greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia.

, also known as the sanghuang mushroom , is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years .
Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites , the yellow-brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects .
However , recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies , the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to bebut .
As the incorrect binomial namehas long been misleadingly referred , there is a need to evaluate the safety of .
Moreover , the growing conditions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the fungi .
Hence , this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin-enrichedmycelia .
In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin , 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources , five nitrogen sources , and five initial pH conditions were screened .
Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources , respectively , for the optimal growth and production of hispidin .
Moreover , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a 20-ton bioreactor under optimal conditions .
Furthermore , the ames test , in vitro chromosome aberration test , acute oral toxicity test , and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin-enrichedmycelia .
In all tests , there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control .
Based on the results obtained , the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enrichedmycelia has a very low order of toxicity , which supports its safety for human consumption .

, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years. Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow-brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to bebut. As the incorrect binomial namehas long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin-enrichedmycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20-ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin-enrichedmycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enrichedmycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Vasodilatory effect of Phellinus linteus extract in rat mesenteric arteries.

is a well-known medicinal mushroom that is widely used in Asian countries .
In several experimental models , extracts were reported to have various biological effects , including anti-inflammatory , anti-cancer , hepatoprotective , anti-diabetic , neuroprotective , and anti-angiogenic activity .
In the present study , several bioactive compounds , including palmitic acid ethyl ester and linoleic acid , were identified in .
The intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel ( IK ) plays an important role in the regulation of the vascular smooth muscle cells ' ( VSMCs ) contraction and relaxation .
The activation of the IKchannel causes the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ examine whetherextract causes vasodilation in the mesenteric arteries of rats , we measured the isometric tension using a wire myograph .
After the arteries were pre-contracted with U46619 ( a thromboxane analogue , 1µM ) , extract was administered .
Theextract induced vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner , which was independent of the endothelium .
To further investigate the mechanism , we used the non-selective Kchannel blocker tetraethylammonium ( TEA ) .
TEA significantly abolishedextract-induced vasodilation .
Thus , we tested three different types of Kchannel blockers : iberiotoxin ( BKchannel blocker ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and charybdotoxin ( IKchannel blocker ) .
Charybdotoxin significantly inhibitedextract-induced relaxation , while there was no effect from apamin and iberiotoxin .
Membrane potential was measured using the voltage-sensitive dye bis- ( 1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid ) -trimethine oxonol ( DiBAC ( 3 ) ) in the primary isolated vascular smooth muscle cells ( VSMCs ) .
We found that theextract induced hyperpolarization of VSMCs , which is associated with a reduced phosphorylation level of 20 KDa myosin light chain ( MLC ) .

is a well-known medicinal mushroom that is widely used in Asian countries. In several experimental models,extracts were reported to have various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-angiogenic activity. In the present study, several bioactive compounds, including palmitic acid ethyl ester and linoleic acid, were identified in. The intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (IK) plays an important role in the regulation of the vascular smooth muscle cells' (VSMCs) contraction and relaxation. The activation of the IKchannel causes the hyperpolarization and relaxation of VSMCs. To examine whetherextract causes vasodilation in the mesenteric arteries of rats, we measured the isometric tension using a wire myograph. After the arteries were pre-contracted with U46619 (a thromboxane analogue, 1µM),extract was administered. Theextract induced vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner, which was independent of the endothelium. To further investigate the mechanism, we used the non-selective Kchannel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA). TEA significantly abolishedextract-induced vasodilation. Thus, we tested three different types of Kchannel blockers: iberiotoxin (BKchannel blocker), apamin (SKchannel blocker), and charybdotoxin (IKchannel blocker). Charybdotoxin significantly inhibitedextract-induced relaxation, while there was no effect from apamin and iberiotoxin. Membrane potential was measured using the voltage-sensitive dye bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)-trimethine oxonol (DiBAC(3)) in the primary isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found that theextract induced hyperpolarization of VSMCs, which is associated with a reduced phosphorylation level of 20 KDa myosin light chain (MLC).


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Anti-cancer effect of cordycepin on FGF9-induced testicular tumorigenesis.

