greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Mangiferin induces immune responses and evaluates the survival rate in WEHI-3 cell generated mouse l

Mangiferin induces immune responses and evaluates the survival rate in WEHI-3 cell generated mouse leukemia in vivo.

Mangiferin is a naturally occurring polyphenol , widely distributed in Thymeraceae families , and presents pharmacological activity , including anti-cancer activities in many human cancer cell lines .
Mangiferin has also been reported to affect immune responses ; however , no available information concerning the effects of mangiferin on immune reactions in leukemia mice in vivo .
In the present study , we investigated the effects of mangiferin on leukemia WEHI-3 cell generated leukemia BLAB/c mice .
Overall , the experiments were divided into two parts , one part was immune responses experiment and the other was the survival rate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rate study , 40 mice for each part , were randomly separated into five groups ( N = 8 ) : Group I was normal animals and groups II-V WEHI-3 cell generated leukemia mice .
Group II mice were fed normal diet as a positive control ; group III , IV , and V mice received mangiferin at 40 , 80 , and 120 mg/kg , respectively , by intraperitoneal injection every 2 days for 20 days .
Leukocytes cell population , macrophage phagocytosis , and NK cell activities were analyzed by flow @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( LPS ) and concanavalin A ( Con A ) were used to determine the proliferation of B and T cells , respectively , and subsequently were analyzed by flow cytometry .
Results indicated that mangiferin significantly increased body weight , decreased the liver and spleen weights of leukemia mice .
Mangiferin also increased CD3 T-cell and CD19 B cell population butdecreased Mac-3 macrophage and CD11b monocyte .
Furthermore , mangiferin decreased phagocytosis of macrophages from PBMC and peritoneal cavity at 40 , 80 , and 120 mg/kg treatment .
However , it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and 120 mg/kg treatment .
There were no effects on T and B cell proliferation at three examined doses .
In survival rate studies , mangiferin significantly elevated survival rate at 40 and 120 mg/kg treatment of leukemia mice in vivo .

Mangiferin is a naturally occurring polyphenol, widely distributed in Thymeraceae families, and presents pharmacological activity, including anti-cancer activities in many human cancer cell lines. Mangiferin has also been reported to affect immune responses; however, no available information concerning the effects of mangiferin on immune reactions in leukemia mice in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mangiferin on leukemia WEHI-3 cell generated leukemia BLAB/c mice. Overall, the experiments were divided into two parts, one part was immune responses experiment and the other was the survival rate experiment. The immune responses and survival rate study, 40 mice for each part, were randomly separated into five groups (N = 8): Group I was normal animals and groups II-V WEHI-3 cell generated leukemia mice. Group II mice were fed normal diet as a positive control; group III, IV, and V mice received mangiferin at 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection every 2 days for 20 days. Leukocytes cell population, macrophage phagocytosis, and NK cell activities were analyzed by flow cytometry. Isolated splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A) were used to determine the proliferation of B and T cells, respectively, and subsequently were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results indicated that mangiferin significantly increased body weight, decreased the liver and spleen weights of leukemia mice. Mangiferin also increased CD3 T-cell and CD19 B cell population butdecreased Mac-3 macrophage and CD11b monocyte. Furthermore, mangiferin decreased phagocytosis of macrophages from PBMC and peritoneal cavity at 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg treatment. However, it also increased NK cell activity at 40 and 120 mg/kg treatment. There were no effects on T and B cell proliferation at three examined doses. In survival rate studies, mangiferin significantly elevated survival rate at 40 and 120 mg/kg treatment of leukemia mice in vivo.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Mangiferin might be a potential effective agent for the management of alcoholic liver injury.

Adipose dysfunction is closely associated with alcoholic liver disease .
The impact of mangiferin on ethanol-induced liver injury and the @ @ @ @ @ not been sufficiently addressed .
In the present study , mice were subjected to a @ @ @ @ @ ethanol feeding to induce liver injury .
In addition , the differentiated adipocytes from primary @ @ @ @ @ used for the mechanism studies .
Our study demonstrated that mangiferin protects against ethanol induced @ @ @ @ @ stability , which is associated with activating the AMPK/TBK1 signaling and suppressing the noncanonical NF-κB @ @ @ @ @ reduction of free fatty acid release and the amelioration of ethanol-induced liver injury .
Our @ @ @ @ @ alcoholic liver injury via suppression of inflammation-induced adipose hyperlipolysis , suggesting that mangiferin might be @ @ @ @ @ the management of alcoholic liver injury .

Adipose dysfunction is closely associated with alcoholic liver disease. The impact of mangiferin on ethanol-induced liver injury and the probable underlying molecular mechanism has not been sufficiently addressed. In the present study, mice were subjected to a chronic plus a single binge ethanol feeding to induce liver injury. In addition, the differentiated adipocytes from primary mouse adipocytes were isolated and used for the mechanism studies. Our study demonstrated that mangiferin protects against ethanol induced adipose hyperlipolysis by restoring PDE3B stability, which is associated with activating the AMPK/TBK1 signaling and suppressing the noncanonical NF-κB activation, leading to the reduction of free fatty acid release and the amelioration of ethanol-induced liver injury. Our findings identify that mangiferin ameliorates alcoholic liver injury via suppression of inflammation-induced adipose hyperlipolysis, suggesting that mangiferin might be a potential effective agent for the management of alcoholic liver injury.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Mangiferin offers protection against deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and envir

Mangiferin offers protection against deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and environmental chemicals.

Mangiferin ( MGF ) is a polyphenolic C-glucosyl-xanthone extracted from the mango tree ( Mangifera indica ) .
MGF has @ @ @ @ @ antioxidant , antiapoptotic , radical scavenging , and chelating properties .
MGF also has been @ @ @ @ @ .
In this review , we examined and evaluated the literature dealing with the protective @ @ @ @ @ chemical toxicities .
Our literature review indicated that the MGF-induced protective effects against the toxic @ @ @ @ @ metals and environmental chemicals were mainly mediated via suppression of lipid peroxidation , oxidative stress @ @ @ @ @ the antioxidant enzyme ) , inflammatory factors ( TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-10 , and @ @ @ @ @ of PI3K/Akt and the MAPK survival signaling pathway .

Mangiferin (MGF) is a polyphenolic C-glucosyl-xanthone extracted from the mango tree (Mangifera indica). MGF has shown diverse effects such as antioxidant, antiapoptotic, radical scavenging, and chelating properties. MGF also has been shown to modulate inflammatory pathways. In this review, we examined and evaluated the literature dealing with the protective effects of MGF against various chemical toxicities. Our literature review indicated that the MGF-induced protective effects against the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and environmental chemicals were mainly mediated via suppression of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress (along with enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme), inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12), and activation of PI3K/Akt and the MAPK survival signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--A mango juice by-product reduces gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in

A mango juice by-product reduces gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in children.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a mango juice by-product ( JBP ) on upper-respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infection symptoms in children ( 6-8 y ) in a randomized , double-blind , parallel , case-control study .
For two months , children drank either flavored water ( control group ) or a mango JBP-based beverage ( 0.04 g·ml ; treatment group ) ; such beverage provided 1.1 g , 278.6 mg and 7.8 mg of dietary fiber , extractable polyphenols ( mono-to-hepta galloyl hexosides , mangiferin ) , and hydrolysable polyphenols ( ellagic/gallic acid ) per portion , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of gastrointestinal ( flatulencies and abdominal inflammation ; p ≤ 0.007 ) and upper-tract respiratory ( crystalline mucus , itchy throat , runny nose , itchy nose , and sneezing ; p ≤ 0.038 ) and such benefits were associated to increased serum levels of PAI-I , MIP-1a , and MIP-1b ( p ≤ 0.04 ) and decreased levels of IgG , MIF , and osteopontin ( p ≤ 0.01 ) .
We concludedthat JBP-based beverage has immunomodulatory properties , useful to prevent or even treat common infectious diseases in school-age children .

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a mango juice by-product (JBP) on upper-respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infection symptoms in children (6-8 y) in a randomized, double-blind, parallel, case-control study. For two months, children drank either flavored water (control group) or a mango JBP-based beverage (0.04 g·ml; treatment group); such beverage provided 1.1 g, 278.6 mg and 7.8 mg of dietary fiber, extractable polyphenols (mono-to-hepta galloyl hexosides, mangiferin), and hydrolysable polyphenols (ellagic/gallic acid) per portion, respectively. Mango JBP reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal (flatulencies and abdominal inflammation; p ≤ 0.007) and upper-tract respiratory (crystalline mucus, itchy throat, runny nose, itchy nose, and sneezing; p ≤ 0.038) and such benefits were associated to increased serum levels of PAI-I, MIP-1a, and MIP-1b (p ≤ 0.04) and decreased levels of IgG, MIF, and osteopontin (p ≤ 0.01). We concludedthat JBP-based beverage has immunomodulatory properties, useful to prevent or even treat common infectious diseases in school-age children.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Epoxyazadiradione exhibit activities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting multiple

Epoxyazadiradione exhibit activities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting multiple pathways.

