greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Targeting cancer with lactoferrin nanoparticles: recent advances.

Lactoferrin , an iron storage protein , is known for its microbicidal activity and its ability to modulate the immune @ @ @ @ @ interactions with receptors on cell surfaces for internalization .
These activities confer a significant versatility @ @ @ @ @ as a targeting ligand to disease-bearing cells .
Early efforts in developing targeted delivery systems @ @ @ @ @ microcomposites comprised of metal and polymeric materials .
These can be targeted through conjugation or @ @ @ @ @ recognition to receptor-expressing cells .
More recently , efforts are underway to utilize lactoferrin itself @ @ @ @ @ the therapeutic agent .
The functional efficiency of drug-loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles has been evaluated in @ @ @ @ @ cancer , HIV , Parkinson 's disease , etc .
This review will present the @ @ @ @ @ of various delivery systems designed and developed using lactoferrin as targeting agent for the treatment @ @ @

Lactoferrin, an iron storage protein, is known for its microbicidal activity and its ability to modulate the immune system, mediated through specific interactions with receptors on cell surfaces for internalization. These activities confer a significant versatility to lactoferrin, presenting it as a targeting ligand to disease-bearing cells. Early efforts in developing targeted delivery systems have focused on nano- and microcomposites comprised of metal and polymeric materials. These can be targeted through conjugation or adsorption of lactoferrin to achieve recognition to receptor-expressing cells. More recently, efforts are underway to utilize lactoferrin itself as a medium in loading the therapeutic agent. The functional efficiency of drug-loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles has been evaluated in different disease conditions such as cancer, HIV, Parkinson's disease, etc. This review will present the details of composition and performance of various delivery systems designed and developed using lactoferrin as targeting agent for the treatment of cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Impact of lactoferrin on bone regenerative processes and its possible implementation in oral surgery

Impact of lactoferrin on bone regenerative processes and its possible implementation in oral surgery.

BACKGROUND : Lactoferrin is an iron - binding glycoprotein with anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties found in many internal fluids .
It is worth looking at novel studies , because of their methodology and observations that may once be applicable in modern implantology .
The aim of the study is to answer the question if lactoferrin is a promising factor for bone regenerative process in oral surgery .
METHOD : An electronic search was conducted on 14th October 2019 on the PubMed , Scopus and Web of Science databases .
The keywords used in the search strategy were : lactoferrin AND @ @ @ @ @ @ @ qualitative evaluation was conducted using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form .
Then a metanalysis of a new bone growth and percentage of the resorbed graft were performed with the metaregression of lactoferrin dose to its outcome effects on bone regeneration .
RESULTS : The search strategy identified potential articles : 133 from PubMed , 2 from Scopus , 4 from Web of science .
After removal of duplicates , 136 articles were analyzed .
Subsequently , 131 papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria .
The remaining @ @ @ @ @ @ @ synthesis .
The use of lactoferrin clearly increases the growth of a newly formed bone ( 2.58 , CI : [ 0.79 , 4.37 ] ) , as well as shortens the time of the graft resorption ( - 1.70 , Cl : [ 3.43 , 0.03 ] ) and replaces it with a species-specific bone .
Heterogeneity is significant at p CONCLUSIONS : The use of lactoferrin both systemically and locally promotes anabolic processes ( new bone formation ) .
There is a relationship between the increase in administered dose of lactoferrin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
However , it is not only necessary to continue experimental research , but also to extend it to the clinical studies on patients , due to the limitations of different animal model research and different methodology , to introduce lactoferrin as a standard procedure for the treatment of bone defects , because it is a promising product .

BACKGROUND: Lactoferrin is an iron - binding glycoprotein with anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties found in many internal fluids. It is worth looking at novel studies, because of their methodology and observations that may once be applicable in modern implantology. The aim of the study is to answer the question if lactoferrin is a promising factor for bone regenerative process in oral surgery.
METHOD: An electronic search was conducted on 14th October 2019 on the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The keywords used in the search strategy were: lactoferrin AND bone regeneration AND oral surgery. The qualitative evaluation was conducted using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form. Then a metanalysis of a new bone growth and percentage of the resorbed graft were performed with the metaregression of lactoferrin dose to its outcome effects on bone regeneration.
RESULTS: The search strategy identified potential articles: 133 from PubMed, 2 from Scopus, 4 from Web of science. After removal of duplicates, 136 articles were analyzed. Subsequently, 131 papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 5 papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. The use of lactoferrin clearly increases the growth of a newly formed bone (2.58, CI:[0.79, 4.37]), as well as shortens the time of the graft resorption (- 1.70, Cl:[3.43, 0.03]) and replaces it with a species-specific bone. Heterogeneity is significant at p < 0.001 level. Metaregression indicates that one unit increase in the log (Treatment dose), i.e. a 2.78 times increase of the Treatment dose, results in an increase of the Effect size by 0.682.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of lactoferrin both systemically and locally promotes anabolic processes (new bone formation). There is a relationship between the increase in administered dose of lactoferrin and the intensity of new bone formation. However, it is not only necessary to continue experimental research, but also to extend it to the clinical studies on patients, due to the limitations of different animal model research and different methodology, to introduce lactoferrin as a standard procedure for the treatment of bone defects, because it is a promising product.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for preventing sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm i

Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for preventing sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants.

Background : Several clinical trials investigated the effects of enteral lactoferrin supplementation on the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC ) in preterm infants , but the efficacy and safety remain disputed .
Therefore , we systematically evaluated the effect of enteral lactoferrin supplementation in preterm infants through a meta‑analysis with trial sequential analysis ( TSA ) .
Methods : We searched six databases to identify randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) that evaluated the effects of lactoferrin supplementation compared with placebo or no intervention in preterm infants .
RevMan version 5.3 software was used to estimate pooled @ @ @ @ @ @ @ random-effects model .
TSA , subgroup analyses , and meta-regression analyses were also performed .
Results : Nine RCTs with 3515 samples were included .
With low to moderate quality of evidence , compared with placebo , enteral lactoferrin supplementation did not significantly decrease the incidences of late-onset sepsis ( RR = 0.63 , 95 % CI : 0.38 to 1.02 , = 0.06 ) , NEC stage II or III ( RR = 0.68 , 95 % CI : 0.30 to 1.52 , = 0.35 ) , all-cause mortality ( RR = @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to 1.57 , = 0.69 ) , bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( RR = 1.01 , 95 % CI : 0.90 to 1.13 , = 0.92 ) , retinopathy of prematurity ( RR = 0.80 , 95 % CI : 0.49 to 1.32 , = 0.38 ) , invasive fungal infection ( RR = 0.27 , 95 % CI : 0.02 to 3.94 , = 0.34 ) , intraventricular hemorrhage ( RR = 1.40 , 95 % CI : 0.39 to 5.08 , = 0.61 ) , and urinary tract infection ( RR = 0.35 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1.06 , = 0.06 ) .
Subgroup analysis revealed that lactoferrin significantly reduced the incidence of sepsis in infants with a birth weight below 1500 g ( RR = 0.43 , 95 % CI : 0.22 to 0.84 , = 0.01 ) .
TSAs of the primary outcomes showed that the evidence is insufficient and further data is required .
Conclusions : Limited evidence suggested that enteral lactoferrin supplementation was associated with a reduction of late-onset sepsis in infants with a birth weight below 1500g , however , did not decrease the incidence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all-cause mortality , and other adverse events in preterm infants .
The present evidence was insufficient to inform clinical practice .

Background: Several clinical trials investigated the effects of enteral lactoferrin supplementation on the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants, but the efficacy and safety remain disputed. Therefore, we systematically evaluated the effect of enteral lactoferrin supplementation in preterm infants through a meta‑analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA).
Methods: We searched six databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of lactoferrin supplementation compared with placebo or no intervention in preterm infants. RevMan version 5.3 software was used to estimate pooled relative risks (RRs) with the random-effects model. TSA, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression analyses were also performed.
Results: Nine RCTs with 3515 samples were included. With low to moderate quality of evidence, compared with placebo, enteral lactoferrin supplementation did not significantly decrease the incidences of late-onset sepsis (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.02,= 0.06), NEC stage II or III (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.52,= 0.35), all-cause mortality (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.57,= 0.69), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.13,= 0.92), retinopathy of prematurity (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.32,= 0.38), invasive fungal infection (RR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.02 to 3.94,= 0.34), intraventricular hemorrhage (RR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.39 to 5.08,= 0.61), and urinary tract infection (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.11 to 1.06,= 0.06). Subgroup analysis revealed that lactoferrin significantly reduced the incidence of sepsis in infants with a birth weight below 1500 g (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.84,= 0.01). TSAs of the primary outcomes showed that the evidence is insufficient and further data is required.
Conclusions: Limited evidence suggested that enteral lactoferrin supplementation was associated with a reduction of late-onset sepsis in infants with a birth weight below 1500g, however, did not decrease the incidence of NEC stage II or III, all-cause mortality, and other adverse events in preterm infants. The present evidence was insufficient to inform clinical practice.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Lactoferrin and hematoma detoxification after intracerebral hemorrhage.

This review discusses the role of lactoferrin ( LTF ) in detoxifying hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage ( ICH ) .
Subsequent to ICH , neutrophils enter the ICH-affected brain , where they release various granule content , including LTF .
LTF is an iron-binding glycoprotein that binds Fe3+ with high affinity .
Unlike other iron binding proteins , LTF can retain Fe3+ at the low pH associated with inflamed tissue .
LTF 's ability to sequester Fe3+ is of particular importance to ICH pathogenesis , as large quantities of free iron , which is pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory are generated in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
LTF delivered to ICH-affected brain , either as therapeutic agent or through infiltrated PMNs ( cells containing high levels of LTF ) , could benefit ICH pathogenesis .
LTF is a protein with a high isoelectric point ( 8.7 ) , property that enables it to binding to negatively charged apoptotic cells or proteins .
Here , LTF could act as a bridging molecule that couples the apoptotic cells to LTF receptors on the cellular membranes of microglia/macrophages to facilitates the efferocytosis/erythrophagocytosis of apoptotic cells and damaged red blood cells .
Thus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ facilitating efferocytosis , LTF may contribute to hematoma detoxification and hematoma/inflammation resolution after ICH .

