use of galangin in the prevention of ulcerative colitis.

Galangin is a natural flavonoid that has been reported to provide substantial health benefits .
Nevertheless , little is known about the potential effects of galangin against inflammatory bowel diseases .
Here , an in vivo study was performed to investigate the preventive effects of galangin against dextran sulphate sodium ( DSS ) -induced acute murine colitis , which mimics the symptoms of human ulcerative colitis ( UC ) .
Pre-treatment with galangin ( 15 mg/kg , ) resulted in a significant decreased in the macroscopic signs of DSS-induced colitic symptoms , including a decreased disease activity index , prevention @ @ @ @ @ @ @ alleviation of the pathological changes occurring in the colon .
Colonic pro-inflammatory mediators , including tumor necrosis factor-alpha , interleukin ( IL ) -1 beta , and IL-6 , as well as myeloperoxidase activities were decreased following galangin pre-treatment when compared with the DSS control group .
Moreover , galangin pre-treatment significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related proteins and promoted the formation of autophagosome in the colon .
Galangin pre-treatment increased the diversity of the gut microbiota , and this was accompanied by increased levels of short-chain fatty acids .
These observed changes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ galangin in relation to some specific bacteria populations , including the recovery ofspp.
, and increasedspp .
Overall , these results support the use of galangin in the prevention of UC .

Galangin is a natural flavonoid that has been reported to provide substantial health benefits. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential effects of galangin against inflammatory bowel diseases. Here, an in vivo study was performed to investigate the preventive effects of galangin against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced acute murine colitis, which mimics the symptoms of human ulcerative colitis (UC). Pre-treatment with galangin (15 mg/kg,) resulted in a significant decreased in the macroscopic signs of DSS-induced colitic symptoms, including a decreased disease activity index, prevention of the colon length shortening, and alleviation of the pathological changes occurring in the colon. Colonic pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6, as well as myeloperoxidase activities were decreased following galangin pre-treatment when compared with the DSS control group. Moreover, galangin pre-treatment significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related proteins and promoted the formation of autophagosome in the colon. Galangin pre-treatment increased the diversity of the gut microbiota, and this was accompanied by increased levels of short-chain fatty acids. These observed changes could involve the modulating effects conferred by galangin in relation to some specific bacteria populations, including the recovery ofspp., and increasedspp. Overall, these results support the use of galangin in the prevention of UC.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Galangin increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation to decrease ADAM9 expression and prevents invasion in A172

Galangin increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation to decrease ADAM9 expression and prevents invasion in A172 glioma cells.

Galangin ( 3,5,7‑trihydroxyflavone ) , is a natural flavonoid present in plants .
Galangin is reported to exhibit anti‑cancer properties @ @ @ @ @ The aim of the present study was to display the effects of galangin on glioma @ @ @ @ @ in A172 human glioma cancer cells .
The results clearly indicated that treatment of galangin @ @ @ @ @ invasion under non‑toxic doses .
A human proteinase array assay was conducted to elucidate the @ @ @ @ @ and the obtained results demonstrated that treatment of galangin inhibited ADAM9 proteinexpression and mRNA expression @ @ @ @ @ contribute to cancer progression .
Sustained extracellular signal‑regulated kinase ( Erk ) 1/2 activation was @ @ @ @ @ to ADAM9 protein expression and mRNA inhibition as investigated using western blotting analysis and reversetranscription‑quantitative @ @ @ @ @ Erk1/2 inhibition by inhibitor or small interfering ( si ) Erk transfection markedly terminated galangin‑inhibited @ @ @ @ @ an Erk1/2 activation mechanism .
Collective results suggested that galangin may act as an effective @ @ @ @ @ depending on its ability to bring about ADAM9 and Erk1/2 activation .

Galangin (3,5,7‑trihydroxyflavone), is a natural flavonoid present in plants. Galangin is reported to exhibit anti‑cancer properties against various cancer types. The aim of the present study was to display the effects of galangin on glioma and its mechanism of action in A172 human glioma cancer cells. The results clearly indicated that treatment of galangin inhibited A172 cell migration and invasion under non‑toxic doses. A human proteinase array assay was conducted to elucidate the potential effects of galangin, and the obtained results demonstrated that treatment of galangin inhibited ADAM9 proteinexpression and mRNA expression, that are known to contribute to cancer progression. Sustained extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 activation was also monitored, which contributed to ADAM9 protein expression and mRNA inhibition as investigated using western blotting analysis and reversetranscription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiment. Erk1/2 inhibition by inhibitor or small interfering (si)Erk transfection markedly terminated galangin‑inhibited A172 migration and invasion via an Erk1/2 activation mechanism. Collective results suggested that galangin may act as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for glioma cancer depending on its ability to bring about ADAM9 and Erk1/2 activation.


greenmedinfo--2020-04-01--Dr. Fauci NEJM Editorial Suggests That COVID-19 Fatality Rates May Be 10x Lower Than Official Projec

Dr. Fauci NEJM Editorial Suggests That COVID-19 Fatality Rates May Be 10x Lower Than Official Projections