The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( HNSCC ) constitute about 90 % of all head and neck cancers .
HNSCC falls in the top 10 cancers in men globally .
Epoxyazadiradione ( EPA ) and Azadiradione ( AZA ) are the limonoids derived from the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica ( popularly known as Neem ) .
Whether or not the limonoids exhibit activities against HNSCC and the associated mechanism remains elusive .
Herein , we demonstrate that EPA exhibits stronger activity in HNSCC in comparison to AZA .
The limonoids obeyed the Lipinski 's rule of 5 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ HNSCC lines like suppression of the proliferation and the induction of apoptosis .
The limonoid suppressed the level of proteins associated with anti-apoptosis ( survivin , Bcl-2 , Bcl-xL ) , proliferation ( cyclin D1 ) , and invasion ( MMP-9 ) .
Further , the expression of proapoptotic Bax and caspase-9 cleavage was induced by the limonoid .
Exposure of EPA induced reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation in the FaDu cells .
N-acetyl-L-cysteine ( ROS scavenger ) abrogated the down-regulation of tumorigenic proteins caused by EPA exposure .
EPA induced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ death-ligand 1 ( PD-L1 ) .
Further , hydrogen peroxide induced NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation and EPA inhibited the translocation .
Finally , EPA modulated the expression of lncRNAs in HNSCC lines .
Overall , these results have shown that EPA exhibit activities against HNSCC by targeting multiple cancer related signalling molecules .
Currently , we are evaluating theefficacy of this molecule in mice models .

The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitute about 90% of all head and neck cancers. HNSCC falls in the top 10 cancers in men globally. Epoxyazadiradione (EPA) and Azadiradione (AZA) are the limonoids derived from the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (popularly known as Neem). Whether or not the limonoids exhibit activities against HNSCC and the associated mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that EPA exhibits stronger activity in HNSCC in comparison to AZA. The limonoids obeyed the Lipinski's rule of 5. EPA exhibited activities in a variety of HNSCC lines like suppression of the proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. The limonoid suppressed the level of proteins associated with anti-apoptosis (survivin, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), proliferation (cyclin D1), and invasion (MMP-9). Further, the expression of proapoptotic Bax and caspase-9 cleavage was induced by the limonoid. Exposure of EPA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the FaDu cells. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ROS scavenger) abrogated the down-regulation of tumorigenic proteins caused by EPA exposure. EPA induced NOX-5 while suppressing the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Further, hydrogen peroxide induced NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation and EPA inhibited the translocation. Finally, EPA modulated the expression of lncRNAs in HNSCC lines. Overall, these results have shown that EPA exhibit activities against HNSCC by targeting multiple cancer related signalling molecules. Currently, we are evaluating theefficacy of this molecule in mice models.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Inhibitory activity of flaxseed oil against cadmium chloride induced liver and kidney damage.

The present work evaluated the effect of flaxseed oil ( FO ) against toxicity induced by cadmium chloride ( CdCl ) in the mouse liver and kidney .
Male Swiss albino mice were treated with CdCl ( 4.5 mg/kg , intraperitoneally ) with or without FO at three concentrations ( 4 , 8 , 12 mL/kg , orally ) for two consecutive weeks .
To analyze the effects of FO , we used the following techniques : ( 1 ) histopathological examination ; ( 2 ) comet assay ; ( 3 ) RT-PCR gene expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( p53 ) ; and ( 4 ) immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-9 protein expression .
The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that FO had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids including , oleic acid , linolenic acid , and linoleic acid .
Oral supplementation with FO ( 12 mL/kg ) resulted in a normal histological appearance without alteration in the DNA integrity and gene expression of TNF-α , p53 , and caspase-9 in liver and kidney tissues .
As expected , CdClremarkably induced loss of histological integrity , increased DNA comet formation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levels and increased the immunoreactivity of caspase-9 expression .
When FO was given before administration of CdCl , these histopathological defects were reversed ; necrosis , degeneration , inflammatory cell infiltration , hemorrhage , Kupffer cells , and pyknotic cells were all reduced .
These histological improvements induced by FO were accompanied by reduced DNA breakage , downregulated mRNA expression of TNF-α and p53 , and downregulated immunohistochemical expression of caspase-9 protein .
In conclusion , FO and its constituents may act as signaling molecules and modify the expression of genes involved in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cell cycle arrest ( p53 ) , and apoptosis ( caspase-9 ) , thereby improving biological activities and health .

The present work evaluated the effect of flaxseed oil (FO) against toxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl) in the mouse liver and kidney. Male Swiss albino mice were treated with CdCl(4.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) with or without FO at three concentrations (4, 8, 12 mL/kg, orally) for two consecutive weeks. To analyze the effects of FO, we used the following techniques: (1) histopathological examination; (2) comet assay; (3) RT-PCR gene expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and tumor suppressor protein (p53); and (4) immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-9 protein expression. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that FO had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids including, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid. Oral supplementation with FO (12 mL/kg) resulted in a normal histological appearance without alteration in the DNA integrity and gene expression of TNF-α, p53, and caspase-9 in liver and kidney tissues. As expected, CdClremarkably induced loss of histological integrity, increased DNA comet formation, increased TNF-α and p53 mRNA expression levels and increased the immunoreactivity of caspase-9 expression. When FO was given before administration of CdCl, these histopathological defects were reversed; necrosis, degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, Kupffer cells, and pyknotic cells were all reduced. These histological improvements induced by FO were accompanied by reduced DNA breakage, downregulated mRNA expression of TNF-α and p53, and downregulated immunohistochemical expression of caspase-9 protein. In conclusion, FO and its constituents may act as signaling molecules and modify the expression of genes involved in proinflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α), cell cycle arrest (p53), and apoptosis (caspase-9), thereby improving biological activities and health.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-29--Novel nanoemulsion gel containing triple natural bio-actives combination of curcumin, thymoquinone,

Novel nanoemulsion gel containing triple natural bio-actives combination of curcumin, thymoquinone, and resveratrol improves psoriasis therapy.

Curcumin , resveratrol , and thymoquinone are the potential natural bio-actives reported with good anti-psoriatic activity .
However , poor aqueous solubility and limited skin permeation of these natural bio-actives hinder their effective delivery and potential therapeutic outcome .
In this regard , current research work focuses on the design and optimization of nanoemulsion ( NE ) gel formulation for the concurrent delivery of these three drugs .
The NE system is consisting of oleic acid as oil phase , Tween 20 as surfactant , and PEG 200 as co-surfactant .
The optimized formulation exhibited the droplet size 76.20± 1.67 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , RI of 1.403 ± 0.007 , and viscosity of 137.9 ± 4.07 mp .
Carbopol 940 ( 0.5 % w/v ) was used as the gelling agent to prepare the NE gel which exhibited a good texture profile .
The optimized formulation exhibited a higher % of growth inhibition on A-431 cells and demonstrated good anti-angiogenic activity in the HET-CAM test .
Finally , in vivo studies in Balb/c mice model showed improved anti-psoriatic conditions which indicated that the triple natural bio-actives combination in nanoemulgel formulation is effective in the management of @ @

Curcumin, resveratrol, and thymoquinone are the potential natural bio-actives reported with good anti-psoriatic activity. However, poor aqueous solubility and limited skin permeation of these natural bio-actives hinder their effective delivery and potential therapeutic outcome. In this regard, current research work focuses on the design and optimization of nanoemulsion (NE) gel formulation for the concurrent delivery of these three drugs. The NE system is consisting of oleic acid as oil phase, Tween 20 as surfactant, and PEG 200 as co-surfactant. The optimized formulation exhibited the droplet size 76.20± 1.67 nm, PDI of 0.12 ± 0.05, RI of 1.403 ± 0.007, and viscosity of 137.9 ± 4.07 mp. Carbopol 940 (0.5% w/v) was used as the gelling agent to prepare the NE gel which exhibited a good texture profile. The optimized formulation exhibited a higher % of growth inhibition on A-431 cells and demonstrated good anti-angiogenic activity in the HET-CAM test. Finally, in vivo studies in Balb/c mice model showed improved anti-psoriatic conditions which indicated that the triple natural bio-actives combination in nanoemulgel formulation is effective in the management of psoriasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Wogonin suppresses IL-10 production in B cells via STAT3 and ERK signaling pathway.

Wogonin ( 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone ) is an ingredient of the extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis , which has documented a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities , including inhibiting regulatory T cells , regulating effector T cell functions , and mediating macrophage immunity .
However , the potential effect of Wogonin on B cells has not been fully understood .
Here , our results showed that Wogonin inhibited IL-10 secretion in B cells .
When purified B cells were activated by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) in vitro , the amount of IL-10 production in supernatant was decreased by Wogonin significantly .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ dextran sulfate sodium- ( DSS- ) induced colitis was alleviated after exposure to Wogonin .
Furthermore , administration of Wogonin on LPS-treated B cells suppressed phosphorylation of STAT3 and ERK , but not AKT .
Interestingly , among those IL-10 signaling-associated transcription factors , mRNA and protein levels of Hif-1were specifically decreased by Wogonin .
Overall , our study indicates that Wogonin suppresses potentially IL-10 production in B cells via inhibition of the STAT3 and ERK signaling pathway as well as inhibition of mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor Hif-1 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ targets of Wogonin in B cells and help us further understand its mechanism of action , which could potentially improve its clinical application in the future .

Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) is an ingredient of the extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis, which has documented a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, including inhibiting regulatory T cells, regulating effector T cell functions, and mediating macrophage immunity. However, the potential effect of Wogonin on B cells has not been fully understood. Here, our results showed that Wogonin inhibited IL-10 secretion in B cells. When purified B cells were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, the amount of IL-10 production in supernatant was decreased by Wogonin significantly. The protective role of B cells on dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis was alleviated after exposure to Wogonin. Furthermore, administration of Wogonin on LPS-treated B cells suppressed phosphorylation of STAT3 and ERK, but not AKT. Interestingly, among those IL-10 signaling-associated transcription factors, mRNA and protein levels of Hif-1were specifically decreased by Wogonin. Overall, our study indicates that Wogonin suppresses potentially IL-10 production in B cells via inhibition of the STAT3 and ERK signaling pathway as well as inhibition of mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor Hif-1. These results provide novel and potential molecular targets of Wogonin in B cells and help us further understand its mechanism of action, which could potentially improve its clinical application in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Wogonin inhibits in vitro herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection.

