greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--The results provide evidence that cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination may help in designing a more po

The results provide evidence that cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination may help in designing a more potent novel, natural antibiofilm blend.

The aim of this study was to examine whether the process of initial colonization and the formation of mature biofilm @ @ @ @ @ Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium can be impeded by active essential oil componentsβ-caryophyllene , cinnamaldehyde @ @ @ @ @ and combined effects .
Among the essential oil components tested , cinnamaldehyde and eugenol at @ @ @ @ @ 50 % degradation in biofilm biomass against preformed ( matured ) biofilms of both the @ @ @ @ @ to do so .
In combination , cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend showed synergistic antibiofilm efficacy against preformed @ @ @ @ @ bacteria L. monocytogenes ( FICI : 0·24 ) and S. typhimurium ( FICI : 0·40 @ @ @ @ @ combinations showed additive antibiofilm efficacy with FICI ranged from 2·02 to 2·35 .
Essential oil @ @ @ @ @ also showed much higher inhibition effect on biofilm formation at the initial stage compared to @ @ @ @ @ biofilms .
The results provide evidence that cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination may help in designing a more @ @ @ @ @ blend at sufficiently low concentrations in the food and pharmaceutical industries .

The aim of this study was to examine whether the process of initial colonization and the formation of mature biofilm structure of foodborne bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium can be impeded by active essential oil componentsβ-caryophyllene, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol at their individual and combined effects. Among the essential oil components tested, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol at their individual effect showed>50% degradation in biofilm biomass against preformed (matured) biofilms of both the studied bacteria, whereasβ-caryophyllene failed to do so. In combination, cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend showed synergistic antibiofilm efficacy against preformed biofilms of both the studied bacteria L. monocytogenes (FICI: 0·24) and S. typhimurium (FICI: 0·40), whereas other tested combinations showed additive antibiofilm efficacy with FICI ranged from 2·02 to 2·35. Essential oil components alone and in combination also showed much higher inhibition effect on biofilm formation at the initial stage compared to their inhibition effect on preformed biofilms. The results provide evidence that cinnamaldehyde/eugenol combination may help in designing a more potent novel, natural antibiofilm blend at sufficiently low concentrations in the food and pharmaceutical industries.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--Regulatory effect of β-caryophyllene on MG-63 osteosarcoma cells.

Currently , available treatment for osteosarcoma is combinational chemotherapy of doxorubicin , cisplatin , and methotrexate before and after surgery with overall 5-year survival rate of less than 40 % .
The present study was aimed to assess the anticancer effects of a phytochemical namedβ-caryophyllene ( BCP ) in treating osteosarcoma .
We assessed the effect of ( BCP ) on oxidative stress , proliferation , apoptosis , and inflammation in human bone cancer cells MG-63 .
Our results showed that BCP induced reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation at 20 µM concentration in MG-63 cells .
The same @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and antiproliferative effects in bone cancer cells MG-63 .
We demonstrated that the treatment of MG-63 cells with BCP prompted mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of Bax and caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 as well as prompted mitochondrialmembrane potential .
Our results also showed stimulation of Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( JAK1/STAT3 ) signaling pathway in bone cancer MG-63 cells upon BCP treatment along with the induction of proinflammatory genes at the messenger RNA level .
Overall results suggest that the treatment of MG-63 cells with BCP promotes apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pathway .

Currently, available treatment for osteosarcoma is combinational chemotherapy of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate before and after surgery with overall 5-year survival rate of less than 40%. The present study was aimed to assess the anticancer effects of a phytochemical namedβ-caryophyllene (BCP) in treating osteosarcoma. We assessed the effect of (BCP) on oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in human bone cancer cells MG-63. Our results showed that BCP induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at 20 µM concentration in MG-63 cells. The same dose was also shown to exhibit proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects in bone cancer cells MG-63. We demonstrated that the treatment of MG-63 cells with BCP prompted mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of Bax and caspase-3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 as well as prompted mitochondrialmembrane potential. Our results also showed stimulation of Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK1/STAT3) signaling pathway in bone cancer MG-63 cells upon BCP treatment along with the induction of proinflammatory genes at the messenger RNA level. Overall results suggest that the treatment of MG-63 cells with BCP promotes apoptosis and inflammation via ROS and JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--β-caryophyllene has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties.

BACKGROUND : Central nervous system disorders such as anxiety , depression and epilepsy are characterized by sharing several molecular mechanisms in common and the involvement of the L-arginine/NO pathway in neurobehavioral studies withβ-caryophyllene is still little discussed .
OBJECTIVES : One of the objectives of the present study was to demonstrate the anxiolytic behavioral effect ofβ-caryophyllene ( β-CBP ) in female Swiss mice , as well as to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the results obtained .
METHODS : This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects ofβ-CBP using the open field test , rota-rod test , elevated plus maze test , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ test and forced swim test , as well as pilocarpine , pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced epileptic seizure models .
RESULTS : The results demonstrated that the neuropharmacological activities ofβ-CBP may involve benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors , since the pre-treatment of β-CBP ( 200 mg/kg ) associated with flumazenil ( 5 mg/kg , benzodiazepine receptor antagonist ) and bicuculline ( 1 mg/kg , selective GABAA receptor antagonist ) reestablished the anxiety parameters in the elevated plus-mazetest , as well as the results of reduced latency to consume food in the novelty suppressed feeding test .
In addition @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of β-CBP may be related to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis , since pre-treatment with L-arginine ( 500- 750 mg/kg ) reversed significantly the anxiolytic , antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of β-CBP .
CONCLUSION : The results obtained provide additional support in understanding the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic , antidepressant and anticonvulsive properties ofβ-CBP in female Swiss mice .

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system disorders such as anxiety, depression and epilepsy are characterized by sharing several molecular mechanisms in common and the involvement of the L-arginine/NO pathway in neurobehavioral studies withβ-caryophyllene is still little discussed.
OBJECTIVES: One of the objectives of the present study was to demonstrate the anxiolytic behavioral effect ofβ-caryophyllene (β-CBP) in female Swiss mice, as well as to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the results obtained.
METHODS: This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects ofβ-CBP using the open field test, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze test, novelty suppressed feeding test, tail suspension test and forced swim test, as well as pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced epileptic seizure models.
RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the neuropharmacological activities ofβ-CBP may involve benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, since the pre-treatment of β-CBP (200 mg/kg) associated with flumazenil (5 mg/kg, benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg, selective GABAA receptor antagonist) reestablished the anxiety parameters in the elevated plus-mazetest, as well as the results of reduced latency to consume food in the novelty suppressed feeding test. In addition to benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, the neuropharmacological properties of β-CBP may be related to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, since pre-treatment with L-arginine (500- 750 mg/kg) reversed significantly the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of β-CBP.
CONCLUSION: The results obtained provide additional support in understanding the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsive properties ofβ-CBP in female Swiss mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--β-caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matri

β-caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells.

β-Caryophyllene ( BCP ) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene compound that has anti-diabetic activity .
However , the effect of BCP @ @ @ @ @ ) remains unclear .
Here , we aimed to evaluate the potential role of BCP @ @ @ @ @ ) -induced glomerular mesangial cells ( MCs ) .
MCs were maintained under HG condition @ @ @ @ @ .
Our results showed that BCP inhibited HG-induced cell proliferation , ROS production and NADPH @ @ @ @ @ expression .
BCP exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with decreased levels of TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 @ @ @ @ @ , BCP treatmentsuppressed the HG-induced secretion of fibronectin ( FN ) and collagen IV ( @ @ @ @ @ .
Furthermore , BCP suppressed the NF-κB activation and enhanced the Nrf2 activation in HG-induced @ @ @ @ @ of Nrf2 attenuated the protective effects of BCP on HG-induced MCs , while inhibition of @ @ @ @ @ of BCP on MCs .
In conclusion , these findings demonstrated that BCP executed protective @ @ @ @ @ regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways .

β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene compound that has anti-diabetic activity. However, the effect of BCP on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of BCP in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (MCs). MCs were maintained under HG condition to simulate DN in vitro. Our results showed that BCP inhibited HG-induced cell proliferation, ROS production and NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2/4 expression. BCP exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in HG-induced MCs. Moreover, BCP treatmentsuppressed the HG-induced secretion of fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV) in MCs. Furthermore, BCP suppressed the NF-κB activation and enhanced the Nrf2 activation in HG-induced MCs. However, inhibition of Nrf2 attenuated the protective effects of BCP on HG-induced MCs, while inhibition of NF-κB enhanced the nephro-protective effects of BCP on MCs. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that BCP executed protective effects on HG-induced MCs via regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--β-caryophyllene liposomes attenuate neurovascular unit damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This study was conducted to prepareβ-caryophyllene loaded liposomes ( BCP-LP ) and investigated their effects on neurovascular unit ( NVU ) damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage ( SAH ) in rats .
A blood injection into the pre-chiasmatic cistern was used to achieve SAH .
BCP-LP were prepared , characterized and administrated to rats with SAH.The prepared BCP-LP were spherical with a size distribution of approximately 189.3 nm and Zeta potential of - 13.9 mV .
Neurological scoring , the balance beam test , cerebral blood flow monitoring , brain edema and biochemical analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The results demonstrated that BCP-LP treatment improved neurological function disorder , balance ability and cerebral blood perfusion in rats .
Brain edema detection and blood-brain barrier permeability detection revealed that BCP-LP could reduce brain edema and promote repairment of blood-brain barrier after SAH .
Using the western blot experiments , we demonstrated that BCP-LP attenuated the loss of tight junction proteins Occludin and Zonula occludens-1 , inhibit the high expression of VEGFR-2 and GFAP , and promote the repair of laminin .
These results demonstrate the protective effect BCP-LP exert in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ supports the use of BCP-LP for future study and therapy of SAH .

