greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Saline irrigation can significantly improve symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children and adults.

BACKGROUND : This meta-analysis aims to access the efficacy of nasal saline irrigation in the treatment of allergic rhinitis ( AR ) in adults and children .
METHODS : Two authors independently searched databases up to December 2018 .
Differences in efficacy between saline irrigation and other treatments were compared .
Subgroup analyses of discrepancy in effects between children and adults were performed .
RESULTS : 1 ) Saline irrigation vs. no irrigation , in both children and adults groups , saline irrigation showed significant efficacy .
2 ) Saline + medication vs. medication , in children group , there @ @ @ @ @ @ @ saline + medication and medication ; in adults group , efficacy of saline + medicine was superior to that of medication .
3 ) Saline irrigation vs. medication , in children group , there was no statistical difference between efficacy of saline irrigation and medication ; in adults group , efficacy of medication was superior to that of saline irrigation .
4 ) Hypertonic saline vs. isotonic saline , for children , efficacy of hypertonic saline was superior to that of isotonic saline .
Additionally , no adults reported adverse events in all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the first nasal irrigation in 20 children , and one child withdrew due to adverse reactions .
CONCLUSIONS : Saline irrigation can significantly improve symptoms of AR in children and adults .
Saline irrigation can serve as a safe adjunctive treatment to medication of AR in adults .
Saline irrigation can be an alternative therapy for children and pregnant women with AR .
Efficacy of hypertonic saline may be better than that of isotonic saline in treating AR of children .

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aims to access the efficacy of nasal saline irrigation in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) in adults and children.
METHODS: Two authors independently searched databases up to December 2018. Differences in efficacy between saline irrigation and other treatments were compared. Subgroup analyses of discrepancy in effects between children and adults were performed.
RESULTS: 1) Saline irrigation vs. no irrigation, in both children and adults groups, saline irrigation showed significant efficacy. 2) Saline + medication vs. medication, in children group, there was no statistical difference of efficacy between saline + medication and medication; in adults group, efficacy of saline + medicine was superior to that of medication. 3) Saline irrigation vs. medication, in children group, there was no statistical difference between efficacy of saline irrigation and medication; in adults group, efficacy of medication was superior to that of saline irrigation. 4) Hypertonic saline vs. isotonic saline, for children, efficacy of hypertonic saline was superior to that of isotonic saline. Additionally, no adults reported adverse events in all trials. Adverse effects were reported during the first nasal irrigation in 20 children, and one child withdrew due to adverse reactions.
CONCLUSIONS: Saline irrigation can significantly improve symptoms of AR in children and adults. Saline irrigation can serve as a safe adjunctive treatment to medication of AR in adults. Saline irrigation can be an alternative therapy for children and pregnant women with AR. Efficacy of hypertonic saline may be better than that of isotonic saline in treating AR of children.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--This study supports the regular use of nasal irrigation with a positive-pressure as an effective adj

This study supports the regular use of nasal irrigation with a positive-pressure as an effective adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND : Nasal irrigation is widely used as an adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis .
There is little evidence regarding the efficacy of the devices used in this procedure .
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the squeeze bottle nasal saline irrigation in persistent allergic rhinitis patients compared with a syringe .
METHODOLOGY : We included patients between 18- and 60-years old presenting with persistent allergic rhinitis .
All patients were instructed to perform nasal irrigation twice daily for four weeks .
The patients were randomly assigned to use either the squeeze bottle nasal irrigation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Symptoms score , physical examination results , satisfaction scores and adverse events were collected .
RESULTS : There were 116 patients enrolled in the study , 58 of whom used the squeeze bottle nasal irrigation system and 58 of whom used a syringe .
During a four-week follow-up , improvements in patients ' nasal symptom scores for rhinitis symptoms were significantly greater in the group treated with the squeeze bottle .
However , the physical examination score was no statistically significant difference .
No adverse events were reported .
The overall satisfaction scores @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : This study supports the regular use of nasal irrigation with a positive-pressure device , particularly a squeeze bottle , as an effective adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis .
It is effective for reducing allergic rhinitis symptoms and can be used by patients with good compliance and minimal side effects .

BACKGROUND: Nasal irrigation is widely used as an adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis. There is little evidence regarding the efficacy of the devices used in this procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the squeeze bottle nasal saline irrigation in persistent allergic rhinitis patients compared with a syringe.
METHODOLOGY: We included patients between 18- and 60-years old presenting with persistent allergic rhinitis. All patients were instructed to perform nasal irrigation twice daily for four weeks. The patients were randomly assigned to use either the squeeze bottle nasal irrigation or a syringe for nasal irrigation. Symptoms score, physical examination results, satisfaction scores and adverse events were collected.
RESULTS: There were 116 patients enrolled in the study, 58 of whom used the squeeze bottle nasal irrigation system and 58 of whom used a syringe. During a four-week follow-up, improvements in patients' nasal symptom scores for rhinitis symptoms were significantly greater in the group treated with the squeeze bottle. However, the physical examination score was no statistically significant difference. No adverse events were reported. The overall satisfaction scores for both devices were excellent.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the regular use of nasal irrigation with a positive-pressure device, particularly a squeeze bottle, as an effective adjunctive treatment for allergic rhinitis. It is effective for reducing allergic rhinitis symptoms and can be used by patients with good compliance and minimal side effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling should be considered as a treatment option for COVID

Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling should be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19.

Post-hoc secondary analysis of data from our recent Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study ( ELVIS ) pilot randomised controlled @ @ @ @ @ that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling ( HSNIG ) reduced the duration of coronavirus @ @ @ @ @ URTI ) by an average of two-and-a-half days .
As such , it may offer @ @ @ @ @ and scalable intervention in those with Coronavirus Disease-19 ( COVID-19 ) following infection with the @ @ @ @ @ Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) .

Post-hoc secondary analysis of data from our recent Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study (ELVIS) pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) indicates that hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) reduced the duration of coronavirus upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) by an average of two-and-a-half days. As such, it may offer a potentially safe, effective and scalable intervention in those with Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) following infection with the betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Effects of aquatic exercises on postural control and hand function in multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES : Postural control and hand dexterity are significantly impaired in people with multiple sclerosis ( pwMS ) .
Aquatic interventions may have additional benefits in the treatment of pwMS .
The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of two different aquatic exercises on postural control and hand function .
METHODS : Thirty pwMS , relapsing-remitting type were randomly divided into a Halliwick ( Hallw ) and an Aquatic Plyometric Exercise ( APE ) group .
The Limits of Stability test was used to evaluate postural control using the Biodex Balance System .
The Nine-Hole Peg Test @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Both exercise interventions were performed twice a week for 8 weeks , in a pool with a depth of 120 cm and water temperature of 30-31°C .
RESULTS : Limits of stability improved significantly in both groups ( p < 0.05 ) and Hallw group completed the test in a significantly shorter time ( p < 0.05 ) .
Hand dexterity improved significantly in both groups ( p < 0.01 ) .
Following intergroup analysis , Hallw group showed significantly higher improvement in hand dexterity and overall limits of stability test score ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This study provides evidence that both Halliwick and APE are effective to treat balance and hand dexterity .
This paper is the first evidence on APE for pwMS and showed that it is safe and improved trunk control and hand dexterity .

OBJECTIVES: Postural control and hand dexterity are significantly impaired in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Aquatic interventions may have additional benefits in the treatment of pwMS. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of two different aquatic exercises on postural control and hand function.
METHODS: Thirty pwMS, relapsing-remitting type were randomly divided into a Halliwick (Hallw) and an Aquatic Plyometric Exercise (APE) group. The Limits of Stability test was used to evaluate postural control using the Biodex Balance System. The Nine-Hole Peg Test was used to evaluate hand dexterity. Both exercise interventions were performed twice a week for 8 weeks, in a pool with a depth of 120 cm and water temperature of 30-31°C.
RESULTS: Limits of stability improved significantly in both groups (p<0.05) and Hallw group completed the test in a significantly shorter time (p<0.05). Hand dexterity improved significantly in both groups (p<0.01). Following intergroup analysis, Hallw group showed significantly higher improvement in hand dexterity and overall limits of stability test score (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that both Halliwick and APE are effective to treat balance and hand dexterity. This paper is the first evidence on APE for pwMS and showed that it is safe and improved trunk control and hand dexterity.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain.

The traditional treatment of soft tissue injuries consists of the RICE protocol - rest , ice , compression , and elevation , followed for up to 72 hours after a trauma .
Although designed as an immediate therapy to reduce inflammation that occurs after an acute injury , the RICE protcol might not be the best way to promote healing due to limiting blood flow .
Molecular hydrogen ( H ) has recently been put forward as a possible adjuvant treatment in musculoskeletal medicine , yet limited data are available concerning its effectiveness as a first-aid intervention.We report here a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suffered a grade II ankle sprain , and who subsequently received six sessions of ankle and foot hydrotherapy ( e.g .
30-min at every four hours ) with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water during the first 24 hours post-injury .
The pain VAS self-completed by the patient dropped from 50 points ( moderate pain ) at baseline ( immediately after injury ) to 20 points ( mild pain ) at 24-h follow-up .
Ankle swelling dropped by 2.8 % and dorsiflexion range of movement improved by 27.9 % from baseline to follow-up , respectively.Our case @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with hydrogen-rich water might be a helpful treatment in terms of pain , swelling reduction and regaining range of motion after an ankle sprain .