BACKGROUND : Wogonin , a natural flavonoid-like chemical compound , exhibits anti-inflammatory , antitumor , antiviral , neuroprotective , and @ @ @ @ @ variety of cellular signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt , p53 , nuclear factorκB ( NF-κB ) @ @ @ @ @ MAPK ) pathways .
In this study , its antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus @ @ @ @ @ and 2 ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ) replication was investigated .
RESULTS : Wogonin suppressed @ @ @ @ @ ) and reduced viral mRNA transcription , viral protein synthesis , and infectious virion particle @ @ @ @ @ .
A time-of-drug-addition assay demonstrated that wogonin acted as a postentry viral inhibitor .
Wogonin @ @ @ @ @ and MAPK pathway activation , which has previously been demonstrated to be important for viral @ @ @ @ @ results suggest that the anti-herpes effect of wogonin may be mediated by modulation of cellular @ @ @ @ @ and imply that wogonin may be useful as an anti-HSV agent .

BACKGROUND: Wogonin, a natural flavonoid-like chemical compound, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic effects by modulating a variety of cellular signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, p53, nuclear factorκB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, its antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) replication was investigated.
RESULTS: Wogonin suppressed HSV-2-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and reduced viral mRNA transcription, viral protein synthesis, and infectious virion particle titers in a dose-dependent manner. A time-of-drug-addition assay demonstrated that wogonin acted as a postentry viral inhibitor. Wogonin also significantly reduced HSV-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation, which has previously been demonstrated to be important for viral replication.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the anti-herpes effect of wogonin may be mediated by modulation of cellular NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways and imply that wogonin may be useful as an anti-HSV agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Wogonin preventive impact on hippocampal neurodegeneration, inflammation and cognitive defects in te

Wogonin preventive impact on hippocampal neurodegeneration, inflammation and cognitive defects in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Previous studies demonstrated that the pathophysiological changes after temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) such as oxidative stress , inflammatory reaction contribute to cognitive defect and neuronal damage .
The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of wogonin ameliorates kainate-induced TLE , and to investigate the mechanism underlying these effects .
Rats were divided into control , wogonin , kainate , and wogonin-pretreated kainate groups .
The rat model of TLE was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 0.4 ug/ul of kainate .
The results showed that the cognitive function in TLE rats was significantly impaired , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Morris water maze ( MWM ) .
H & E staining and TUNEL staining showed obvious damage in the hippocampus of TLE rats , and wogonin alleviated the damage .
To evaluate the oxidative stress , the expression of MDA and GSH in plasma were detected .
Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus were detected .
The levels of MDA in plasma increased in TLE rats , and the levels of GSH in plasma and Nrf-2 , HO-1 in the brain decreased .
Treatment with wogonin alleviated these changes .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ inflammatory mediators like IL-1β , TNF-α , and NF kB in the brain .
The inflammatory reaction was significantly activated in the brain of TLE rats , and wogonin alleviated neuroinflammation .
We detected the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 , Bax , caspase-3 , in the hippocampus .
The levels of Bcl-2 decreased in TLE rats , Bax and caspase-3 increased , while wogonin alleviated these changes .
The present study indicated that wogonin exerted a noticeable neuroprotective effect in kainate-induced TLE rats .

Previous studies demonstrated that the pathophysiological changes after temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) such as oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction contribute to cognitive defect and neuronal damage. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of wogonin ameliorates kainate-induced TLE, and to investigate the mechanism underlying these effects. Rats were divided into control, wogonin, kainate, and wogonin-pretreated kainate groups. The rat model of TLE was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 0.4 ug/ul of kainate. The results showed that the cognitive function in TLE rats was significantly impaired, and wogonin treatment improved cognitive function in the Morris water maze (MWM). H&E staining and TUNEL staining showed obvious damage in the hippocampus of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated the damage. To evaluate the oxidative stress, the expression of MDA and GSH in plasma were detected. Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus were detected. The levels of MDA in plasma increased in TLE rats, and the levels of GSH in plasma and Nrf-2, HO-1 in the brain decreased. Treatment with wogonin alleviated these changes. We also detected the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF kB in the brain. The inflammatory reaction was significantly activated in the brain of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated neuroinflammation. We detected the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, in the hippocampus. The levels of Bcl-2 decreased in TLE rats, Bax and caspase-3 increased, while wogonin alleviated these changes. The present study indicated that wogonin exerted a noticeable neuroprotective effect in kainate-induced TLE rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--C. genistoides enriched in xanthones and benzophenones show potential in reducing the effective dose

C. genistoides enriched in xanthones and benzophenones show potential in reducing the effective dose of acarbose required to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia.

Extracts of Cyclopia species are used as food ingredients .
In vitroα-glucosidase ( AG ) inhibition by ultrafiltered C. genistoides extract , fractions enriched in xanthones ( XEF ) and benzophenones ( BEF ) , as well as mangiferin , isomangiferin , 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone ( I3G ) and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone ( IDG ) was determined with acarbose as positive control .
XEF was more potent than the extract and BEF ( IC= 43.3 , 95.5 and 205.7μg mL , respectively ) .
Compounds demonstrated potency in the descending order : acarbose ( IC= 44.3μM ) > mangiferin ( 102.2μM ) > isomangiferin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) > IDG ( 299.4μM ) .
The combination index ( CI ) was used to determine synergism ( CI < 0.7 ) as demonstrated for combinations of acarbose with XEF , BEF or the respective compounds at 50 % and 75 % effect levels .
The greatest potential acarbose dose reductions ( > six-fold ) across all effect levels were calculated for combinations of acarbose with mangiferin or isomangiferin , explaining the greater acarbose dose reduction potential of XEF vs. BEF .
The effect of batch-to-batch variation ( n = 10 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was quantified at a fixed concentration ( 160μg mL ) .
XEFs ( xanthone content = 223-481 g kg ) achieved AG inhibition of 63-72 % , whereas BEFs ( benzophenone content = 114-251 g kg ) achieved AG inhibition of 26-34 % , with weak linear correlation ( R < 0.43 ) between target compound content of the fractions and their achieved AG inhibition .
Thus , extract fractions of C. genistoides , enriched in xanthones and benzophenones , show potential in reducing the effective dose of acarbose required to prevent postprandial @ @

Extracts of Cyclopia species are used as food ingredients. In vitroα-glucosidase (AG) inhibition by ultrafiltered C. genistoides extract, fractions enriched in xanthones (XEF) and benzophenones (BEF), as well as mangiferin, isomangiferin, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (I3G) and 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone (IDG) was determined with acarbose as positive control. XEF was more potent than the extract and BEF (IC= 43.3, 95.5 and 205.7μg mL, respectively). Compounds demonstrated potency in the descending order: acarbose (IC= 44.3μM)>mangiferin (102.2μM)>isomangiferin (119.8μM)>I3G (237.5μM)>IDG (299.4μM). The combination index (CI) was used to determine synergism (CI<0.7) as demonstrated for combinations of acarbose with XEF, BEF or the respective compounds at 50% and 75% effect levels. The greatest potential acarbose dose reductions (>six-fold) across all effect levels were calculated for combinations of acarbose with mangiferin or isomangiferin, explaining the greater acarbose dose reduction potential of XEF vs. BEF. The effect of batch-to-batch variation (n = 10) of raw plant material on AG inhibition was quantified at a fixed concentration (160μg mL). XEFs (xanthone content = 223-481 g kg) achieved AG inhibition of 63-72%, whereas BEFs (benzophenone content = 114-251 g kg) achieved AG inhibition of 26-34%, with weak linear correlation (R<0.43) between target compound content of the fractions and their achieved AG inhibition. Thus, extract fractions of C. genistoides, enriched in xanthones and benzophenones, show potential in reducing the effective dose of acarbose required to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Innovative strategies to treat skin wounds with mangiferin.

The moisturizing properties of glycerol , the penetration enhancing capability of propylene glycol and the bioadhesive properties of mucin were @ @ @ @ @ capabilities of transfersomes and the efficacy of mangiferin in the treatment of skin lesions.Mangiferin was @ @ @ @ @ , which were also modified with mucin .
The physico-chemical features were assessed , along @ @ @ @ @ stress and skin woundsand.Glycoltransfersomes promoted the deposition of mangiferin in epidermis and dermis , protected @ @ @ @ @ stimulated their proliferation .
The wound healing and anti-inflammatory efficacy of glycoltransfersomes were confirmed.Results confirmed @ @ @ @ @ preventing/treating of skin lesions .

The moisturizing properties of glycerol, the penetration enhancing capability of propylene glycol and the bioadhesive properties of mucin were combined to improve the carrier capabilities of transfersomes and the efficacy of mangiferin in the treatment of skin lesions.Mangiferin was incorporated in transfersomes and glycoltransfersomes, which were also modified with mucin. The physico-chemical features were assessed, along with the efficacy against oxidative stress and skin woundsand.Glycoltransfersomes promoted the deposition of mangiferin in epidermis and dermis, protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress and stimulated their proliferation. The wound healing and anti-inflammatory efficacy of glycoltransfersomes were confirmed.Results confirmed the potential of glycoltransfersomes in preventing/treating of skin lesions.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruse

In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruses.