Dr. Fauci , whose guidance to President Trump has resulted in a near total lockdown of the country , recently published an editorial in New England Journal of Medicine that rightly points out serious flaws in his own doom-and-gloom COVID-19 fatality projections .
Dr. Anthony Fauci is the Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , and the guiding force behind President Trump ’ s recent order to extend social distancing guidelines another 14 days toward the end of April ; social distancing guidelines that require maintaining `` shelter-in-place '' quarantines and extrending the shut down of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ already suffered irreparable and potentially catastrophic consequences .
It has been the president and mainstream media ’ s seemingly unquestioning confidence in the accuracy of Dr. Fauci ’ s projections which led Trump to announce on March 15th that he would adopt Dr. Fauci 's aggressive strategy of locking down the country for 14-days in order to prevent what he warned could be 1.7 million Americans fatalities from COVID-19 if his advice was not heeded .
Yet , in a strange turn of events , an editorial authored by Dr. Fauci and published @ @ @ @ @ @ @ England Journal of Medicine titled , “ Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted , ” points out that , while at present , the currently reported case fatality rate is approximately 2 % , these statistics are based on case definitions requiring a diagnosis of pneumonia , i.e.
, only those who are acutely ill with pneumonia are counted as COVID-19 infected , and not the potentially vast pool of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers or are only suffering from mild symptoms .
His paper elaborates further on this point : In fact .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ might be as low as 0.1 % .
Dr. Fauci ’ s paper rightly points out the likelihood that there is a massive submerged iceberg of asymptomatic or mild cases of COVID-19 that have gone completely unacknowledged and untested , and that therefore the death toll from COVID-19 is more akin to seasonal influenza at 0.1 % .
It turns out that seasonal flu has far more deaths attributed to it ( 23,000 ) than COVID-19 ( 2,449 as of 3/31/20 according to the CDC ) .
As reported by LiveScience : Given @ @ @ @ @ @ @ narrative any longer be unquestionably maintained , namely , that we are all facing a deadly pandemic that requires the total suspension of all our basic civil liberties to combat , while at the time causing potentially catastrophic effects to the socioeconomic and psychobiological health of hundreds of Americans , amplified by what is an irrational and media-hyped fear and panic ?
Learn more and take action at Stand for Health Freedom and their most recent campaign : Could Unchecked Government Power Be More Dangerous than the Threat of Infectious Disease ?
To @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fatality projections , please watch James Corbett ’ s extremely important video on the topic below , and please help us share this information far and wide , as it is virtually entirely ignored or censored within mainstream reporting outlets .

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Dr. Fauci, whose guidance to President Trump has resulted in a near total lockdown of the country, recently published an editorial in New England Journal of Medicine that rightly points out serious flaws in his own doom-and-gloom COVID-19 fatality projections.
Dr. Anthony Fauci is the Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the guiding force behind President Trump’s recent order to extend social distancing guidelines another 14 days toward the end of April; social distancing guidelines that require maintaining "shelter-in-place" quarantines and extrending the shut down of millions of businesses and livelihoods which have already suffered irreparable and potentially catastrophic consequences.
It has been the president and mainstream media’s seemingly unquestioning confidence in the accuracy of Dr. Fauci’s projections which led Trump to announce on March 15th that he would adopt Dr. Fauci's aggressive strategy of locking down the country for 14-days in order to prevent what he warned could be 1.7 million Americans fatalities from COVID-19 if his advice was not heeded.
Yet, in a strange turn of events, an editorial authored by Dr. Fauci and published on March 26th (online on February 28 in the New England Journal of Medicine titled, “Covid-19 — Navigating the Uncharted,” points out that, while at present, the currently reported case fatality rate is approximately 2%, these statistics are based on case definitions requiring a diagnosis of pneumonia, i.e., only those who are acutely ill with pneumonia are counted as COVID-19 infected, and not the potentially vast pool of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers or are only suffering from mild symptoms. His paper elaborates further on this point:
“If one assumes that the number of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases is several times as high as the number of reported cases, the case fatality rate may be considerably less than 1%.” [bold added]
In fact. Dr. Fauci suggests the case fatality rate might be as low as 0.1%.
“This suggests that the overall clinical consequences of Covid-19 may ultimately be more akin to those of a severe seasonal influenza (which has a case fatality rate of approximately 0.1%) or a pandemic influenza (similar to those in 1957 and 1968) rather than a disease similar to SARS or MERS, which have had case fatality rates of 9 to 10% and 36%, respectively.2” [bold added]
Dr. Fauci’s paper rightly points out the likelihood that there is a massive submerged iceberg of asymptomatic or mild cases of COVID-19 that have gone completely unacknowledged and untested, and that therefore the death toll from COVID-19 is more akin to seasonal influenza at 0.1%.
It turns out that seasonal flu has far more deaths attributed to it (23,000) than COVID-19 (2,449 as of 3/31/20 according to the CDC). As reported by LiveScience:
"...in the U.S. alone, the flu (also called influenza) has caused an estimated 38 million illnesses, 390,000 hospitalizations and 23,000 deaths this season, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."
Given these facts, how can the dominant narrative any longer be unquestionably maintained, namely, that we are all facing a deadly pandemic that requires the total suspension of all our basic civil liberties to combat, while at the time causing potentially catastrophic effects to the socioeconomic and psychobiological health of hundreds of Americans, amplified by what is an irrational and media-hyped fear and panic? Learn more and take action at Stand for Health Freedom and their most recent campaign: Could Unchecked Government Power Be More Dangerous than the Threat of Infectious Disease?
To learn more about the highly confusing and flawed COVID-19 testing methodologies read: Op-Ed: Does the 2019 Coronavirus Exist?
To learn more about the misleading fatality projections, read COVID-19 - Evidence Over Hysteria.
Additionally, please watch and share James Corbett’s important video on the topic below:


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--These results suggest that lemon balm extract increases cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiati

These results suggest that lemon balm extract increases cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and integration into granule cells by decreasing serum corticosterone levels as well as by increasing GABA levels in the mouse dentate gyrus.

Lemon balm , leaves of Melissa officinalis L. , has been used for anti-anxiety and spasmolytics .
We observed the extract of Melissa officinalis L. ( MOE ) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus ( DG ) of middle-aged mice ( 12 months of age ) using Ki67 and doublecortin ( DCX ) , respectively .
We also observed changes in corticosterone , GAD67 and GABA-transaminase ( GABA-T ) to check their possible mechanisms related to neurogenesis .
We administered 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE to the animals once a day for 3 weeks .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ we also administered 5-bromodeoxyuridine ( BrdU ) twice a day for 3 days from the day of the first MOE treatment .
Administration of 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE dose-dependently increased Ki67 positive nuclei to 244.1 and 763.9 % of the vehicle-treated group , respectively .
In addition , 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE significantly increased DCX positive neuroblasts with well-developed ( tertiary ) dendrites .
Furthermore , MOE administration significantly increased BrdU/calbindin D-28 k double labeled cells ( integrated neurons into granule cells in the DG ) to 245.2 % of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , administration of MOE reduced corticosterone levels in serum and decreased GABA-T levels in the DG homogenates .
These results suggest that MOE increases cell proliferation , neuroblast differentiation and integration into granule cells by decreasing serum corticosterone levels as well as by increasing GABA levels in the mouse DG .