This study was conducted to prepareβ-caryophyllene loaded liposomes (BCP-LP) and investigated their effects on neurovascular unit (NVU) damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. A blood injection into the pre-chiasmatic cistern was used to achieve SAH. BCP-LP were prepared, characterized and administrated to rats with SAH.The prepared BCP-LP were spherical with a size distribution of approximately 189.3 nm and Zeta potential of - 13.9 mV. Neurological scoring, the balance beam test, cerebral blood flow monitoring, brain edema and biochemical analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of BCP-LP on rat NVU damage after SAH. The results demonstrated that BCP-LP treatment improved neurological function disorder, balance ability and cerebral blood perfusion in rats. Brain edema detection and blood-brain barrier permeability detection revealed that BCP-LP could reduce brain edema and promote repairment of blood-brain barrier after SAH. Using the western blot experiments, we demonstrated that BCP-LP attenuated the loss of tight junction proteins Occludin and Zonula occludens-1, inhibit the high expression of VEGFR-2 and GFAP, and promote the repair of laminin. These results demonstrate the protective effect BCP-LP exert in the NVU after SAH in rats, and supports the use of BCP-LP for future study and therapy of SAH.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--Effect of β-caryophyllene from cloves extract on Helicobacter pylori eradication.

New antibacterial treatments againstare needed asis acquiring antibiotic resistance.β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene , with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects @ @ @ @ @ effects of H-002119-00-001 from β-caryophyllene on the eradication ofin a mouse model , and its @ @ @ @ @ the gastric mucosa .
To evaluate the anti-efficacy ofβ-caryophyllene , a total of 160 mice @ @ @ @ @ ( = 10 each ) and were administered different treatments for 2 and 4 weeks.eradication @ @ @ @ @ organism ( CLO ) test andqPCR of the gastric mucosa .
The levels of inflammation @ @ @ @ @ using histology and immunostaining .
H-002119-00-001 decreased bacterial burden in vitro .
When H-002119-00-001 was @ @ @ @ @ for 2 weeks , cure rates shown by the CLO test were 40.0 % , @ @ @ @ @ % in groups 6 , 7 , and 8 , respectively.levels in gastric mucosa decreased @ @ @ @ @ H-002119-00-001 also reduced levels of inflammation in gastric mucosa .
H-002119-00-001 improved inflammation and decreased @ @ @ @ @ .
H-002119-00-001 is a promising and effective therapeutic agent for the treatment ofinfection .

New antibacterial treatments againstare needed asis acquiring antibiotic resistance.β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene, with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. This study investigates the effects of H-002119-00-001 from β-caryophyllene on the eradication ofin a mouse model, and its effects on the inflammation of the gastric mucosa. To evaluate the anti-efficacy ofβ-caryophyllene, a total of 160 mice were divided into eight groups (= 10 each) and were administered different treatments for 2 and 4 weeks.eradication was assessed using a Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test andqPCR of the gastric mucosa. The levels of inflammation of gastric mucosa were assessed using histology and immunostaining. H-002119-00-001 decreased bacterial burden in vitro. When H-002119-00-001 was administered to mice once daily for 2 weeks, cure rates shown by the CLO test were 40.0%, 60.0%, and 70.0% in groups 6, 7, and 8, respectively.levels in gastric mucosa decreased dose-dependently after H-002119-00-001 treatment. H-002119-00-001 also reduced levels of inflammation in gastric mucosa. H-002119-00-001 improved inflammation and decreased bacterial burden in-infected mouse models. H-002119-00-001 is a promising and effective therapeutic agent for the treatment ofinfection.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--Essential oils of garlic, onion, and cinnamon show an effective antibiofilm activity against L. mono

Essential oils of garlic, onion, and cinnamon show an effective antibiofilm activity against L. monocytogenes.

Biofilms represent a serious problem for food industries due to their persistence in processing surfaces , from which they can cause food spoilage or , even worse , lead to foodborne diseases .
Microorganisms immersed in biofilms are more resistant to biocides .
The search for natural effective alternatives for the prevention and the control of biofilms has increased lately .
The aim of this research was to test the antibacterial and the anti-biofilm activities of cinnamon , onion , and garlic essential oils against .
The methodology highlighted first the effect of these essential oils onusing disc diffusion and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and then on initial cell attachment and six hours preformed biofilms .
The inhibition of biofilms was assessed by crystal violet assay .
Sulfides were the most abundant compounds present in onion and garlic essential oils , while cinnamaldehyde was predominant in cinnamon essential oil .
MIC values were of 0.025 mg mLfor onion essential oil and 0.100 mg mLfor cinnamon and garlic .
Onion essential oil inhibited initial cell attachment by 77 % at 0.5 of the MIC dose , while at MIC , cinnamon and garlic essential oils inhibited the initial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oils completely inhibited initial cell attachment when applied at 2 MIC .
On the contrary , preformed biofilms were more resistant , and the inhibition rate ranged from 33 % to 78 % .
In summary , this investigation revealed that the essential oils of garlic , onion , and cinnamon show an effective antibiofilm activity againstand are promising natural antimicrobial alternatives for food processing facilities .

Biofilms represent a serious problem for food industries due to their persistence in processing surfaces, from which they can cause food spoilage or, even worse, lead to foodborne diseases. Microorganisms immersed in biofilms are more resistant to biocides. The search for natural effective alternatives for the prevention and the control of biofilms has increased lately. The aim of this research was to test the antibacterial and the anti-biofilm activities of cinnamon, onion, and garlic essential oils against. The methodology highlighted first the effect of these essential oils onusing disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods and then on initial cell attachment and six hours preformed biofilms. The inhibition of biofilms was assessed by crystal violet assay. Sulfides were the most abundant compounds present in onion and garlic essential oils, while cinnamaldehyde was predominant in cinnamon essential oil. MIC values were of 0.025 mg mLfor onion essential oil and 0.100 mg mLfor cinnamon and garlic. Onion essential oil inhibited initial cell attachment by 77% at 0.5 of the MIC dose, while at MIC, cinnamon and garlic essential oils inhibited the initial microbial adhesion completely. All three essential oils completely inhibited initial cell attachment when applied at 2 MIC. On the contrary, preformed biofilms were more resistant, and the inhibition rate ranged from 33% to 78%. In summary, this investigation revealed that the essential oils of garlic, onion, and cinnamon show an effective antibiofilm activity againstand are promising natural antimicrobial alternatives for food processing facilities.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--Why We Stay Asleep When Covid-19 is Trying to Wake Us Up

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
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greenmedinfo--2020-06-04--Cinnamaldehyde enhanced functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury.

Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical issue induced by trauma , tumor , and damage caused by treatment .
Such factors create chemical and inflammatory alterations at the injury site , which increase nerve deterioration .
Thus , minimizing these modifications can lead to nerve protection after injury .
The present study sought to evaluate the possible improvement in nerve regeneration and enhancement of functional outcomes by cinnamaldehyde ( Cin ) administration following sciatic nerve crush in a rat model .
Rats ( n = 48 ) were distributed into 6 groups , including sham , injury , DMSO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ groups ( 10 , 30 , and 90 mg/kg/day ) .
Using small hemostatic forceps , crush injury was induced in the left sciatic nerve .
Thereafter , Cin was administered for 28 successive days .
Weekly records were taken for sciatic functional index ( SFI ) measurements .
Further assessments including electrophysiological and histomorphometric evaluations , gastrocnemius muscle wet weight measurements , and estimation of the serum total oxidant status were performed .
According to the results , Cin could accelerate sciatic nerve recovery after crush injury , and the dose of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on SFI recovery , muscle mass ratio , and myelin content .
The current research demonstrated that Cin positively affects peripheral nerve restoration .
Therefore , Cin therapy could be considered as a potential treatment method for peripheral nerve regeneration and its functional recovery .
However , more investigations are requiredto further validate the study results and evaluate the optimal dose of Cin .

Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical issue induced by trauma, tumor, and damage caused by treatment. Such factors create chemical and inflammatory alterations at the injury site, which increase nerve deterioration. Thus, minimizing these modifications can lead to nerve protection after injury. The present study sought to evaluate the possible improvement in nerve regeneration and enhancement of functional outcomes by cinnamaldehyde (Cin) administration following sciatic nerve crush in a rat model. Rats (n = 48) were distributed into 6 groups, including sham, injury, DMSO (vehicle group), and Cin groups (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg/day). Using small hemostatic forceps, crush injury was induced in the left sciatic nerve. Thereafter, Cin was administered for 28 successive days. Weekly records were taken for sciatic functional index (SFI) measurements. Further assessments including electrophysiological and histomorphometric evaluations, gastrocnemius muscle wet weight measurements, and estimation of the serum total oxidant status were performed. According to the results, Cin could accelerate sciatic nerve recovery after crush injury, and the dose of 30 mg/kg/day of Cin had better impacts on SFI recovery, muscle mass ratio, and myelin content. The current research demonstrated that Cin positively affects peripheral nerve restoration. Therefore, Cin therapy could be considered as a potential treatment method for peripheral nerve regeneration and its functional recovery. However, more investigations are requiredto further validate the study results and evaluate the optimal dose of Cin.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Zataria multiflora on clinical symptoms, oxidative stress, and C-reactive protein in COPD patients.