BACKGROUND : Coronaviruses ( CoVs ) were long thought to only cause mild respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans but outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ( MERS ) -CoV , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) -CoV-1 , and the recently identified SARS-CoV-2 have cemented their zoonotic potential and their capacity to cause serious morbidity and mortality , with case fatality rates ranging from 4 to 35 % .
Currently , no specific prophylaxis or treatment is available for CoV infections .
Therefore we investigated the virucidal and antiviral potential of Echinacea purpurea ( Echinaforce® ) against human @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pathogenic MERS- and SARS-CoVs , as well as the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 , in vitro .
METHODS : To evaluate the antiviral potential of the extract , we pre-treated virus particles and cells and evaluated remaining infectivity by limited dilution .
Furthermore , we exposed cells to the extract after infection to further evaluate its potential as a prophylaxis and treatment against coronaviruses .
We also determined the protective effect of Echinaforce® in re-constituted nasal epithelium .
RESULTS : In the current study , we found that HCoV-229E was irreversibly inactivated when exposed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Pre-treatment of cell lines , however , did not inhibit infection with HCoV-229E and post-infection treatment had only a marginal effect on virus propagation at 50 μg/ml .
However , we did observe a protective effect in an organotypic respiratory cell culture system by exposing pre-treated respiratory epithelium to droplets of HCoV-229E , imitating a natural infection .
The observed virucidal activity of Echinaforce® was not restricted to common cold coronaviruses , as both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoVs were inactivated at comparable concentrations .
Finally , the causative agent of COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
CONCLUSIONS : These results show that Echinaforce® is virucidal against HCoV-229E , upon direct contact and in an organotypic cell culture model .
Furthermore , MERS-CoV and both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were inactivated at similar concentrations of the extract .
Therefore we hypothesize that Echinacea purpurea preparations , such as Echinaforce® , could be effective as prophylactic treatment for all CoVs due to their structural similarities .

BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses (CoVs) were long thought to only cause mild respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans but outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1, and the recently identified SARS-CoV-2 have cemented their zoonotic potential and their capacity to cause serious morbidity and mortality, with case fatality rates ranging from 4 to 35%. Currently, no specific prophylaxis or treatment is available for CoV infections. Therefore we investigated the virucidal and antiviral potential of Echinacea purpurea (Echinaforce®) against human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, highly pathogenic MERS- and SARS-CoVs, as well as the newly identified SARS-CoV-2, in vitro.
METHODS: To evaluate the antiviral potential of the extract, we pre-treated virus particles and cells and evaluated remaining infectivity by limited dilution. Furthermore, we exposed cells to the extract after infection to further evaluate its potential as a prophylaxis and treatment against coronaviruses. We also determined the protective effect of Echinaforce® in re-constituted nasal epithelium.
RESULTS: In the current study, we found that HCoV-229E was irreversibly inactivated when exposed to Echinaforce® at 3.2 μg/ml IC. Pre-treatment of cell lines, however, did not inhibit infection with HCoV-229E and post-infection treatment had only a marginal effect on virus propagation at 50 μg/ml. However, we did observe a protective effect in an organotypic respiratory cell culture system by exposing pre-treated respiratory epithelium to droplets of HCoV-229E, imitating a natural infection. The observed virucidal activity of Echinaforce® was not restricted to common cold coronaviruses, as both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoVs were inactivated at comparable concentrations. Finally, the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 was also inactivated upon treatment with 50μg/ml Echinaforce®.
CONCLUSIONS: These results show that Echinaforce® is virucidal against HCoV-229E, upon direct contact and in an organotypic cell culture model. Furthermore, MERS-CoV and both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were inactivated at similar concentrations of the extract. Therefore we hypothesize that Echinacea purpurea preparations, such as Echinaforce®, could be effective as prophylactic treatment for all CoVs due to their structural similarities.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Six unreported sesquiterpenes , purpureaterpenes A‒F , together with six known sesquiterpenes , were isolated and identified from the aerial @ @ @ @ @ Their chemical structures were established by detailed analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data .
@ @ @ @ @ on the basis of their NOESY spectra and the calculatedC NMR spectra .
Their absolute @ @ @ @ @ crystallographic analyses and optical rotation calculations .
All the isolated compounds were tested for their @ @ @ @ @ in LPS-induced RAW246.7 macrophages .
Among these compounds , purpureaterpene E was the most active @ @ @ @ @ , even better than the positive control , minocycline ( ICvalue 34.81 μM ) .
@ @ @ @ @ E might exert anti-inflammatory property via the NF-κB signaling pathway .

Six unreported sesquiterpenes, purpureaterpenes A‒F, together with six known sesquiterpenes, were isolated and identified from the aerial part of Echinacea purpurea. Their chemical structures were established by detailed analyses of 1D and 2D NMR data. The relative configurations were assigned on the basis of their NOESY spectra and the calculatedC NMR spectra. Their absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses and optical rotation calculations. All the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory eﬀects against NO production in LPS-induced RAW246.7 macrophages. Among these compounds, purpureaterpene E was the most active (ICvalue 13.27 μM), even better than the positive control, minocycline (ICvalue 34.81 μM). Further investigation found that purpureaterpene E might exert anti-inflammatory property via the NF-κB signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Echinacea angustifolia extract is a potential candidate for breast cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND : displays different biological activities , such as antiviral , immunomodulatory , and anticancer activities .
Currently , high sales of hydroalcoholic extracts ofhave been reported ; hence , the importance of studies on .
AIM : To establish the effects ofDC extract obtained with ethyl acetate ( -AcOEt ) in breast cancer cell lines .
METHODS : Cytotoxicity , cell cycle arrest , and cell death were evaluated .
Besides , the safety of the extract , as well as its effect in combination with paclitaxel were investigated .
RESULTS : The echinacoside and caffeic acid content in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and its antioxidant activity was assessed .
The-AcOEt extract showed cytotoxic activity on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells ( IC28.18 ± 1.14 µg/ml ) and MCF-7 cells ( 19.97 ± 2.31 µg/ml ) .
No effect was observed in normal breast MCF-10 cells .
The-AcOEt extract induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and caspase-mediated apoptosis .
No genotoxicity was foundor , and the extract showed no signs of toxicity or death at 2,000 mg/kg in rodents .
In vitro , the combination of-AcOEt extract and paclitaxel showed a synergistic effect on both @ @ @ @

BACKGROUND: displays different biological activities, such as antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. Currently, high sales of hydroalcoholic extracts ofhave been reported; hence, the importance of studies on.
AIM: To establish the effects ofDC extract obtained with ethyl acetate (-AcOEt) in breast cancer cell lines.
METHODS: Cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, and cell death were evaluated. Besides, the safety of the extract, as well as its effect in combination with paclitaxel were investigated.
RESULTS: The echinacoside and caffeic acid content in the-AcOEt extract were quantified by HPLC, and its antioxidant activity was assessed. The-AcOEt extract showed cytotoxic activity on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells (IC28.18 ± 1.14 µg/ml) and MCF-7 cells (19.97 ± 2.31 µg/ml). No effect was observed in normal breast MCF-10 cells. The-AcOEt extract induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and caspase-mediated apoptosis. No genotoxicity was foundor, and the extract showed no signs of toxicity or death at 2,000 mg/kg in rodents. In vitro, the combination of-AcOEt extract and paclitaxel showed a synergistic effect on both cancer cell lines.
CONCLUSION: The-AcOEt extract is a potential candidate for breast cancer treatment.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections

Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies.

Recently , the novel life-threatening coronavirus infection ( COVID-19 ) was reported at the end of 2019 in Wuhan , China , and spread throughout the world in little time .
The effective antiviral activities of natural products have been proved in different studies .
In this review , regarding the effective herbal treatments on other coronavirus infections , promising natural products for COVID-19 treatment are suggested .
An extensive search in Google Scholar , Science Direct , PubMed , ISI , and Scopus was done with search words include coronavirus , COVID-19 , SARS , MERS , natural product @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The consumption of herbal medicine such as Allium sativum , Camellia sinensis , Zingiber officinale , Nigella sativa , Echinacea spp .
Hypericum perforatum , and Glycyrrhiza glabra , Scutellaria baicalensis can improve the immune response .
It seems that different types of terpenoids have promising effects in viral replication inhibition and could be introduced for future studies .
Additionally , some alkaloid structures such as homoharringtonine , lycorine , and emetine have strong anti-coronavirus effects .
Natural products can inhibit different coronavirus targets such as S protein ( emodin , baicalin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 3CL ( Iguesterin ) , PL ( Cryptotanshinone ) , helicase ( Silvestrol ) , and RdRp ( Sotetsuflavone ) .
Based on previous studies , natural products can be introduced as preventive and therapeutic agents in the fight against coronavirus .

Recently, the novel life-threatening coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was reported at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread throughout the world in little time. The effective antiviral activities of natural products have been proved in different studies. In this review, regarding the effective herbal treatments on other coronavirus infections, promising natural products for COVID-19 treatment are suggested. An extensive search in Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ISI, and Scopus was done with search words include coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS, MERS, natural product, herb, plant, and extract. The consumption of herbal medicine such as Allium sativum, Camellia sinensis, Zingiber officinale, Nigella sativa, Echinacea spp. Hypericum perforatum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria baicalensis can improve the immune response. It seems that different types of terpenoids have promising effects in viral replication inhibition and could be introduced for future studies. Additionally, some alkaloid structures such as homoharringtonine, lycorine, and emetine have strong anti-coronavirus effects. Natural products can inhibit different coronavirus targets such as S protein (emodin, baicalin) and viral enzymes replication such as 3CL(Iguesterin), PL(Cryptotanshinone), helicase (Silvestrol), and RdRp (Sotetsuflavone). Based on previous studies, natural products can be introduced as preventive and therapeutic agents in the fight against coronavirus.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--STAND FOR HEALTH FREEDOM Reaches Its One Year Anniversary! [Special Announcement Video]