The traditional treatment of soft tissue injuries consists of the RICE protocol - rest, ice, compression, and elevation, followed for up to 72 hours after a trauma. Although designed as an immediate therapy to reduce inflammation that occurs after an acute injury, the RICE protcol might not be the best way to promote healing due to limiting blood flow. Molecular hydrogen (H) has recently been put forward as a possible adjuvant treatment in musculoskeletal medicine, yet limited data are available concerning its effectiveness as a first-aid intervention.We report here a case of an elite professional athlete who suffered a grade II ankle sprain, and who subsequently received six sessions of ankle and foot hydrotherapy (e.g. 30-min at every four hours) with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water during the first 24 hours post-injury. The pain VAS self-completed by the patient dropped from 50 points (moderate pain) at baseline (immediately after injury) to 20 points (mild pain) at 24-h follow-up. Ankle swelling dropped by 2.8% and dorsiflexion range of movement improved by 27.9% from baseline to follow-up, respectively.Our case has indicated that an acute multi-session hydrotherapy with hydrogen-rich water might be a helpful treatment in terms of pain, swelling reduction and regaining range of motion after an ankle sprain.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Daidzein may prove beneficial in the development of melanoma systemic therapy.

PURPOSE : Melanoma is one of the fatal human malignancies .
Its incidence in humans is increasing constantly and therefore there is urgent need to develop effective therapies for its management .
This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the anticancer effects of Daidzein on human melanoma cells and also an attempt was made to decipher the underlying mechanisms .
METHODS : MTT assay was used to determine the melanoma A-375 cells viability.Αcridine orange ( AO ) / Εthidium bromide ( EB ) and Annexin V/propidium iodide ( PI ) assays were used to detect the cell apoptosis .
Autophagy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry .
The protein expression was determined by western blot analysis .
RESULTS : The results of MTT assay showed that Daidzein causes significant decrease in the proliferation of the melanoma A-375 cells and showed an IC50 of 18µM .
However , the IC50 of Daidzein was very high against the normal HEMn-LP cells , indicative of low cytotoxicity .
Flow cytometry showed significant arrest of the A-375 cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle .
Western blot analysis showed that the molecule suppressed the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cyclin D1 , CDK4 , CDK6 and p27 .
DAPI and annexin V/PI staining assays showed that Daidzein prompted apoptosis in A-375 melanoma cells which was concomitant with depletion of Bcl-2 , increase of Bax and activation of cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9 .
Electron microscopic analysis showed that the molecule led to the development of autophagosomes in A-375 cells , which was also concomitant with increase in the expression of LC3B II and decrease in the expression of p62 .
Finally , Daidzein also suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSION : Daidzein may prove beneficial in the development of melanoma systemic therapy .

PURPOSE: Melanoma is one of the fatal human malignancies. Its incidence in humans is increasing constantly and therefore there is urgent need to develop effective therapies for its management. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the anticancer effects of Daidzein on human melanoma cells and also an attempt was made to decipher the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS: MTT assay was used to determine the melanoma A-375 cells viability.Αcridine orange (AO)/ Εthidium bromide (EB) and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assays were used to detect the cell apoptosis. Autophagy was detected by electron microscopy and cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The protein expression was determined by western blot analysis.
RESULTS: The results of MTT assay showed that Daidzein causes significant decrease in the proliferation of the melanoma A-375 cells and showed an IC50 of 18µM. However, the IC50 of Daidzein was very high against the normal HEMn-LP cells, indicative of low cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry showed significant arrest of the A-375 cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Western blot analysis showed that the molecule suppressed the expression cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 and p27. DAPI and annexin V/PI staining assays showed that Daidzein prompted apoptosis in A-375 melanoma cells which was concomitant with depletion of Bcl-2, increase of Bax and activation of cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the molecule led to the development of autophagosomes in A-375 cells, which was also concomitant with increase in the expression of LC3B II and decrease in the expression of p62. Finally, Daidzein also suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, causing deactivation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.
CONCLUSION: Daidzein may prove beneficial in the development of melanoma systemic therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--This review summarizes phytochemicals, phytotherapeutics and plant derived compounds used in thyroid

Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy , with more than 500,000 cases per year worldwide .
Differentiated thyroid @ @ @ @ @ forms with best prognosis , while poorly/undifferentiated ones are rare ( 2 % of all @ @ @ @ @ , frequently metastasize and have a worse prognosis .
For aggressive , metastatic and advanced @ @ @ @ @ are urgently needed and phytochemical products can be a rational and extensive source , since @ @ @ @ @ the necessary biochemical variability for therapeutic purpose .
Among bioactive molecules that present biological activity @ @ @ @ @ , curcumin , isoflavones , glucosinolates are the most common and used in experimental model @ @ @ @ @ been studied both in vitro and in vivo on this cancer , but rarely in @ @ @ @ @ summarizes phytochemicals , phytotherapeutics and plant derived compounds used in thyroid cancer .

Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy, with more than 500,000 cases per year worldwide. Differentiated thyroid cancers are the most common forms with best prognosis, while poorly/undifferentiated ones are rare (2% of all thyroid cancer), aggressive, frequently metastasize and have a worse prognosis. For aggressive, metastatic and advanced thyroid cancer novel antitumor molecules are urgently needed and phytochemical products can be a rational and extensive source, since secondary plant metabolites can guarantee the necessary biochemical variability for therapeutic purpose. Among bioactive molecules that present biological activity on thyroid cancer, resveratrol, curcumin, isoflavones, glucosinolates are the most common and used in experimental model. Most of them have been studied both in vitro and in vivo on this cancer, but rarely in clinical trial. This review summarizes phytochemicals, phytotherapeutics and plant derived compounds used in thyroid cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Hydrogen-rich water regulates the metabolic imbalance that could change MIRI myocardial tissue metab

Hydrogen-rich water regulates the metabolic imbalance that could change MIRI myocardial tissue metabolism, and alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury.

To investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich water on myocardial tissue metabolism in a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury ( MIRI ) rat @ @ @ @ @ randomly divided into a hydrogen-rich water group and a control group of size 6 each @ @ @ @ @ removed , it was fixed in the Langendorff device , and the heart was perfused @ @ @ @ @ pre-balanced with oxygen .
The control group was perfused with Kreb's-Ringers ( K-R ) solution @ @ @ @ @ group was perfused with K-R solution + hydrogen-rich water .
Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer ( @ @ @ @ @ used for metabolomics research .
Principle component analysis ( PCA ) , partial least squares @ @ @ @ @ , orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis ( OPLS-DA ) , Variable importance in projection @ @ @ @ @ OPLS-DA model ( threshold value ≥1 ) were employed with independent sample T Test ( @

To investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich water on myocardial tissue metabolism in a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) rat model. Twelve rats were randomly divided into a hydrogen-rich water group and a control group of size 6 each. After the heart was removed, it was fixed in the Langendorff device, and the heart was perfused with 37 °C perfusion solution pre-balanced with oxygen. The control group was perfused with Kreb's-Ringers (K-R) solution, and the hydrogen-rich water group was perfused with K-R solution + hydrogen-rich water. Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis platform was used for metabolomics research. Principle component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), Variable importance in projection (VIP) value of OPLS-DA model (threshold value ≥1) were employed with independent sample T Test (p < 0.05) to find differentially expressed metabolites, and screen for differential metabolic pathways. VIP (OPLS-DA) analysis was performed with T test, and the metabolites of the control group and the hydrogen-rich water group were significantly different, and the glycerophospholipid metabolism wasscreened. Seven myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI)-related signaling pathways were identified, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored biosynthesis, and purine metabolism, as well as 10 biomarkers such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Hydrogen-rich water regulates the metabolic imbalance that could change MIRI myocardial tissue metabolism, and alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of rats through multiple signaling pathways.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Plant isoflavones can prevent adverse effects of benzene on porcine ovarian activity.

We evaluated the influence of the oil-related environmental contaminant benzene ( 0 , 10 , 100 , or 1000 ng/mL ) alone and in combination with apigenin , daidzein , or rutin ( 10μg/mL each ) on viability ; proliferation ( accumulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ) ; apoptosis ( accumulation of Bax ) ; and release of progesterone ( P ) , testosterone ( T ) , and estradiol ( E ) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells .
Cell viability ; proliferation ; apoptosis ; and release of P , T , and E have been analyzed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ immunocytochemistry , and ELISA , respectively .
Benzene did not affect apoptosis , but reduced ovarian cell viability and P and E release , and promoted proliferation and T output .
Apigenin did not affect cell viability , but stimulatedproliferation and T and E release , and inhibited apoptosis and P secretion .
It prevented and reversed the action of benzene on proliferation and P and T release , and induced the inhibitory action of benzene on apoptosis .
Daidzein promoted cell viability , proliferation , P release , but not apoptosis and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the stimulatory effect of benzene on T , without modifying other effects .
Rutin administered alone reduced cell viability and apoptosis , and promoted cell proliferation .
Furthermore , rutin prevented and reversed the effect of benzene on proliferation and P and E release .
These observations suggest the direct action of benzene and plant polyphenols on basic ovarian cell functions , and the ability of apigenin and rutin , but not of daidzein , to prevent benzene effects on the ovary .