The effects of Zataria multiflora on clinical symptoms , pulmonary function tests , oxidative stress , and C-reactive protein levels @ @ @ @ @ ( COPD ) patients were evaluated .
Forty-five patients were allocated to 3 groups : @ @ @ @ @ that received 3 and 6 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora extract ( Z3 and Z6 ) for @ @ @ @ @ , pulmonary function tests , oxidative stress , and serum C-reactive protein levels were evaluated @ @ @ @ @ and 1 ( step I ) and 2 ( step II ) months after treatment @ @ @ @ @ and chest wheeze in Z3- and Z6-treated groups and sputum production only in the Z6-treated @ @ @ @ @ and 2 months after treatment compared with baseline values ( P

The effects of Zataria multiflora on clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and C-reactive protein levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were evaluated. Forty-five patients were allocated to 3 groups: placebo group and 2 groups that received 3 and 6 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora extract (Z3 and Z6) for 2 months. Clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and serum C-reactive protein levels were evaluated pretreatment (step 0) and 1 (step I) and 2 (step II) months after treatment. Clinical symptoms including breathlessness and chest wheeze in Z3- and Z6-treated groups and sputum production only in the Z6-treated group were significantly improved 1 and 2 months after treatment compared with baseline values (P < .01 to P < .001). The FEVwas significantly increased after 2 months of treatment with Z3 and Z6 (P < .05 to P < .01). Malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were significantly decreased after a 2-month treatment with Z6 compared with step 0 (P < .05 to P < .01). The thiol contents in the Z6 group as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in both groups treated with the extract were significantly increased in step II compared with step 0 (P < .05 to P < .01). The C-reactive protein level at the end of the study was significantly reduced compared with the step 0 in both treated groups (P < .05 for both cases). Two-month treatment with Z. multiflora improved clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and C-reactive protein in COPD patients. The results suggest that this herbal medicine could be of therapeutic value as a preventive drug for the treatment of COPD.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Iranian survivors exposed to mustard gas are more susceptible and vulnerable to Covid-19.

Coronavirus disease ( Covid-19 ) is an infectious disease caused by a SARS-CoV-2 that emerged as a health problem worldwide @ @ @ @ @ is more lethal for Iranian veterans with a history of exposure to mustard gas .
@ @ @ @ @ the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas in immune system disruption and pulmonary infection .
@ @ @ @ @ oxidative stress , immune system dysregulation , cytokine storm , and overexpression of ACE2 receptor @ @ @ @ @ functional entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2 .
Moreover , Iranian survivors exposed to mustard gas are @ @ @ @ @ Covid-19 .
It is suggested that the principles of infection prevention and control in Iranian @ @ @ @ @ considered more than others .
Therefore , in this review , we discussed the different @ @ @ @ @ caused by mustard gas and also the relationship between these damages and the increased susceptibility @ @ @ @ @ survivors to Covid-19 .

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a SARS-CoV-2 that emerged as a health problem worldwide. It seems that Covid-19 is more lethal for Iranian veterans with a history of exposure to mustard gas. There are some similarities in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas in immune system disruption and pulmonary infection. SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas inducing oxidative stress, immune system dysregulation, cytokine storm, and overexpression of ACE2 receptor in lungs that act as functional entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, Iranian survivors exposed to mustard gas are more susceptible and vulnerable to Covid-19. It is suggested that the principles of infection prevention and control in Iranian survivors exposed to mustard gas considered more than others. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the different pathologic aspects of lung injury caused by mustard gas and also the relationship between these damages and the increased susceptibility of Iranian mustard gas exposed survivors to Covid-19.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Two months' of treatment with Z. multiflora improved cytokine levels, respiratory symptom, and FEV1

Two months' of treatment with Z. multiflora improved cytokine levels, respiratory symptom, and FEV1 values in sulfur mustard-exposed patients.

The effect of Zataria multiflora ( Z. multiflora ) on serum cytokine , chemokines , and respiratory symptoms in the veterans exposed to sulfur mustard ( SM ) more than two decades ( 27-30 years ) ago was conducted in 2018 .
Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to the placebo group ( P , mean age ( 54.40 ± 5.51 ) ) and two treated groups with Z. multiflora extract 5 and 10 mg/kg/day ( Z5 and 10 ; mean age , 58.50 ± 3.60 and 55.18 ± 4.11 , respectively ) .
Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( MCP-1 ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) , forced expiratory volume-one second ( FEV ) , and respiratory symptoms including chest wheeze ( CW ) , night wheeze ( NW ) , night cough ( NC ) , and cough and wheeze during exercise ( ECW ) were assessed at the baseline ( phase 0 ) , 1 and 2 months after starting treatment ( phase I and II , respectively ) .
The value of FEVwas significantly increased in Z10 in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in phase 0 ( p

The effect of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on serum cytokine, chemokines, and respiratory symptoms in the veterans exposed to sulfur mustard (SM) more than two decades (27-30 years) ago was conducted in 2018. Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to the placebo group (P, mean age (54.40 ± 5.51)) and two treated groups with Z. multiflora extract 5 and 10 mg/kg/day (Z5 and 10; mean age, 58.50 ± 3.60 and 55.18 ± 4.11, respectively). Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV), and respiratory symptoms including chest wheeze (CW), night wheeze (NW), night cough (NC), and cough and wheeze during exercise (ECW) were assessed at the baseline (phase 0), 1 and 2 months after starting treatment (phase I and II, respectively). The value of FEVwas significantly increased in Z10 in phase I and II compared with that in phase 0 (p < 0.01 for both) and in Z5 in phase II compared with phase I and 0 (p < 0.001for both). All respiratory symptoms significantly decreased in Z5 and 10 in phase I and II compared with those in phase 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Serum levels of TNF-α and VEGF were decreased in Z5 and 10 in phase I and II compared with those in phase 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Serum levels of MCP-1 and EGF were decreased in Z10 in phase I and II compared with those in phase 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The percent change of respiratory symptoms, serum levels of cytokines during the treatment period, was significantly improved in the treated groups compared with that in the placebo group. Two months' of treatment with Z. multiflora improved cytokine levels, respiratory symptom, and FEVvalues in SM-exposed patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Antibacterial potential of essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Mentha piperita.

Background and Objectives : Plant-derived essential oils ( EOs ) shave many usages in health and medicine , such as antibacterial agents .
The aim of this study was the improvement of antibacterial activities of two EOs using nanotechnology .
Materials and Methods : Antibacterial activity was investigated on four important human pathogenic bacteria using the 96-well plate microdilution method , a quantitative approach .
Eleven formulations were prepared using each of the EOs .
Eventually , the best nanoformulation with the smallest particle size and polydispersive indices ( PDI and SPAN ) was selected using each EO for further @ @ @ @ @ @ @ similar ingredients and the same portion in comparison with two selected nanoemulsions were also prepared .
Antibacterial activity of each EO was compared with its micro- and nano-emulsions .
Results : The antibacterial efficacy of Zataria multiflora EO ( ZMEO ) was significantly better than Mentha piperita EO ( MPEO ) .
Besides , the antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of ZMEO with a particle size of 129± 12 nm was significantly better than no- and micro-formulated forms of ZMEO .
Interestingly , the efficiency of MPEO nanoemulsion ( 160 ± 25 nm ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ its micro-formulated form .
Conclusion : Regardless of the intrinsic antibacterial property of two examined EOs , by formulating to nanoemulsion , their efficiencies were improved .
Nanoemulsion of ZMEO introduced as an inexpensive , potent and green antibacterial agent .

Background and Objectives: Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) shave many usages in health and medicine, such as antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was the improvement of antibacterial activities of two EOs using nanotechnology.
Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was investigated on four important human pathogenic bacteria using the 96-well plate microdilution method, a quantitative approach. Eleven formulations were prepared using each of the EOs. Eventually, the best nanoformulation with the smallest particle size and polydispersive indices (PDI and SPAN) was selected using each EO for further investigations. Moreover, two microemulsions with similar ingredients and the same portion in comparison with two selected nanoemulsions were also prepared. Antibacterial activity of each EO was compared with its micro- and nano-emulsions.
Results: The antibacterial efficacy of Zataria multiflora EO (ZMEO) was significantly better than Mentha piperita EO (MPEO). Besides, the antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of ZMEO with a particle size of 129± 12 nm was significantly better than no- and micro-formulated forms of ZMEO. Interestingly, the efficiency of MPEO nanoemulsion (160 ± 25 nm) was also significantly better than MPEO and its micro-formulated form.
Conclusion: Regardless of the intrinsic antibacterial property of two examined EOs, by formulating to nanoemulsion, their efficiencies were improved. Nanoemulsion of ZMEO introduced as an inexpensive, potent and green antibacterial agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--The results demonstrated the efficacy of Z. multiflora essential oil against acute toxoplasmosis.

Background : Broad spectrums of pharmacological properties , including antimicrobial activity have been attributed toBoiss ( Laminaceae ) .
The in vivo efficacy and safety ofessential oil ( ZM-EO ) were evaluated against acute toxoplasmosis caused by ( Sarcocystidae ) in mice .
Methods : ( aerial parts ) was obtained from the rural districts of Kerman city ( Kerman Province ) Southwestern Iran , in May of 2016 .
Male NMRI mice were orally treated with normal saline ( control group ) and ZM-EO at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg once a day for 14 d ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the 15day , the mice were infected with 104 tachyzoites ofRH strain by intraperitoneal route .
The mortality rate and parasite load were determined in the infected mice .
Additionally , 24 mice were applied to examine the sub-acute toxicity of ZM-EO at the above doses after treatment during 14 d. Results : GC/MS analysis displayed that the key constituents were thymol ( 45.4 % ) , carvacrol ( 23 % ) and-cymene ( 10.6 % ) , respectively .
Overall , 100 % mortality was observed on the 8and 9days in treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.4 mL/kg , respectively .
The mean number of tachyzoites in the mice treated with 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg of ZM-EO were 189×10and 76×10cell/mL , respectively , meaningfully ( < 0.05 ) reduced compared with the control mice .
Results also demonstrated that ZM-EO had no important toxicity on mice .
Conclusion : The results demonstrated the efficacy of ZM-EO against acute toxoplasmosis .
Nevertheless , supplementary surveys are mandatory to examine its precise effects , mainly immunomodulatory effect on toxoplasmosis .