In this video , Sayer Ji announces the amazing one year anniversary of the non-profit , health freedom digital advocacy @ @ @ @ @ Freedom , he co-founded with Leah Wilson , Esquire and Dr. Joel Bohemier .
VIDEO @ @ @ @ @ STAND FOR HEALTH FREEDOM ONE YEAR ANNIVERSARY VIDEO We are incredibly grateful to you for @ @ @ @ @ year .
You made a difference !
With your support , in just a year @ @ @ @ @ Health Freedom : • Grew our health freedom voting bloc to over 150,000 • Sent @ @ @ @ @ to elected officials • Contacted over 20,000 elected officials across the United States Please support @ @ @ @ @ Stand For Health Freedom as we 10X the health freedom voting bloc together : https @ @

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
VIDEO #1: SAYER'S ANNOUNCEMENT!
In this video, Sayer Ji announces the amazing one year anniversary of the non-profit, health freedom digital advocacy platform, Stand For Health Freedom, he co-founded with Leah Wilson, Esquire and Dr. Joel Bohemier.
VIDEO #2: WATCH THE STAND FOR HEALTH FREEDOM ONE YEAR ANNIVERSARY VIDEO
We are incredibly grateful to you for supporting us in our first year. You made a difference! With your support, in just a year's time Stand for Health Freedom:
Launched over 30 national and state campaigns
Grew our health freedom voting bloc to over 150,000
Sent nearly 550,000 health freedom messages to elected officials
Contacted over 20,000 elected officials across the United States
Please support the 100% user supported Stand For Health Freedom as we 10X the health freedom voting bloc together: https://standforhealthfreedom.com/oneyear/


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Rooibos protects against nicotine induced vascular injury and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND : Rooibos ( ) is an indigenous South African plant , traditionally used by the local population as a remedy against several ailments .
More recently , rooibos was shown to exhibit potent antioxidant properties , attributed to its polyphenols .
We assessed whether treatment with fermented rooibos ( RF ) , unfermented rooibos ( RUF ) and melatonin ( Mel ) , a well-documented antioxidant included for comparison , could counter the harmful vascular and pro-oxidant effects of nicotine .
METHODS : Vascular function , antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were assessed in male adult rats treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) and 2 % RF , 2 % RUF or 4 % Mel co-administration .
Nitric oxide ( NO ) production and cell viability were measured in nicotine-exposed rat aortic endothelial cells ( AECs ) pre-treated with RF ( 0.015 mg/ml ) .
RESULTS : Vascular studies showed that co-administration with RF or Mel exerted anti-contractile and pro-relaxation responses in aortic rings , and increased hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in nicotine-exposed animals .
Co-treatment with Mel additionally decreased lipid peroxidation in nicotine-exposed rats .
RUF exerted anti-contractile responses in aortic rings @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AECs , RF pre-treatment increased intracellular NO levels .
CONCLUSIONS : For the first time , we have shown that rooibos co-treatment exerted beneficial vascular effects in nicotine-exposed rats , and that this was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity .

BACKGROUND: Rooibos () is an indigenous South African plant, traditionally used by the local population as a remedy against several ailments. More recently, rooibos was shown to exhibit potent antioxidant properties, attributed to its polyphenols. We assessed whether treatment with fermented rooibos (RF), unfermented rooibos (RUF) and melatonin (Mel), a well-documented antioxidant included for comparison, could counter the harmful vascular and pro-oxidant effects of nicotine.
METHODS: Vascular function, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were assessed in male adult rats treated with nicotine (5 mg/kg body weight/day) and 2% RF, 2% RUF or 4% Mel co-administration. Nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were measured in nicotine-exposed rat aortic endothelial cells (AECs) pre-treated with RF (0.015 mg/ml).
RESULTS: Vascular studies showed that co-administration with RF or Mel exerted anti-contractile and pro-relaxation responses in aortic rings, and increased hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in nicotine-exposed animals. Co-treatment with Mel additionally decreased lipid peroxidation in nicotine-exposed rats. RUF exerted anti-contractile responses in aortic rings of nicotine-treated animals, while in nicotine-exposed AECs, RF pre-treatment increased intracellular NO levels.
CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we have shown that rooibos co-treatment exerted beneficial vascular effects in nicotine-exposed rats, and that this was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Aspalathin-rich green Aspalathus linearis extract suppresses migration and invasion of human castrat

Aspalathin-rich green Aspalathus linearis extract suppresses migration and invasion of human castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND : More than 80 % of advanced prostate cancer ( PCa ) cases have bone metastasis , with a 5-year survival rate of 25 % .
Previously , we reported that GRT , a standardized , pharmaceutical-grade aspalathin-rich extract ( 12.78 g aspalathin/100 g extract ) , prepared from green rooibos produced from the leaves and fine stems of Aspalathus linearis , inhibits the proliferation of PCa cells , meriting this investigation to determine if GRT can suppress the migration and invasion of castration-resistant prostate cancer ( CRPC ) cells .
PURPOSE : In the present study , we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the migration and invasion of human CRPC cells .
METHODS : Transwell assays were used to explore the effects of GRT on the migration and invasion of CRPC cells .
Micro-Western Array ( MWA ) and Western blot analysis were carried out to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism ( s ) .
RESULTS : Treatment with 25-100 μg/ml GRT suppressed the migration and invasion of LNCaP C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC cells .
MWA and Western blot analysis indicated that GRT treatment suppressed the protein level of yes-associated protein ( YAP ) , macrophage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ phospho-MST1/phospho-MST2 T183/T180 , and paxillin , but increased the abundance of E-cadherin .
Over-expression of YAP rescued the suppressive effects of GRT on migration and invasion of CRPC cells .
Treatment with the major flavonoid of GRT - the C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone , aspalathin - at a concentration of 75-100 μg/ml also reduced the migrationand invasion of CRPC cells , and the inhibition was partially rescued by YAP over-expression .
CONCLUSIONS : GRT treatment suppresses the migration and invasion of CRPC cells via inhibition of YAP signaling and paxillin .

BACKGROUND: More than 80% of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) cases have bone metastasis, with a 5-year survival rate of 25%. Previously, we reported that GRT, a standardized, pharmaceutical-grade aspalathin-rich extract (12.78 g aspalathin/100 g extract), prepared from green rooibos produced from the leaves and fine stems of Aspalathus linearis, inhibits the proliferation of PCa cells, meriting this investigation to determine if GRT can suppress the migration and invasion of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)cells.
PURPOSE: In the present study, we investigated whether GRT extract can interfere with the migration and invasion of human CRPC cells.
METHODS: Transwell assays were used to explore the effects of GRT on the migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Micro-Western Array (MWA) and Western blot analysis were carried out to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism(s).
RESULTS: Treatment with 25-100 μg/ml GRT suppressed the migration and invasion of LNCaP C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC cells. MWA and Western blot analysis indicated that GRT treatment suppressed the protein level of yes-associated protein (YAP), macrophage stimulating 1 protein (MST1), phospho-MST1/phospho-MST2 T183/T180, and paxillin,but increased the abundance of E-cadherin. Over-expression of YAP rescued the suppressive effects of GRT on migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Treatment with the major flavonoid of GRT - the C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone, aspalathin - at a concentration of 75-100 μg/ml also reduced the migrationand invasion of CRPC cells, and the inhibition was partially rescued by YAP over-expression.
CONCLUSIONS: GRT treatment suppresses the migration and invasion of CRPC cells via inhibition of YAP signaling and paxillin.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Fumonisin B 1-induced mitochondrial toxicity and hepatoprotective potential of rooibos.

Fumonisins are a family of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides .
Several fumonisins have been identified with fumonisin B ( FB ) being the most toxic .
The canonical mechanism of FBtoxicity is centered on its structural resemblance with sphinganine and consequent competitive inhibition of ceramide synthase and disruption of lipidomic profiles .
Recent and emerging evidence at the molecular level has identified the disruption of mitochondria and excessive generation of toxic reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) as alternative/additional mechanisms of toxicity .
The understanding of how these pathways contribute to FBtoxicity can lead to the identification @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vulnerable populations .
Natural compounds with antioxidant properties seem to protect against the induced toxic effects of FB .
Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis ) , endemic to South Africa , has traditionally been used as a medicinal herbal tea with strong scientific evidence supporting its anecdotal claims .
The unique composition of phytochemicals and combination of metabolic activators , adaptogens and antioxidants make rooibos an attractive yet underappreciated intervention for FBtoxicoses .
In the search for a means to address FBtoxicoses as a food safety problem in developing countries , phytomedicine and traditional @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
This review aims to summarize the growing body of evidence succinctly , which highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a secondary toxic effect responsible for the FB-induced generation of ROS .
We further propose the potential of rooibos to combat this induced toxicity based on its integrated bioactive properties , as a socio-economically viable strategy to prevent and/or repair cellular damage caused by FB .

Fumonisins are a family of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Several fumonisins have been identified with fumonisin B(FB) being the most toxic. The canonical mechanism of FBtoxicity is centered on its structural resemblance with sphinganine and consequent competitive inhibition of ceramide synthase and disruption of lipidomic profiles. Recent and emerging evidence at the molecular level has identified the disruption of mitochondria and excessive generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) as alternative/additional mechanisms of toxicity. The understanding of how these pathways contribute to FBtoxicity can lead to the identification of novel, effective approaches to protecting vulnerable populations. Natural compounds with antioxidant properties seem to protect against the induced toxic effects of FB. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), endemic to South Africa, has traditionally been used as a medicinal herbal tea with strong scientific evidence supporting its anecdotal claims. The unique composition of phytochemicals and combination of metabolic activators, adaptogens and antioxidants make rooibos an attractive yet underappreciated intervention for FBtoxicoses. In the search for a means to address FBtoxicoses as a food safety problem in developing countries, phytomedicine and traditional knowledge systems must play an integral part. This review aims to summarize the growing body of evidence succinctly, which highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a secondary toxic effect responsible for the FB-induced generation of ROS. We further propose the potential of rooibos to combat this induced toxicity based on its integrated bioactive properties, as a socio-economically viable strategy to prevent and/or repair cellular damage caused by FB.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Differential cytotoxicity of rooibos and green tea extracts against primary rat hepatocytes and huma

Differential cytotoxicity of rooibos and green tea extracts against primary rat hepatocytes and human liver and colon cancer cells.