We evaluated the influence of the oil-related environmental contaminant benzene (0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/mL) alone and in combination with apigenin, daidzein, or rutin (10μg/mL each) on viability; proliferation (accumulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen); apoptosis (accumulation of Bax); and release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cell viability; proliferation; apoptosis; and release of P, T, and E have been analyzed by the trypan blue test, quantitative immunocytochemistry, and ELISA, respectively. Benzene did not affect apoptosis, but reduced ovarian cell viability and P and E release, and promoted proliferation and T output. Apigenin did not affect cell viability, but stimulatedproliferation and T and E release, and inhibited apoptosis and P secretion. It prevented and reversed the action of benzene on proliferation and P and T release, and induced the inhibitory action of benzene on apoptosis. Daidzein promoted cell viability, proliferation, P release, but not apoptosis and T or E release. Daidzein induced the stimulatory effect of benzene on T, without modifying other effects. Rutin administered alone reduced cell viability and apoptosis, and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, rutin prevented and reversed the effect of benzene on proliferation and P and E release. These observations suggest the direct action of benzene and plant polyphenols on basic ovarian cell functions, and the ability of apigenin and rutin, but not of daidzein, to prevent benzene effects on the ovary.


greenmedinfo--2020-05-30--The Plandemic Video and Censorship: The Questionable Science on Both Sides of This Issue

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greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Naringin regulates erectile dysfunction by abolition of apoptosis and inflammation.

This study investigated the effect of naringin ( NRG ) on extracellular metabolism of ATP through the NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway induced by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride ( -NAME ) on exposure to Bisphenol-A ( BPA ) in penis .
Fifty-six adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight ( n = 7 ) groups .
Group I : control animals , Group II was treated with 40 mg/kg-NAME , Group III was treated with 50 mg/kg BPA , Group IV was treated with 40 mg/kg-NAME +50 mg/kg BPA .
Group V was administered with 40 mg/kg-NAME +80 mg/kg NRG @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG .
Group VII was administered with 40 mg/kg-NAME+50 mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG .
Lastly , group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NRG for 14 days .
NRG prevented hypertension and erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the activities of angiotensin-converting enzymes , arginase , and phosphodiesterase-5 ( PDE-5 ) with corresponding down-regulation of inflammatory markers including TNF-α and IL-B .
Additionally , hypertensive erectile dysfunction was remarkably prevented by NRG as manifested by the declined activities of AChE , MAO-A and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) with resultant increase in NO level .
Also , penile expression of antigen presenting cells , CD43 transcript , caspace-9 and tumor suppressor P53 proteins were repressed on treatment with NRG .
This study validates the hypothesis that NRG may be a valuable remedy in abrogating penile inflammatory markers , apoptosis and enzymes of ATP-hydrolysis via NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in hypertensive rat model on exposure to environmental toxicant .

This study investigated the effect of naringin (NRG) on extracellular metabolism of ATP through the NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway induced by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (-NAME) on exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) in penis. Fifty-six adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight (n = 7) groups. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with 40 mg/kg-NAME, Group III was treated with 50 mg/kg BPA, Group IV was treated with 40 mg/kg-NAME +50 mg/kg BPA. Group V was administered with 40 mg/kg-NAME +80 mg/kg NRG. Group VI was administered with 50 mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG. Group VII was administered with 40 mg/kg-NAME+50 mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG. Lastly, group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NRG for 14 days. NRG prevented hypertension and erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the activities of angiotensin-converting enzymes, arginase, and phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) with corresponding down-regulation of inflammatory markers including TNF-α and IL-B. Additionally, hypertensive erectile dysfunction was remarkably prevented by NRG as manifested by the declined activities of AChE, MAO-A and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, ADPase, AMPase and ADA) with resultant increase in NO level. Also, penile expression of antigen presenting cells, CD43 transcript, caspace-9 and tumor suppressor P53 proteins were repressed on treatment with NRG. This study validates the hypothesis that NRG may be a valuable remedy in abrogating penile inflammatory markers, apoptosis and enzymes of ATP-hydrolysis via NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in hypertensive rat model on exposure to environmental toxicant.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects of flavonoids from different citrus peel extrac

Antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects of flavonoids from different citrus peel extracts.

Obesity and oxidative damage are two important risk factors associated closely with metabolic syndrome .
Utilization of functional food ingredients @ @ @ @ @ way to tackle these challenges .
In the present study , eight representative species of @ @ @ @ @ ) were evaluated and compared for their flavonoid profiles , antioxidant activities , and pancreatic @ @ @ @ @ capacities and mechanisms .
Results indicated that hesperidin , naringin , neohesperidin , narirutin and @ @ @ @ @ flavonoids in CPEs , among which hesperidin was the main active PL inhibitor .
Moreover @ @ @ @ @ PL by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces , and the interaction would not @ @ @ @ @ of PL .
Overall , ponkan peel extract , having the strongest overall antioxidant activity @ @ @ @ @ hesperidin and total phenolic compounds among all tested CPEs , is a promising natural ingredient @ @ @ @ @ manage obesity .

Obesity and oxidative damage are two important risk factors associated closely with metabolic syndrome. Utilization of functional food ingredients is considered as a feasible way to tackle these challenges. In the present study, eight representative species of citrus peel extracts (CPEs) were evaluated and compared for their flavonoid profiles, antioxidant activities, and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory capacities and mechanisms. Results indicated that hesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin, narirutin and eriocitrin were the five major flavonoids in CPEs, among which hesperidin was the main active PL inhibitor. Moreover, hesperidin could interact with PL by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, and the interaction would not obviously change the secondary structure of PL. Overall, ponkan peel extract, having the strongest overall antioxidant activity, the highest content of hesperidin and total phenolic compounds among all tested CPEs, is a promising natural ingredient to scavenge free radicals and manage obesity.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Naringin alleviates methotrexate-induced liver injury in male albino rats and enhances its antitumor

Naringin alleviates methotrexate-induced liver injury in male albino rats and enhances its antitumor efficacy in HepG2 cells.

Methotrexate ( MTX ) is an efficient chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressant drug , but the hepatotoxicity of MTX limits its clinical use .
Naringin ( Nar ) is a flavonoid derived from Citrus paradise , and has been shown to possess several pharmacological activities , including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties .
In this study , we first tested the possible protective effects of multiple doses of Nar against MTX-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats , and then we investigated the growth inhibition and apoptotic effects of MTX and/or Nar against the HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell line .
Our in vivo results showed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ serum alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels .
Nar also reduced MTX-induced oxidative stress by significantly reducing liver malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content and increasing superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , glutathione reductase and glutathione .
In addition , Nar significantly counteracted MTX-induced increases in hepatic interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha .
Further , Nar greatly protected hepatocyte ultrastructure against MTX-induced injury .
In contrast , in vitro MTX and/or Nar treatment of HepG2 cells for 48 h exhibited a cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio .
Noticeably , Nar potentiated the MTX effect on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio .
In conclusion , Nar decreased MTX-induced functional and ultrastructuralliver damage in a tumor-free animal model .
Also , our data introduce MTX and Nar as promising antiproliferative agents with a distinctive mode of action , inducing apoptosis in HepG2 tumor cells through activation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression .

Methotrexate (MTX) is an efficient chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressant drug, but the hepatotoxicity of MTX limits its clinical use. Naringin (Nar) is a flavonoid derived from Citrus paradise, and has been shown to possess several pharmacological activities, including free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. In this study, we first tested the possible protective effects of multiple doses of Nar against MTX-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats, and then we investigated the growth inhibition and apoptotic effects of MTX and/or Nar against the HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell line. Our in vivo results showed that Nar significantly reduced MTX-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels. Nar also reduced MTX-induced oxidative stress by significantly reducing liver malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content and increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione. In addition, Nar significantly counteracted MTX-induced increases in hepatic interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Further, Nar greatly protected hepatocyte ultrastructure against MTX-induced injury. In contrast, in vitro MTX and/or Nar treatment of HepG2 cells for 48 h exhibited a cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner mediated by a significant increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio. Noticeably, Nar potentiated the MTX effect on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In conclusion, Nar decreased MTX-induced functional and ultrastructuralliver damage in a tumor-free animal model. Also, our data introduce MTX and Nar as promising antiproliferative agents with a distinctive mode of action, inducing apoptosis in HepG2 tumor cells through activation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Promising polyphenols in Parkinson's disease therapeutics.

Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a slow progressive , second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway .
In spite of extensive research the therapeutics options of disease are limited which only offer symptomatic relief and could not prevent the disease progression .
Therefore researchers are looking for the probable synthetic or natural compounds for the PD therapeutics .
Due to mandatory chronic consumption of anti PD drug to the PD patients , the natural compounds are getting attention recently .
Numerous studies have indicated the neuroprotective effects of natural @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , resveratrol , luteolin , curcumin , puerarin , genistein , hyperoside naringin against dopaminergic neuronal death with relatively safe with uncommon , mild or transient side effects .
However , their mechanistic interference in dopaminergic neuronal death mechanism is not very well defined .
Herein , we have attempted to discuss the various natural polyphenols with their known effects on various PD related pathologies to understand their therapeutic utilization for PD patients either in prophylactic or therapeutic mode .
Briefly we have also discussed the major disease mechanisms which could be targeted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction .
We have also discuss the limitation and probable strategies for the clinical utilization of these polyphenols for the benefit of PD patients .