This review discusses the role of lactoferrin (LTF) in detoxifying hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Subsequent to ICH, neutrophils enter the ICH-affected brain, where they release various granule content, including LTF. LTF is an iron-binding glycoprotein that binds Fe3+ with high affinity. Unlike other iron binding proteins, LTF can retain Fe3+ at the low pH associated with inflamed tissue. LTF's ability to sequester Fe3+ is of particular importance to ICH pathogenesis, as large quantities of free iron, which is pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory are generated in the ICH-affected brain due to blood hemolysis. LTF delivered to ICH-affected brain, either as therapeutic agent or through infiltrated PMNs (cells containing high levels of LTF), could benefit ICH pathogenesis. LTF is a protein with a high isoelectric point (8.7), property that enables it to binding to negatively charged apoptotic cells or proteins. Here, LTF could act as a bridging molecule that couples the apoptotic cells to LTF receptors on the cellular membranes of microglia/macrophages to facilitates the efferocytosis/erythrophagocytosis of apoptotic cells and damaged red blood cells. Thus, by virtue of sequestrating iron and facilitating efferocytosis, LTF may contribute to hematoma detoxification and hematoma/inflammation resolution after ICH.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Effects of oral bovine lactoferrin on a mouse model of inflammation associated colon cancer.

Both ulcerative colitis and colonic Crohn 's disease patients have a significantly increased risk of developing colorectal cancer .
bLF is reported to inhibit the development of colon cancer in rats and mice , and in a placebo controlled trial , ingestion of bLF inhibited the growth of intestinal polyps .
In addition , in a case study a Crohn 's disease patient was reported to have remained in remission for over 7 years while ingesting 1 gram of bLF daily .
Thus , bLF has an inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis , and it may also promote remission of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the present study was to begin to investigate the effect of bLF on a mouse model of IBD-related colorectal cancer .
Azoxymethane ( AOM ) was used to initiate intestinal cancer and dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) was used to induce IBD-like inflammation in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice .
Mice were divided into 4 groups : untreated , bLF alone , AOM+DSS , and AOM+DSS+bLF .
At the end of the study , mice given AOM+DSS+LF had a better fecal score , less wounding in the colon , and less weight @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
However , there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in tumor burden .

Both ulcerative colitis and colonic Crohn's disease patients have a significantly increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. bLF is reported to inhibit the development of colon cancer in rats and mice, and in a placebo controlled trial, ingestion of bLF inhibited the growth of intestinal polyps. In addition, in a case study a Crohn's disease patient was reported to have remained in remission for over 7 years while ingesting 1 gram of bLF daily. Thus, bLF has an inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis, and it may also promote remission of Crohn's disease. The purpose of the present study was to begin to investigate the effect of bLF on a mouse model of IBD-related colorectal cancer. Azoxymethane (AOM) was used to initiate intestinal cancer and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce IBD-like inflammation in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups: untreated, bLF alone, AOM+DSS, and AOM+DSS+bLF. At the end of the study, mice given AOM+DSS+LF had a better fecal score, less wounding in the colon, and less weight loss than mice in the AOM+DSS group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in tumor burden.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Lactoferrin-derived peptides antimicrobial activity: an in vitro experiment.

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem , searching for new antimicrobial agents is an urgent need .
In this study @ @ @ @ @ of milk-derived antimicrobial agents , lactoferrin-derived peptides , lactoferricin ( Lfc ) and lactoferrampin ( @ @ @ @ @ in combination ) and their association with natural extracts have been explored .
The assessment @ @ @ @ @ on two measurements : Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration indexes .
Lfc alone @ @ @ @ @ Lfa against , a synergistic effect of the two peptides against all the three pathogens @ @ @ @ @ strong synergy of all the natural extracts with Lfc and Lfa solution against selected microorganismswas @ @ @ @ @ suggest that natural-derived compounds , such as milk peptides and vegetal extracts could be promising @ @ @ @ @ and bacterial infections .

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem, searching for new antimicrobial agents is an urgent need. In this study,antibacterial and antimicrobial effects of milk-derived antimicrobial agents, lactoferrin-derived peptides, lactoferricin (Lfc) and lactoferrampin (Lfa) (alone or in combination) and their association with natural extracts have been explored. The assessment of antimicrobial activity was based on two measurements: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration indexes. Lfc alone is more suitable for inhibitingandwhile Lfa against, a synergistic effect of the two peptides against all the three pathogens has been detected. A strong synergy of all the natural extracts with Lfc and Lfa solution against selected microorganismswas pointed out. Our results suggest that natural-derived compounds, such as milk peptides and vegetal extracts could be promising tools to treat moderate fungal and bacterial infections.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Bovine lactoferrin supplementation protects against late-onset sepsis in infants.

We previously conducted two randomized controlled trials of bovine lactoferrin ( bLF ) for prevention of late-onset sepsis ( LOS ) in infants with a birth weight < 2500g ( Study 1 ) and < 2000g ( Study 2 ) .
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bLF on prevention of culture-proven or probable LOS in infants with a birth weight < 1500g from both studies , and to determine the bLF effect depending on human milk intake .
Both trial designs had similar inclusion and exclusion criteria , same bLF dose ( 200mg/kg/day ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ We fitted multivariate Cox regression models to estimate the effect of bLF on the risk of development of the composite outcome , adjusting for covariates .
We included 335 neonates with a mean birth weight of 1162g±244g ; 27.5 % were < 1000g .
There were 33 first episodes of LOS in the bLF group and 48 in the control group ( 19.5 % vs 28.9 % ) .
bLF had a protective effect on the risk of development LOS , Hazard Ratio ( HR ) 0.64 ( % 95CI : 0.41-0.99 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1000g , HR 0.46 ( % 95CI : 0.22-0.96 , p=0.039 ) and among infants with low human milk intake , HR 0.40 ( % 95CI : 0.19-0.84 , p=0.015 ) .
bLF supplementation protects against LOS in infants < 1500g , especially among infants not receiving human milk .

We previously conducted two randomized controlled trials of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) for prevention of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in infants with a birth weight<2500g (Study 1) and<2000g (Study 2). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bLF on prevention of culture-proven or probable LOS in infants with a birth weight<1500g from both studies, and to determine the bLF effect depending on human milk intake. Both trial designs had similar inclusion and exclusion criteria, same bLF dose (200mg/kg/day) and same control (maltodextrin). We fitted multivariate Cox regression models to estimate the effect of bLF on the risk of development of the composite outcome, adjusting for covariates. We included 335 neonates with a mean birth weight of 1162g±244g; 27.5% were<1000g. There were 33 first episodes of LOS in the bLF group and 48 in the control group (19.5% vs 28.9%). bLF had a protective effect on the risk of development LOS, Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.64 (%95CI: 0.41-0.99,p=0.048); particularly among infants<1000g, HR 0.46 (%95CI: 0.22-0.96,p=0.039) and among infants with low human milk intake, HR 0.40 (%95CI: 0.19-0.84,p=0.015). bLF supplementation protects against LOS in infants<1500g, especially among infants not receiving human milk.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Therapeutic effects of lactoferrin in ocular diseases: From dry eye disease to Infections.

Lactoferrin is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein , produced and secreted by mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils in various mammalian species , including humans .
It is typically found in fluids like saliva , milk and tears , where it reaches the maximum concentration .
Thanks to its unique anti-inflammatory , antioxidant and antimicrobial activities , topical application of lactoferrin plays a crucial role in the maintenance of a healthy ocular surface system .
The present review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical applications of lactoferrin in ocular diseases .
Besides the well-known antibacterial effect , novel @ @ @ @ @ @ @ application in the field of dry eye and viral infections .
A growing body of evidence supports the antimicrobial efficacy of lactoferrin , which is not limited to its iron-chelating properties but also depends on its capability to directly interact with pathogen particles while playing immunomodulatory effects .
Nowadays , lactoferrin antiviral activity is of special interest , since lactoferrin-based eye drops could be adopted to treat/prevent the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) infection , which has conjunctivitis among its possible clinical manifestations .
In the future @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are desirable to confirm the efficacy of lactoferrin in the wide range of ocular conditions where it can be used .

Lactoferrin is a naturally occurring iron-binding glycoprotein, produced and secreted by mucosal epithelial cells and neutrophils in various mammalian species, including humans. It is typically found in fluids like saliva, milk and tears, where it reaches the maximum concentration. Thanks to its unique anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, topical application of lactoferrin plays a crucial role in the maintenance of a healthy ocular surface system. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical applications of lactoferrin in ocular diseases. Besides the well-known antibacterial effect, novel interest has been rising towards its potential application in the field of dry eye and viral infections. A growing body of evidence supports the antimicrobial efficacy of lactoferrin, which is not limited to its iron-chelating properties but also depends on its capability to directly interact with pathogen particles while playing immunomodulatory effects. Nowadays, lactoferrin antiviral activity is of special interest, since lactoferrin-based eye drops could be adopted to treat/prevent the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which has conjunctivitis among its possible clinical manifestations. In the future, further data from randomized controlled studies are desirable to confirm the efficacy of lactoferrin in the wide range of ocular conditions where it can be used.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Antiproliferative activity of green, black tea and olive leaves polyphenols subjected to biosorption

Antiproliferative activity of green, black tea and olive leaves polyphenols subjected to biosorption and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in Caco-2 cells.