Background: Broad spectrums of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity have been attributed toBoiss (Laminaceae). The in vivo efficacy and safety ofessential oil (ZM-EO) were evaluated against acute toxoplasmosis caused by(Sarcocystidae) in mice.
Methods: (aerial parts) was obtained from the rural districts of Kerman city (Kerman Province) Southwestern Iran, in May of 2016. Male NMRI mice were orally treated with normal saline (control group) and ZM-EO at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg once a day for 14 d (8 mice in each group)On the 15day, the mice were infected with 104 tachyzoites ofRH strain by intraperitoneal route. The mortality rate and parasite load were determined in the infected mice. Additionally, 24 mice were applied to examine the sub-acute toxicity of ZM-EO at the above doses after treatment during 14 d.
Results: GC/MS analysis displayed that the key constituents were thymol (45.4%), carvacrol (23%) and-cymene (10.6%), respectively. Overall, 100% mortality was observed on the 8and 9days in treated mice with the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg, respectively. The mean number of tachyzoites in the mice treated with 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg of ZM-EO were 189×10and 76×10cell/mL, respectively, meaningfully (<0.05) reduced compared with the control mice. Results also demonstrated that ZM-EO had no important toxicity on mice.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated the efficacy of ZM-EO against acute toxoplasmosis. Nevertheless, supplementary surveys are mandatory to examine its precise effects, mainly immunomodulatory effect on toxoplasmosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Modified citrus pectin ameliorates myocardial fibrosis and inflammation.

Myocardial fibrosis ( MF ) plays a key role in the development and progression of heart failure ( HF ) with limited effective therapies .
Galectin-3 ( Gal-3 ) is a biomarker associated with fibrosis and inflammation in patients with HF .
The Gal-3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin ( MCP ) protects against cardiac dysfunction , though the underlying mechanism remains unclear .
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of MCP on MF using an isoproterenol ( ISO ) -induced rat model of HF .
Cardiac function was analyzed by echocardiography and electrocardiography .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining .
The mRNA and protein expression levels of signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored by immunohistochemistry , western blot , qRT-PCR and ELISA analyses .
The results demonstrated that MCP ameliorated cardiac dysfunction , decreased myocardial injury and reduced collagen deposition .
Furthermore , MCP downregulated the expression of Gal-3 , TLR4 and MyD88 , thereby inhibiting NF-κB-p65 activation .
MCP also decreased the expression of IL-1β , IL-18 and TNF-α , which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HF .
These inhibitory effects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ until day 22 .
Taken together , these results suggest that MCP ameliorates cardiac dysfunction throughinhibiting inflammation and MF .
These effects may be through downregulating Gal-3 expression and suppressing activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway .
The present study supports the use of Gal-3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of MF after myocardial infarction .

Myocardial fibrosis (MF) plays a key role in the development and progression of heart failure (HF) with limited effective therapies. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a biomarker associated with fibrosis and inflammation in patients with HF. The Gal-3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (MCP) protects against cardiac dysfunction, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of MCP on MF using an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rat model of HF. Cardiac function was analyzed by echocardiography and electrocardiography. Histopathological changes in the heart tissue were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored by immunohistochemistry, western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA analyses. The results demonstrated that MCP ameliorated cardiac dysfunction, decreased myocardial injury and reduced collagen deposition. Furthermore, MCP downregulated the expression of Gal-3, TLR4 and MyD88, thereby inhibiting NF-κB-p65 activation. MCP also decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HF. These inhibitory effects were observed on day 15 and continued until day 22. Taken together, these results suggest that MCP ameliorates cardiac dysfunction throughinhibiting inflammation and MF. These effects may be through downregulating Gal-3 expression and suppressing activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The present study supports the use of Gal-3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of MF after myocardial infarction.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Lemon essential oil ameliorates age-associated cognitive dysfunction.

The lemon essential oil ( LEO ) , extracted from the fruit of lemon , has been used to treat multiple pathological diseases , such as diabetes , inflammation , cardiovascular diseases , depression and hepatobiliary dysfunction .
The study was designed to study the effects of LEO on cognitive dysfunction induced by Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) .
We used APP/PS1 double transgene ( APP/PS1 ) AD mice in the experiment ; these mice exhibit significant deficits in synaptic density and hippocampal-dependent spatial related memory .
The effects of LEO on learning and memory were examined using the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Novel object recognition test , and correlative indicators , including a neurotransmitter ( acetylcholinesterase , AChE ) , a nerve growth factor ( brain-derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ) , a postsynaptic marker ( PSD95 ) , and presynaptic markers ( synapsin-1 , and synaptophysin ) , in APP/PS1 mice .
Histopathology was performed to estimate the effects of LEO on AD mice .
A significantly lowered brain AChE depression in APP/PS1 and wild-type C57BL/6L ( WT ) mice .
PSD95/ Synaptophysin , the index of synaptic density , was noticeably improved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ can be summarized that memory-enhancing activity might be associated with a reduction in the AChE levels and is elevated by BDNF , PSD95 , and synaptophysin through enhancing synaptic plasticity .

The lemon essential oil (LEO), extracted from the fruit of lemon, has been used to treat multiple pathological diseases, such as diabetes, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, depression and hepatobiliary dysfunction. The study was designed to study the effects of LEO on cognitive dysfunction induced by Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used APP/PS1 double transgene (APP/PS1) AD mice in the experiment; these mice exhibit significant deficits in synaptic density and hippocampal-dependent spatial related memory. The effects of LEO on learning and memory were examined using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, Novel object recognition test, and correlative indicators, including a neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), a nerve growth factor (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), a postsynaptic marker (PSD95), and presynaptic markers (synapsin-1, and synaptophysin), in APP/PS1 mice. Histopathology was performed to estimate the effects of LEO on AD mice. A significantly lowered brain AChE depression in APP/PS1 and wild-type C57BL/6L (WT) mice. PSD95/ Synaptophysin, the index of synaptic density, was noticeably improved in histopathologic changes. Hence, it can be summarized that memory-enhancing activity might be associated with a reduction in the AChE levels and is elevated by BDNF, PSD95, and synaptophysin through enhancing synaptic plasticity.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Superior antibacterial activity of integral lemon pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation.

Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant @ @ @ @ @ Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food .
The antibacterial effect of the new IntegroPectin @ @ @ @ @ of commercial citrus pectin , opening the way to advanced applications of a new bioproduct @ @ @ @ @ and at low cost from citrus juice industry 's waste .

Pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation in water only from waste lemon peel and further isolated via freeze drying displays significant antibacterial activity against, a Gram positive pathogen which easily contaminates food. The antibacterial effect of the new IntegroPectin is largely superior to that of commercial citrus pectin, opening the way to advanced applications of a new bioproduct now obtainable in large amounts and at low cost from citrus juice industry's waste.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Dandelion leaf and petal phenolic fractions, enriched with l-chicoric acid, are promising plant mate

Alcoholic leaf and petal fractions of ( dandelion ) were previously demonstrated to exert in vitro antioxidant and antithrombotic activities in blood plasma and platelets .
Eight-week-old male Wistar rats ( = 6 ) were supplemented for four weeks with dandelion fractions ( 694 mg/kg of diet = 11.9± 0.6 mg daily ) .
Dandelion leaf and petal fractions , which delivered daily 4.10 ± 0.05 and 1.41 ± 0.07 mg l-chicoric acid , respectively , were shown to exert antioxidative actions , measured as decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ) in the spleen ( ≈0.8-fold , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 0.53-fold , leaves ) and thoracic arteries ( 0.59-fold , petals ) .
Moreover , petal fraction increased thiols in the blood plasma ( 1.58-fold ) , while leaf fraction decreased protein carbonylation levels ( 0.59-fold ) .
Additionally , dandelion leaf fractions modified the lipid profile : decreased triglyceride ( 0.44-fold ) , total cholesterol ( 0.73-fold ) , lipoprotein combine index ( 0.32-fold ) and the atherogenic index of plasma ( 0.62-fold ) .
Dandelion fractions showed a beneficial decrease effect in the participation of cyclooxygenase products in the noradrenaline-induced vascular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ only the dandelion leaf fraction augmented acetylcholine-induced vasodilation and upregulated Kchannels .
The heart rate and blood pressure were not modified .
Dandelion leaf and petal phenolic fractions , enriched with l-chicoric acid , are promising plant materials that may exert in vivo beneficial antioxidant effects .