Differential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of aqueous extracts of green rooibos ( Rg ; ) and green tea ( GT ; ) and an aspalathin-enriched extract of green rooibos ( GRE ) , were investigated in primary rat hepatocytes ( PH ) and human liver ( HepG2 ) and colon ( HT-29 ) cancer cells .
Rooibos flavonoids , aspalathin and luteolin , and the green tea flavanol , epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) , were included to assess their contribution relative to their extract concentrations .
GRE was the most effective in reducing cell growth parameters which was associated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high ferric reducing potential .
Differential cell responses were noticed with HepG2 cells more sensitive than PH toward the induction of apoptosis by GRE .
Luteolin induced apoptosis in PH and HepG2 cells while aspalathin lacked any effect .
EGCG induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells while PH were resistant .
HT-29 cells were resistant to apoptosis induction by the tea and pure flavonoids .
Differences existed in the individual effects of the major rooibos and GT flavonoids against cell growth parameters compared to their equivalent concentrations in the extract mixtures .
Diversity of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cellular redox status governing cell survival are likely to explain the differential cell responses .

Differential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of aqueous extracts of green rooibos (Rg;) and green tea (GT;) and an aspalathin-enriched extract of green rooibos (GRE), were investigated in primary rat hepatocytes (PH) and human liver (HepG2) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Rooibos flavonoids, aspalathin and luteolin, and the green tea flavanol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were included to assess their contribution relative to their extract concentrations. GRE was the most effective in reducing cell growth parameters which was associated with a high total polyphenol content and high ferric reducing potential. Differential cell responses were noticed with HepG2 cells more sensitive than PH toward the induction of apoptosis by GRE. Luteolin induced apoptosis in PH and HepG2 cells while aspalathin lacked any effect. EGCG induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells while PH were resistant. HT-29 cells were resistant to apoptosis induction by the tea and pure flavonoids. Differences existed in the individual effects of the major rooibos and GT flavonoids against cell growth parameters compared to their equivalent concentrations in the extract mixtures. Diversity of the flavonoid constituents, physicochemical properties and cellular redox status governing cell survival are likely to explain the differential cell responses.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Effects of hot‑water extracts from 26 herbs on α‑glucosidase activity.

α‑glucosidase is a key enzyme that plays a role in glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract , and the inhibition of its activity induces the prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia .
Several α‑glucosidase inhibitors have been used as medicines for type 2 diabetes , but a similar effect is observed in natural resources , including traditional herbs and their phytochemicals .
To identify the presence of the α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity in herbs , in which various functional effects have been known to occur , the present study investigated the effects of hot‑water extracts of 26 types of herbs on α‑glucosidase activity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ results indicated significant increases in the inhibition of α‑glucosidase activity in 1,000 µg/ml olive ( P < 0.01 ) , white willow ( P < 0.01 ) and red rooibos hot‑water extracts .
Furthermore , ≥50 % inhibition of α‑glucosidase activity was determined to be significant in 1,000 µg/ml coltsfoot , green tea and bearberry hot‑water extracts .
In addition , the effects of bearberry , green tea and coltsfoot hot‑water extracts on α‑glucosidase activity in vivo were evaluated according to the blood glucose levels ( BGLs ) in maltose and glucose load @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the administration of these three herb extracts significantly reduced the increasing BGLs after maltose loading until 0.5 h compared with the control group .
However , only coltsfoot extract significantly reduced the increasing BGLs after glucose loading until 0.5 h compared with the control group .
Thus , the present results may facilitate the understanding of a novel functionality in traditional herbs , which could be useful for the prevention of disease onset and progression , such as in hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes .

α‑glucosidase is a key enzyme that plays a role in glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and the inhibition of its activity induces the prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia. Several α‑glucosidase inhibitors have been used as medicines for type 2 diabetes, but a similar effect is observed in natural resources, including traditional herbs and their phytochemicals. To identify the presence of the α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity in herbs, in which various functional effects have been known to occur, the present study investigated the effects of hot‑water extracts of 26 types of herbs on α‑glucosidase activity in an in vitro assay. The results indicated significant increases in the inhibition of α‑glucosidase activity in 1,000 µg/ml olive (P<0.01), white willow (P<0.01) and red rooibos hot‑water extracts. Furthermore, ≥50% inhibition of α‑glucosidase activity was determined to be significant in 1,000 µg/ml coltsfoot, green tea and bearberry hot‑water extracts. In addition, the effects of bearberry, green tea and coltsfoot hot‑water extracts on α‑glucosidase activity in vivo were evaluated according to the blood glucose levels (BGLs) in maltose and glucose load model rats. It was indicated that the administration of these three herb extracts significantly reduced the increasing BGLs after maltose loading until 0.5 h compared with the control group. However, only coltsfoot extract significantly reduced the increasing BGLs after glucose loading until 0.5 h compared with the control group. Thus, the present results may facilitate the understanding of a novel functionality in traditional herbs, which could be useful for the prevention of disease onset and progression, such as in hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-30--Honeybush extracts rescue mitochondrial functions and bioenergetics against oxidative injury.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role not only in the pathogenesis of many oxidative stress or age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative as well as mental disorders but also in normal aging .
There is evidence that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the most upstream and common events in the pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration.species are endemic South African plants and some have a long tradition of use as herbal tea , known as honeybush tea .
Extracts of the tea are gaining more scientific attention due to their phenolic composition .
In the present study , we tested not only themitochondria-enhancing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ but also their ameliorative properties under oxidative stress situations .
Hot water and ethanolic extracts of , , andwere investigated .
Pretreatment of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with honeybush extracts , at a concentration range of 0.1-1 ng/ml , had a beneficial effect on bioenergetics as it increased ATP production , respiration , and mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP ) after 24 hours under physiological conditions .
The aqueous extracts ofand , in particular , showed a protective effect by rescuing the bioenergetic and mitochondrial deficits under oxidative stress conditions ( 400 M @ @ @ @ @ @ @ indicate that honeybush extracts could constitute candidates for the prevention of oxidative stress with an impact on aging processes and age-related neurodegenerative disorders potentially leading to the development of a condition-specific nutraceutical .

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role not only in the pathogenesis of many oxidative stress or age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative as well as mental disorders but also in normal aging. There is evidence that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the most upstream and common events in the pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration.species are endemic South African plants and some have a long tradition of use as herbal tea, known as honeybush tea. Extracts of the tea are gaining more scientific attention due to their phenolic composition. In the present study, we tested not only themitochondria-enhancing properties of honeybush extracts under physiological conditions but also their ameliorative properties under oxidative stress situations. Hot water and ethanolic extracts of,, andwere investigated. Pretreatment of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with honeybush extracts, at a concentration range of 0.1-1 ng/ml, had a beneficial effect on bioenergetics as it increased ATP production, respiration, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after 24 hours under physiological conditions. The aqueous extracts ofand, in particular, showed a protective effect by rescuing the bioenergetic and mitochondrial deficits under oxidative stress conditions (400 M HOfor 3 hours). These findings indicate that honeybush extracts could constitute candidates for the prevention of oxidative stress with an impact on aging processes and age-related neurodegenerative disorders potentially leading to the development of a condition-specific nutraceutical.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--These results suggested that crocin-I effectively alleviated depression-like behavior.

BACKGROUND : Depressive disorder is rapidly advancing in the worldwide , and therapeutic strategy through '' gut-brain '' axis has been proved to be effective .
Crocin , has been found to have antidepressant activity .
However , there is no thorough research for the effects of crocin-I ( a major active component of crocin ) on depression and its underlying mechanism .
METHODS : We investigated the antidepressant effect of six-week oral administration of crocin-I in a mice model of depression induced by four-week CRS .
Based on the '' microbiota-gut-brain '' axis , we determined the effects of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ barrier function , short chain fatty acids and neurochemical indicators .
RESULTS : Administration of crocin-I at a dose of 40 mg/kg for six weeks mitigated depression-like behaviors of depressed mice as evidenced by behaviors tests .
In addition , crocin-I reduced the levels of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) , Interleukin-6and tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) in serum and TNF-α expression in the hippocampus , and increased the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor .
Besides , 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed that crocin-I mitigated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in depressed mice as represented @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Bacteroidetes , Sutterella spp .
and Ruminococcus spp .
and increased abundances of Firmicutes , Lactobacillus spp .
and Bacteroides spp .
Moreover , gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that crocin-I reversed the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) in feces of depressed mice .
Furthermore , crocin-I improved the impaired intestinal barrier by increasing expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 , which contributed to the decreased LPS leakage .
LIMITATIONS : Only the male mice were used ; the dose-effect relationship should be observed .
CONCLUSION : These results suggested that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ depended on the gut microbiota and its modulation of intestinal barrier and SCFAs .