Olive ( Olea europaea L. ) leaves and tea ( Camellia sinensis ) are rich sources of bioactive compounds , @ @ @ @ @ studies have evidenced the potential use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a natural delivery system for @ @ @ @ @ to improve their bioaccessibility in the human gut .
In the present work , the @ @ @ @ @ ( GT ) , black tea ( BT ) and olive leaves ( OL ) @ @ @ @ @ cerevisiae were evaluated , for the first time , in human colon cancer cells ( @ @ @ @ @ in vitro gastrointestinal digestion .
The bioaccessible fractions ( BF ) were not overtly cytotoxic @ @ @ @ @ .
ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential changes ( Δψm ) values were reduced compared with @ @ @ @ @ all the BF after biosorption induced a significant ( p

Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves and tea (Camellia sinensis) are rich sources of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. Our previous studies have evidenced the potential use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a natural delivery system for these antioxidants and a means to improve their bioaccessibility in the human gut. In the present work, the antiproliferative effect of green tea (GT), black tea (BT) and olive leaves (OL) infusions and suspensions of S. cerevisiae were evaluated, for the first time, in human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) after biosorption and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The bioaccessible fractions (BF) were not overtly cytotoxic, not affecting cell viability. ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential changes (Δψm) values were reduced compared with control cells. Moreover, all the BF after biosorption induced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in cell proportions in S-phase. The arrest of the cell cycle was reversible without induction of apoptosis, suggesting that the biosorbed phenolics in both infusions and suspensions act as cytostatic agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Due to the outbreaks such as SARS , bird flu and swine flu , which we frequently encounter in our century , we need fast solutions with no side effects today more than ever .
Due to having vast ethnomedical experience and the richest flora ( 34 % endemic ) of Europe and the Middle East , Turkey has a high potential for research on this topic .
Plants that locals have been using for centuries for the prevention and treatment of influenza can offer effective alternatives to combat this problem .
In this context , 224 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ identified among the selected 81 studies conducted in the seven regions of Turkey .
However , only 35 ( 15.6 % ) of them were found to be subjected to worldwide in vitro and in vivo research conducted on anti-influenza activity .
Quercetin and chlorogenic acid , the effectiveness of which has been proven many times in this context , have been recorded as the most common ( 7.1 % ) active ingredients among the other 56 active substances identified .
AIM OF THE STUDY : This study has been carried out to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have been used in flu treatment for centuries in Turkish folk medicine , which could be used in the treatment of flu or flu-like pandemics , such as COVID 19 , that humanity has been suffering with , and also compare them with experimental studies in the literature .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : The investigation was conducted in two stages on the subject above by using electronic databases , such as Web of Science , Scopus , ScienceDirect , ProQuest , Medline , Cochrane Library , EBSCO , HighWire Press , PubMed and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ scans are presented in separate tables , together with their regional comparative analysis .
RESULTS : Data obtained on taxa are presented in a table , including anti-influenza mechanism of actions and the active substances .
Rosa canina ( 58.7 % ) and Mentha x piperita ( 22.2 % ) were identified as the most common plants used in Turkey .
Also , Sambucus nigra ( 11.6 % ) , Olea europaea ( 9.3 % ) , Eucalyptus spp.
, Melissa officinalis , and Origanum vulgare ( 7.0 % ) emerged as the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is the first nationwide ethnomedical screening work conducted on flu treatment with plants in Turkey .
Thirty-nine plants have been confirmed in the recent experimental anti-influenza research , which strongly shows that these plants are a rich pharmacological source .
Also , with 189 ( 84.4 % ) taxa , detections that have not been investigated yet , they are an essential resource for both national and international pharmacological researchers in terms of new natural medicine searches .
Considering that the production of antimalarial drugs and their successful use against COVID-19 has begun @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and remarkable piece of data , since there are 15 plants , including Centaurea drabifolia subsp .
Phlocosa ( an endemic taxon ) , that were found to be used in the treatment of both flu and malaria .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the outbreaks such as SARS, bird flu and swine flu, which we frequently encounter in our century, we need fast solutions with no side effects today more than ever. Due to having vast ethnomedical experience and the richest flora (34% endemic) of Europe and the Middle East, Turkey has a high potential for research on this topic. Plants that locals have been using for centuries for the prevention and treatment of influenza can offer effective alternatives to combat this problem. In this context, 224 herbal taxa belonging to 45 families were identified among the selected 81 studies conducted in the seven regions of Turkey. However, only 35 (15.6%) of them were found to be subjected to worldwide in vitro and in vivo research conducted on anti-influenza activity. Quercetin and chlorogenic acid, the effectiveness of which has been proven many times in this context, have been recorded as the most common (7.1%) active ingredients among the other 56 active substances identified.
AIM OF THE STUDY: This study has been carried out to reveal the inventory of plant species that have been used in flu treatment for centuries in Turkish folk medicine, which could be used in the treatment of flu or flu-like pandemics, such as COVID 19, that humanity has been suffering with, and also compare them with experimental studies in the literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigation was conducted in two stages on the subject above by using electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Medline, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, HighWire Press, PubMed and Google Scholar. The results of both scans are presented in separate tables, together with their regional comparative analysis.
RESULTS: Data obtained on taxa are presented in a table, including anti-influenza mechanism of actions and the active substances. Rosa canina (58.7%) and Mentha x piperita (22.2%) were identified as the most common plants used in Turkey. Also, Sambucus nigra (11.6%), Olea europaea (9.3%), Eucalyptus spp., Melissa officinalis, and Origanum vulgare (7.0%) emerged as the most investigated taxa.
CONCLUSION: This is the first nationwide ethnomedical screening work conducted on flu treatment with plants in Turkey. Thirty-nine plants have been confirmed in the recent experimental anti-influenza research, which strongly shows that these plants are a rich pharmacological source. Also, with 189 (84.4%) taxa, detections that have not been investigated yet, they are an essential resource for both national and international pharmacological researchers in terms of new natural medicine searches. Considering that the production of antimalarial drugs and their successful use against COVID-19 has begun, this correlation was actually a positive and remarkable piece of data, since there are 15 plants, including Centaurea drabifolia subsp. Phlocosa (an endemic taxon), that were found to be used in the treatment of both flu and malaria.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--In silico characterisation of olive phenolic compounds as potential cyclooxygenase modulators.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are commonly used to reduce pain , and function by targeting cyclooxygenase ( COX ) enzymes to inhibit the production of prostaglandins that facilitate inflammation .
Since oleocanthal derived from Olea europaea is known to inhibit COX , we sought to characterise novel olive compounds with COX inhibitory activity using in silico techniques .
Following on from part 1 of this study which identified 1-oleyltyrosol ( 1OL ) and ligstroside derivative 2 ( LG2 ) with COX inhibitory potential , the mechanisms of COX interactions by these selected compounds were further examined using molecular @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MD simulations were carried out on COX-1 and COX-2 complexed with 1OL and LG2 to determine the stability and protein backbone fluctuation .
Protein dynamics were examined using essential dynamics methods and network analysis , which identified that the N-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain and membrane bound domains of COX-1 and -2 exhibited altered motions when ligands were bound .
Distinct dynamical modules were identified , and that COX-2 inter-residue communications were more sensitive to ligand binding compared to COX-1 .
The use of various network metrics presents a novel approach in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
It is proposed that inter-residue network metrics provide additional measures of the potential bioactivity of ligands , which may form a useful adjunct to conventional direct predictions of binding affinity , in determining the efficacy of potential small-molecule inhibitors .
Overall , this two-part study characterises anti-inflammatory effects of low dosage dietary COX inhibitors , and provides a possible avenue for the development of therapeutics in inflammatory diseases .

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain, and function by targeting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to inhibit the production of prostaglandins that facilitate inflammation. Since oleocanthal derived from Olea europaea is known to inhibit COX, we sought to characterise novel olive compounds with COX inhibitory activity using in silico techniques. Following on from part 1 of this study which identified 1-oleyltyrosol (1OL) and ligstroside derivative 2 (LG2) with COX inhibitory potential, the mechanisms of COX interactions by these selected compounds were further examined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Classical MD simulations were carried out on COX-1 and COX-2 complexed with 1OL and LG2 to determine the stability and protein backbone fluctuation. Protein dynamics were examined using essential dynamics methods and network analysis, which identified that the N-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain and membrane bound domains of COX-1 and -2 exhibited altered motions when ligands were bound. Distinct dynamical modules were identified, and that COX-2 inter-residue communications were more sensitive to ligand binding compared to COX-1. The use of various network metrics presents a novel approach in the characterisation of network behaviour of different ligands. It is proposed that inter-residue network metrics provide additional measures of the potential bioactivity of ligands, which may form a useful adjunct to conventional direct predictions of binding affinity, in determining the efficacy of potential small-molecule inhibitors. Overall, this two-part study characterises anti-inflammatory effects of low dosage dietary COX inhibitors, and provides a possible avenue for the development of therapeutics in inflammatory diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Beneficial effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower aqueous extract in pregnant rats with diabete

Beneficial effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower aqueous extract in pregnant rats with diabetes.