Alcoholic leaf and petal fractions of(dandelion) were previously demonstrated to exert in vitro antioxidant and antithrombotic activities in blood plasma and platelets. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats (= 6) were supplemented for four weeks with dandelion fractions (694 mg/kg of diet = 11.9± 0.6 mg daily). Dandelion leaf and petal fractions, which delivered daily 4.10 ± 0.05 and 1.41 ± 0.07 mg l-chicoric acid, respectively, were shown to exert antioxidative actions, measured as decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the spleen (≈0.8-fold, leaves and petals), brain (0.53-fold, leaves) and thoracic arteries (0.59-fold, petals). Moreover, petal fraction increased thiols in the blood plasma (1.58-fold), while leaf fraction decreased protein carbonylation levels (0.59-fold). Additionally, dandelion leaf fractions modified the lipid profile: decreased triglyceride (0.44-fold), total cholesterol (0.73-fold), lipoprotein combine index (0.32-fold) and the atherogenic index of plasma (0.62-fold). Dandelion fractions showed a beneficial decrease effect in the participation of cyclooxygenase products in the noradrenaline-induced vascular contractions of thoracic arteries. Meanwhile, only the dandelion leaf fraction augmented acetylcholine-induced vasodilation and upregulated Kchannels. The heart rate and blood pressure were not modified. Dandelion leaf and petal phenolic fractions, enriched with l-chicoric acid, are promising plant materials that may exert in vivo beneficial antioxidant effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Long-term bisphenol S exposure aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Environmental chemical exposures have been implicated as risk factors for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver ( NAFLD ) .
Bisphenol S ( BPS ) , widely used in multitudinous consumer products , could disrupt lipid metabolism in the liver .
This study aimed at examining the hypothesis that long-term exposure to BPS promotes the development of liver fibrosis and inflammation by means of the application of a semi-static exposure experiment that exposed zebrafish to 1 , 10 , and 100 μg/L BPS from 3 h post fertilization to 120 day post fertilization .
Results showed that the 120-d BPS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ aminotransferase activities , increased triacylglycerol ( TAG ) and total cholesterol levels in male liver , and even induced hepaticapoptosis and fibrosis .
Hepatic lipid accumulation observed in the 30-d BPS-exposed zebrafish was recovered after a 90-d depuration phase , thereby indicating that long-term BPS exposure promotes the progression of simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis .
Furthermore , BPS exposure for 120-dpromoted the synthesis of TAG and lipotoxic free fatty acids by elevating the transcription of srebp1 , acc , fasn , and elovl6 , induced endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( UPR ) genes ( perk , hsp5 , atf4a , and ddit3 ) , and then stimulated theexpression of two key autophagy genes ( atg3 and lc3 ) and inflammatory genes ( il1b and tnfα ) .
It is indicated that BPS can induce the development of steatohepatitis via the activation of the PERK-ATF4a pathway of the UPR .
Data gathered suggest that environmental pollutants-induced ER stress with theactivation of UPR can potentially trigger the NAFLD development in males .
Overall , our study provided new sights into understanding of the adverse @ @ @ @ @ @ @

Environmental chemical exposures have been implicated as risk factors for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). Bisphenol S (BPS), widely used in multitudinous consumer products, could disrupt lipid metabolism in the liver. This study aimed at examining the hypothesis that long-term exposure to BPS promotes the development of liver fibrosis and inflammation by means of the application of a semi-static exposure experiment that exposed zebrafish to 1, 10, and 100 μg/L BPS from 3 h post fertilization to 120 day post fertilization. Results showed that the 120-d BPS exposure elevated plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, increased triacylglycerol (TAG) and total cholesterol levels in male liver, and even induced hepaticapoptosis and fibrosis. Hepatic lipid accumulation observed in the 30-d BPS-exposed zebrafish was recovered after a 90-d depuration phase, thereby indicating that long-term BPS exposure promotes the progression of simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, BPS exposure for 120-dpromoted the synthesis of TAG and lipotoxic free fatty acids by elevating the transcription of srebp1, acc, fasn, and elovl6, induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with increasing expression levels of unfolded protein response (UPR) genes (perk, hsp5, atf4a, and ddit3), and then stimulated theexpression of two key autophagy genes (atg3 and lc3) and inflammatory genes (il1b and tnfα). It is indicated that BPS can induce the development of steatohepatitis via the activation of the PERK-ATF4a pathway of the UPR. Data gathered suggest that environmental pollutants-induced ER stress with theactivation of UPR can potentially trigger the NAFLD development in males. Overall, our study provided new sights into understanding of the adverse health effects of metabolism disrupting chemicals.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Bisphenol A and its analogues bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF induce oxidative stress.

Bisphenol A ( BPA ) is gradually being replaced by presumably safer analogues such as bisphenol S ( BPS ) , bisphenol F ( BPF ) , and bisphenol AF ( BPAF ) , due to its toxic , endocrine disrupting and possible carcinogenic effects .
Although these bisphenols are widely used to produce a variety of everyday household items , the effects of BPA and its analogues on oxidative stress and cellular energy metabolism of the female reproductive system are still poorly understood .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress , biomacromolecular damage and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels induced by BPA and its substitutes on KGN cells , which are maintain physiological characteristics of ovarian granulosa cells .
We have observed that BPA and BPAF significantly reduced the viability of KGN cells , while BPS and BPF exhibited a slight toxic effect on the cells .
The levels of intracellular ROS production and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased and decreased , respectively , in KGN cells after treatment with high concentrations of BPA and its analogues .
In addition , we found that the damage to biomacromolecules , which are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly increased after treatment with BPA , BPS , BPF , and BPAF .
The intracellular Calevels in KGN cells were significantly increased after exposure to high concentrations of BPA and BPAF , respectively .
These results suggest that BPA and its analogues may play different roles in regulating the biologic functions of granulosa cells and the process of ovarian follicular development .

Bisphenol A (BPA) is gradually being replaced by presumably safer analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), due to its toxic, endocrine disrupting and possible carcinogenic effects. Although these bisphenols are widely used to produce a variety of everyday household items, the effects of BPA and its analogues on oxidative stress and cellular energy metabolism of the female reproductive system are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, biomacromolecular damage and changes in calcium ion (Ca) levels induced by BPA and its substitutes on KGN cells, which are maintain physiological characteristics of ovarian granulosa cells. We have observed that BPA and BPAF significantly reduced the viability of KGN cells, while BPS and BPF exhibited a slight toxic effect on the cells. The levels of intracellular ROS production and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in KGN cells after treatment with high concentrations of BPA and its analogues. In addition, we found that the damage to biomacromolecules, which are the main targets of oxidative stress was significantly increased after treatment with BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF. The intracellular Calevels in KGN cells were significantly increased after exposure to high concentrations of BPA and BPAF, respectively. These results suggest that BPA and its analogues may play different roles in regulating the biologic functions of granulosa cells and the process of ovarian follicular development.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Bisphenol S induces ectopic angiogenesis in embryos.

Bisphenol S ( BPS ) , used as a bisphenol A substitute , has been detected in various environments .
@ @ @ @ @ BPS is still unclear .
Here , zebrafish embryos were exposed to BPS ( 0 @ @ @ @ @ and 100μg/L ) for 24 , 48 , 72 , 96 h , and 15 @ @ @ @ @ sprouting of budding blood vessels in embryos , but the blood flow velocity within these @ @ @ @ @ h. At 72 h postfertilization ( hpf ) , by observing the subintestinal venous plexus @ @ @ @ @ we foundthat VEGFR2 transduced an angiogenic signal and that the subsequent reduction in blood flow @ @ @ @ @ At 96 hpf , yolk consumption was still delayed because of the disturbed transportation route @ @ @ @ @ lipid retention in the blood vessels .
After feeding , obvious atherogenic lipids were discovered @ @ @ @ @ especially in bends , bifurcations , and stenoses .
This dynamic visualization of the pathogenesis @ @ @ @ @ between BPS exposure-induced embryonic vessel overgrowth and an increased atherosclerosisrisk .

Bisphenol S (BPS), used as a bisphenol A substitute, has been detected in various environments. However, the safety of BPS is still unclear. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BPS (0, 1, 10, and 100μg/L) for 24, 48, 72, 96 h, and 15 days. BPS induced ectopic sprouting of budding blood vessels in embryos, but the blood flow velocity within these lesions was unchanged at 48 h. At 72 h postfertilization (hpf), by observing the subintestinal venous plexus responsible for yolk absorption, we foundthat VEGFR2 transduced an angiogenic signal and that the subsequent reduction in blood flow velocity inhibited yolk absorption. At 96 hpf, yolk consumption was still delayed because of the disturbed transportation route, resulting in transient extensive lipid retention in the blood vessels. After feeding, obvious atherogenic lipids were discovered in the blood vessels, especially in bends, bifurcations, and stenoses. This dynamic visualization of the pathogenesis demonstrates a plausible mechanistic link between BPS exposure-induced embryonic vessel overgrowth and an increased atherosclerosisrisk.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--These results suggest that prenatal bisphenol S exposure potentially increases the susceptibility to

These results suggest that prenatal bisphenol S exposure potentially increases the susceptibility to high fat diet-induced adipogenesis.

Bisphenol S ( BPS ) has been increasingly used as a substitute for bisphenol A ( BPA ) , a known endocrine disruptor .
Early-life exposure to BPA affects fetal development and the risk of obesity in adolescence and adulthood .
However , the effects of fetal exposure BPS in later life are unknown .
This study aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal BPS exposure on adiposity in adult F1 mice .
Pregnant C57BL/6 N mice were exposed to BPS ( 0 , 0.05 , 0.5 , 5 , and 50 mg/kg/d ) via drinking water from gestation day @ @ @ @ @ @ @ groups of offspring ( 6 weeks old ) were either administered a standard diet ( STD ) or a high-fat diet ( HFD ) for 4 weeks until euthanasia .
The body weight and gonadal white adipose tissue ( gWAT ) mass were determined , and the energy expenditure for the adiposity phenotype was computed especially for male mice , followed by histological analysis of the gWAT .
Thereafter , the expression levels of adipogenic marker genes ( Pparg , Cebpa , Fabp4 , Lpl , and Adipoq ) were analyzed in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ male mice displayed apparent gWAT hypertrophy , consistent with the significant increase in adipocyte size in the gWAT and upregulation of Pparg and its direct target genes among HFD mice in comparison with the control mice .
Theseresults suggest that prenatal BPS exposure potentially increases the susceptibility to HFD-induced adipogenesis in male adult mice .