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slow progressive, second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway. In spite of extensive research the therapeutics options of disease are limited which only offer symptomatic relief and could not prevent the disease progression. Therefore researchers are looking for the probable synthetic or natural compounds for the PD therapeutics. Due to mandatory chronic consumption of anti PD drug to the PD patients, the natural compounds are getting attention recently. Numerous studies have indicated the neuroprotective effects of natural polyphenols including epigallocatechin, quercetin, baicalein, resveratrol, luteolin, curcumin, puerarin, genistein, hyperoside naringin against dopaminergic neuronal death with relatively safe with uncommon, mild or transient side effects. However, their mechanistic interference in dopaminergic neuronal death mechanism is not very well defined. Herein, we have attempted to discuss the various natural polyphenols with their known effects on various PD related pathologies to understand their therapeutic utilization for PD patients either in prophylactic or therapeutic mode. Briefly we have also discussed the major disease mechanisms which could be targeted for utilization of these polyphenols specifically involving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We have also discuss the limitation and probable strategies for the clinical utilization of these polyphenols for the benefit of PD patients.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Luteolin protects against testicular injury induced by lead acetate.

Lead ( Pb ) is a toxic heavy metal that is harmful to humans , especially male reproductive organs .
Luteolin ( LUT ) is a naturally occurring flavonoid with numerous biological activities .
Our aim was to investigate the possible reproprotective effect of LUT against testicular deficits induced by Pb intoxication .
In the present study , 28 rats were distributed into 4 groups : control , LUT ( 50 mg/kg ) , lead acetate ( PbAc , 20 mg/kg ) , and LUT + PbAc groups , in which rats were pre-treated with LUT 3 hr before PbAc @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 7 days .
Oxidative stress , inflammatory and apoptotic markers along with histopathological changes have been examined using spectrophotometric , ELISA , real-time PCR , and histopathological methods .
PbAc injection elevated Pb concentration in testicular tissue and decreased levels of sex hormones .
PbAc intoxication exacerbated lipoperoxidation and nitric oxide formation , depleted superoxide dismutase , and catalase activities along with glutathione and its originated enzymes ( glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase ) .
At the molecular level , PbAc deactivated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ toxicity induced inflammatory and apoptotic cascadesin testicular tissue as evidenced by the increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha , interleukin-1 beta , inducible nitric oxide synthase , Bax , and caspase 3 , while Bcl-2 was declined .
Histopathological examination of testicular tissue also revealed that PbAc caused degeneration alterations in spermatogenic cells , the spermatogenic epithelial cells were disconnected from the basement membrane , and the seminiferous tubules were vacuolated .
Remarkably , pre-treatment with LUT minimized significantly the testicular damage induced by PbAc .
Therefore , we conclude that LUT may have a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ preventing oxidative challenge , inflammation , and finally apoptosis .

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that is harmful to humans, especially male reproductive organs. Luteolin (LUT) is a naturally occurring flavonoid with numerous biological activities. Our aim was to investigate the possible reproprotective effect of LUT against testicular deficits induced by Pb intoxication. In the present study, 28 rats were distributed into 4 groups: control, LUT (50 mg/kg), lead acetate (PbAc, 20 mg/kg), and LUT + PbAc groups, in which rats were pre-treated with LUT 3 hr before PbAc injection. All animals were treated for 7 days. Oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic markers along with histopathological changes have been examined using spectrophotometric, ELISA, real-time PCR, and histopathological methods. PbAc injection elevated Pb concentration in testicular tissue and decreased levels of sex hormones. PbAc intoxication exacerbated lipoperoxidation and nitric oxide formation, depleted superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities along with glutathione and its originated enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase). At the molecular level, PbAc deactivated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in the testicular tissue. In addition, PbAc toxicity induced inflammatory and apoptotic cascadesin testicular tissue as evidenced by the increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bax, and caspase 3, while Bcl-2 was declined. Histopathological examination of testicular tissue also revealed that PbAc caused degeneration alterations in spermatogenic cells, the spermatogenic epithelial cells were disconnected from the basement membrane, and the seminiferous tubules were vacuolated. Remarkably, pre-treatment with LUT minimized significantly the testicular damage induced by PbAc. Therefore, we conclude that LUT may have a beneficial effect against PbAc-induced testicular injury through preventing oxidative challenge, inflammation, and finally apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Daidzein-rich isoflavones aglycone inhibits lung cancer growth.

To develop anti-tumor agents for lung cancer , we aim to characterize a herbal compound , daidzein-rich isoflavones aglycone ( DRIA ) , in inhibiting the proliferation and NF-κB signaling pathway of lung cancer .
MTT and colony formation assays were used to analyze the proliferation of lung cancer cells in presence of DRIA treatment , which showed that DRIA dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of lung cancer cells .
Enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay revealed that interleukin-6 ( IL6 ) and interleukin-8 ( IL-8 ) levels were reduced by DRIA .
p65-NFκB expression and activation , which was enhanced by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by DRIA .
Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ( C/EBPβ ) were used to enhance NF-κB signaling in cells , and the effects of DRIA in attenuating NF-κB signaling were assessed by analyzing p65-NFκB expression in mRNA and protein levels , using quantitative real-time PCR ( qRT-PCR ) , western blot and immunofluorescence staining .
immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ki-67 and p65-NF-κB levels in A594 tumor xenografts of A594 tumors were also reduced by DRIA treatment in mice .
Our data indicates that DRIA is effective in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo .

To develop anti-tumor agents for lung cancer, we aim to characterize a herbal compound, daidzein-rich isoflavones aglycone (DRIA), in inhibiting the proliferation and NF-κB signaling pathway of lung cancer. MTT and colony formation assays were used to analyze the proliferation of lung cancer cells in presence of DRIA treatment, which showed that DRIA dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of lung cancer cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay revealed that interleukin-6 (IL6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were reduced by DRIA. p65-NFκB expression and activation, which was enhanced by TNF-α and C/EBPβ treatment, were attenuated by DRIA. Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPβ) were used to enhance NF-κB signaling in cells, and the effects of DRIA in attenuating NF-κB signaling were assessed by analyzing p65-NFκB expression in mRNA and protein levels, using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunofluorescence staining. immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ki-67 and p65-NF-κB levels in A594 tumor xenografts of A594 tumors were also reduced by DRIA treatment in mice. Our data indicates that DRIA is effective in inhibiting the proliferation and NFκB signaling of lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Influence of apitoxin and melittin from Apis Mellifera bee on Staphylococcus Aureus strains.

The antibacterial activities of apitoxin , a venom produced by Apis mellifera bee , and melittin , an antimicrobial peptide @ @ @ @ @ against planktonic and biofilm states of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant ( MRSA ) , including clinical @ @ @ @ @ Also , the synergism of apitoxin and melittin in combination with oxacillin were evaluated as @ @ @ @ @ changes on S. aureus cells of both products were detected by transmission electronic microscopy ( @ @ @ @ @ inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) values were 7.2 μg/mL , and 6.7 μg/mL , for @ @ @ @ @ .
The minimum bactericidal concentration ( MBC ) values were 28.7 μg/mL , and 26 @ @ @ @ @ , respectively .
The time-kill curve assays of apitoxin or melittin with oxacillin exhibited bactericidal @ @ @ @ @ TEM images showed cell distortion , cell disintegration with leakage of cytoplasmic content and loss @ @ @ @ @ , apitoxin and melittin did not interfere with staphylococcal enterotoxin production or release .
Thus @ @ @ @ @ potential agents againstMRSA that can serve as possible models for new antibacterial drugs .

The antibacterial activities of apitoxin, a venom produced by Apis mellifera bee, and melittin, an antimicrobial peptide from apitoxin, were tested against planktonic and biofilm states of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA), including clinical, and enterotoxin-producing isolates. Also, the synergism of apitoxin and melittin in combination with oxacillin were evaluated as well. The induced morphological changes on S. aureus cells of both products were detected by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 7.2 μg/mL, and 6.7 μg/mL, for apitoxin and melittin, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 28.7 μg/mL, and 26 μg/mL for apitoxin and melittin, respectively. The time-kill curve assays of apitoxin or melittin with oxacillin exhibited bactericidal synergism against MRSA isolates. TEM images showed cell distortion, cell disintegration with leakage of cytoplasmic content and loss of cytoplasm content. However, apitoxin and melittin did not interfere with staphylococcal enterotoxin production or release. Thus, apitoxin and melittin are potential agents againstMRSA that can serve as possible models for new antibacterial drugs.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Bee venom soluble phospholipase A2 exerts neuroprotective effects in a lipopolysaccharide-induced mo

Bee venom soluble phospholipase A2 exerts neuroprotective effects in a lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis and development of Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) .
In the AD brain , microglial activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators both induce amyloid beta ( Aβ ) accumulation .
Regulatory T cells ( Tregs ) and nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-κB ) signaling have been implicated in AD development through their effects on neuroinflammation and microglial activation .
The bee venom soluble phospholipase A2 ( bv-sPLA2 ) enzyme is known to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects .
Here , we investigated the inhibitory effects of bv-sPLA2 on memory deficiency in a lipopolysaccharide @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AD .
We examined whether bv-sPLA2 ( 0.02 , 0.2 , and 2 mg/kg by i.p .
injection three times for 1 week ) could inhibit neuroinflammation and memory impairment in LPS-treated mice ( 250 μg/kg by i.p .
injection daily for 1 week ) .
We also assessed the effects of bv-sPLA2 administration ( 0.01 , 0.1 , and 1 μg/ml ) on LPS ( 1 μg/ml ) -treated microglial BV-2 cells .
In the LPS-injected mouse brain , sPLA2 treatment rescued memory dysfunction and decreased Aβ levels , through the downregulation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expression of inflammatory proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines .
Moreover , the LPS-mediated increase in inflammatory protein expression was attenuated bv-sPLA2 treatment in BV-2 cells .
Treatment with bv-sPLA2 also downregulated signaling by NF-κB , which is considered to be an important factor in the regulation of neuroinflammatory and amyloidogenic responses , bothand .
Additionally , co-treatment with NF-κB ( 5 μM ) and bv-sPLA2 ( 0.1 μg/ml ) exerted more marked anti-inflammatory effects , compared to bv-sPLA2 treatment alone .
These results indicate that bv-sPLA2 inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesisinhibition of NF-κB .

Neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the AD brain, microglial activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators both induce amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling have been implicated in AD development through their effects on neuroinflammation and microglial activation. The bee venom soluble phospholipase A2 (bv-sPLA2) enzyme is known to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of bv-sPLA2 on memory deficiency in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of AD. We examined whether bv-sPLA2 (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg/kg by i.p. injection three times for 1 week) could inhibit neuroinflammation and memory impairment in LPS-treated mice (250 μg/kg by i.p. injection daily for 1 week). We also assessed the effects of bv-sPLA2 administration (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/ml) on LPS (1 μg/ml)-treated microglial BV-2 cells. In the LPS-injected mouse brain, sPLA2 treatment rescued memory dysfunction and decreased Aβ levels, through the downregulation of amyloidogenic proteins, and decreased the expression of inflammatory proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the LPS-mediated increase in inflammatory protein expression was attenuated bv-sPLA2 treatment in BV-2 cells. Treatment with bv-sPLA2 also downregulated signaling by NF-κB, which is considered to be an important factor in the regulation of neuroinflammatory and amyloidogenic responses, bothand. Additionally, co-treatment with NF-κB (5 μM) and bv-sPLA2 (0.1 μg/ml) exerted more marked anti-inflammatory effects, compared to bv-sPLA2 treatment alone. These results indicate that bv-sPLA2 inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesisinhibition of NF-κB.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--These results suggest that bee venom may be a potential therapeutic macromolecule for the treatment

These results suggest that bee venom may be a potential therapeutic macromolecule for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Globally , many people have been affected with atopic dermatitis ( AD ) , a chronic inflammatory skin disease .
AD is associated with multiple factors such as genetic , inflammatory , and immune factors .
Bee venom ( BV ) is now widely used for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases .
However , its effect on 5 % phthalic anhydride ( PA ) -induced AD has not been reported yet .
We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-AD effects of BV in a PA-induced animal model of AD .
Balb/c mice were treated with topical application of 5 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for induction of AD .
After 24 h , BV was applied on the back and ear skin of the mice three times a week for 4 weeks .
BV treatment significantly reduced the PA-induced AD clinical score , back and ear epidermal thickness , as well as IgE level and infiltration of immune cells in the skin tissues compared to those of control mice .
The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum were significantly decreased in BV-treated group compared to PA-treated group .
In addition , BV inhibited the expression of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) and NF-ҡB induced by PA in the skin tissues .
We also found that BV abrogated the lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced NO production , expression of iNOS and COX-2 , as well as MAPK and NF-ҡB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT cells .
These results suggest that BV may be a potential therapeutic macromolecule for the treatment ofAD .

Globally, many people have been affected with atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. AD is associated with multiple factors such as genetic, inflammatory, and immune factors. Bee venom (BV) is now widely used for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases. However, its effect on 5% phthalic anhydride (PA)-induced AD has not been reported yet. We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-AD effects of BV in a PA-induced animal model of AD. Balb/c mice were treated with topical application of 5% PA to the dorsal skin and ears for induction of AD. After 24 h, BV was applied on the back and ear skin of the mice three times a week for 4 weeks. BV treatment significantly reduced the PA-induced AD clinical score, back and ear epidermal thickness, as well as IgE level and infiltration of immune cells in the skin tissues compared to those of control mice. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum were significantly decreased in BV-treated group compared to PA-treated group. In addition, BV inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-ҡB induced by PA in the skin tissues. We also found that BV abrogated the lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced NO production, expression of iNOS and COX-2, as well as MAPK and NF-ҡB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT cells. These results suggest that BV may be a potential therapeutic macromolecule for the treatment ofAD.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-02--Melittin-a natural peptide from bee venom which induces apoptosis in human leukaemia cells.

Bee venom is a very complex mixture produced and secreted by the honeybee ( ) .
Melittin is a major component of bee venom that accounts for about 52 % of its dry mass .
A vast number of studies have been dedicated to the effects of melittin 's regulation of apoptosis and to the factors that induce apoptosis in various types of cancer such as breast , ovarian , prostate , lung .
The latest evidence indicates its potential as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of leukaemia .
The aim of our present study is to evaluate melittin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell lines of different origin acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( CCRF-CEM ) and chronic myelogenous leukaemia ( K-562 ) .
We demonstrated that melittin strongly reduced cell viability in both leukaemia cell lines but not in physiological peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PMBCs ) .
Subsequent estimated parameters ( mitochondrial membrane potential , Annexin V binding and Caspases 3/7 activity ) clearly demonstrated that melittin induced apoptosis in leukaemia cells .
This is a very important step for research into the development of new potential anti-leukaemia as well as anticancer therapies .
Further analyses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ planned ( analysis of proapoptotic genes expression and DNA damages ) for our next research project , which will also focus on melittin .

Bee venom is a very complex mixture produced and secreted by the honeybee (). Melittin is a major component of bee venom that accounts for about 52% of its dry mass. A vast number of studies have been dedicated to the effects of melittin's regulation of apoptosis and to the factors that induce apoptosis in various types of cancer such as breast, ovarian, prostate, lung. The latest evidence indicates its potential as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of leukaemia. The aim of our present study is to evaluate melittin's ability to induce apoptosis in leukaemia cell lines of different origin acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (CCRF-CEM) and chronic myelogenous leukaemia (K-562). We demonstrated that melittin strongly reduced cell viability in both leukaemia cell lines but not in physiological peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs). Subsequent estimated parameters (mitochondrial membrane potential, Annexin V binding and Caspases 3/7 activity) clearly demonstrated that melittin induced apoptosis in leukaemia cells. This is a very important step for research into the development of new potential anti-leukaemia as well as anticancer therapies. Further analyses on the molecular level have been also planned (analysis of proapoptotic genes expression and DNA damages) for our next research project, which will also focus on melittin.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) , with a clinical @ @ @ @ @ severe , including death .
To date , it is unclear why some patients develop @ @ @ @ @ have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections ; thus @ @ @ @ @ 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25 ( OH ) D ) concentrations in plasma obtained from a @ @ @ @ @ .
In this cohort , significantly lower 25 ( OH ) D levels ( = @ @ @ @ @ PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 ( median value 11.1 ng/mL ) patients compared with negative patients ( @ @ @ @ @ was also confirmed by stratifying patients according to age > 70 years .
On the @ @ @ @ @ , vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce the risk of infection @ @ @ @ @ large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations and to confirm our preliminary @ @

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with a clinical outcome ranging from mild to severe, including death. To date, it is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms. Many authors have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections; thus, we retrospectively investigated the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in plasma obtained from a cohort of patients from Switzerland. In this cohort, significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (= 0.004) were found in PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 (median value 11.1 ng/mL) patients compared with negative patients (24.6 ng/mL); this was also confirmed by stratifying patients according to age>70 years. On the basis of this preliminary observation, vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce the risk of infection. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations and to confirm our preliminary observation.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--This study found possible evidence linking proton pump inhibitors use to an increased risk of commun

This study found possible evidence linking proton pump inhibitors use to an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia.

PURPOSE : Proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs ) , one of the most widely used medications , are commonly used to suppress several acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders .
Acid-suppressing medication use could be associated with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) , although the results of clinical studies have been conflicting .
DATA SOURCES : A comprehensive search of MEDLINE , EMBASE and Cochrane library and Database of Systematic Reviews from the earliest available online year of indexing up to October 2018 .
STUDY SELECTION : We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ outcomes .
DATA EXTRACTION : Included study location , design , population , the prevalence of CAP , comparison group and other confounders .
We calculated pooled odds ratio ( OR ) using a random-effects meta-analysis .
RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS : Of the 2577 studies screening , 11 papers were included in the systematic review and 7 studies with 65 590 CAP cases were included in the random-effects meta-analysis .
In current PPI users , pooled OR for CAP was 1.86 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 1.30-2.66 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ users , OR for CAP was 1.66 ( 95 % CI , 1.22-2.25 ) .
In the subgroup analysis of CAP , significance association is also observed in both high-dose and low-dose PPI therapy .
When stratified by duration of exposure , 3-6 months PPIs users group was associated with increased risk of developing CAP ( OR , 2.05 ; 95 % CI , 1.22-3.45 ) .
There was a statistically significant association between the PPI users and the rate of hospitalization ( OR , 2.59 ; 95 % CI , 1.83-3.66 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ linking PPI use to an increased risk of CAP .
More randomized controlled studies are warranted to clarify an understanding of the association between PPI use and risk of CAP because observational studies can not clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or a result of unmeasured/residual confounding .