PURPOSE : The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower is widely used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and has shown antifertility activity in female Wistar rats .
However , there is no scientific confirmation of its effect on diabetes and pregnancy .
The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of H. rosa-sinensis flowers on maternal-fetal outcome in pregnant rats with diabetes .
METHODS : Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin ( STZ , 40 mg/kg ) in virgin , adult , female Wistar rats .
After diabetes induction , the rats were mated .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( n minimum = 11 animals/group ) : non-diabetic , non-diabetic treated , diabetic , and diabetic treated .
Oral aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was administered to rats in the treatment groups during pregnancy .
At term pregnancy , maternal reproductive outcomes , fetal parameters , and biochemical parameters were analyzed .
RESULTS : The non-diabetic treated group showed decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol , increased atherogenic index ( AI ) and coronary artery risk index ( CRI ) , and increased preimplantation loss rate compared to the non-diabetic group .
Although @ @ @ @ @ @ @ toxicity , it showed deleterious effects on cardiac and reproductive functions .
However , the diabetic treated group showed increased maternal and fetal weights , reduced AI and CRI , and reduced preimplantation loss rate compared to the untreated diabetic group .
CONCLUSION : Our results demonstrate beneficial effects of this flower only in pregnant rats with diabetes and their offspring .
Although these findings can not be extrapolated to human clinical use , they show that the indiscriminate intake of H. rosa-sinensis may be harmful to healthy individuals and its use should @ @ @ @ @ @

PURPOSE: The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower is widely used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and has shown antifertility activity in female Wistar rats. However, there is no scientific confirmation of its effect on diabetes and pregnancy. The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of H. rosa-sinensis flowers on maternal-fetal outcome in pregnant rats with diabetes.
METHODS: Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) in virgin, adult, female Wistar rats. After diabetes induction, the rats were mated. The pregnant rats were distributed into four groups (n minimum = 11 animals/group): non-diabetic, non-diabetic treated, diabetic, and diabetic treated. Oral aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was administered to rats in the treatment groups during pregnancy. At term pregnancy, maternal reproductive outcomes, fetal parameters, and biochemical parameters were analyzed.
RESULTS: The non-diabetic treated group showed decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased atherogenic index (AI) and coronary artery risk index (CRI), and increased preimplantation loss rate compared to the non-diabetic group. Although treatment with H. rosa-sinensis led to no toxicity, it showed deleterious effects on cardiac and reproductive functions. However, the diabetic treated group showed increased maternal and fetal weights, reduced AI and CRI, and reduced preimplantation loss rate compared to the untreated diabetic group.
CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate beneficial effects of this flower only in pregnant rats with diabetes and their offspring. Although these findings cannot be extrapolated to human clinical use, they show that the indiscriminate intake of H. rosa-sinensis may be harmful to healthy individuals and its use should be completely avoided in pregnancy.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Antioxidant properties of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus.

The antioxidant properties of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus was investigated using DPPH test .
The stems and the roots of Hibiscus @ @ @ @ @ .
As a result , the extracts of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus at 100 degrees C @ @ @ @ @ effective than those of non-treated Hibiscus syriacus in reducing the stable free radical 1,1-Dipheny 1-2-picrylhydrazyl @ @ @ @

The antioxidant properties of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus was investigated using DPPH test. The stems and the roots of Hibiscus syriacus were examined, respectively. As a result, the extracts of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus at 100 degrees C for 24 h were more effective than those of non-treated Hibiscus syriacus in reducing the stable free radical 1,1-Dipheny 1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Efficacy and safety of 4% Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract ointment as an adjunct treatment to co

Efficacy and safety of 4% Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract ointment as an adjunct treatment to compression stockings on the closure of venous leg ulcers.

INTRODUCTION : Venous leg ulcers ( VLUs ) , the most common leg ulceration worldwide , are caused by venous hypertension due to venous reflux , the failure of the calf muscle to pump , and venous flow obstruction .
They are associated with a reduced quality of life , particularly in relation to pain and physical function .
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is commonly employed because of its many medicinal properties , and studies have shown Hibiscus contains phytochemicals that have antimicrobial , antioxidant , and anti-inflammatory properties that promote wound healing .
OBJECTIVE : The authors evaluate the efficacy and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ointment in the closure of VLUs among patients seen in a dermatology outpatient department in the Philippines .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : The study included male or female patients with leg ulcers confirmed by duplex scan to be venous in origin and willing to have elastic compression therapy .
Patients were instructed to clean the wound with normal saline solution and to apply the extract twice daily .
The study was conducted for 12 weeks or until wound closure .
Wounds were evaluated and photographed at baseline and every subsequent 2 weeks .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ulcer area size using planimetry method at each visit .
Safety was assessed using a 4-point grading system to monitor possible adverse reactions , namely pruritus , rash , burning , and urticaria .
RESULTS : Twelve patients were included in the study ; 5 patients had an initial ulcer area of⟩ 10 cm2 and 7 had an initial ulcer area of ≤ 10 cm2 .
By the end of the study , 10 patients ( 83.3 % ) achieved complete ulcer closure in ⟨ 12 weeks , 1 patient ( 8.3 % @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ⟩ 50 % by week 12 , and 1 patient ( 8.3 % ) had ⟨ 50 % decrease in ulcer area at the end of the study .
CONCLUSIONS : Data showed compression stockings with 4 % gumamela leaf extract ointment application could close VLUs in⟨ 12 weeks .
Applied with compression stockings , the ointment shows potential use in VLU management .

INTRODUCTION: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs), the most common leg ulceration worldwide, are caused by venous hypertension due to venous reflux, the failure of the calf muscle to pump, and venous flow obstruction. They are associated with a reduced quality of life, particularly in relation to pain and physical function. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is commonly employed because of its many medicinal properties, and studies have shown Hibiscus contains phytochemicals that have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that promote wound healing.
OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluate the efficacy and safety of 4% gumamela leaf extract ointment in the closure of VLUs among patients seen in a dermatology outpatient department in the Philippines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included male or female patients with leg ulcers confirmed by duplex scan to be venous in origin and willing to have elastic compression therapy. Patients were instructed to clean the wound with normal saline solution and to apply the extract twice daily. The study was conducted for 12 weeks or until wound closure. Wounds were evaluated and photographed at baseline and every subsequent 2 weeks. Efficacy of therapy was evaluated based on ulcer area size using planimetry method at each visit. Safety was assessed using a 4-point grading system to monitor possible adverse reactions, namely pruritus, rash, burning, and urticaria.
RESULTS: Twelve patients were included in the study; 5 patients had an initial ulcer area of⟩ 10 cm2 and 7 had an initial ulcer area of ≤ 10 cm2. By the end of the study, 10 patients (83.3%) achieved complete ulcer closure in ⟨ 12 weeks, 1 patient (8.3%) had a decrease in ulcer area ⟩ 50% by week 12, and 1 patient (8.3%) had ⟨ 50% decrease in ulcer area at the end of the study.
CONCLUSIONS: Data showed compression stockings with 4% gumamela leaf extract ointment application could close VLUs in⟨ 12 weeks. Applied with compression stockings, the ointment shows potential use in VLU management.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower constituents have beneficial effects toward antibiotic sensitive- and

Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower constituents have beneficial effects toward antibiotic sensitive- and resistant-strains of Helicobacter pylori.

The aim of the present study was to assess antimicrobial effects of naringenin ( NRG ) , luteolin ( LUT ) , myricetin ( MCT ) , and protocatechuic acid ( PCA ) identified in aflower against two reference strains and five clinical isolates of .
NRG displayed the most growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities to seven bacterial strains including six strains resistant to one or several antibiotics , azithromycin ( MIC , 16-32 mg/L ) , erythromycin ( MIC , 32 mg/L ) , levofloxacin ( MIC , 32 mg/L ) , and/or metronidazole ( 24-64 mg/L ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ PCA showed weak activities toward the strains .
These constituents had similar antibacterial activities toward the seven tested strains suggesting that these constituents and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-activity .
NRG , LUT , and MCT resulted in a high percentage of coccoid forms of .
NRG exhibited the highest anti-biofilm formation activity .
MCT produced the strongest inhibition of urease activity followed by LUT and PCA , whereas the activity of NRG was similar to standard inhibitor thiourea .
The four constituents had no significant toxicity to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to decrease utilization of antibiotics justifies the need for further research onderived materials containing NRG , LUT , MCT , and PCA as potential products or lead compounds for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused byinfection .

The aim of the present study was to assess antimicrobial effects of naringenin (NRG), luteolin (LUT), myricetin (MCT), and protocatechuic acid (PCA) identified in aflower against two reference strains and five clinical isolates of. NRG displayed the most growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities to seven bacterial strains including six strains resistant to one or several antibiotics, azithromycin (MIC, 16-32 mg/L), erythromycin (MIC, 32 mg/L), levofloxacin (MIC, 32 mg/L), and/or metronidazole (24-64 mg/L), followed by LUT and MCT, while PCA showed weak activities toward the strains. These constituents had similar antibacterial activities toward the seven tested strains suggesting that these constituents and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-activity. NRG, LUT, and MCT resulted in a high percentage of coccoid forms of. NRG exhibited the highest anti-biofilm formation activity. MCT produced the strongest inhibition of urease activity followed by LUT and PCA, whereas the activity of NRG was similar to standard inhibitor thiourea. The four constituents had no significant toxicity to human cell lines. A global attempt to decrease utilization of antibiotics justifies the need for further research onderived materials containing NRG, LUT, MCT, and PCA as potential products or lead compounds for the prevention or treatment of diseases caused byinfection.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--The extract of Hibiscus syriacus inducing apoptosis by activating p53 and AIF in human lung cancer c

The extract of Hibiscus syriacus inducing apoptosis by activating p53 and AIF in human lung cancer cells.

Natural products including plants , microorganisms and marine life provide rich resources for anticancer drug discovery .
The root bark of Hibiscus syriacus has been used as an antipyretic , anthelmintic and antifungal agent in Asia .
The antiproliferative effects of H. syriacus on human lung cancer cells were evaluated with bio-assays .
The apoptotic activity was detected by Hoechst 33342 DNA staining and annexin V staining .
The expression of caspases , p53 , apoptosis induced factor ( AIF ) , Bcl-2 and Bax were evaluated with Western blotting .
The in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated using A549-xenograft @ @ @ @ @ @ @ syriacus ( HS-AE ) exhibited a better cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells than its methanol extract ( HS-ME ) or water extract ( HS-WE ) .
The IC ( 50 ) values of HS-AE on A549 ( adenocarcinoma ) , H209 ( squamous cell carcinoma ) or H661 ( large cell carcinoma ) lung cancer cells ranged from 14 to 22 microg/ml after 48 hours of treatment .
After 48 hours of exposure , HS-AE ( 15 microg/ml ) induced A549 cell apoptosis to 48 +/- 3.6 % of the control .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ suppress the expression of p53 and AIF .
The results of the in vivo study showed that HS-AE suppresses growth in A549 subcutaneous xenograft tumors .
These results indicate that HS-AE exerts significant and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo , which prompts us to further evaluate and elucidate the bioactive component ( s ) of H. syriacus .