Bisphenol S (BPS) has been increasingly used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor. Early-life exposure to BPA affects fetal development and the risk of obesity in adolescence and adulthood. However, the effects of fetal exposure BPS in later life are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal BPS exposure on adiposity in adult F1 mice. Pregnant C57BL/6 N mice were exposed to BPS (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg/d) via drinking water from gestation day 9 until delivery. Thereafter, two groups of offspring (6 weeks old) were either administered a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks until euthanasia. The body weight and gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) mass were determined, and the energy expenditure for the adiposity phenotype was computed especially for male mice, followed by histological analysis of the gWAT. Thereafter, the expression levels of adipogenic marker genes (Pparg, Cebpa, Fabp4, Lpl, and Adipoq) were analyzed in the gWAT via reverse-transcription PCR analysis. BPS-exposed male mice displayed apparent gWAT hypertrophy, consistent with the significant increase in adipocyte size in the gWAT and upregulation of Pparg and its direct target genes among HFD mice in comparison with the control mice. Theseresults suggest that prenatal BPS exposure potentially increases the susceptibility to HFD-induced adipogenesis in male adult mice.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Postnatal BPA is associated with increasing executive function difficulties in preschool children.

BACKGROUND : Early bisphenol exposure may have consequences for executive function development , but less is known about potential sex effects .
We hypothesized that early bisphenol A ( BPA ) and bisphenol S ( BPS ) exposures would be associated with sex-dependent changes in preschool executive function .
METHODS : A subsample of the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition ( APrON ) cohort ( n = 312 ) provided maternal second trimester ( prenatal ) and 3-month postpartum ( postnatal ) urine samples , from which BPA and BPS concentrations were quantified .
When children were age 2 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version ( BRIEF-P ) .
Changes in standardized T scores on the BRIEF-P indexes of inhibitory self-control , flexibility , and emergent metacognition were investigated .
RESULTS : Adjusted multivariate regression analyses showed that child sex modified the associations between maternal postnatal BPA and changes in executive function .
Higher maternal postnatal BPA concentrations predicted increasing difficulties from age 2 to 4 in the domains of inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition in female , but not male children .
The other bisphenol concentrations were not associated with changes in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the ubiquity of BPA exposure among breastfeeding women , these findings justify further investigation on the effects of postnatal bisphenol exposure on child cognitive development .
IMPACT : Higher concentrations of maternal BPA at 3-month postpartum were associated with increasing difficulties in inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition from age 2 to 4 in girls , but not boys.Prenatal BPA and prenatal/postnatal BPS were not significant predictors of changes in executive function in boys and girls.The current study extends previous research to show that maternal postnatal BPA could also impact child executive function.Due to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ women , the current findings suggest that additional precautions may be needed to protect infants ' neurodevelopment from indirect exposure to BPA .

BACKGROUND: Early bisphenol exposure may have consequences for executive function development, but less is known about potential sex effects. We hypothesized that early bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) exposures would be associated with sex-dependent changes in preschool executive function.
METHODS: A subsample of the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort (n = 312) provided maternal second trimester (prenatal) and 3-month postpartum (postnatal) urine samples, from which BPA and BPS concentrations were quantified. When children were age 2 and 4, mothers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Changes in standardized T scores on the BRIEF-P indexes of inhibitory self-control, flexibility, and emergent metacognition were investigated.
RESULTS: Adjusted multivariate regression analyses showed that child sex modified the associations between maternal postnatal BPA and changes in executive function. Higher maternal postnatal BPA concentrations predicted increasing difficulties from age 2 to 4 in the domains of inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition in female, but not male children. The other bisphenol concentrations were not associated with changes in executive function.
CONCLUSION: Due to the ubiquity of BPA exposure among breastfeeding women, these findings justify further investigation on the effects of postnatal bisphenol exposure on child cognitive development.
IMPACT: Higher concentrations of maternal BPA at 3-month postpartum were associated with increasing difficulties in inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition from age 2 to 4 in girls, but not boys.Prenatal BPA and prenatal/postnatal BPS were not significant predictors of changes in executive function in boys and girls.The current study extends previous research to show that maternal postnatal BPA could also impact child executive function.Due to the ubiquity of BPA exposure among breastfeeding women, the current findings suggest that additional precautions may be needed to protect infants' neurodevelopment from indirect exposure to BPA.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Low doses of bisphenol S affect post-translational modifications of sperm proteins in male mice.

BACKGROUND : Bisphenol S ( BPS ) is increasingly used as a replacement for bisphenol A in the manufacture of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins .
However , further studies of BPS exposure are needed for the assessment of health risks to humans .
In this study we assessed the potential harmfulness of low-dose BPS on reproduction in male mice .
METHODS : To simulate human exposure under experimental conditions , 8-week-old outbred ICR male mice received 8 weeks of drinking water containing a broad range of BPS doses [ 0.001 , 1.0 , or 100 μg/kg body weight @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or vehicle control .
Mice were sacrificed and testicular tissue taken for histological analysis and protein identification by nano-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry ( MS ) and sperm collected for immunodetection of acetylated lysine and phosphorylated tyrosine followed by protein characterisation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight MS ( MALDI-TOF MS ) .
RESULTS : The results indicate that compared to vehicle , 100 μg/kg/day exposure ( BPS3 ) leads to 1 ) significant histopathology in testicular tissue ; and , 2 ) higher levels of the histone protein γH2AX , a reliable marker of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ spermatozoa in the germ layer in the experimental group treated with 1 μg/kg bw ( BPS2 ) .
Finally , western blot and MALDI-TOF MS studies showed significant alterations in the sperm acetylome and phosphorylome in mice treated with the lowest exposure ( 0.001 μg/kg/day ; BPS1 ) , although the dose is several times lower than what has been published so far .
CONCLUSIONS : In summary , this range of qualitative and quantitative findings in young male mice raise the possibility that very low doses of BPS may impair mammalian reproduction @ @ @ @ @ @ @

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly used as a replacement for bisphenol A in the manufacture of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins. However, further studies of BPS exposure are needed for the assessment of health risks to humans. In this study we assessed the potential harmfulness of low-dose BPS on reproduction in male mice.
METHODS: To simulate human exposure under experimental conditions, 8-week-old outbred ICR male mice received 8 weeks of drinking water containing a broad range of BPS doses [0.001, 1.0, or 100 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day, BPS1-3] or vehicle control. Mice were sacrificed and testicular tissue taken for histological analysis and protein identification by nano-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) and sperm collected for immunodetection of acetylated lysine and phosphorylated tyrosine followed by protein characterisation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF MS).
RESULTS: The results indicate that compared to vehicle, 100 μg/kg/day exposure (BPS3) leads to 1) significant histopathology in testicular tissue; and, 2) higher levels of the histone protein γH2AX, a reliable marker of DNA damage. There were fewer mature spermatozoa in the germ layer in the experimental group treated with 1 μg/kg bw (BPS2). Finally,western blot and MALDI-TOF MS studies showed significant alterations in the sperm acetylome and phosphorylome in mice treated with the lowest exposure (0.001 μg/kg/day; BPS1), although the dose is several times lower than what has been published so far.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this range of qualitative and quantitative findings in young male mice raise the possibility that very low doses of BPS may impair mammalian reproduction through epigenetic modifications of sperm proteins.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--"There Are Fates Worse Than Death" - Catherine Austin Fitts Exposes the Injection Fraud

Catherine Austin Fitts of solari.com interviews James Corbett about his new documentary , Who Is Bill Gates ?
We go @ @ @ @ @ to discuss the syndicate that he is leading , the business model it relies on @ @ @ @ @ of collateral that will underlie the digital economy : the human body .
Do n't @ @ @ @ @ fills in the missing pieces of the puzzle and draws back the curtains on the @ @ @ @ @ fraud .
View all episodes of the groundbreaking documentary Who Is Bill Gates ?
Please @ @ @ @ @ Corbett and the Corbett Report .
They have no hidden agendas or primary funders beyond @ @ @ @ @ and me !
You can become a member for as little as $ 1 a @ @

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
Catherine Austin Fitts of solari.com interviews James Corbett about his new documentary, Who Is Bill Gates? They go beyond the focus on Gates to discuss the syndicate that he is leading, the business model it relies on, and the new form of collateral that will underlie the digital economy: the human body. Don't miss this vital conversation that fills in the missing pieces of the puzzle and draws back the curtains on the real purpose of the injection fraud.
SHOW NOTES AND MP3: https://www.corbettreport.com/?p=36739
View all episodes of the groundbreaking documentary Who Is Bill Gates?
Please support the work of James Corbett and the Corbett Report. They have no hidden agendas or primary funders beyond the micro-donations made by you and me! You can become a member for as little as $1 a month.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Protective effect of genistein on condylar cartilage.

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis ( TMJOA ) is characterised by chronic inflammatory changes , with subsequent gradual loss of joint cartilage .
NF-B is a crucial transcription factor in the course of inflammatory and immune responses , which are involved in OA pathology activated by proinflammatory cytokines .
Genistein is known to have anti-inflammation and modulation of metabolic pathways through repression of the NF-B signaling pathway in inflammatory disease .
But so far , studies on the effects of genistein on TMJOA are very limited .
So , the purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of genistein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ downregulating NF-B expression in created osteoarthritis rats .
Male SD rats were created as temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis models and administered through oral gavage with low and high dosage genistein ( 30 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg , respectively ) daily for 4 weeks .
The morphological changes of the condylar cartilage were studied with HE and Masson staining .
The expressions of p65 and inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1and TNF ) were detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR .
The results showed that experimentally created osteoarthritis reduced the condylar cartilage thickness of rats and increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ TNF ) and positive cells of p65 .
Genistein treatment had positive effects on the condylar cartilage renovation , while high dose genistein treatment had more significant effects on the reversing of OA changes and reduction of the expression of p65 and inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1and TNF ) .
The results indicated that high dose genistein treatment had obvious therapeutic effects on condyle cartilage damages of OA rats .
The mechanism may be that genistein suppresses the NF-B expression activated by inflammatory cytokines .