Lemon balm, leaves of Melissa officinalis L., has been used for anti-anxiety and spasmolytics. We observed the extract of Melissa officinalis L. (MOE) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of middle-aged mice (12 months of age) using Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX), respectively. We also observed changes in corticosterone, GAD67 and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) to check their possible mechanisms related to neurogenesis. We administered 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE to the animals once a day for 3 weeks. For labeling of newly generated cells, we also administered 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) twice a day for 3 days from the day of the first MOE treatment. Administration of 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE dose-dependently increased Ki67 positive nuclei to 244.1 and 763.9% of the vehicle-treated group, respectively. In addition, 50 or 200 mg/kg MOE significantly increased DCX positive neuroblasts with well-developed (tertiary) dendrites. Furthermore, MOE administration significantly increased BrdU/calbindin D-28 k double labeled cells (integrated neurons into granule cells in the DG) to 245.2% of the vehicle-treated group. On the other hand, administration of MOE reduced corticosterone levels in serum and decreased GABA-T levels in the DG homogenates. These results suggest that MOE increases cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and integration into granule cells by decreasing serum corticosterone levels as well as by increasing GABA levels in the mouse DG.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--These findings suggest that lemon balm extract has a mild protective effect against reperfusion-indu

These findings suggest that lemon balm extract has a mild protective effect against reperfusion-induced lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rats.

OBJECTIVE : We aimed to assess the influence of Melissa officinalis ( lemon balm ) , a well-known herbal drug with numerous applications in traditional and modern medicine , on cardiac conduction and susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmia .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into a control group ( CTL ) , an M. officinalis group that received the aqueous extract of M. officinalis L. intraperitoneally ( i.p . )
at dosages of 50 , 100 , 200 and 400 mg/ml/kg , respectively , and an amiodarone group ( Amio group ) that received 30 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ischemia/reperfusion was induced by the ligation and release of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery .
RESULTS : There were no statistical differences between the groups in the basal heart rate and blood pressure .
PR , corrected QT ( QTc ) and QRS intervals increased in the M. officinalis and Amio groups .
PR and QTc were statistically significant only in the Amio group and QRS was significant only in the group receiving 400 mg of M. officinalis ( M400 group ) in comparison with the CTL group @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decrease in ventricular fibrillations was statistically significant in all groups ( except the M400 group ) when compared with the CTL group .
The score of arrhythmia severity also decreased , but was statistically significant only in the Amio group ( p < 0.05 vs. CTL group ) .
CONCLUSIONS : Our findings suggest that M. ofﬁcinalis extract has a mild protective effect against reperfusion-induced lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rats .

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the influence of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), a well-known herbal drug with numerous applications in traditional and modern medicine, on cardiac conduction and susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into a control group (CTL), an M. officinalis group that received the aqueous extract of M. officinalis L. intraperitoneally (i.p.) at dosages of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml/kg, respectively, and an amiodarone group (Amio group) that received 30 mg/ml/kg i.p. of amiodarone. Heart ischemia/reperfusion was induced by the ligation and release of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery.
RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between the groups in the basal heart rate and blood pressure. PR, corrected QT (QTc) and QRS intervals increased in the M. officinalis and Amio groups. PR and QTc were statistically significant only in the Amio group and QRS was significant only in the group receiving 400 mg of M. officinalis (M400 group) in comparison with the CTL group. During the reperfusion period, the decrease in ventricular fibrillations was statistically significant in all groups (except the M400 group) when compared with the CTL group. The score of arrhythmia severity also decreased, but was statistically significant only in the Amio group (p<0.05 vs. CTL group).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that M. ofﬁcinalis extract has a mild protective effect against reperfusion-induced lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm extract suppresses adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Melissa officinalis L. ( Labiatae ; lemon balm ) has been used traditionally and contemporarily as an anti-stress herb .
Current hypotheses suggest that not only chronic stress promotes angiogenesis , but angiogenesis also modulates adipogenesis and obesity .
Because the herbal extract ALS-L1023 from M. officinalis L. ( Labiatae ; lemon balm ) has an anti-angiogenic activity , we hypothesized that ALS-L1023 could inhibit adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : ALS-L1023 was prepared by a two-step organic solvent fractionation from M. officinalis .
The effects of ALS-L1023 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HFD ) -fed obese mice were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches .
RESULTS : ALS-L1023 inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the HUVEC tube formation assay in vitro .
Treatment of cells with ALS-L1023 inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte-specific gene expression caused by troglitazone or MDI differentiation mix .
ALS-L1023 reduced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors ( VEGF-A and FGF-2 ) and MMPs ( MMP-2 and MMP-9 ) in differentiated cells .
In contrast , mRNA levels of angiogenic inhibitors ( TSP-1 , TIMP-1 , and TIMP-2 ) increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ zymography , showed that activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased in ALS-L1023-treated cells .
ALS-L1023 also inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 reporter gene expression in the presence of the MMP inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate .
An in vivo study showed that ALS-L1023 not only decreased adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size , but also reduced mRNA levels of adipose tissue angiogenic factors and MMPs in HFD-fed obese mice .
CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 suppresses adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy , and this effect may be mediated by inhibiting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by curbing adipogenesis , anti-angiogenic ALS-L1023 yields a possible therapeutic choice for the prevention and treatment of human obesity and its associated conditions .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has been used traditionally and contemporarily as an anti-stress herb. Current hypotheses suggest that not only chronic stress promotes angiogenesis, but angiogenesis also modulates adipogenesis and obesity. Because the herbal extract ALS-L1023 from M. officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has an anti-angiogenic activity, we hypothesized that ALS-L1023 could inhibit adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: ALS-L1023 was prepared by a two-step organic solvent fractionation from M. officinalis. The effects of ALS-L1023 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches.
RESULTS: ALS-L1023 inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the HUVEC tube formation assay in vitro. Treatment of cells with ALS-L1023 inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte-specific gene expression caused by troglitazone or MDI differentiation mix. ALS-L1023 reduced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in differentiated cells. In contrast, mRNA levels of angiogenic inhibitors (TSP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) increased. Protease activity, as measured by zymography, showed that activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased in ALS-L1023-treated cells. ALS-L1023 also inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 reporter gene expression in the presence of the MMP inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. An in vivo study showed that ALS-L1023 not only decreased adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, but also reduced mRNA levels of adipose tissue angiogenic factors and MMPs in HFD-fed obese mice.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 suppresses adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, and this effect may be mediated by inhibiting angiogenesis and MMP activities. Thus, by curbing adipogenesis, anti-angiogenic ALS-L1023 yields a possible therapeutic choice for the prevention and treatment of human obesity and its associated conditions.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm is safe at a 500mg dose of rosmarinic acid in healthy individuals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety , tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single dose of Melissa officinalis extract which contained rosmarinic acid , including food-effects in healthy individuals .
A total of eleven healthy individuals were randomly assigned to treatment arms in the two studies [ Study 1 ( fasted state ) and Study 2 ( fed state ) ] .
Rosmarinic acid in serum was measured by a coulometric detection method using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography electrochemical detector .
The serum concentration of total rosmarinic acid peaked at 1 hour after administration of Melissa officinalis extract containing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with a maximum serum concentration 162.20 nmol/ L. The area under the curve for intact rosmarinic acid was calculated from the serum concentration-time profile to be 832.13 nmol • hour/ L. Food intake increases area under the curve and delayed time at which the maximum serum concentration .
Rosmarinic acid supplementation did not affect liver , kidney , or blood cell function parameters .
No adverse event was reported by any of the participants due to the study treatment .
Single dose of Melissa officinalis extract containing 500 mg rosmarinic acid appears to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Food intake increased the exposure of rosmarinic acid and delayed absorption of rosmarinic acid in healthy individuals .