Natural products including plants, microorganisms and marine life provide rich resources for anticancer drug discovery. The root bark of Hibiscus syriacus has been used as an antipyretic, anthelmintic and antifungal agent in Asia. The antiproliferative effects of H. syriacus on human lung cancer cells were evaluated with bio-assays. The apoptotic activity was detected by Hoechst 33342 DNA staining and annexin V staining. The expression of caspases, p53, apoptosis induced factor (AIF), Bcl-2 and Bax were evaluated with Western blotting. The in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated using A549-xenograft model. The acetone extract of H. syriacus (HS-AE) exhibited a better cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells than its methanol extract (HS-ME) or water extract (HS-WE). The IC(50) values of HS-AE on A549 (adenocarcinoma), H209 (squamous cell carcinoma) or H661 (large cell carcinoma) lung cancer cells ranged from 14 to 22 microg/ml after 48 hours of treatment. After 48 hours of exposure, HS-AE (15 microg/ml) induced A549 cell apoptosis to 48 +/- 3.6% of the control. Using Western blotting, HS-AE appears to suppress the expression of p53 and AIF. The results of the in vivo study showed that HS-AE suppresses growth in A549 subcutaneous xenograft tumors. These results indicate that HS-AE exerts significant and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which prompts us to further evaluate and elucidate the bioactive component(s) of H. syriacus.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--The triterpenoids of Hibiscus syriacus induce apoptosis and inhibit cell migration in breast cancer

The triterpenoids of Hibiscus syriacus induce apoptosis and inhibit cell migration in breast cancer cells.

BACKGROUND : Breast cancer-related mortality increases annually .
The efficacy of current breast cancer treatments is limited , and they have numerous side effects and permit high recurrence .
Patients with estrogen receptor ( ER ) -negative or triple-negative breast cancer are particularly difficult to treat .
Treatment for this type of cancer is lacking , and its prognosis is poor , necessitating the search for alternative treatments .
METHODS : This study screened Chinese herb Hibiscus syriacus extracts and identified a novel anti-cancer drug for patients with ER-negative breast cancer .
The inhibitory effects on cell viability and migration @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the molecular regulatory effects were evaluated on both mRNA and protein levels .
RESULT : We found several triterpenoids including betulin ( K02 ) and its derivatives ( K03 , K04 , and K06 ) from H. syriacus inhibited human triple-negative breast cancer cell viability and migration but revealed smaller cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian epithelial cells .
Betulin and its derivatives induced apoptosis by activating apoptosis-related genes .
In addition , they activated p21 expression , which induced cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells .
Betulin ( K02 ) and betulinic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effects on cell viability and migration than K03 and K04 .
CONCLUSIONS : H. syriacus extracts might inhibit breast cancer cell viability and induce apoptosis by activating p53 family regulated pathways and inhibiting AKT activation .
H. syriacus extracts may provide important insight into the development of novel alternative therapies for breast cancer .

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer-related mortality increases annually. The efficacy of current breast cancer treatments is limited, and they have numerous side effects and permit high recurrence. Patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative or triple-negative breast cancer are particularly difficult to treat. Treatment for this type of cancer is lacking, and its prognosis is poor, necessitating the search for alternative treatments.
METHODS: This study screened Chinese herb Hibiscus syriacus extracts and identified a novel anti-cancer drug for patients with ER-negative breast cancer. The inhibitory effects on cell viability and migration were evaluated for each compound, and the molecular regulatory effects were evaluated on both mRNA and protein levels.
RESULT: We found several triterpenoids including betulin (K02) and its derivatives (K03, K04, and K06) from H. syriacus inhibited human triple-negative breast cancer cell viability and migration but revealed smaller cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian epithelial cells. Betulin and its derivatives induced apoptosis by activating apoptosis-related genes. In addition, they activated p21 expression, which induced cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Betulin (K02) and betulinic acid (K06) had stronger inhibitory effects on cell viability and migration than K03 and K04.
CONCLUSIONS: H. syriacus extracts might inhibit breast cancer cell viability and induce apoptosis by activating p53 family regulated pathways and inhibiting AKT activation. H. syriacus extracts may provide important insight into the development of novel alternative therapies for breast cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Chemical constituents from leaves of Hibiscus syriacus and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Chemical constituents from leaves of Hibiscus syriacus and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.

OBJECTIVE : To study the chemical constituents from Hibiscus syriacus leaves and theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities .
METHODS : Column chromatography including macroporous resins , silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 were used for the isolation and purification of all compounds .
Spectroscopic methods including physical and chemical properties , 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used for the identification of structures .
Theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities were detected by a 96-well microplate .
RESULTS : 15 compounds were isolated and identified asβ-sitosterol ( 1 ) , β-daucostero ( 2 ) , β-amyrin ( 3 ) , oleanolic acid ( 4 ) , stigmast-4-en-3-one ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , syriacusin A ( 7 ) , kaempferol ( 8 ) , isovitexin ( 9 ) , vitexin ( 10 ) , apigenin ( 11 ) , apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 12 ) , luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 13 ) , vitexin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 14 ) and rutin ( 15 ) .
CONCLUSION : All the compounds are isolated from the leaves of Hibiscus syriacus for the first time .
Taking acarbose as positive control , theα-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 15 compounds were evaluated .
Compounds 7 and 9 have shown strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mg/L , inhibition ratio of 94.95 % and 97.15 % , respectively .

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from Hibiscus syriacus leaves and theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities.
METHODS: Column chromatography including macroporous resins, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 were used for the isolation and purification of all compounds. Spectroscopic methods including physical and chemical properties, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used for the identification of structures. Theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities were detected by a 96-well microplate.
RESULTS: 15 compounds were isolated and identified asβ-sitosterol(1), β-daucostero (2), β-amyrin (3), oleanolic acid (4), stigmast-4-en-3-one (5), friedelin (6), syriacusin A (7), kaempferol (8), isovitexin (9), vitexin (10), apigenin (11), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), vitexin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) and rutin (15).
CONCLUSION: All the compounds are isolated from the leaves of Hibiscus syriacus for the first time. Taking acarbose as positive control, theα-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 15 compounds were evaluated. Compounds 7 and 9 have shown strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 of 39.03 ± 0.38 and 32.12 ± 0.62 mg/L, inhibition ratio of 94.95% and 97.15%, respectively.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Effect of absolute From Hibiscus syriacus L. flower on wound healing in keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND : Proliferation and migration of keratinocytes are essential for the repair of cutaneous wounds.L .
has been used in Asian medicine ; however , research on keratinocytes is inadequate .
OBJECTIVE : To establish the dermatological properties of absolute fromL .
flower ( HSF ) and to provide fundamental research for alternative medicine .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : We identified the composition of HSF absolute using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis .
We also examined the effect of HSF absolute in HaCaT cells using the XTT assay , Boyden chamber assay , sprout-out growth assay , and western blotting .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ tail-skin .
RESULTS : Ten major active compounds were identified from HSF absolute .
As determined by the XTT assay , Boyden chamber assay , and sprout-out growth assay results , HSF absolute exhibited similar effects as that of epidermal growth factor on the proliferation and migration patterns of keratinocytes ( HaCaT cells ) , which were significantly increased after HSF absolute treatment .
The expression levels of the phosphorylated signaling proteins relevant to proliferation , including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 ( Erk 1/2 ) and Akt , were also determined by western @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of ourand ex-vivo studies indicate that HSF absolute induced cell growth and migration of HaCaT cells by phosphorylating both Erk 1/2 and Akt .
Moreover , we confirmed the wound-healing effect of HSF on injury of the rat tail-skin .
Therefore , our results suggest that HSF absolute is promising for use in cosmetics and alternative medicine .
SUMMARY : L. flower absolute increases HaCaT cell migration and proliferation.L .
flower absolute regulates phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and Akt in HaCaT cell.Treatment withL .
flower induced sprout outgrowth.The wound in the tail-skin of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : L. flower , Erk 1/2 : extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 , EGF : epidermal growth factor , GC/MS : gas chromatography-mass spectrometry , DMEM : dulbecco 's modified eagle medium , FBS : fetal bovine serum , BSA : bovine serum albumin , p-Akt : phosphorylation of Akt , p-Erk 1/2 : phosphorylation of Erk 1/2 .

BACKGROUND: Proliferation and migration of keratinocytes are essential for the repair of cutaneous wounds.L. has been used in Asian medicine; however, research on keratinocytes is inadequate.
OBJECTIVE: To establish the dermatological properties of absolute fromL. flower (HSF) and to provide fundamental research for alternative medicine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified the composition of HSF absolute using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We also examined the effect of HSF absolute in HaCaT cells using the XTT assay, Boyden chamber assay, sprout-out growth assay, and western blotting. We conducted anwound healing assay in rat tail-skin.
RESULTS: Ten major active compounds were identified from HSF absolute. As determined by the XTT assay, Boyden chamber assay, and sprout-out growth assay results, HSF absolute exhibited similar effects as that of epidermal growth factor on the proliferation and migration patterns of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), which were significantly increased after HSF absolute treatment. The expression levels of the phosphorylated signaling proteins relevant to proliferation, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk 1/2) and Akt, were also determined by western blot analysis.
CONCLUSION: These results of ourand ex-vivo studies indicate that HSF absolute induced cell growth and migration of HaCaT cells by phosphorylating both Erk 1/2 and Akt. Moreover, we confirmed the wound-healing effect of HSF on injury of the rat tail-skin. Therefore, our results suggest that HSF absolute is promising for use in cosmetics and alternative medicine.
SUMMARY: L. flower absolute increases HaCaT cell migration and proliferation.L. flower absolute regulates phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and Akt in HaCaT cell.Treatment withL. flower induced sprout outgrowth.The wound in the tail-skin of rat was reduced byL. flower absoluteHSF:L. flower, Erk 1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, EGF: epidermal growth factor, GC/MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, DMEM: dulbecco's modified eagle medium, FBS: fetal bovine serum, BSA: bovine serum albumin, p-Akt: phosphorylation of Akt, p-Erk 1/2: phosphorylation of Erk 1/2.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Hibiscus syriacus extract from an established cell culture stimulates skin wound healing.