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis (TMJOA) is characterised by chronic inflammatory changes, with subsequent gradual loss of joint cartilage. NF-B is a crucial transcription factor in the course of inflammatory and immune responses, which are involved in OA pathology activated by proinflammatory cytokines. Genistein is known to have anti-inflammation and modulation of metabolic pathways through repression of the NF-B signaling pathway in inflammatory disease. But so far, studies on the effects of genistein on TMJOA are very limited. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of genistein against experimentally induced condylar cartilage degradation through downregulating NF-B expression in created osteoarthritis rats. Male SD rats were created as temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis models and administered through oral gavage with low and high dosage genistein (30 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg, respectively) daily for 4 weeks. The morphological changes of the condylar cartilage were studied with HE and Masson staining. The expressions of p65 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1and TNF) were detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. The results showed that experimentally created osteoarthritis reduced the condylar cartilage thickness of rats and increased the gene expression of cytokines (IL-1and TNF) and positive cells of p65. Genistein treatment had positive effects on the condylar cartilage renovation, while high dose genistein treatment had more significant effects on the reversing of OA changes and reduction of the expression of p65 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1and TNF). The results indicated that high dose genistein treatment had obvious therapeutic effects on condyle cartilage damages of OA rats. The mechanism may be that genistein suppresses the NF-B expression activated by inflammatory cytokines.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Protective effects of genistein on the cognitive deficits induced by chronic sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation has been widely reported to cause cognitive dysfunction , and elevation in oxidative stress and inflammation in the body , including the brain , have been suggested as the main factors .
Genistein ( GE ) is an isoflavone widely present in leguminous plants , and it was found to exert a wide spectrum of biological activities , including antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , hepatoprotective , neuroprotective , and antimetastatic effects .
In this study , the protective effect of GE on chronic sleep deprivation ( CSD ) -induced cognitive dysfunction was investigated .
The mice were subjected to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ deprived for 25 days .
GE was orally administrated ( 10 , 20 , and 40 mg/kg ) during the sleep deprivation process totally for 25 days .
Cognitive behavioral tests were conducted to study the learning and memory using the object location recognition ( OLR ) task , novel object recognition ( NOR ) test , and the Morris water maze ( MWM ) task .
Additionally , the cortex and hippocampus were dissected to measure the oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant element nuclear erythroid-2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ligase catalytic , glutamate cysteine ligase modifier , heme oxygenase 1 , and quinone oxidoreductase 1 , as well as nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) p65 , nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) , and cyclooxygenase 2 ( COX-2 ) protein expression .
Moreover , the pro-inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α , interleukin [ IL ] -6 , and IL-1β ) level was examined in the serum .
The current results showed that GE could dose-dependently ameliorate the cognitive deficits of CSD-treated mice in the OLR , NOR , and MWM tasks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ elevated the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase and the level of glutathione and lowered the content of malondialdehyde in the cortex and hippocampus of CSD-treated mice .
Furthermore , GE administration effectively activated the antioxidant element Nrf2 and its downstream targets in the cortex and hippocampus of CSD-treated mice .
Moreover , GE treatment significantly suppressed CSD-induced NF-κB p65 , iNOS , and COX-2 activation in the cortex and hippocampus , as well as inhibitedCSD-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-6 , and IL-1β ) release in the serum .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ that GE has substantial potential as a therapeutic intervention for the alleviation of CSD-induced deleterious effects .

Sleep deprivation has been widely reported to cause cognitive dysfunction, and elevation in oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, including the brain, have been suggested as the main factors. Genistein (GE) is an isoflavone widely present in leguminous plants, and it was found to exert a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antimetastatic effects. In this study, the protective effect of GE on chronic sleep deprivation (CSD)-induced cognitive dysfunction was investigated. The mice were subjected to the sleep interruption apparatus and continuously sleep deprived for 25 days. GE was orally administrated (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) during the sleep deprivation process totally for 25 days. Cognitive behavioral tests were conducted to study the learning and memory using the object location recognition (OLR) task, novel object recognition (NOR) test, and the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Additionally, the cortex and hippocampus were dissected to measure the oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant element nuclear erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream targets, including glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier, heme oxygenase 1, and quinone oxidoreductase 1, as well as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expression. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-1β) level was examined in the serum. The current results showed that GE could dose-dependently ameliorate the cognitive deficits of CSD-treated mice in the OLR, NOR, and MWM tasks. In addition, GE treatment significantly elevated the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase and the level of glutathione and lowered the content of malondialdehyde in the cortex and hippocampus of CSD-treated mice. Furthermore, GE administration effectively activated the antioxidant element Nrf2 and its downstream targets in the cortex and hippocampus of CSD-treated mice. Moreover, GE treatment significantly suppressed CSD-induced NF-κB p65, iNOS, and COX-2 activation in the cortex and hippocampus, as well as inhibitedCSD-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) release in the serum. Taken together, all these results suggested that GE has substantial potential as a therapeutic intervention for the alleviation of CSD-induced deleterious effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Genistein inhibits high fat diet-induced obesity through miR-222 by targeting BTG2 and adipor1.

Obesity and diabetes mellitus have become major health problems worldwide .
In recent years , genistein has been found to be capable of inhibiting obesity and alleviating insulin resistance .
However , the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity is still not fully understood .
In this study , we used 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and obese mice as models to explore the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity .
We found that genistein can inhibit obesity and downregulate the expression of miR-222 in mouse adipose tissue .
In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes , treatment with miR-222 inhibitor or genistein reduced the expression of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ miR-222 treatment increased the expression of miR-222 and inhibited lipolysis .
Moreover , the dual-luciferase reporter assay system confirmed that BTG2 and adipor1 are the target genes of miR-222 .
Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo suggest that genistein may regulate lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of obese mice by regulating the expression of miR-222 and its target genes , BTG2 and adipor1 .
Our findings provide a new epigenetic mechanism underpinning the ability of genistein to resist obesity .
These results may provide a reference point for the dietary treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Obesity and diabetes mellitus have become major health problems worldwide. In recent years, genistein has been found to be capable of inhibiting obesity and alleviating insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity is still not fully understood. In this study, we used 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and obese mice as models to explore the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity. We found that genistein can inhibit obesity and downregulate the expression of miR-222 in mouse adipose tissue. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, treatment with miR-222 inhibitor or genistein reduced the expression of miR-222 and promoted lipid decomposition, while miR-222 treatment increased the expression of miR-222 and inhibited lipolysis. Moreover, the dual-luciferase reporter assay system confirmed that BTG2 and adipor1 are the target genes of miR-222. Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo suggest that genistein may regulate lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of obese mice by regulating the expression of miR-222 and its target genes, BTG2 and adipor1. Our findings provide a new epigenetic mechanism underpinning the ability of genistein to resist obesity. These results may provide a reference point for the dietary treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK a

Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE : Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities , including insulin resistance and dyslipidemias .
Previous studies demonstrated that genistein intake modifies the gut microbiota in mice by selectively increasing , leading to reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity .
However , it is not known whether the consumption of genistein in humans with obesity could modify the gut microbiota reducing the metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity .
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS : 45 participants with a Homeostatic Model Assessment ( HOMA ) index greater than 2.5 and body mass indices of≥30 and≤40 kg/mwere studied .
Patients were randomly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment or ( 2 ) genistein capsules ( 50 mg/day ) for 2 months .
Blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose concentration , lipid profile and serum insulin .
Insulin resistance was determined by means of the HOMA for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) index and by an oral glucose tolerance test .
After 2 months , the same variables were assessedincluding a serum metabolomic analysis , gut microbiota , and a skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained to study the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation .
RESULTS : In the present @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of genistein for 2 months reduced insulin resistance in subjects with obesity , accompanied by a modification of the gut microbiota taxonomy , particularly by an increase in the Verrucomicrobia phylum .
In addition , subjects showed a reduction in metabolic endotoxemia and an increase in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle .
As a result , there was an increase in circulating metabolites ofβ-oxidation and ω-oxidation , acyl-carnitines and ketone bodies .
CONCLUSIONS : Change in the gut microbiota was accompanied @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation .
Therefore , genistein could be used as a part of dietary strategies to control the abnormalities associated with obesity , particularly insulin resistance ; however , long-term studies are needed .

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemias. Previous studies demonstrated that genistein intake modifies the gut microbiota in mice by selectively increasing, leading to reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known whether the consumption of genistein in humans with obesity could modify the gut microbiota reducing the metabolic endotoxemia and insulin sensitivity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: 45 participants with a Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index greater than 2.5 and body mass indices of≥30 and≤40 kg/mwere studied. Patients were randomly distributed to consume (1) placebo treatment or (2) genistein capsules (50 mg/day) for 2 months. Blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose concentration, lipid profile and serum insulin. Insulin resistance was determined by means of the HOMA for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and by an oral glucose tolerance test. After 2 months, the same variables were assessedincluding a serum metabolomic analysis, gut microbiota, and a skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained to study the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation.
RESULTS: In the present study, we show that the consumption of genistein for 2 months reduced insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, accompanied by a modification of the gut microbiota taxonomy, particularly by an increase in the Verrucomicrobia phylum. In addition, subjects showed a reduction in metabolic endotoxemia and an increase in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. As a result, there was an increase in circulating metabolites ofβ-oxidation and ω-oxidation, acyl-carnitines and ketone bodies.
CONCLUSIONS: Change in the gut microbiota was accompanied by an improvement in insulin resistance and an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, genistein could be used as a part of dietary strategies to control the abnormalities associated with obesity, particularly insulin resistance; however, long-term studies are needed.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Momordica charantia mitigates hepatic injury following adjuvant treatment with antiretroviral drugs

Momordica charantia mitigates hepatic injury following adjuvant treatment with antiretroviral drugs in diabetic animal models.