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single dose of Melissa officinalis extract which contained rosmarinic acid, including food-effects in healthy individuals. A total of eleven healthy individuals were randomly assigned to treatment arms in the two studies [Study 1 (fasted state) and Study 2 (fed state)]. Rosmarinic acid in serum was measured by a coulometric detection method using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography electrochemical detector. The serum concentration of total rosmarinic acid peaked at 1 hour after administration of Melissa officinalis extract containing 500mg rosmarinic acid in fasted state, with a maximum serum concentration 162.20 nmol/ L. The area under the curve for intact rosmarinic acid was calculated from the serum concentration-time profile to be 832.13 nmol• hour/ L. Food intake increases area under the curve and delayed time at which the maximum serum concentration. Rosmarinic acid supplementation did not affect liver, kidney, or blood cell function parameters. No adverse event was reported by any of the participants due to the study treatment. Single dose of Melissa officinalis extract containing 500 mg rosmarinic acid appears to be safe and tolerable in healthy individuals. Food intake increased the exposure of rosmarinic acid and delayed absorption of rosmarinic acid in healthy individuals.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--The data show that a two-week treatment with plant extracts affects the dysbiotic gut microbiota and

SCOPE : Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis by prebiotics is effective , though side effects such as abdominal bloating and flatulence may arise following high prebiotic consumption over weeks .
The aim is therefore to optimize the current protocol for prebiotic use .
METHODS AND RESULTS : To examine the prebiotic properties of plant extracts , two independent studies are conducted in ob/ob mice , over two weeks .
In the first study , Porphyra umbilicalis and Melissa officinalis L. extracts are evaluated ; in the second study , a high vs low dose of an Emblica officinalis Gaertn extract is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ microbiota , caecum metabolome , and induce a significant lower plasma triacylglycerols ( TG ) following treatment with P. umbilicalis and significantly higher plasma free fatty acids ( FFA ) following treatment with the low-dose of E. officinalis Gaertn .
Glucose- and insulin-tolerance are not affected but white adipose tissue and liver gene expression are modified .
In the first study , IL-6 hepatic gene expression is significantly ( adjusted p = 0.0015 ) and positively ( r = 0.80 ) correlated with the bacterial order Clostridiales in all mice .
CONCLUSION : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with plant extracts affects the dysbiotic gut microbiota and changes both caecum metabolome and markers of lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice .

SCOPE: Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis by prebiotics is effective, though side effects such as abdominal bloating and flatulence may arise following high prebiotic consumption over weeks. The aim is therefore to optimize the current protocol for prebiotic use.
METHODS AND RESULTS: To examine the prebiotic properties of plant extracts, two independent studies are conducted in ob/ob mice, over two weeks. In the first study, Porphyra umbilicalis and Melissa officinalis L. extracts are evaluated; in the second study, a high vs low dose of an Emblica officinalis Gaertn extract is assessed. These plant extracts affect gut microbiota, caecum metabolome, and induce a significant lower plasma triacylglycerols (TG) following treatment with P. umbilicalis and significantly higher plasma free fatty acids (FFA) following treatment with the low-dose of E. officinalis Gaertn. Glucose- and insulin-tolerance are not affected but white adipose tissue and liver gene expression are modified. In the first study, IL-6 hepatic gene expression is significantly (adjusted p = 0.0015) and positively (r = 0.80) correlated with the bacterial order Clostridiales in all mice.
CONCLUSION: The data show that a two-week treatment with plant extracts affects the dysbiotic gut microbiota and changes both caecum metabolome and markers of lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm decreases the serum triglyceride level in dyslipidemic diabetic patients.