Higher plants are the source of a wide array of bioactive compounds that support skin integrity and health.
, family Malvaceae , is a plant of Chinese origin known for its antipyretic , anthelmintic , and antifungal properties .
The aim of this study was to assess the healing and hydration properties ofethanolic extract ( HSEE ) .
We established a cell culture fromleaves and obtained an ethanol soluble extract from cultured cells .
The properties of the extract were tested by gene expression and functional analyses on human fibroblast , keratinocytes , and skin explants .
HSEE treatment increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Specifically , HSEE significantly stimulated fibronectin and collagen synthesis by 16 and 60 % , respectively , while fibroblasts contractility was enhanced by 30 % .
These results were confirmed on skin explants , where HSEE accelerated the wound healing activity in terms of epithelium formation and fibronectin production .
Moreover , HSEE increased the expression of genes involved in skin hydration and homeostasis .
Specifically , aquaporin 3 and filaggrin genes were enhanced by 20 and 58 % , respectively .
Our data show that HSEE contains compounds capable of stimulating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and hydration thereby counteracting molecular pathways leading to skin damage and aging .

Higher plants are the source of a wide array of bioactive compounds that support skin integrity and health., family Malvaceae, is a plant of Chinese origin known for its antipyretic, anthelmintic, and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to assess the healing and hydration properties ofethanolic extract (HSEE). We established a cell culture fromleaves and obtained an ethanol soluble extract from cultured cells. The properties of the extract were tested by gene expression and functional analyses on human fibroblast, keratinocytes, and skin explants. HSEE treatment increased the healing potential of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Specifically, HSEE significantly stimulated fibronectin and collagen synthesis by 16 and 60%, respectively, while fibroblasts contractility was enhanced by 30%. These results were confirmed on skin explants, where HSEE accelerated the wound healing activity in terms of epithelium formation and fibronectin production. Moreover, HSEE increased the expression of genes involved in skin hydration and homeostasis. Specifically, aquaporin 3 and filaggrin genes were enhanced by 20 and 58%, respectively. Our data show that HSEE contains compounds capable of stimulating expression of biomarkers relevant to skin regeneration and hydration thereby counteracting molecular pathways leading to skin damage and aging.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Dietary enzyme-treated Hibiscus syriacus L. protects skin against chronic UVB-induced photoaging.

Exposure of skin to UVB radiation is associated with skin thickening , erythema , deep wrinkles , and marked losses of elasticity , resilience , and hydration .
To find effective anti-aging materials , scientists have studied not only natural nutritional sources , but also biotransformed metabolites .
Although Hibiscus syriacus L. , the national flower of Korea has been used extensively throughout history , it has not yet been examined for possible anti-aging effects .
In this study , skin anti-aging effects of H. syriacus L. water extract ( HSL ) and enzyme-treated H. syriacus L. extract ( ETH @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fibroblasts ( NHDFs ) in vitro and in hairless mice in vivo .
In UVB-irradiated NHDFs , higher level of type I procollagen and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 ( MMP-1 ) , mitogen-activated protein kinases ( MAPKs ) , and activator protein-1 ( AP-1 ) expression were identified after treatment with HSL and ETH .
In photoaged hairless mice , skin thickening and the density of collagen fibers and filaggrin improved after oral administration of HSL and ETH .
ETH 1 % significantly inhibited melanin content , erythema index ( EI ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , stratum corneum ( SC ) hydration , and wrinkle formation .
Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were more abundant in ETH than in HSL .
Taken together , both HSL and ETH protect skin from UVB-induced premature photoaging , and enzymatic biotransformed products like ETH have potential for use as valuable functional foods .

Exposure of skin to UVB radiation is associated with skin thickening, erythema, deep wrinkles, and marked losses of elasticity, resilience, and hydration. To find effective anti-aging materials, scientists have studied not only natural nutritional sources, but also biotransformed metabolites. Although Hibiscus syriacus L., the national flower of Korea has been used extensively throughout history, it has not yet been examined for possible anti-aging effects. In this study, skin anti-aging effects of H. syriacus L. water extract (HSL) and enzyme-treated H. syriacus L. extract (ETH) were investigated in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro and in hairless mice in vivo. In UVB-irradiated NHDFs, higher level of type I procollagen and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expression were identified after treatment with HSL and ETH. In photoaged hairless mice, skin thickening and the density of collagen fibers and filaggrin improved after oral administration of HSL and ETH. ETH 1% significantly inhibited melanin content, erythema index (EI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and wrinkle formation. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were more abundant in ETH than in HSL. Taken together, both HSL and ETH protect skin from UVB-induced premature photoaging, and enzymatic biotransformed products like ETH have potential for use as valuable functional foods.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Composition analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Hibiscus syriacus.

The flower of Hibiscus syriacus has good ornamental and edible-medicinal values.In this study , four samples of two varieties , namely white multiple petals flower and pink multiple petals flower , were selected as test materials.And the optimum extraction conditions , relative molecular weight , monosaccharide composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in flower were investigated.Through single factor experiment and response surface , the optimal extract conditions of polysaccharide were designed as follows : extraction temperature at 96.8℃ , ratio of material to liquid of 43.5∶1 m L·g~ ( -1 ) , extraction time of 3.1 h.Polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ average molecular masses of the 4 polysaccharide samples were1.49×10~5,1.25×10~5,1.01×10~5,1.37×10~5 , respectively.Polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers were mainly composed of glucose , mannose , galactose , rhamnose and arabinose by pre-column derivatization HPLC.The ratio of galactose was the highest in five monosaccharide , and the ratio of galactose to glucose was 1.656-4.496.In addition , crude polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers showed potential antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical ( DPPH ) assay , total reducing capacity assay and ABTS assay in vitro , and its antioxidant effect showed a good dose-effect relationship with the concentration of crude @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pink multiple petals flower and white multiple petals flower had the same molecular masses and monosaccharides composition , but the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides of pink multiple petals flower was higher than that of the white flowers.The results of this study can providea theoretical basis for the application of H.syriacus flower in the field of functional foods .

The flower of Hibiscus syriacus has good ornamental and edible-medicinal values.In this study,four samples of two varieties,namely white multiple petals flower and pink multiple petals flower,were selected as test materials.And the optimum extraction conditions,relative molecular weight,monosaccharide composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in flower were investigated.Through single factor experiment and response surface,the optimal extract conditions of polysaccharide were designed as follows:extraction temperature at 96.8℃,ratio of material to liquid of 43.5∶1 m L·g~(-1),extraction time of 3.1 h.Polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers were analyzed by high performance gel chromatography.The average molecular masses of the 4 polysaccharide samples were1.49×10~5,1.25×10~5,1.01×10~5,1.37×10~5,respectively.Polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers were mainly composed of glucose,mannose,galactose,rhamnose and arabinose by pre-column derivatization HPLC.The ratio of galactose was the highest in five monosaccharide,and the ratio of galactose to glucose was 1.656-4.496.In addition,crude polysaccharides of H.syriacus flowers showed potential antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical(DPPH)assay,total reducing capacity assay and ABTS assay in vitro,and its antioxidant effect showed a good dose-effect relationship with the concentration of crude polysaccharides.Among the tested varieties,polysaccharides of pink multiple petals flower and white multiple petals flower had the same molecular masses and monosaccharides composition,but the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides of pink multiple petals flower was higher than that of the white flowers.The results of this study can providea theoretical basis for the application of H.syriacus flower in the field of functional foods.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Anthocyanins isolated from Hibiscus syriacus L. attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation an

Anthocyanins isolated from Hibiscus syriacus L. attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and endotoxic shock.

BACKGROUND : Hibiscus syriacus L. has been used as a medicinal plant in many Asian countries .
However , anti-inflammatory activity of H. syriacus L. remains unknown .
PURPOSE : This study was aimed to investigating the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin fractions from the H. syriacus L. variety Pulsae ( PS ) on the lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -induced inflammation and endotoxic shock .
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine cytotoxicity of PS .
RT-PCR , western blotting , and ELISA were conducted to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory mediators and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ binding scores and sites of PS to TLR4/MD2 complex .
Immunohistochemical assay was conducted to evaluate the binding capability of PS to TLR4/MD2 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 .
A zebrafish endotoxic shock model was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PS in vivo .
RESULTS : PS suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin Esecretion concomitant with the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression .
Furthermore , PS inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α , IL-6 , and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages .
Additionally @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mostly fit into the hydrophobic pocket of MD2 and bound to TLR4 .
In particular , apigenin-7-O-glucoside powerfully bound to MD2 and TLR4 via hydrogen bonding .
Additionally , immunohistochemistry assay revealed that PS inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization or expression on the cell surface , which consequently decreased MyD88 recruitment and IRAK4 phosphorylation , resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activity .
PS also attenuated LPS-mediated mortality and abnormality in zebrafish larvae and diminished the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages at the inflammatory site accompanied by the low levels of proinflammatory mediators and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a novel immunomodulator for the effective treatment of LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases .

BACKGROUND: Hibiscus syriacus L. has been used as a medicinal plant in many Asian countries. However, anti-inflammatory activity of H. syriacus L. remains unknown.
PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigating the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin fractions from the H. syriacus L. variety Pulsae (PS) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and endotoxic shock.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine cytotoxicity of PS. RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were conducted to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. Molecular docking study predicted the binding scores and sites of PS to TLR4/MD2 complex. Immunohistochemical assay was conducted to evaluate the binding capability of PS to TLR4/MD2 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. A zebrafish endotoxic shock model was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of PS in vivo.
RESULTS: PS suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin Esecretion concomitant with the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Furthermore, PS inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, molecular docking data showed that PS mostly fit into the hydrophobic pocket of MD2 and bound to TLR4. In particular, apigenin-7-O-glucoside powerfully bound to MD2 and TLR4 via hydrogen bonding. Additionally, immunohistochemistry assay revealed that PS inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization or expression on the cell surface, which consequently decreased MyD88 recruitment and IRAK4 phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activity. PS also attenuated LPS-mediated mortality and abnormality in zebrafish larvae and diminished the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages at the inflammatory site accompanied by the low levels of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines.
CONCLUSION: PS might be a novel immunomodulator for the effective treatment of LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-17--Hibiscus represents a promising safe agent that can be repurposed for Alzheimer's disease.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ( Malvaceae ) is one of the well-known traditionally used remedy worldwide .
It exhibited numerous pharmacological properties including antioxidant , antidepressant , sedative , anti-inflammatory , antiproliferative , antimicrobial and neuroprotective activities .
The aim of this study is to highlight the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of anthocyanin-enriched extracts of two Hibiscus varieties ( white and red calyces ) in the management of Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) in addition to their metabolic profiling .
The anthocyanin contents were determined quantitatively using the pH-differential technique and qualitatively by LC/MS/MS .
The extracts were tested @ @ @ @ @ @ @ well as acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity and both showed promising activities .
The LC/MS/MS analysis allowed the tentative identification of 26 and 24 metabolites in red and white calyces , respectively , represented by anthocyanins , flavonoids , aliphatic and phenolic acids .
In vivo , streptozotocin induced AD in mice model was established and Hibiscus extracts were tested at a dose of 200 mg kgcompared to celecoxib ( 30 mg/kg ) .
Histopathology of cerebral cortex and hippocampus , immunohistochemistry for tau- protein and caspase-3 with behavioral tests and measurement of several biochemical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ impairment , and this could be attributed to the amelioration of STZ-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis .
Consequently , Hibiscus represents a promising safe agent that can be repurposed for AD through exerting anti-inflammatory , anti-acetylcholinesterase , antioxidant , and anti-amyloidogenic activities .

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) is one of the well-known traditionally used remedy worldwide. It exhibited numerous pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antidepressant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimicrobial and neuroprotective activities. The aim of this study is to highlight the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of anthocyanin-enriched extracts of two Hibiscus varieties (white and red calyces) in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in addition to their metabolic profiling. The anthocyanin contents were determined quantitatively using the pH-differential technique and qualitatively by LC/MS/MS. The extracts were tested in vitro for their antioxidant potential as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity and both showed promising activities. The LC/MS/MS analysis allowed the tentative identification of 26 and 24 metabolites in red and white calyces, respectively, represented by anthocyanins, flavonoids, aliphatic and phenolic acids. In vivo, streptozotocin induced AD in mice model was established and Hibiscus extracts were tested at a dose of 200 mg kgcompared to celecoxib (30 mg/kg). Histopathology of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, immunohistochemistry for tau- protein and caspase-3 with behavioral tests and measurement of several biochemical parameters were done. Hibiscus prevented memory impairment, and this could be attributed to the amelioration of STZ-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis. Consequently, Hibiscus represents a promising safe agent that can be repurposed for AD through exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, and anti-amyloidogenic activities.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions might find use in therapeutic applications as anticarcinogenic

Bergamot essential oil nanoemulsions might find use in therapeutic applications as anticarcinogenic agents.

Bergamot essential oil ( BEO ) is well-known for its food preservation activity , as well as anticancer efficacy .
However , the poor BEO water solubility and deriving low bioaccessibility have limited its wider applications .
The incorporation in nanoemulsions of BEO and its refined fractions was investigated to enhance its dispersibility in water to promote its antimicrobial activity , tested against Escherichia coli , Lactobacillus delbrueckii , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and its cytotoxicity already at low concentrations .
Different nanoemulsion formulations were tested based on food-grade ingredients , which were characterized in terms of hydrodynamic diameter and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro-organisms was observed to be higher for BEO in its initial composition , than the light fraction , richer in d-limonene , ß-pinene , and γ-terpinene , or the heavy fraction , richer in linalyl acetate and linalool .
Remarkably , the use of BEO nanoemulsions notably enhanced the antimicrobial activity for all the tested oils .
BEO exhibited also a measurable cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 cells , which was also enhancedby the use of the different nanoemulsions tested , in comparison with free oil , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nanoemulsions as a food preservative .
Conversely , BEO nanoemulsions might find use in therapeutic applications as anticarcinogenic agents .

Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is well-known for its food preservation activity, as well as anticancer efficacy. However, the poor BEO water solubility and deriving low bioaccessibility have limited its wider applications. The incorporation in nanoemulsions of BEO and its refined fractions was investigated to enhance its dispersibility in water to promote its antimicrobial activity, tested against Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its cytotoxicity already at low concentrations. Different nanoemulsion formulations were tested based on food-grade ingredients, which were characterized in terms of hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index, and physical stability. The antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro-organisms was observed to be higher for BEO in its initial composition, than the light fraction, richer in d-limonene,ß-pinene, and γ-terpinene, or the heavy fraction, richer in linalyl acetate and linalool. Remarkably, the use of BEO nanoemulsions notably enhanced the antimicrobial activity for all the tested oils. BEO exhibited also a measurable cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 cells, which was also enhancedby the use of the different nanoemulsions tested, in comparison with free oil, which discourages the direct use of BEO nanoemulsions as a food preservative. Conversely, BEO nanoemulsions might find use in therapeutic applications as anticarcinogenic agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--How EMFs Disturb Your Immune System

How EMFs Disturb Your Immune System

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greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Sayer Ji announces the THANK YOU BODY RALLY!

SAYER JI : I am so excited to announce this !
Behind the scenes , my beloved Kelly Brogan and @ @ @ @ @ empower ourselves , amidst and with the support of our growing community ( you included @ @ @ @ @ healing and change in these challenging times .
The product of these efforts : The @ @ @ @ @ and Movement ) !
Check it out here : https : //thankyoubodyrally.com/ And please join @ @ @ @ @ stories and participating by sharing this with others you love and know !
Let ’ @ @ @ @ @ wish to see in the world !

Visit our Re-post guidelines This article is copyrighted by GreenMedInfo LLC, 2020
SAYER JI: I am so excited to announce this! Behind the scenes, my beloved Kelly Brogan and I have been working to empower ourselves, amidst and with the support of our growing community (you included!) to facilitate profound healing and change in these challenging times. The product of these efforts: The Thank You Body Rally (and Movement)! Check it out here : https://thankyoubodyrally.com/
And please join us in sharing your own stories and participating by sharing this with others you love and know! Let’s BE the healing we wish to see in the world!


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Cardioprotective effects of dietary flaxseed post-infarction are associated with changes in microRNA

Cardioprotective effects of dietary flaxseed post-infarction are associated with changes in microRNA expression.

MicroRNAs ( miRNAs/miRs ) such as miR-1 , miR-133a , miR-133b , miR-135a , and miR-29b play a key role in many cardiac pathological remodeling processes , including apoptosis , fibrosis , and arrhythmias , after a myocardial infarction ( MI ) .
Dietary flaxseed has demonstrated a protective effect against an MI .
The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that dietary flaxseed supplementation before and after an MI regulates the expression of above-mentioned miRNAs to produce its cardioprotective effect .
Animals were randomized after inducing MI by coronary artery ligation into : ( a ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ b ) MI with normal chow , and ( c-e ) MI supplemented with either 10 % milled flaxseed , or 4.4 % flax oil enriched in alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , or 0.44 % flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside .
The feeding protocol consisted of 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after the surgery .
Dietary flax oil supplementation selectively upregulated the cardiac expression of miR-133a , miR-135a , and miR-29b .
The levels of collagen I expression were reduced in the flax oil group .
We conclude that miR-133a , miR-135a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ flax oil , likely due to its rich ALA content .
The cardioprotective effect of flaxseed in an MI could be due to modulation of these miRNAs .

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) such as miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-135a, and miR-29b play a key role in many cardiac pathological remodeling processes, including apoptosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmias, after a myocardial infarction (MI). Dietary flaxseed has demonstrated a protective effect against an MI. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that dietary flaxseed supplementation before and after an MI regulates the expression of above-mentioned miRNAs to produce its cardioprotective effect. Animals were randomized after inducing MI by coronary artery ligation into: (a) sham MI with normal chow, (b) MI with normal chow, and (c-e) MI supplemented with either 10% milled flaxseed, or 4.4% flax oil enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or 0.44% flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. The feeding protocol consisted of 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after the surgery. Dietary flax oil supplementation selectively upregulated the cardiac expression of miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b. The levels of collagen I expression were reduced in the flax oil group. We conclude that miR-133a, miR-135a, and miR-29b are sensitive to dietary flax oil, likely due to its rich ALA content. The cardioprotective effect of flaxseed in an MI could be due to modulation of these miRNAs.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Flaxseed oligosaccharides alleviate DSS-induced colitis.

Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction with dysbiosis of gut microbiota contributes to the occurrence and acceleration of colitis .
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flaxseed oligosaccharides ( FOSs ) on dextran sulfate sodium ( DSS ) -induced ulcerative colitis ( UC ) mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms .
UC was induced in mice by administering 2 % DSS in drinking water for 8 days .
Then , FOS ( 50 mg kg-1 d-1 , 100 mg kg-1 d-1 and 200 mg kg-1 d-1 ) was administered by gavage for 14 days .
The results showed that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) significantly ameliorated colitis by decreasing disease activity index ( DAI ) , increasing colon length and improving colonic histology .
FOS treatment ( 200 mg kg-1 d-1 ) down-regulated the critical markers of oxidative stresses , including malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) .
Furthermore , FOS ( 200 mg kg-1 d-1 ) significantly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α , interleukin ( IL ) -6 and interleukin ( IL ) -1β but increased that of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin ( IL @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high-throughput sequencing results indicated that FOS treatment increased the gut microbial diversity and inhibited the proliferation of inflammation-related bacteria such as unidentified_Clostridiales .
An increase in total short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs ) , propionic acid and butyric acid , was also observed by FOS supplementation .
FOS ( 200 mg kg-1d-1 ) also protected the intestinal barrier by increasing the protein levels of Claudin1 and Occludin .
In conclusion , FOS attenuated DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier .

Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction with dysbiosis of gut microbiota contributes to the occurrence and acceleration of colitis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flaxseed oligosaccharides (FOSs) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. UC was induced in mice by administering 2% DSS in drinking water for 8 days. Then, FOS (50 mg kg-1 d-1, 100 mg kg-1 d-1 and 200 mg kg-1 d-1) was administered by gavage for 14 days. The results showed that FOS treatment (200 mg kg-1 d-1) significantly ameliorated colitis by decreasing disease activity index (DAI), increasing colon length and improving colonic histology. FOS treatment (200 mg kg-1 d-1) down-regulated the critical markers of oxidative stresses, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Furthermore, FOS (200 mg kg-1 d-1) significantly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and interleukin (IL)-1β but increased that of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. The 16S rDNA gene high-throughput sequencing results indicated that FOS treatment increased the gut microbial diversity and inhibited the proliferation of inflammation-related bacteria such as unidentified_Clostridiales. An increase in total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), propionic acid and butyric acid, was also observed by FOS supplementation. FOS (200 mg kg-1d-1) also protected the intestinal barrier by increasing the protein levels of Claudin1 and Occludin. In conclusion,FOS attenuated DSS-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Human milk oligosaccharides have the capacity to modulate immune function and the gut barrier.

Human milk oligosaccharides ( HMOs ) shape the gut microbiota in infants by selectively stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria .
Here , we investigated the impact of HMOs on adult gut microbiota and gut barrier function using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem ( SHIME ) , Caco2 cell lines , and human intestinal gut organoid-on-chips .
We showed that fermentation of 2'-O-fucosyllactose ( 2'FL ) , lacto-N-neotetraose ( LNnT ) , and combinations thereof ( MIX ) led to an increase of bifidobacteria , accompanied by an increase of short chain fatty acid ( SCFA ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significant reduction in paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran probe was observed using Caco2 cell monolayers with fermented 2'FL and MIX , which was accompanied by an increase in claudin-8 gene expression as shown by qPCR , and a reduction in IL-6 as determined by multiplex ELISA .
Using gut-on-chips generated from human organoids derived from proximal , transverse , and distal colon biopsies ( Colon Intestine Chips ) , we showed that claudin-5 was significantly upregulated across all three gut-on-chips following treatment with fermented 2'FL under microfluidic conditions .
Taken together , these data @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bifidogenic activity , HMOs have the capacity to modulate immune function and the gut barrier , supporting the potential of HMOs to provide health benefits in adults .

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the gut microbiota in infants by selectively stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated the impact of HMOs on adult gut microbiota and gut barrier function using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), Caco2 cell lines, and human intestinal gut organoid-on-chips. We showed that fermentation of 2'-O-fucosyllactose (2'FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and combinations thereof (MIX) led to an increase of bifidobacteria, accompanied by an increase of short chain fatty acid (SCFA), in particular butyrate with 2'FL. A significant reduction in paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran probe was observed using Caco2 cell monolayers with fermented 2'FL and MIX, which was accompanied by an increase in claudin-8 gene expression as shown by qPCR, and a reduction in IL-6 as determined by multiplex ELISA. Using gut-on-chips generated from human organoids derived from proximal, transverse, and distal colon biopsies (Colon Intestine Chips), we showed that claudin-5 was significantly upregulated across all three gut-on-chips following treatment with fermented 2'FL under microfluidic conditions. Taken together, these data show that, in addition to their bifidogenic activity, HMOs have the capacity to modulate immune function and the gut barrier, supporting the potential of HMOs to provide health benefits in adults.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Ilex paraguariensis, white mulberry and chromium picolinate in patients with pre-diabetes.

AIM : to evaluate if a nutraceutical compound containing Ilex paraguariensis , White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate can ameliorate glycemic @ @ @ @ @ .
METHODS : we enrolled patients with IFG or IGT , not taking other hypoglycemic @ @ @ @ @ to take placebo or the nutraceutical compound for 3 months , in a randomized , @ @ @ @ @ Both treatments were self-administered once a day , 1 tablet during the breakfast .
RESULTS @ @ @ @ @ was observed with the nutraceutical combination ( -7.8 % ) .
Furthermore , there was @ @ @ @ @ the nutraceutical combination ( -7.9 % ) .
M value was higher ( p CONCLUSIONS @ @ @ @ @ paraguariensis , White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate at 500 mg can be helpful in improving @ @ @ @ @ in patients with pre-diabetes .

AIM: to evaluate if a nutraceutical compound containing Ilex paraguariensis, White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate can ameliorate glycemic status in patients with pre-diabetes.
METHODS: we enrolled patients with IFG or IGT, not taking other hypoglycemic compounds. Patients were randomized to take placebo or the nutraceutical compound for 3 months, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Both treatments were self-administered once a day, 1 tablet during the breakfast.
RESULTS: a reduction of FPG was observed with the nutraceutical combination (-7.8%). Furthermore, there was a decrease of HOMA-IR with the nutraceutical combination (-7.9%). M value was higher (p< 0.05 vs baseline and p < 0.05 vs placebo) at the end of the treatment. We obtained a reduction of Tg with the nutraceutical combination (-8.3%). About 16.6% of patients treated with nutraceutical returned to have a normal glycemia (< 100 mg/dL), and all patients had an improvement of insulin-resistance, in particular 67% of patients returned to have a M value inside range of normal insulin sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS: a nutraceutical containing Ilex paraguariensis, White Mulberry and Chromium Picolinate at 500 mg can be helpful in improving glycemia and Tg value, in patients with pre-diabetes.


greenmedinfo--2020-09-18--Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Introduction : Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion ( CI/R ) injury is caused by blood flow recovery after ischemic stroke .
Chlorogenic acid ( CGA , 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid ) is a major polyphenol component ofL .
and Mate ( . )
.
Previous studies have shown that CGA has a significant neuroprotective effect and can improve global CI/R injury .
However , the underlying molecular mechanism of CGA in CI/R injury has not been fully revealed .
Materials : In this study , CI/R rat model was constructed .
The rats were randomly divided into nine groups with ten in each group : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , CI/R , CI/R + CGA ( 20 mg·kg-1 ) , CI/R + CGA ( 100 mg·kg-1 ) , CI/R + CGA ( 500 mg·kg-1 ) , ML385 ( 30 mg·kg-1 ) , CI/R + ML385 ( 30 mg·kg-1 ) , CI/R + CGA + ML385 .
Cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining .
Brain pathological damage was detected by H & E staining .
Apoptosis of cortical cells was detected by TUNEL staining .
The expression of related proteins was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting .
Results : Step-down @ @ @ @ @ @ @ CGA dose-dependently mitigated CI/R-induced brain damage and enhanced learning and spatial memory .
Besides , CGA promoted the expression of BDNF and NGF in a dose-dependent manner and alleviated CI/R-induced nerve injury .
Moreover , CGA increased the activity of SOD and the level of GSH , as well as decreased production of ROS and LDH and the accumulation of MDA .
Notably , CGA attenuated oxidative stress-induced brain injury and apoptosis and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-related proteins ( cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9 ) .
Additionally , CGA reversed CI/R @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Nrf2 , NQO-1 and HO-1 expression .
Nrf2 pathway inhibitor ML385 destroyed this promotion .
Discussion : All the data indicated that CGA had a neuroprotective effect on the CI/R rats by regulating oxidative stress-related Nrf2 pathway .

Introduction: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury is caused by blood flow recovery after ischemic stroke. Chlorogenic acid (CGA, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) is a major polyphenol component ofL. and Mate (.). Previous studies have shown that CGA has a significant neuroprotective effect and can improve global CI/R injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of CGA in CI/R injury has not been fully revealed.
Materials: In this study, CI/R rat model was constructed. The rats were randomly divided into nine groups with ten in each group: Control, CGA (500 mg·kg-1), CI/R, CI/R + CGA (20 mg·kg-1), CI/R + CGA (100 mg·kg-1), CI/R + CGA (500 mg·kg-1), ML385 (30 mg·kg-1), CI/R + ML385 (30 mg·kg-1), CI/R + CGA + ML385. Cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining. Brain pathological damage was detected by H&E staining. Apoptosis of cortical cells was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression of related proteins was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.
Results: Step-down test and Y maze test showed that CGA dose-dependently mitigated CI/R-induced brain damage and enhanced learning and spatial memory. Besides, CGA promoted the expression of BDNF and NGF in a dose-dependent manner and alleviated CI/R-induced nerve injury. Moreover, CGA increased the activity of SOD and the level of GSH, as well as decreased production of ROS and LDH and the accumulation of MDA. Notably, CGA attenuated oxidative stress-induced brain injury and apoptosis and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9). Additionally, CGA reversed CI/R induced inactivation of Nrf2 pathway and promoted Nrf2, NQO-1 and HO-1 expression. Nrf2 pathway inhibitor ML385 destroyed this promotion.
Discussion: All the data indicated that CGA had a neuroprotective effect on the CI/R rats by regulating oxidative stress-related Nrf2 pathway.