PURPOSE: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), one of the most widely used medications, are commonly used to suppress several acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders. Acid-suppressing medication use could be associated with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the results of clinical studies have been conflicting.
DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library and Database of Systematic Reviews from the earliest available online year of indexing up to October 2018.
STUDY SELECTION: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the risk of PPI use on CAP outcomes.
DATA EXTRACTION: Included study location, design, population, the prevalence of CAP, comparison group and other confounders. We calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) using a random-effects meta-analysis.
RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 2577 studies screening, 11 papers were included in the systematic review and 7 studies with 65 590 CAP cases were included in the random-effects meta-analysis. In current PPI users, pooled OR for CAP was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30-2.66), and in the case of recent users, OR for CAP was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.22-2.25). In the subgroup analysis of CAP, significance association is also observed in both high-dose and low-dose PPI therapy. When stratified by duration of exposure, 3-6 months PPIs users group was associated with increased risk of developing CAP (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.22-3.45). There was a statistically significant association between the PPI users and the rate of hospitalization (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.83-3.66).
CONCLUSION: We found possible evidence linking PPI use to an increased risk of CAP. More randomized controlled studies are warranted to clarify an understanding of the association between PPI use and risk of CAP because observational studies cannot clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or a result of unmeasured/residual confounding.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Proton pump inhibitors use in colorectal cancer patients might create a risk of cancer promotion.

Proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs ) are administered commonly to aged people ; however , their effect on colorectal cancer ( CRC ) has still not been fully elucidated .
Here , we examined the effect of PPIs and consequent alkalization on CRC cells .
PPI administration alkalized the fecal pH and increased serum gastrin concentration .
PPI and pH8 treatment ( alkalization ) of CMT93 mouse colon cancer cells inhibited cell growth and invasion , increased oxidative stress and apoptosis , and decreased mitochondrial volume and protein levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( pERK ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ enhanced growth and invasion , decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis , and increased mitochondrial volume and cyclin D1 and pERK1/2 levels .
Concurrent treatment with a PPI , pH8 , and gastrin increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and also enhanced liver metastasis in the BALB/c strain of mice .
PPI administration was associated withenterotoxin ( CPE ) in CRC lesions .
CPE treatment activated yes-associated protein ( YAP ) signals to enhance proliferation and stemness .
The orthotopic colon cancer model of CMT93 cells with long-term PPI administration showed enhanced tumor growth and liver @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , as indicated by gastrin receptor knockdown and treatment with a YAP inhibitor .
These findings suggest that PPI promotes CRC growth and metastasis by increasing gastrin concentration and YAP activation , resulting in gut flora alteration and fecal alkalization .
These findings suggest that PPI use in colorectal cancer patients might create a risk of cancer promotion .

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are administered commonly to aged people; however, their effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) has still not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of PPIs and consequent alkalization on CRC cells. PPI administration alkalized the fecal pH and increased serum gastrin concentration. PPI and pH8 treatment (alkalization) of CMT93 mouse colon cancer cells inhibited cell growth and invasion, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, and decreased mitochondrial volume and protein levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2. In contrast, gastrin treatment enhanced growth and invasion, decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, and increased mitochondrial volume and cyclin D1 and pERK1/2 levels. Concurrent treatment with a PPI, pH8, and gastrin increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and also enhanced liver metastasis in the BALB/c strain of mice. PPI administration was associated withenterotoxin (CPE) in CRC lesions. CPE treatment activated yes-associated protein (YAP) signals to enhance proliferation and stemness. The orthotopic colon cancer model of CMT93 cells with long-term PPI administration showed enhanced tumor growth and liver metastasis due to gastrin and YAP activation, as indicated by gastrin receptor knockdown and treatment with a YAP inhibitor. These findings suggest that PPI promotes CRC growth and metastasis by increasing gastrin concentration and YAP activation, resulting in gut flora alteration and fecal alkalization. These findings suggest that PPI use in colorectal cancer patients might create a risk of cancer promotion.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Association between proton pump inhibitors and asthma: a population-based cohort study.

Objective : The relationship between proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs ) and asthma is controversial .
The goal of this study was to determine the association between PPI use in non-asthma subjects and their subsequent asthma prevalence .
Methods : We conducted a nationwide , population-based retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database ( NHIRD ) of Taiwan from 1999 to 2013 .
We identified 24,077 adult patients with PPI use for more than 3 months and 24,077 controls matched by propensity score on a one-to-one ratio for age , gender , comorbidities ( hypertension @ @ @ @ @ @ @ allergic rhinitis , atopic dermatitis , peptic ulcer disease , diabetes , and sleep apnea syndrome ) , and medications ( histamine 2 receptor antagonists [ H2RA ] , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [ NSAIDs ] , and acetaminophen ) .
The cumulative asthma incidence for the two cohorts in the follow-up period was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method , and the difference was examined using the log-rank test .
Multivariate Cox regression models were used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios ( HR ) .
Results : The overall incidence of asthma was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the non-PPI cohort ( 13.38.4 per 1,000 person-years ) , with an adjusted HR of 1.76 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 1.64-1.88 ) .
In patients without previous peptic ulcer disease , the adjusted HR of asthma associated with PPIs was higher than in the non-PPI group ( 1.95 ; 95 % CI , 1.80-2.11 ) .
The risk of asthma due to PPI use was also more significant in patients not receiving H2RA ( 1.81 ; 95 % CI , 1.66-1.96 ) , NSAIDs ( 1.93 ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and acetaminophen ( 1.88 ; 95 % CI , 1.70-2.08 ) .
Conclusions : This population base study demonstrated that patients with long-duration of PPI use are at a higher risk of developing asthma , regardless of age , gender , comorbidities , and medications .

Objective: The relationship between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and asthma is controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the association between PPI use in non-asthma subjects and their subsequent asthma prevalence.
Design: Nationwide, population-based cohort study.
Methods: We conducted a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan from 1999 to 2013. We identified 24,077 adult patients with PPI use for more than 3 months and 24,077 controls matched by propensity score on a one-to-one ratio for age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, peptic ulcer disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea syndrome), and medications (histamine 2 receptor antagonists [H2RA], nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], and acetaminophen). The cumulative asthma incidence for the two cohorts in the follow-up period was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference was examined using the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HR).
Results: The overall incidence of asthma was 1.58-fold greater in the PPI cohort than in the non-PPI cohort (13.38.4 per 1,000 person-years), with an adjusted HR of 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-1.88). In patients without previous peptic ulcer disease, the adjusted HR of asthma associated with PPIs was higher than in the non-PPI group (1.95; 95% CI, 1.80-2.11). The risk of asthma due to PPI use was also more significant in patients not receiving H2RA (1.81; 95% CI, 1.66-1.96), NSAIDs (1.93; 95% CI, 1.73-2.15), and acetaminophen (1.88; 95% CI, 1.70-2.08).
Conclusions: This population base study demonstrated that patients with long-duration of PPI use are at a higher risk of developing asthma, regardless of age, gender, comorbidities, and medications.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Apigenin prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by activating the SIRT1 pathway.

Acetaminophen ( APAP ) overdose is the main cause of acute liver failure .
Apigenin ( API ) is a natural dietary flavonol with high antioxidant capacity .
Herein , we investigated protection by API against APAP-induced liver injury in mice , and explored the potential mechanism .
Cell viability assays and mice were used to evaluate the effects of API against APAP-induced liver injury .
Western blotting , immunofluorescence staining , RT-PCR , and Transmission Electron Microscope were carried out to determine the signalling pathways affected by API .
Analysis of mouse serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase ( ALT/AST @ @ @ @ @ @ @ liver myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) activity , glutathione ( GSH ) , and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) revealed that API ( 80 mg/kg ) owned protective effect on APAP-induced liver injury .
Meanwhile , API ameliorated the decreased cell viability in L-02 cells incubated by APAP with a dose dependent .
Furthermore , API promoted SIRT1 expression and deacetylated p53 .
Western blotting showed that API promoted APAP-induced autophagy , activated the NRF2 pathway , and inhibited the transcriptional activation of nuclear p65 in the presence of APAP .
Furthermore , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity .
Molecular docking results indicate potential interaction between API and SIRT1 .
API prevents APAP-induced liver injury by regulating the SIRT1-p53 axis , thereby promoting APAP-induced autophagy and ameliorating APAP-induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress injury .

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the main cause of acute liver failure. Apigenin (API) is a natural dietary flavonol with high antioxidant capacity. Herein, we investigated protection by API against APAP-induced liver injury in mice, and explored the potential mechanism. Cell viability assays and mice were used to evaluate the effects of API against APAP-induced liver injury. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR, and Transmission Electron Microscope were carried out to determine the signalling pathways affected by API. Analysis of mouse serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed that API (80 mg/kg) owned protective effect on APAP-induced liver injury. Meanwhile, API ameliorated the decreased cell viability in L-02 cells incubated by APAP with a dose dependent. Furthermore, API promoted SIRT1 expression and deacetylated p53. Western blotting showed that API promoted APAP-induced autophagy, activated the NRF2 pathway, and inhibited the transcriptional activation of nuclear p65 in the presence of APAP. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 reduced protection by API against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecular docking results indicate potential interaction between API and SIRT1. API prevents APAP-induced liver injury by regulating the SIRT1-p53 axis, thereby promoting APAP-induced autophagy and ameliorating APAP-induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Apigenin may improve the spatial working memory deficits and neuronal degeneration through the ameli

Introduction : Cognitive dysfunction is the most common problem of patients with Alzheimer Disease ( AD ) .
The pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment in AD may contribute to neuronal loss , synaptic dysfunction , and alteration in neurotransmitters receptors .
Mitochondrial synapses dysfunction due to the accumulation of Amyloid Beta ( Aβ ) is one of the earliest pathological features of AD .
The flavone apigenin has been reported to play some protective roles in AD through the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties .
This study aimed at investigating the effects of apigenin on spatial working memory and neural protection @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 9 .
Methods : Intracerebroventricular ( ICV ) microinjection of Aβ 25-35 was used for AD modeling .
Working memory was assessed 21 days later using the Y maze test .
Neuronal loss was detected in the hilar area of the hippocampus using Nissl and Fluoro-jade B staining , whereas immunohistochemistry was used to illustrate cytochrome c positive cells and caspase 9 .
Results : The results revealed that apigenin significantly ameliorated spatial working memory .
It also significantly reduced the number of degenerative neurons in the hilus area .
Apigenin almost completely @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caspase 9 in hilus .
Conclusion : Apigenin may improve the spatial working memory deficits and neuronal degeneration through the amelioration of the mitochondrial dysfunction .