Background Diabetic patients are at increased risk for coronary artery disease .
Since phytotherapy has been greatly common , finding safe and effective treatments is of importance .
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Melissa officinalis L. based product ( MO ) in patients with type 2 diabetes .
Methods A randomized double-blinded controlled study was conducted with 37 dyslipidemic diabetic patients , assigned to either MO or placebo ( P ) groups receiving two 500 mg capsules daily for 3 months .
Finally , 32 cases completed the study and were included in the analysis ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ n=16 ) .
Results Safe and significant effects in terms of decreasing the serum level of triglyceride ( TG ) in all patients after 2 months ( p-value=0.02 ) and in patients with higher baseline serum levels of TG ( TG≥200 mg/dl ) after 3 months ( p-value=0.04 ) were shown in the MO group .
However , no metabolic significant changes were seen compared to the control group .
Significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline values were also found in patients with higher systolic bloodpressure ( SBP≥130 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with higher diastolic blood pressure ( DBP≥85 mmHg ) ( p-value=0.02 ) in the MO group .
Conclusion This study showed that MO might be safe and beneficial in decreasing the serum TG level in dyslipidemic diabetic patients .
Although , larger long-term studies are required .

Background Diabetic patients are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Since phytotherapy has been greatly common, finding safe and effective treatments is of importance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Melissa officinalis L. based product (MO) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A randomized double-blinded controlled study was conducted with 37 dyslipidemic diabetic patients, assigned to either MO or placebo (P) groups receiving two 500 mg capsules daily for 3 months. Finally, 32 cases completed the study and were included in the analysis; MO (n=16) and P (n=16). Results Safe and significant effects in terms of decreasing the serum level of triglyceride (TG) in all patients after 2 months (p-value=0.02) and in patients with higher baseline serum levels of TG (TG≥200 mg/dl) after 3 months (p-value=0.04) were shown in the MO group. However, no metabolic significant changes were seen compared to the control group. Significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline values were also found in patients with higher systolic bloodpressure (SBP≥130 mmHg) (p-value=0.02) and those with higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP≥85 mmHg) (p-value=0.02) in the MO group. Conclusion This study showed that MO might be safe and beneficial in decreasing the serum TG level in dyslipidemic diabetic patients. Although, larger long-term studies are required.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm extracts protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced

Lemon balm extracts protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND : We evaluated the protective effect of ALS-L1023 , an extract of Melissa officinalis L. ( Labiatae ; lemon balm ) against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells ( ARPE-19 cells ) .
METHODS : ARPE-19 cells were incubated with ALS-L1023 for 24 h and then treated with hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) .
Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) were assessed by flow cytometry .
Caspase-3/7 activation and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase ( PARP ) were measured to investigate the protective role of ALS-L1023 against apoptosis .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B ( PI3K/Akt ) was evaluated by Western blot analysis .
RESULTS : ALS-L1023 clearly reduced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis and intracellular production of ROS .
H2O2-induced oxidative stress increased caspase-3/7 activity and apoptotic PARP cleavage , which were significantly inhibited by ALS-L1023 .
Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was associated with the protective effect of ALS-L1023 on ARPE-19 cells .
CONCLUSIONS : ALS-L1023 protected human RPE cells against oxidative damage .
This suggests that ALS-L1023 has therapeutic potential for the prevention of dry age-related macular degeneration @

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the protective effect of ALS-L1023, an extract of Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells).
METHODS: ARPE-19 cells were incubated with ALS-L1023 for 24 h and then treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by flow cytometry. Caspase-3/7 activation and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were measured to investigate the protective role of ALS-L1023 against apoptosis. The protective effect of ALS-L1023 against oxidative stress through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) was evaluated by Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: ALS-L1023 clearly reduced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis and intracellular production of ROS. H2O2-induced oxidative stress increased caspase-3/7 activity and apoptotic PARP cleavage, which were significantly inhibited by ALS-L1023. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was associated with the protective effect of ALS-L1023 on ARPE-19 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: ALS-L1023 protected human RPE cells against oxidative damage. This suggests that ALS-L1023 has therapeutic potential for the prevention of dry age-related macular degeneration.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm ameliorates the harmful effects of varicocele on sperm parameters and chromatin structure

Lemon balm ameliorates the harmful effects of varicocele on sperm parameters and chromatin structure.

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species is a central mechanism in the pathology of varicocele ; Melissa officinalis ( MO @ @ @ @ @ from the Lamiaceae family that has antioxidant activity .
In this study , we have @ @ @ @ @ of MO on sperm parameters and chromatin structure in varicocelised rat .
Male Wistar rats @ @ @ @ @ , sham , varicocele , MO treatment and placebo groups .
Rats in varicocele , @ @ @ @ @ underwent left varicocele induction .
Following the operation , rats in placebo and MO treatment @ @ @ @ @ MO extract , daily for 10 weeks respectively .
At 10 weeks after varicocele induction @ @ @ @ @ were evaluated in all groups .
Chromatin structure was evaluated by aniline blue , acridine @ @ @ @ @ .
All three staining outcomes were increased in varicocele and placebo compared control ( and @ @ @ @ @

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species is a central mechanism in the pathology of varicocele; Melissa officinalis (MO) is a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family that has antioxidant activity. In this study, we have investigated the potential therapeutic effect of MO on sperm parameters and chromatin structure in varicocelised rat. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, sham, varicocele, MO treatment and placebo groups. Rats in varicocele, MO treatment and placebo groups underwent left varicocele induction. Following the operation, rats in placebo and MO treatment groups received normal saline or MO extract, daily for 10 weeks respectively. At 10 weeks after varicocele induction, sperm chromatin and parameters were evaluated in all groups. Chromatin structure was evaluated by aniline blue, acridine orange and toluidine blue staining. All three staining outcomes were increased in varicocele and placebo compared control (and sham) groups (p < 0.05). Sperm count, motility, morphology and vitality were decreased between varicocele and control (and sham) group (p < 0.05). Sperm parameters and chromatin staining (else AB staining) outcomes improve in MO treatment compared to varicocele and placebo groups (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that MO ameliorate the harmful effect of varicocele on sperm parameters and chromatin structure.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--In a study of 918 children, valerian and lemon balm reduced dyssomnia and restlessness symptoms from

In a study of 918 children, valerian and lemon balm reduced dyssomnia and restlessness symptoms from moderate/severe to mild or absent in most patients.