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorder is rapidly advancing in the worldwide, and therapeutic strategy through"gut-brain"axis has been proved to be effective. Crocin, has been found to have antidepressant activity. However, there is no thorough research for the effects of crocin-I (a major active component of crocin) on depression and its underlying mechanism.
METHODS: We investigated the antidepressant effect of six-week oral administration of crocin-I in a mice model of depression induced by four-week CRS. Based on the"microbiota-gut-brain"axis, we determined the effects of crocin-I administration on gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, short chain fatty acids and neurochemical indicators.
RESULTS: Administration of crocin-I at a dose of 40 mg/kg for six weeks mitigated depression-like behaviors of depressed mice as evidenced by behaviors tests. In addition, crocin-I reduced the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Interleukin-6and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum and TNF-α expression in the hippocampus, and increased the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Besides, 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed that crocin-I mitigated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in depressed mice as represented by the decreased abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, Sutterella spp. and Ruminococcus spp. and increased abundances of Firmicutes, Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that crocin-I reversed the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces of depressed mice. Furthermore, crocin-I improved the impaired intestinal barrier by increasing expression of Occludin and Claudin-1, which contributed to the decreased LPS leakage.
LIMITATIONS: Only the male mice were used; the dose-effect relationship should be observed.
CONCLUSION: These results suggested that crocin-I effectively alleviated depression-like behavior, likely depended on the gut microbiota and its modulation of intestinal barrier and SCFAs.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Crocin treatment promotes the oxidative stress and apoptosis in human thyroid cancer cells.

Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy , which accounts for nearly 1 % of all the cancer worldwide .
Crocin has a diverse biological function , such as anti-cancer , anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions , specifically in the respiratory related diseases .
Using in vitro techniques , this work was intended to illuminate the anti-cancer effect of crocin in follicular thyroid carcinoma ( FTC ) ( FT 133 cells ) , and the potential molecular mechanism convoluted .
The outcome of the present work showed that crocin was able to prevent the proliferation and triggering the apoptosis in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by methyl thiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide and staining assay ( acridine orange/propiduim iodide [ PI ] , 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole , and PI dye ) .
Crocin did not show toxicity to the normal thyroid ( PCCL3 ) cells .
Crocin-induced reactive oxygen species , mitochondrial membrane potential activity , caspase-8 and -9 , lipid peroxidation ( thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ) activity while suppressing antioxidant activity ( superoxide dismutase , catalase , and glutathione ) in FTC-133 cells .
In addition , crocin was also participated in a halting of the proteins related to cell cycle @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ; Bax and caspase-3 expression , together with the elevation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 .
Further , crocin have a dual inhibition of two major pathways , nuclear factor-κB , extracellular signal-regulated kinase , and janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways .
In conclusion , crocin can inhibit follicular thyroid carcinoma proliferation and promote cell apoptosis .

Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy, which accounts for nearly 1% of all the cancer worldwide. Crocin has a diverse biological function, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions, specifically in the respiratory related diseases. Using in vitro techniques, this work was intended to illuminate the anti-cancer effect of crocin in follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) (FT 133 cells), and the potential molecular mechanism convoluted. The outcome of the present work showed that crocin was able to prevent the proliferation and triggering the apoptosis in a dose-dependent mode, of FTC-133 cells by methyl thiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide and staining assay (acridine orange/propiduim iodide [PI], 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and PI dye). Crocin did not show toxicity to the normal thyroid (PCCL3) cells. Crocin-induced reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential activity, caspase-8 and -9, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) activity while suppressing antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione) in FTC-133 cells. In addition, crocin was also participated in a halting of the proteins related to cell cycle, cyclin D1, and pro-apoptotic proteins; Bax and caspase-3 expression, together with the elevation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Further, crocin have a dual inhibition of two major pathways, nuclear factor-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways. In conclusion, crocin can inhibit follicular thyroid carcinoma proliferation and promote cell apoptosis.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Therapeutic potentials of crocin in medication of neurological disorders.

Neurological sicknesses are serious , multifactorial , debilitating disorders that may cause neurodegeneration .
Neuroprotection is the protection of the structure and capacity of neurons from affronts emerging from cell injuries instigated by an assortment of specialists or neurodegenerative diseases .
Various neurodegenerative diseases , including Alzheimer 's , Parkinson 's , and epilepsy , afflict many people worldwide , with increasing age representing the leading risk factor .
Crocin is a natural carotenoid compound which was found to have therapeutic potentials in the management of the neurological disease .
In this review , we focused on the restorative capabilities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The general neuroprotective impact and the various conceivable basic components identified with Crocin have been examined .
In light of the substantial proof indicating the neuro-pharmacological viability of Crocin to different exploratory standards , it is concluded that Crocin exerts direct antioxidant , antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities by multiple signaling pathways .
Besides , Crocin was found to elevate dopamine level in the brain during the experimental model of Parkinson 's disease .
Thus , this compound has been demonstrated to be a promising option for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases , with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be further considered as a potential contender for neuro-therapeutics , concentrating on the mechanistic and clinical evidence for its effects .

Neurological sicknesses are serious, multifactorial, debilitating disorders that may cause neurodegeneration. Neuroprotection is the protection of the structure and capacity of neurons from affronts emerging from cell injuries instigated by an assortment of specialists or neurodegenerative diseases. Various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy, afflict many people worldwide, with increasing age representing the leading risk factor. Crocin is a natural carotenoid compound which was found to have therapeutic potentials in the management of the neurological disease. In this review, we focused on the restorative capabilities of Crocin as a neuroprotective agent. The general neuroprotective impact and the various conceivable basic components identified with Crocin have been examined. In light of the substantial proof indicating the neuro-pharmacological viability of Crocin to different exploratory standards, it is concluded that Crocin exerts direct antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities by multiple signaling pathways. Besides, Crocin was found to elevate dopamine level in the brain during the experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Thus, this compound has been demonstrated to be a promising option for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, with few adverse effects. It ought to be further considered as a potential contender for neuro-therapeutics, concentrating on the mechanistic and clinical evidence for its effects.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Crocin ameliorates arsenic trioxide‑induced cardiotoxicity.

Arsenic trioxide ( ATO ) is an excellent therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia ; however , its use is limited due to its cardiotoxicity .
Crocin ( CRO ) possesses abundant pharmacological and biological properties , including antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and anti-apoptotic .
This study examined the cardioprotective effects of crocin and explored their mechanistic involvement in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity .
Forty-eight male rats were treated with ATO to induce cardiotoxicity .
In combination with ATO , CRO were given to evaluate its cardioprotection .
The results demonstrated that CRO administration not only diminished QTc prolongation , myocardial enzymes and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ results .
CRO administration reduced reactive oxygen species generation .
However , the CRO administration caused an increase in glutathione , superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , glutathione S-transferase and total sulphydryl levels and a decrease in malondialdehyde content , gamma glutamyl transferase and lipid hydroperoxides levels and proinflammatory cytokines .
Importantly , immunohistochemical analysis , real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in Caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein expressions and enhancement of B cell lymphoma-2 expression .
Real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in proinflammatory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activation in nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 , leading to enhanced Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 , heme oxygenase-1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide quinone dehydrogenase 1 expressions involved in Nrf2 signaling during ATO-induced cardiotoxicity .
CRO was shown to ameliorate ATO-induced cardiotoxicity .
The mechanisms for CRO amelioration of cardiotoxicity due to inflammation , oxidative damage , and apoptosis may occur via an up-regulated Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway .

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an excellent therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, its use is limited due to its cardiotoxicity. Crocin (CRO) possesses abundant pharmacological and biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic. This study examined the cardioprotective effects of crocin and explored their mechanistic involvement in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. Forty-eight male rats were treated with ATO to induce cardiotoxicity. In combination with ATO, CRO were given to evaluate its cardioprotection. The results demonstrated that CRO administration not only diminished QTc prolongation, myocardial enzymes and Troponin T levels but also improved histopathological results. CRO administration reduced reactive oxygen species generation. However, the CRO administration caused an increase in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and total sulphydryl levels and a decrease in malondialdehyde content, gamma glutamyl transferase and lipid hydroperoxides levels and proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis, real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in Caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein expressions and enhancement of B cell lymphoma-2 expression. Real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, CRO caused an activation in nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, leading to enhanced Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide quinone dehydrogenase 1 expressions involved in Nrf2 signaling during ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. CRO was shown to ameliorate ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms for CRO amelioration of cardiotoxicity due to inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis may occur via an up-regulated Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Novel neuroprotective potential of crocin in neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently oxidative stress , inflammation , and apoptosis that contribute to neuronal @ @ @ @ @ studies reported that crocin , a carotenoid chemical compound common in crocus and gardenia flowers @ @ @ @ @ neurodegenerative disorders due to its anti-oxidative , anti-inflammatory , and anti-apoptotic properties in the nervous @ @ @ @ @ the new experimental , clinical , and pharmacological studies on the neuroprotective properties of crocin @ @ @ @ @ modulate metabolic oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders .

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that contribute to neuronal cytotoxicity and degeneration. Recent studies reported that crocin, a carotenoid chemical compound common in crocus and gardenia flowers, has protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in the nervous system. This article reviews the new experimental, clinical, and pharmacological studies on the neuroprotective properties of crocin and its potential mechanisms to modulate metabolic oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Chemo-preventive effect of crocin against experimentally-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

The results of the current study investigated the chemo-preventive effect of crocin against hepatocarcinogenesis in rats with particular focus on the evaluation of the modulatory impact of crocin on apoptotic and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) signaling pathways .
Thioacetamide ( TAA ) ( 200 mg/kg , I.P . )
was used for experimental induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats .
Crocin administration significantly attenuated TAA-induced cancerous lesions with concomitant attenuation of impaired liver functions .
This was associated with significant enhancement in hepatic Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) expression with parallel suppression in Keap-1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant improvement in hepatic oxidative status with enhanced antioxidant batteries .
Crocin administration significantly suppressed the hepatic content of c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( c-JNK ) with significant upregulation in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( TRAIL ) and caspase-8 protein expression as well as p53 gene expression ; biomarkers of apoptosis .
Moreover , hepatic expression of the apoptotic BAX significantly increased and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 significantly decreased in the liver specimen ; biomarkers of intrinsic apoptosis .
In conclusion ; crocin attenuates experimentally induced hepato-carcinogenesis via modulation of oxidative/apoptotic signaling .
Namely , crocin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ modulation of endogenous HO-1 and Keap-1 signaling with modulation of various key players of apoptosis including ; c-JNK , p53 , TRAIL , caspase-8 , BAX , and Bcl-2 .