Introduction: Cognitive dysfunction is the most common problem of patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD). The pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment in AD may contribute to neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and alteration in neurotransmitters receptors. Mitochondrial synapses dysfunction due to the accumulation of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) is one of the earliest pathological features of AD. The flavone apigenin has been reported to play some protective roles in AD through the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed at investigating the effects of apigenin on spatial working memory and neural protection byrestoring mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of caspase 9.
Methods: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of Aβ 25-35 was used for AD modeling. Working memory was assessed 21 days later using the Y maze test. Neuronal loss was detected in the hilar area of the hippocampus using Nissl and Fluoro-jade B staining, whereas immunohistochemistry was used to illustrate cytochrome c positive cells and caspase 9.
Results: The results revealed that apigenin significantly ameliorated spatial working memory. It also significantly reduced the number of degenerative neurons in the hilus area. Apigenin almost completely blocked the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 in hilus.
Conclusion: Apigenin may improve the spatial working memory deficits and neuronal degeneration through the amelioration of the mitochondrial dysfunction.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Nobiletin in cancer therapy: how this plant derived-natural compound targets various oncogene and on

Nobiletin in cancer therapy: how this plant derived-natural compound targets various oncogene and onco-suppressor pathways.

Cancer therapy is a growing field , and annually , a high number of research is performed to develop novel antitumor drugs .
Attempts to find new antitumor drugs continue , since cancer cells are able to acquire resistance to conventional drugs .
Natural chemicals can be considered as promising candidates in the field of cancer therapy due to their multiple-targeting capability .
The nobiletin ( NOB ) is a ubiquitous flavone isolated from Citrus fruits .
The NOB has a variety of pharmacological activities , such as antidiabetes , antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , hepatoprotective , and neuroprotective .
Among @ @ @ @ @ @ @ has been under attention over recent years .
In this review , we comprehensively describe the efficacy of NOB in cancer therapy .
NOB induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells .
It can suppress migration and invasion of cancer cells via the inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) and EMT-related factors such as TGF-β , ZEB , Slug , and Snail .
Besides , NOB inhibits oncogene factors such as STAT3 , NF-κB , Akt , PI3K , Wnt , and so on .
Noteworthy , onco-suppressor factors such @ @ @ @ @ @ @ NOB in cancer therapy .
These onco-suppressor and oncogene pathways and mechanisms are discussedin this review .

Cancer therapy is a growing field, and annually, a high number of research is performed to develop novel antitumor drugs. Attempts to find new antitumor drugs continue, since cancer cells are able to acquire resistance to conventional drugs. Natural chemicals can be considered as promising candidates in the field of cancer therapy due to their multiple-targeting capability. The nobiletin (NOB) is a ubiquitous flavone isolated from Citrus fruits. The NOB has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antidiabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective. Among them, the antitumor activity of NOB has been under attention over recent years. In this review, we comprehensively describe the efficacy of NOB in cancer therapy. NOB induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. It can suppress migration and invasion of cancer cells via the inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and EMT-related factors such as TGF-β, ZEB, Slug, and Snail. Besides, NOB inhibits oncogene factors such as STAT3, NF-κB, Akt, PI3K, Wnt, and so on. Noteworthy, onco-suppressor factors such as microRNA-7 and -200b undergo upregulation by NOB in cancer therapy. These onco-suppressor and oncogene pathways and mechanisms are discussedin this review.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--These results suggest that steamed ginger ethanolic extract is a potent anti-obesity agent.

Steamed ginger ethanolic extract ( SGE ) is a product with a high 6-shogaol contents and is thought to be @ @ @ @ @ products .
We conducted a 12-week , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial to @ @ @ @ @ on weight and body fat loss .
Eighty healthy obese participants were recruited and randomly @ @ @ @ @ placebo groups .
The outcome measures comprised indicators of efficacy ( body weight , body @ @ @ @ @ , and blood markers ) and safety .
Following the supplementation period , mean body @ @ @ @ @ , and body fat level were significantly lower in the SGE group than in the @ @ @ @ @ significant changes were observed for any safety parameter .
These results suggest that SGE is @ @ @ @ @ does not cause significant side effects .
Therefore , SGE supplementation combined with lifestyle modification @ @ @ @ @ management of body weight and fat mass .

Steamed ginger ethanolic extract (SGE) is a product with a high 6-shogaol contents and is thought to be more potent than other ginger products. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the effects of SGE on weight and body fat loss. Eighty healthy obese participants were recruited and randomly divided into the SGE and placebo groups. The outcome measures comprised indicators of efficacy (body weight, body mass index, body composition, and blood markers) and safety. Following the supplementation period, mean body weight, body mass index, and body fat level were significantly lower in the SGE group than in the placebo group. No clinically significant changes were observed for any safety parameter. These results suggest that SGE is a potent anti-obesity agent that does not cause significant side effects. Therefore, SGE supplementation combined with lifestyle modification could be effective in the management of body weight and fat mass.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--6-shogaol enhances the anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan via increase

6-shogaol enhances the anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan via increase of apoptosis and autophagy in colon cancer cells.

BACKGROUND : The development and growth of colorectal cancer based on constitutive activation of numerous signaling pathways that stimulate proliferation and metastasis .
Plant-derived agents excel by targeting multiple aspects of tumor progression .
Previous investigations have shown that ginger derivatives- shogaols possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects .
In the present study , we have examined the anti-cancer effects of 6-shogaol alongside with the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents/regimens in the tumor-like microenvironment conditions .
METHODS : Cytotoxicity on two colon cancer cell lines ( SW480 and SW620 ) was measured by MTT test .
Apoptosisassay , immunocytochemical and Western @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were performed .
RESULTS : Here , we report that 6-shogaol by itself or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents/regimens exerted a cytotoxic effect on CRC cells .
Cell death might be linked with the activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related pathways .
In the tumor-like microenvironment , which is characterized by hypoxia and glucose starvation , 6-shogaol with chemotherapeutics is significantly more potent than conventional chemotherapy alone .
CONCLUSIONS : Collectively , our data suggest that the addition of 6-shogaol to established chemotherapeutic regimens could potentially be a remarkable therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer @

BACKGROUND: The development and growth of colorectal cancer based on constitutive activation of numerous signaling pathways that stimulate proliferation and metastasis. Plant-derived agents excel by targeting multiple aspects of tumor progression. Previous investigations have shown that ginger derivatives- shogaols possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we have examined the anti-cancer effects of 6-shogaol alongside with the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents/regimens in the tumor-like microenvironment conditions.
METHODS: Cytotoxicity on two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW620) was measured by MTT test. Apoptosisassay, immunocytochemical and Western blotting analysis for autophagy and apoptosis detection were performed.
RESULTS: Here, we report that 6-shogaol by itself or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents/regimens exerted a cytotoxic effect on CRC cells. Cell death might be linked with the activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related pathways. In the tumor-like microenvironment, which is characterized by hypoxia and glucose starvation, 6-shogaol with chemotherapeutics is significantly more potent than conventional chemotherapy alone.
CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data suggest that the addition of 6-shogaol to established chemotherapeutic regimens could potentially be a remarkable therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--6-shogaol protects human melanocytes against oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2-antioxi

6-shogaol protects human melanocytes against oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signalling pathway.

Skin is a major target of oxidative stress .
Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the cause of melanocyte disappearance in vitiligo , which is an acquired pigmentary skin disorder characterized by patches of skin that have lost pigmentation .
New herbal extracts with antioxidant activity are therefore being studied .
6-Shogaol ( 6-SG ) , an active compound from ginger , is capable of attenuating oxidative stress-induced ageing and neurotoxicity .
Subsequently , to investigate whether 6-SG could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress , cultured human primary epidermal melanocytes ( HEMn-MPs ) were treated with hydrogen peroxide ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of 6-SG .
The 6-SG exhibited protective effects against HO-induced cell death by reducing oxidative stress .
In addition , the 6-SG treatment activated the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway by upregulating the mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 ( HO-1 ) , and protein expression of Nrf2 , NAD ( P ) H : quinine oxidoreductase 1 ( Nqo1 ) , and HO-1 .
Furthermore , the 6-SG also displayed protective effects on melanocytes against Rhododendrol-induced oxidative stress .
We concluded that 6-SG protects melanocytes against oxidative stress in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ associated with the activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway .
6-SG , therefore , has potential for use in the prevention of melanocyte loss in the early stages of vitiligo or other pigmentary disorders .