Efficacy and tolerability of a combined valerian/lemon balm preparation were investigated in an open , multicentre study in children less than 12 years suffering from restlessness and nervous dyskoimesis .
Patients were dosed individually by the investigators .
In total , 918 children were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and tolerability .
A distinct and convincing reduction in severity was found for all symptoms in the investigators ' and parents ' ratings .
The core symptoms dyssomnia and restlessness were reduced from '' moderate/severe '' to '' mild '' or '' absent '' in most of the patients .
In total @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suffered from dyssomnia experienced an improvement for this symptom and 70.4 % of the patients with restlessness improved clearly .
For the other listed symptoms the total improvement was 37.8 % on average .
Both , parents and investigators assessed efficacy as to be '' very good '' or '' good '' ( 60.5 % and 67.7 % , respectively ) .
The tolerability of Euvegal forte was considered as '' good '' ( in 96.7 % of the patients it was judged to be '' very good '' or '' good '' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ occurred .
In conclusion , Euvegal forte was effective in the treatment of younger children with restlessness and dyssomnia and it was very well tolerated .

Efficacy and tolerability of a combined valerian/lemon balm preparation were investigated in an open, multicentre study in children less than 12 years suffering from restlessness and nervous dyskoimesis. Patients were dosed individually by the investigators. In total, 918 children were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and tolerability. A distinct and convincing reduction in severity was found for all symptoms in the investigators' and parents' ratings. The core symptoms dyssomnia and restlessness were reduced from"moderate/severe"to"mild"or"absent"in most of the patients. In total, 80.9% of the patients who suffered from dyssomnia experienced an improvement for this symptom and 70.4% of the patients with restlessness improved clearly. For the other listed symptoms the total improvement was 37.8% on average. Both, parents and investigators assessed efficacy as to be"very good"or"good"(60.5% and 67.7%, respectively). The tolerability of Euvegal forte was considered as"good"(in 96.7% of the patients it was judged to be"very good"or"good"). No study medication-related adverse events occurred. In conclusion, Euvegal forte was effective in the treatment of younger children with restlessness and dyssomnia and it was very well tolerated.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm leaf extract displays antiplatelet activity.

The contents of total phenolic acids and rosmarinic acid were determined and the antiplatelet potential assessed of extracts of lemon @ @ @ @ @ , Lamiaceae ) leaf samples collected during 2014 and 2015 .
The quantity of total @ @ @ @ @ to 8.5 % , while the rosmarinic acid content ranged from 1.78 to 4.35 % @ @ @ @ @ showed that the undiluted extracts have antiplatelet activity in the ADP test ( final concentration @ @ @ @ @ there are reports on antiplatelet activity of lemon balm essential oil , to the best @ @ @ @ @ is the first report on antiplatelet activity of lemon balm leaf extracts .

The contents of total phenolic acids and rosmarinic acid were determined and the antiplatelet potential assessed of extracts of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae) leaf samples collected during 2014 and 2015. The quantity of total phenolic acids ranged from 4.8 to 8.5%, while the rosmarinic acid content ranged from 1.78 to 4.35%. Results of statistical analysis showed that the undiluted extracts have antiplatelet activity in the ADP test (final concentration 31.25 mg/L). While there are reports on antiplatelet activity of lemon balm essential oil, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antiplatelet activity of lemon balm leaf extracts.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm essential oil inhibits antiviral activity against avian influenza A virus.

Lemon balm derivatives are going to acquire a novelty as natural and potent remedy for treatment of viral infections since the influenza viruses are developing resistance to the current antivirals widely .
Oseltamivir , Melissa officinalis essential oil ( MOEO ) and their synergistic efficacy against avian influenza virus ( AIV ) subtype H9N2 were evaluated in vitro in MDCK cells at different time exposure by using TCID50 , HA , Real Time PCR and HI assay .
The results showed that MOEO could inhibit replication of AVI through the different virus replication phase ( P ≤ 0.05 ) .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ was seen when AIV incubated with MOEO before cell infection .
The TCID50/ml was reduced 1.3-2.1 , 2.3-2.8 , 3.7-4.5 log 10 than control group ( 5.6 log 10 ) , HAU/50 µl was decreased 85-94 , 71.4-94 , 71.4-94 % and viral genome copy number/µl wasbrought down 68-95 , 90-100 , 89.6-99.9 % at pre-infection , post-infection and simultaneous stage , respectively .
Hemagglutination inhibition result showed the MOEO was not able to inhibit agglutination of the chicken red blood cell ( cRBC ) .
Replication of the AVI was suppressed by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ near 100 % .
Also oseltamivir showed a synergistic activity with MOEO especially when oseltamivir concentration reduced under 0.005 mg/ml .
The chemical composition was examined by GC-MS analysis and Its main constituents were identified as monoterpenaldehydes citral a , citral b .
In conclusion , the findings of the study showed that lemon balm essential oil could inhibit influenza virus replication through different replication cycle steps especially throughout the direct interaction with the virus particles .