The results of the current study investigated the chemo-preventive effect of crocin against hepatocarcinogenesis in rats with particular focus on the evaluation of the modulatory impact of crocin on apoptotic and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways. Thioacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg, I.P.) was used for experimental induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Crocin administration significantly attenuated TAA-induced cancerous lesions with concomitant attenuation of impaired liver functions. This was associated with significant enhancement in hepatic Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression with parallel suppression in Keap-1 expression. Inline, crocin induced a significant improvement in hepatic oxidative status with enhanced antioxidant batteries. Crocin administration significantly suppressed the hepatic content of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK) with significant upregulation in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and caspase-8 protein expression as well as p53 gene expression; biomarkers of apoptosis. Moreover, hepatic expression of the apoptotic BAX significantly increased and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 significantly decreased in the liver specimen; biomarkers of intrinsic apoptosis. In conclusion; crocin attenuates experimentally induced hepato-carcinogenesis via modulation of oxidative/apoptotic signaling. Namely, crocin induced hepatic expression of Nrf2 with downstream modulation of endogenous HO-1 and Keap-1 signaling with modulation of various key players of apoptosis including; c-JNK, p53, TRAIL, caspase-8, BAX, and Bcl-2.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--[VIDEO] The New Model: Communitarianism

[VIDEO] The New Model: Communitarianism

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greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose.

OBJECTIVE : This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of crocin supplementation on fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) and lipid profile levels in clinical trial studies .
DESIGN : A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed , Scopus , Embase , Web of Science , and the Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials published from the beginning up to November 2019 .
Of the 547 papers identified from all searched databases , eight eligible studies with nine effect sizes have all needed criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis .
RESULTS : Results of the pooled random-effect size analysis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ crocin supplementation on FBG ( WMD : -6.52 mg/l , 95 % CI , -11.96 , -1.08 ; p = 0.019 ) and TC ( WMD : -4.64 mg/l , 95 % CI , -8.19 , -1.09 ; p = 0.010 ) .
Crocin supplements did not have any significant effect on serum TG ( p = 0.144 ) levels , LDL-C ( p = 0.161 ) , and HDL-C ( p = 0.872 ) levels .
Results showed that crocin supplementation could beneficially have effect on TG level only when trial duration @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in trials that used high dose intervention and trials that conducted on subjects with metabolic disorders .
However , crocin supplementation did not significantly change FBG in trials that usedlow dose intervention .
Meta-regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between the duration of intervention and significant change in FBG ( p = 0.019 ) .
CONCLUSION : Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis study have shown that crocin supplementation can decrease significantly FBS and TC without any beneficial effects on TG , LDL-C , and HDL-C levels .

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of crocin supplementation on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile levels in clinical trial studies.
DESIGN: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials published from the beginning up to November 2019. Of the 547 papers identified from all searched databases, eight eligible studies with nine effect sizes have all needed criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis.
RESULTS: Results of the pooled random-effect size analysis showed just a significant decreasing effect of crocin supplementation on FBG (WMD: -6.52 mg/l, 95 % CI, -11.96, -1.08; p = 0.019) and TC (WMD: -4.64 mg/l, 95 % CI, -8.19, -1.09; p = 0.010). Crocin supplements did not have any significant effect on serum TG (p = 0.144) levels, LDL-C (p = 0.161), and HDL-C (p = 0.872) levels. Results showed that crocin supplementation could beneficially have effect on TG level only when trial duration less than 12 weeks and LDL-C levels in trials that used high dose intervention and trials that conducted on subjects with metabolic disorders. However, crocin supplementation did not significantly change FBG in trials that usedlow dose intervention. Meta-regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between the duration of intervention and significant change in FBG (p = 0.019).
CONCLUSION: Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis study have shown that crocin supplementation can decrease significantly FBS and TC without any beneficial effects on TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation.

Introduction : Sleep deprivation can cause hyperalgesia and interfere with analgesic treatments .
The aim of the present study was to establish an obligatory sleep-abstinence model and also evaluate the effects of Intracerebroventricular ( ICV ) injection of crocin on pain perception in Wistar rats .
Methods : In this experimental study , 35 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=7 ) .
The intra-ventricular cannulation was done for all rats before sleep deprivation .
Sleep deprivation was performed by placing animals on a chamber equipped with an automatic animated conveyor ( 5 s with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 72 h. Subsequently , the sleep-deprived animals received ICV injection of saline ( MOD ) , Morphine 10μg ( MOR ) , Crocin 10 ug ( Cr10 ) , and Crocin40 μg ( Cr40 ) using a microsyringe .
Besides , a non-sleep-deprived group was allocated as a Control Group ( NC ) and only received an ICV injection of saline .
Fifteen minutes after the ICV injections , pain perception was evaluated by the hot plate test ( 54±0.4°C ) .
Results : Compared with the NC group , latency significantly decreased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 4.28± 0.48 , P < 0.0001 ) .
In comparison with the MOD group , both morphine ( 8.42±1.53 ) and crocin ( 7.60±1.45 for Cr10 and 8.14±0.89 for Cr40 ) could significantly increase latency in the sleep-deprived animals ( P < 0.0001 ) .
There was no statistically significant difference between the Cr10 and Cr40 ( P=0.42 ) , Cr10 , and MOR ( P=0.059 ) and Cr40 with MOR ( P=0.86 ) groups .
Conclusion : Our results indicated that crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in rats .

Introduction: Sleep deprivation can cause hyperalgesia and interfere with analgesic treatments. The aim of the present study was to establish an obligatory sleep-abstinence model and also evaluate the effects of Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of crocin on pain perception in Wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 35 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=7). The intra-ventricular cannulation was done for all rats before sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was performed by placing animals on a chamber equipped with an automatic animated conveyor (5 s with an interval of 3 min) for 72 h. Subsequently, the sleep-deprived animals received ICV injection of saline (MOD), Morphine 10μg (MOR), Crocin 10 ug (Cr10), and Crocin40 μg (Cr40) using a microsyringe. Besides, a non-sleep-deprived group was allocated as a Control Group (NC) and only received an ICV injection of saline. Fifteen minutes after the ICV injections, pain perception was evaluated by the hot plate test (54±0.4°C).
Results: Compared with the NC group, latency significantly decreased in the MOD group (6.28±0.48 vs. 4.28± 0.48, P<0.0001). In comparison with the MOD group, both morphine (8.42±1.53) and crocin (7.60±1.45 for Cr10 and 8.14±0.89 for Cr40) could significantly increase latency in the sleep-deprived animals (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the Cr10 and Cr40 (P=0.42), Cr10, and MOR (P=0.059) and Cr40 with MOR (P=0.86) groups.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-10-01--Crocin recovered spatial learning and memory defects induced by BPA.

Objectives : Bisphenol A ( BPA ) , a xenoestrogenic endocrine disrupting agent , is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and has potential adverse effects on the developing nervous system , memory and learning abilities .
The protective effect of the crocin , an important active constituent inL , on memory impairment induced by BPA in rat was determined through evaluation of oxidative stress and the level of NMDA ( N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors ) and AMPA ( α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicd acid ) receptors .
Materials and Methods : Rats were orally treated with BPA ( 100 mg/kg ) or sesame @ @ @ @ @ @ @ days .
Crocin ( 10 , 20 , and 40 mg/kg , IP ) was administrated in BPA-orally treated groups for 28 days .
Memory and learning functions were evaluated by Morris water maze .
The level of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and glutathione ( GSH ) contents were determined in rat hippocampus .
Additionally , the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors were analyzed using Western blot method .
Results : Administration of BPA significantly reduced memory and learning functions .
Crocin significantly protected against learning and memory impairments induced by BPA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and induced lipid peroxidation , while crocin was able to increase GSH content in rat hippocampus .
The expression of NMDA receptor did not change in BPA-treated rats , while the significant reduction in AMPA receptor expression was observed .
Moreover , crocin ( 20 mg/kg ) significantly elevated the expression of AMPA receptor .
Conclusion : Crocin recovered spatial learning and memory defects induced by BPA in part through anti-oxidant activity and modulation the expression of AMPA receptor in rat hippocampus .

Objectives: Bisphenol A (BPA), a xenoestrogenic endocrine disrupting agent, is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and has potential adverse effects on the developing nervous system, memory and learning abilities. The protective effect of the crocin, an important active constituent inL, on memory impairment induced by BPA in rat was determined through evaluation of oxidative stress and the level of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicd acid) receptors.
Materials and Methods: Rats were orally treated with BPA (100 mg/kg) or sesame seed oil in control group for 28 days. Crocin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, IP) was administrated in BPA-orally treated groups for 28 days. Memory and learning functions were evaluated by Morris water maze. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents were determined in rat hippocampus. Additionally, the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors were analyzed using Western blot method.
Results: Administration of BPA significantly reduced memory and learning functions. Crocin significantly protected against learning and memory impairments induced by BPA. BPA administration markedly reduced GSH content and induced lipid peroxidation, while crocin was able to increase GSH content in rat hippocampus. The expression of NMDA receptor did not change in BPA-treated rats, while the significant reduction in AMPA receptor expression was observed. Moreover, crocin (20 mg/kg) significantly elevated the expression of AMPA receptor.
Conclusion: Crocin recovered spatial learning and memory defects induced by BPA in part through anti-oxidant activity and modulation the expression of AMPA receptor in rat hippocampus.