( ) is a medicinal plant , used in traditional practice for treating diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus .
@ @ @ @ @ hepato-protective effect offollowing treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) in diabetic rats @ @ @ @ @ Dawley rats were divided into seven groups ( A-G ) of 7 animals per group @ @ @ @ @ .
Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin ( STZ ) by intraperitoneal injection ( 45 mg/kg @ @ @ @ @ animals were euthanized on the 10th week with liver removed for examination and blood obtained @ @ @ @ @ to collect the sera .
Blood glucose levels ( BGL ) were consistently and significantly @ @

() is a medicinal plant, used in traditional practice for treating diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the possible hepato-protective effect offollowing treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in diabetic rats. 48 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (A-G) of 7 animals per group and treated according to protocols. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) by intraperitoneal injection (45 mg/kg body weight). The animals were euthanized on the 10th week with liver removed for examination and blood obtained via cardiac puncture and centrifuged to collect the sera. Blood glucose levels (BGL) were consistently and significantly raised ( < 0.05) in all groups not receiving the adjuvant. Treatment withreverses the increase in BGL to near normal. Markers of liver injury assayed showed significant increase ( < 0.05) in AST, ALP and ALT levels in groups not receiving. Adjuvant HAART andcaused significant declines in the liver enzymes ( < 0.05). Serum GGT was not markedly altered. Treatment withsignificantly restored liver enzymes elevations to near normal comparable to control. Histopathological observations ranged from severe hepatocellular distortions, necrosis and massive fibrosis following treatment of HAART in diabetic groups not receiving. Treatment withdid not show any sign of hepatotoxicity as judged from the histological and biochemical observations.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--The leaves of Momordica charantia are useful for the treatment of infections by Salmonella strains.

Infections due tostrains constitute one of the major health problems in humans , particularly in Africa .
The use of traditional herbs has proven effective in reducing the incidence of infection in some high-risk groups .
To assess the effects ofleaf extracts that influence blood infection , anstudy of the effect on macrophages and neutrophils and treatment of mouse model ofinfection was done .
Methanol and diethyl ether extracts were concerned by this study.study was to assess the effects of extracts on phagocytosis , and related intracellular killing mechanisms of macrophages were examined .
Later , mobilization of leukocytes and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ quantitating cultures evaluation of the blood infection of orally inoculated mice with .
Ingestion or attachment of carbon particles , production of superoxide anion , nitric oxide , and that of lysosomal acid phosphatase by macrophages and neutrophils were significantly increased by methanol and diethyl extracts at concentrations ranging from 40 g/ml to 640 g/ml .
Antibody titer and mobilization of leukocytes , particularly lymphocytes against , were highly increased by both methanol and diethyl extracts at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/kg .
At the same time , the extracts have reduced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ inoculated with 10 CFU offor 28 days .
Reduction in blood colonization or infection rates was similar for the levamisole mice group .
The results of this study should prove that the leaves ofare useful for the treatment of infections bystrains and for the assessment of drugs for therapeutic intervention .

Infections due tostrains constitute one of the major health problems in humans, particularly in Africa. The use of traditional herbs has proven effective in reducing the incidence of infection in some high-risk groups. To assess the effects ofleaf extracts that influence blood infection, anstudy of the effect on macrophages and neutrophils and treatment of mouse model ofinfection was done. Methanol and diethyl ether extracts were concerned by this study.study was to assess the effects of extracts on phagocytosis, and related intracellular killing mechanisms of macrophages were examined. Later, mobilization of leukocytes and production of antibodies againstwere measured followed by quantitating cultures evaluation of the blood infection of orally inoculated mice with. Ingestion or attachment of carbon particles, production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and that of lysosomal acid phosphatase by macrophages and neutrophils were significantly increased by methanol and diethyl extracts at concentrations ranging from 40 g/ml to 640 g/ml. Antibody titer and mobilization of leukocytes, particularly lymphocytes against, were highly increased by both methanol and diethyl extracts at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. At the same time, the extracts have reduced the rate of blood colonization in mice inoculated with 10 CFU offor 28 days. Reduction in blood colonization or infection rates was similar for the levamisole mice group. The results of this study should prove that the leaves ofare useful for the treatment of infections bystrains and for the assessment of drugs for therapeutic intervention.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Bitter melon extract treatment has a significant effect on uptake of the 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells.

BACKGROUND : Bitter Melon Extract ( BME ) is widely used for the treatment of various diseases worldwide , due to its rich phytochemical and antioxidant content .
The well-known anti-cancer drug , Paclitaxel ( PAC ) plays a major role in the treatment of various cancer types such as ovarian , breast , and lung cancer .
Technetium-99m ( 99mTc ) radiolabeled paclitaxel is emerging as an imaging probe for breast cancer in vivo .
99mTc labeled compounds have been attracting more scientific attention since the achievement of earlier researches in Nuclear Medicine .
People consume several types of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with radiolabeled compounds or radiopharmaceuticals .
OBJECTIVE : In the current study , we aimed to monitor potential effects of the BME on the uptake of 99mTc labeled Paclitaxel ( 99mTcPAC ) on MCF-7 ( ER+ ) and MDA-MB-231 ( ER- ) cell lines by using in vitro methods .
METHODS : BME was obtained by extraction of BM seeds by 80 % ethanol .
PAC was labeled with 99mTc by stannous chloride ( SnCl2 ) as reducing agent .
Cytotoxicity and incorporation assays were performed on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells within the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ uptake value of 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells at 240 minutes was 6.20 % and BME treated 99mTc-PAC values was 17.39 % .
CONCLUSION : It is observed that BME treatment has a significant effect on uptake of the 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells which is a known estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma cell line .
It is concluded that this effect could be due to the estrogen receptor dependent interaction of BME .

BACKGROUND: Bitter Melon Extract (BME) is widely used for the treatment of various diseases worldwide, due to its rich phytochemical and antioxidant content. The well-known anti-cancer drug, Paclitaxel (PAC) plays a major role in the treatment of various cancer types such as ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Technetium-99m (99mTc) radiolabeled paclitaxel is emerging as an imaging probe for breast cancer in vivo. 99mTc labeled compounds have been attracting more scientific attention since the achievement of earlier researches in Nuclear Medicine. People consume several types of plant origin diet without knowing the interaction with radiolabeled compounds or radiopharmaceuticals.
OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we aimed to monitor potential effects of the BME on the uptake of 99mTc labeled Paclitaxel (99mTcPAC) on MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-) cell lines by using in vitro methods.
METHODS: BME was obtained by extraction of BM seeds by 80% ethanol. PAC was labeled with 99mTc by stannous chloride (SnCl2) as reducing agent. Cytotoxicity and incorporation assays were performed on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells within the cell culture studies.
RESULTS: The uptake value of 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells at 240 minutes was 6.20% and BME treated 99mTc-PAC values was 17.39%.
CONCLUSION: It is observed that BME treatment has a significant effect on uptake of the 99mTc-PAC on MCF-7 cells which is a known estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma cell line. It is concluded that this effect could be due to the estrogen receptor dependent interaction of BME.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-05--Bitter melon peptide effectively regulates diabetes mellitus patients' blood sugar levels.

This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a particular bitter melon peptide ( BMP ) , with a specific sequence of 19 amino acids ( mcIRBP-19 ) , in regulating diabetic patients ' blood glucose .
In order to test the product with the specially processed BMP , a total of 142 diabetic patients were solicited as study subjects , of which 64 were assigned to an experiment group and 78 to a control group .
Biochemical data were compared with a pairedtest to verify the significance of changes over different time periods .
The clinical results showed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ' glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) levels at the end of the second month ( T2 ) , with mean values being significantly lowered from 7.8± 1.4 % ( T0 ) to 7.5 ± 1.4 % ( T2 ) ( = 0.004 ) .
The values reduced continuously , eventually reaching 7.4± 1.1 % ( = 0.000 ) at the end of the experiment ( T3 ) .
HbA1c levels for the control group were 7.5± 1.2 % in T0 and 7.5 ± 1.1 % ( T3 ) , and not significantly different @ @ @ @ @ @ @ period .
This study provides clinical evidence that helps to verify the effectiveness of the new BMP product in regulating diabetic patients ' blood sugar levels .

This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a particular bitter melon peptide (BMP), with a specific sequence of 19 amino acids (mcIRBP-19), in regulating diabetic patients' blood glucose. In order to test the product with the specially processed BMP, a total of 142 diabetic patients were solicited as study subjects, of which 64 were assigned to an experiment group and 78 to a control group. Biochemical data were compared with a pairedtest to verify the significance of changes over different time periods. The clinical results showed that BMP started to improve the subjects' glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at the end of the second month (T2), with mean values being significantly lowered from 7.8± 1.4% (T0) to 7.5 ± 1.4% (T2) (= 0.004). The values reduced continuously, eventually reaching 7.4± 1.1% (= 0.000) at the end of the experiment (T3). HbA1c levels for the control group were 7.5± 1.2% in T0 and 7.5 ± 1.1% (T3), and not significantly different (= 0.852) over the same period. This study provides clinical evidence that helps to verify the effectiveness of the new BMP product in regulating diabetic patients' blood sugar levels.