Lemon balm derivatives are going to acquire a novelty as natural and potent remedy for treatment of viral infections since the influenza viruses are developing resistance to the current antivirals widely. Oseltamivir, Melissa officinalis essential oil (MOEO) and their synergistic efficacy against avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 were evaluated in vitro in MDCK cells at different time exposure by using TCID50, HA, Real Time PCR and HI assay. The results showed that MOEO could inhibit replication of AVI through the different virus replication phase (P ≤ 0.05). Also the highest antiviral activity of MOEO was seen when AIV incubated with MOEO before cell infection. The TCID50/ml was reduced 1.3-2.1, 2.3-2.8, 3.7-4.5 log 10 than control group (5.6 log 10), HAU/50 µl was decreased 85-94, 71.4-94, 71.4-94 % and viral genome copy number/µl wasbrought down 68-95, 90-100, 89.6-99.9 % at pre-infection, post-infection and simultaneous stage, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition result showed the MOEO was not able to inhibit agglutination of the chicken red blood cell (cRBC). Replication of the AVI was suppressed by the different concentration of oseltamivir completely or near 100 %. Also oseltamivir showed a synergistic activity with MOEO especially when oseltamivir concentration reduced under 0.005 mg/ml. The chemical composition was examined by GC-MS analysis and Its main constituents were identified as monoterpenaldehydes citral a, citral b. In conclusion, the findings of the study showed that lemon balm essential oil could inhibit influenza virus replication through different replication cycle steps especially throughout the direct interaction with the virus particles.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm displays effects on the contractile activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

L. ( lemon balm ) has been used for decades with symptomatic benefits in patients with digestive disorders .
However @ @ @ @ @ on the effects ofon the gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract .
In this study , @ @ @ @ @ of a hydroethanolic leaf extract ( HLE ) ofwere assessedon different segments of the GI @ @ @ @ @ characterization of the extract.HLE had site- and dose-dependent effects on the contractile activity of the @ @ @ @ @ response being impacted in the jejunum and ileum but not in the antrum and colon @ @ @ @ @ be caused by the phenolic compounds ( mainly rosmarinic acid ) detected in the extract @

L. (lemon balm) has been used for decades with symptomatic benefits in patients with digestive disorders. However, very little is known on the effects ofon the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, the basal and spasmolytic properties of a hydroethanolic leaf extract (HLE) ofwere assessedon different segments of the GI tract of mice after phytochemical characterization of the extract.HLE had site- and dose-dependent effects on the contractile activity of the GI tract, the motility response being impacted in the jejunum and ileum but not in the antrum and colon. The observed effects could be caused by the phenolic compounds (mainly rosmarinic acid) detected in the extract.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm extract displays anti-glycative properties.

Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis ) is a medicinal herb possessing functional compounds with unexplored anti-glycative action .
The anti-glycative @ @ @ @ @ was evaluated in the bovine serum albumin ( BSA ) /glucose system .
The level @ @ @ @ @ and protein binding to RAGE receptors were assessed by specific fluorescence , Congo red binding @ @ @ @ @ ligand and Western blotting .
Ethanol fractions of Melissa leaf exhibited the highest inhibitory effects @ @ @ @ @ glycation end products ( AGEs ) and the late stage of glycation process .
Significant @ @ @ @ @ of albumin was observed upon glycation , which was mitigated by applying the herb extract @ @ @ @ @ with balm extract , glycated albumin adopts a secondary structure impeding its detection by RAGE @ @ @ @ @ Our results represent the anti-glycative properties of Melissa extract and its application for possible treatment @ @ @ @

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a medicinal herb possessing functional compounds with unexplored anti-glycative action. The anti-glycative activity of Lemon balm extract was evaluated in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/glucose system. The level of glycation, conformational alterations and protein binding to RAGE receptors were assessed by specific fluorescence, Congo red binding assay, circular dichroism, ligand and Western blotting. Ethanol fractions of Melissa leaf exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the late stage of glycation process. Significant alteration in the secondary structure of albumin was observed upon glycation, which was mitigated by applying the herb extract. Moreover, upon treatment with balm extract, glycated albumin adopts a secondary structure impeding its detection by RAGE receptors of microglial cells. Our results represent the anti-glycative properties of Melissa extract and its application for possible treatment of AGE-associated diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm may protect improve resistance of the heart to myocardial injury.

CONTEXT : The antihyperlipidemic , antiarrhythmic , neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of Melissa officinalis L. ( Lamiaceae ) have been reported .
However , no study has examined its effects on the resistance of the heart to stressful conditions .
OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of M. officinalis aerial parts on Wistar rat heart with/without cardiac injury .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Animals were grouped as control , isoproterenol ( ISO ) , M. officinalis without ( M50 , M100 , and M200 ) and with isoproterenol ( M50 + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ M200 + ISO ) .
The aqueous extract of M. officinalis was orally administered at dosages of 50 , 100 , and 200 mg/kg/d , respectively , for 7 consecutive days .
On the 6th and 7th day , ISO , M50 + ISO , M100 + ISO , and M200 + ISO groups received 85 mg/kg ofisoproterenol for myocardial injury induction .
On day 8 , hemodynamic parameters were recorded and samplings were done .
RESULTS : The extract ( 50 , 100 , and 200 mg/kg ) significantly reduced the heart @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ± 5 and 281 ± 3 versus 377 ± 13 in control group , p CONCLUSION : The lower dose of extract , by improving the balance of the redox system and by reducing the heart rate , may increase the heart resistance to injury .
However , the higher doses of extract may intensify the injury of ischemic heart .