Skin is a major target of oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the cause of melanocyte disappearance in vitiligo, which is an acquired pigmentary skin disorder characterized by patches of skin that have lost pigmentation. New herbal extracts with antioxidant activity are therefore being studied. 6-Shogaol (6-SG), an active compound from ginger, is capable of attenuating oxidative stress-induced ageing and neurotoxicity. Subsequently, to investigate whether 6-SG could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress, cultured human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-MPs) were treated with hydrogen peroxide (HO) in the presence or absence of 6-SG. The 6-SG exhibited protective effects against HO-induced cell death by reducing oxidative stress. In addition, the 6-SG treatment activated the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway by upregulating the mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and protein expression of Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and HO-1. Furthermore, the 6-SG also displayed protective effects on melanocytes against Rhododendrol-induced oxidative stress. We concluded that 6-SG protects melanocytes against oxidative stress in vitro, and its protective effect is associated with the activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway. 6-SG, therefore, has potential for use in the prevention of melanocyte loss in the early stages of vitiligo or other pigmentary disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Effects of 6-shogaol on notch signalling pathway in colonic epithelial cells of ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVE : To observe the regulatory effect of 6-Shogaol on Notch signal pathway in colonic epithelial cells of mice with ulcerative colitis .
METHODS : Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group ( n=10 ) and model group ( n=30 ) .
The model of ulcerative colitis was induced by free drinking of 2 % dextran sulfate sodium salt ( DSS ) .
After 15 days , the mice were divided into model group , 6-gingerenol group and positive control group with 10 mice in each group .
Normal group and model group were treated with normal saline @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 100 mg/ ( kg·d ) , positive control group was treated with sulfasalazine 100 mg/ ( kg·d ) , for 20 days .
The histopathological changes of colon were observed , and the expressions of Hes-1 and Math-1protein in colonic epithelial cells were detected by immunofluorescence double labeling method .
The expressions of Notch-1 , Hes-1 and Math-1 mRNA in colonic epithelial tissue were detected by RT-PCR .
The expressions of Notch-1 , Hes-1 and Math-1 protein in colonic epithelial tissue was detected by Western blot .
RESULTS : Compared with the normal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Hes-1 protein and the relative expression of mRNA in colonic epithelium of model group were significantly increased ( P＜0.01 ) , while the relative expressions of Math-1 mRNA and protein were decreased significantly ( P＜0.01 ) .
Compared with the model group , the expressions of Notch-1 and Hes-1 protein and the relative expression of mRNA in colonic epithelium of 6-Shogaol group and sulfasalazine group were decreasedsignificantly ( P＜0.01 ) , while the relative expressions of Math-1 mRNA and protein were increased significantly ( P＜0.01 ) .
CONCLUSION : 6-Shogaol can inhibit the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the balance of differentiation between colonic epithelialabsorptive cell line and secretory cell line and repair damaged mucosal tissue .

OBJECTIVE: To observe the regulatory effect of 6-Shogaol on Notch signal pathway in colonic epithelial cells of mice with ulcerative colitis.
METHODS: Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group (n=10) and model group (n=30). The model of ulcerative colitis was induced by free drinking of 2% dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS). After 15 days, the mice were divided into model group, 6-gingerenol group and positive control group with 10 mice in each group. Normal group and model group were treated with normal saline, 6-gingerenol group was treated with 6-Shogaol 100 mg/(kg·d), positive control group was treated with sulfasalazine 100 mg/(kg·d), for 20 days. The histopathological changes of colon were observed, and the expressions of Hes-1 and Math-1protein in colonic epithelial cells were detected by immunofluorescence double labeling method. The expressions of Notch-1, Hes-1 and Math-1 mRNA in colonic epithelial tissue were detected by RT-PCR. The expressions of Notch-1, Hes-1 and Math-1 protein in colonic epithelial tissue was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the expression of Notch-1 and Hes-1 protein and the relative expression of mRNA in colonic epithelium of model group were significantly increased (P＜0.01), while the relative expressions of Math-1 mRNA and protein were decreased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with the model group, the expressions of Notch-1 and Hes-1 protein and the relative expression of mRNA in colonic epithelium of 6-Shogaol group and sulfasalazine group were decreasedsignificantly(P＜0.01), while the relative expressions of Math-1 mRNA and protein were increased significantly(P＜0.01).
CONCLUSION: 6-Shogaol can inhibit the over activation of Notch pathway and regulate the balance of differentiation between colonic epithelialabsorptive cell line and secretory cell line and repair damaged mucosal tissue.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Nobiletin has an anticell proliferative effect on DMBA-induced mammary cancer.

Breast cancer is a widespread disease that affects women globally .
Diagnostic processes and remedial approaches to breast carcinogenesis have improved in recent decades , but continuous survival of patients with breast carcinogenesis is still lacking due to increased cell proliferation .
The aim of the present work is to explore the anticell proliferative effects of nobiletin ( NOB ) against 7,12-dimethylbenz [ a ] anthracene ( DMBA ) -treated mammary tumorigenesis in rats .
We stimulate mammary carcinogenesis using oral gavage of DMBA ( 25 mg/kg body weight ) mixed with olive oil ( 1 mL ) .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ liver marker enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase , acid phosphatase , aspartate aminotransferase , and alanine aminotransferase ; and cell proliferative markers such as c-Jun , proliferating cell nuclear antigen , c-Fos , cyclin D1 , and activating protein-1 ( AP-1 ) in the DMBA-treated cancer-bearing animals .
NOB administration improved body weight , significantly reduced hepatic marker enzymes , and altered histopathological changes .
Furthermore , NOB efficiently reduced tumor cell proliferation markers in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis .
Overall , these results suggest that NOB has an anticell proliferative effect on DMBA-induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ signaling pathway .

Breast cancer is a widespread disease that affects women globally. Diagnostic processes and remedial approaches to breast carcinogenesis have improved in recent decades, but continuous survival of patients with breast carcinogenesis is still lacking due to increased cell proliferation. The aim of the present work is to explore the anticell proliferative effects of nobiletin (NOB) against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated mammary tumorigenesis in rats. We stimulate mammary carcinogenesis using oral gavage of DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) mixed with olive oil (1 mL). This results in reduced body weight; increased liver marker enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase; and cell proliferative markers such as c-Jun, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, c-Fos, cyclin D1, and activating protein-1 (AP-1) in the DMBA-treated cancer-bearing animals. NOB administration improved body weight, significantly reduced hepatic marker enzymes, and altered histopathological changes. Furthermore, NOB efficiently reduced tumor cell proliferation markers in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Overall, these results suggest that NOB has an anticell proliferative effect on DMBA-induced mammary cancer via modulation of the AP-1 signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-06-03--Naringin treatment may be useful to reduce wood smoke-induced oxidative stress and related ocular an

Naringin treatment may be useful to reduce wood smoke-induced oxidative stress and related ocular and pulmonary damage.

Background : Millions of households in the world depend on wood and biomass for cooking and heating .
This dependence leads to undesirable toxic effects , such as ocular and pulmonary toxicity .
Objectives : The present study examined the potential oculoprotective and pulmonary protective activity of naringin ( NRG ) , a naturally occurring flavonoid , against wood smoke ( WS ) -induced toxicity in a rat model .
Methods : Forty-eight adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into six ( n=8 ) groups .
All rats were fed , given water , and observed for 21 days @ @ @ @ @ @ @ only distilled water and no WS exposure , Group II was exposed to WS , Group III was exposed to WS and given 50 mg/kg/dα-tocopherol ( vitamin E ) , Group IV was exposed to WS and given 80 mg/kg/day NRG , Group V was administered only 80 mg/kg/d NRG only , and Group VI was administered only 50 mg/kg/d vitamin E. WS exposure was for 20 min/d .
The effect of NRG treatment on acetylcholinesterase activity , nitric oxide radical production , malondialdehyde level , and antioxidant enzymes ( ie , superoxide @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was examined .
Results : Subchronic ( 21 day ) exposure to WS induced ocular and pulmonary toxicity manifested by the infiltration of parenchyma , atrophy , and inflammation of the cells , which was correlated with alterations in antioxidant enzyme concentrations .
Cell damage was associated with an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and nitric oxide radical concentrations .
The toxicity triggered by WS was modulated by the coadministration of NRG .
Conclusion : These results suggest that NRG treatment may be useful to reduce WS-induced oxidative stress and related ocular and pulmonary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; 73 : XXX-XXX ) .

Background: Millions of households in the world depend on wood and biomass for cooking and heating. This dependence leads to undesirable toxic effects, such as ocular and pulmonary toxicity.
Objectives: The present study examined the potential oculoprotective and pulmonary protective activity of naringin (NRG), a naturally occurring flavonoid, against wood smoke (WS)-induced toxicity in a rat model.
Methods: Forty-eight adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into six (n=8) groups. All rats were fed, given water, and observed for 21 days, Group I (control) received only distilled water and no WS exposure, Group II was exposed to WS, Group III was exposed to WS and given 50 mg/kg/dα-tocopherol (vitamin E), Group IV was exposed to WS and given 80 mg/kg/day NRG, Group V was administered only 80 mg/kg/d NRG only, and Group VI was administered only 50 mg/kg/d vitamin E. WS exposure was for 20 min/d. The effect of NRG treatment on acetylcholinesterase activity, nitric oxide radical production, malondialdehyde level, and antioxidant enzymes (ie, superoxide dismustase and catalase) in WS-exposed rats was examined.
Results: Subchronic (21 day) exposure to WS induced ocular and pulmonary toxicity manifested by the infiltration of parenchyma, atrophy, and inflammation of the cells, which was correlated with alterations in antioxidant enzyme concentrations. Cell damage was associated with an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and nitric oxide radical concentrations. The toxicity triggered by WS was modulated by the coadministration of NRG.
Conclusion: These results suggest that NRG treatment may be useful to reduce WS-induced oxidative stress and related ocular and pulmonary damage in rats. (. 2012; 73:XXX-XXX).