CONTEXT: The antihyperlipidemic, antiarrhythmic, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) have been reported. However, no study has examined its effects on the resistance of the heart to stressful conditions.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of M. officinalis aerial parts on Wistar rat heart with/without cardiac injury.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animals were grouped as control, isoproterenol (ISO), M. officinalis without (M50, M100, and M200) and with isoproterenol (M50 + ISO, M100 + ISO, and M200 + ISO). The aqueous extract of M. officinalis was orally administered at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/d, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. On the 6th and 7th day, ISO, M50 + ISO, M100 + ISO, and M200 + ISO groups received 85 mg/kg ofisoproterenol for myocardial injury induction. On day 8, hemodynamic parameters were recorded and samplings were done.
RESULTS: The extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the heart rate (264 ± 5, 259 ± 5 and 281 ± 3 versus 377 ± 13 in control group, p < 0.01). Blood pressure was significantly decreased in M50 + ISO (75 ± 5) versus M50 (110 ± 6) and M100 + ISO (72 ± 6) versus M100 (105 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.01). The malondialdehyde levels of the injured hearts were lower in M50 + ISO and M100 + ISO groups than in the ISO group (p < 0.05). Serum cardiac troponin I was higher in the M200 + ISO group (5.1 ± 1.7) than in the ISO group (2.7 ± 0.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The lower dose of extract, by improving the balance of the redox system and by reducing the heart rate, may increase the heart resistance to injury. However, the higher doses of extract may intensify the injury of ischemic heart.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--An anti-angiogenic compound from lemon balm leaves attenuates a high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic f

An anti-angiogenic compound from lemon balm leaves attenuates a high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Similar to neoplastic tissues , growth and development of adipose tissue are thought to be angiogenesis-dependent .
Since visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) is associated with development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) , we hypothesized that angiogenesis inhibition would attenuate obesity-induced NAFLD .
We fed C57BL/6J mice a low-fat diet ( LFD , chow 10 % kcal fat ) , a high-fat diet ( HFD , 45 % kcal fat ) or HFD supplemented with the lemon-balm extract ALS-L1023 ( HFD-ALS ) for 15 weeks .
ALS-L1023 reduced endothelial cell-tube formation in vitro .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ gains including body weight , VAT mass and visceral adipocyte size compared with LFD .
However , HFD-ALS led to weight reductions without affecting calorie intake compared with HFD .
HFD-ALS also reduced serum ALT and AST levels and improved lipid metabolism .
HFD-ALS suppressed steatosis , infiltration of inflammatory cells , and accumulation of collagen in livers .
HFD-ALS modulated hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism , inflammation , fibrosis , antioxidation , and apoptosis .
Concomitantly , analysis of VAT function revealed that HFD-ALS led to fewer CD68-positive macrophage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compared with HFD .
Our findings show that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 attenuates NAFLD by targeting VAT during obesity , suggesting that angiogenesis inhibitors could aid in the treatment and prevention of obesity-induced human NAFLD .

Similar to neoplastic tissues, growth and development of adipose tissue are thought to be angiogenesis-dependent. Since visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we hypothesized that angiogenesis inhibition would attenuate obesity-induced NAFLD. We fed C57BL/6J mice a low-fat diet (LFD, chow 10% kcal fat), a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% kcal fat) or HFD supplemented with the lemon-balm extract ALS-L1023 (HFD-ALS) for 15 weeks. ALS-L1023 reduced endothelial cell-tube formation in vitro. HFD increased VAT angiogenesis and induced weight gains including body weight, VAT mass and visceral adipocyte size compared with LFD. However, HFD-ALS led to weight reductions without affecting calorie intake compared with HFD. HFD-ALS also reduced serum ALT and AST levels and improved lipid metabolism. HFD-ALS suppressed steatosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and accumulation of collagen in livers. HFD-ALS modulated hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, antioxidation, and apoptosis. Concomitantly, analysis of VAT function revealed that HFD-ALS led to fewer CD68-positive macrophage numbers and lower expression of inflammatory cytokines compared with HFD. Our findings show that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 attenuates NAFLD by targeting VAT during obesity, suggesting that angiogenesis inhibitors could aid in the treatment and prevention of obesity-induced human NAFLD.


greenmedinfo--2020-03-31--Lemon balm decreases HbA1c and improves beta-cell activity, blood pressure, and HDL-C in type 2 diab

Lemon balm decreases HbA1c and improves beta-cell activity, blood pressure, and HDL-C in type 2 diabetic individuals.

Melissa officinalis is a plenteous source of antioxidant flavonols and flavonoids that contain health-promoting and antidiabetic properties , so this study was undertaken to provide the first assessment of the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extract of M. officinalis in type 2 diabetic patients .
We did a randomized , placebo-controlled trial which included 62 patients , receiving either M. officinalis capsules ( 700 mg/d ; n = 31 ) or the placebo ( n = 31 ) twice daily for 12 weeks .
There were significant differences in serum FBS ( P = 0.007 ) , HbA ( P = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ = 0.05 ) , TG ( P = 0.04 ) , HDL-c ( P = 0.05 ) , hs-CRP ( P = 0.001 ) , and systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.04 ) between the two groups at the end of the study ; but total cholesterol , LDL-c , insulin , and HOMA-IR showed no significant changes between the groups .
In M. officinalis group , there was a significant change in HDL-c ( P = 0.009 ) and QUICKI ( P = 0.005 ) compared with baseline values .
No @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that M. officinalis is safe and effective in improvement of lipid profile , glycemic control , and reduction of inflammation .

Melissa officinalis is a plenteous source of antioxidant flavonols and flavonoids that contain health-promoting and antidiabetic properties, so this study was undertaken to provide the first assessment of the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extract of M. officinalis in type 2 diabetic patients. We did a randomized, placebo-controlled trial which included 62 patients, receiving either M. officinalis capsules (700 mg/d; n = 31) or the placebo (n = 31) twice daily for 12 weeks. There were significant differences in serum FBS (P = 0.007), HbA(P = 0.002), β-cell activity (P = 0.05), TG (P = 0.04), HDL-c (P = 0.05), hs-CRP (P = 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.04) between the two groups at the end of the study; but total cholesterol, LDL-c, insulin, and HOMA-IR showed no significant changes between the groups. In M. officinalis group, there was a significant change in HDL-c (P = 0.009) and QUICKI (P = 0.005) compared with baseline values. No adverse effects were observed. It seems that M. officinalis is safe and effective in improvement of lipid profile, glycemic control, and reduction of inflammation.