Cordycepin , a bioactive constituent from the fungus , could inhibit cancer cell proliferation and promote cell death via induction of cell cycle arrest , apoptosis and autophagy .
Our novel finding from microarray analysis of cordycepin-treated MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells is that cordycepin down-regulated the mRNA levels ofandgenes in MA-10 cells .
Meanwhile , the IPA-MAP pathway prediction result showed that cordycepin inhibited MA-10 cell proliferation by suppressing FGFs/FGFRs pathways .
The in vitro study further revealed that cordycepin decreased FGF9-induced MA-10 cell proliferation by inhibiting the expressions of p-ERK1/2 , p-Rb and E2F1 , and subsequently reducing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In addition , a mouse allograft model was performed by intratumoral injection of FGF9 and/or intraperitoneal injection of cordycepin to MA-10-tumor bearing C57BL/6J mice .
Results showed that FGF9-induced tumor growth in cordycepin-treated mice was significantly smaller than that in a PBS-treated control group .
Furthermore , cordycepin decreased FGF9-induced FGFR1-4 protein expressions in vitro and in vivo .
In summary , cordycepin inhibited FGF9-induced testicular tumor growth by suppressing the ERK1/2 , Rb/E2F1 , cell cycle pathways , and the expressions of FGFR1-4 proteins , suggesting that cordycepin can be used as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

Cordycepin, a bioactive constituent from the fungus, could inhibit cancer cell proliferation and promote cell death via induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Our novel finding from microarray analysis of cordycepin-treated MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells is that cordycepin down-regulated the mRNA levels ofandgenes in MA-10 cells. Meanwhile, the IPA-MAP pathway prediction result showed that cordycepin inhibited MA-10 cell proliferation by suppressing FGFs/FGFRs pathways. The in vitro study further revealed that cordycepin decreased FGF9-induced MA-10 cell proliferation by inhibiting the expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-Rb and E2F1, and subsequently reducing the expressions of cyclins and CDKs. In addition, a mouse allograft model was performed by intratumoral injection of FGF9 and/or intraperitoneal injection of cordycepin to MA-10-tumor bearing C57BL/6J mice. Results showed that FGF9-induced tumor growth in cordycepin-treated mice was significantly smaller than that in a PBS-treated control group. Furthermore, cordycepin decreased FGF9-induced FGFR1-4 protein expressions in vitro and in vivo. In summary, cordycepin inhibited FGF9-induced testicular tumor growth by suppressing the ERK1/2, Rb/E2F1, cell cycle pathways, and the expressions of FGFR1-4 proteins, suggesting that cordycepin can be used as a novel anticancer drug for testicular cancers.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Phellinus linteus mycelium has a strong chondroprotective effect through the suppression both ROS pr

Phellinus linteus mycelium has a strong chondroprotective effect through the suppression both ROS production and inflammation.

Objective : The aim of this study was to identify the protective effects ofmycelium ( PLM ) and its possible mechanisms in a model of monosodium iodoacetate- ( MIA- ) induced osteoarthritis ( OA ) .
Methods : Intra-articular injection of MIA was injected to 50 L with 80 mg/mL using a 0.3 mL insulin syringe into the right knee joint .
Changes in hindpaw weight-bearing distribution between the right ( osteoarthritic ) and left ( contralateral control ) legs were used as an index of joint discomfort .
PLM ( 50 , 100 , and 200 mg/kg body weight @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 14 days from day 7 after MIA treatment .
And then , various factors associated with inflammatory response and cartilage degeneration in cartilage tissues detected by western blotting .
Results : PLM treatment showed a concentration-dependent elevation in change in hindpaw weight-bearing distribution ( HWBD ) .
PLM200 demonstrated the capacity to significantly increase HWBD , indicating that the change in weight-bearing distribution means the reduction of spontaneous pain .
Our results indicate that PLM suppressed the inflammatory factors via NF-B signaling pathway induced by p38 phosporlyation .
Moreover , PLM200 exhibited a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) oxidase .
PLM100 and PLM200 inhibited the levels of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) -1 , one of proteinase that degrades extracellular matrix ( ECM ) .
Conclusions : Taken together , our results indicated that PLM has a strong chondroprotective effect through the suppression both ROS production and inflammation .

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the protective effects ofmycelium (PLM) and its possible mechanisms in a model of monosodium iodoacetate- (MIA-) induced osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods: Intra-articular injection of MIA was injected to 50 L with 80 mg/mL using a 0.3 mL insulin syringe into the right knee joint. Changes in hindpaw weight-bearing distribution between the right (osteoarthritic) and left (contralateral control) legs were used as an index of joint discomfort. PLM (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered once daily for 14 days from day 7 after MIA treatment. And then, various factors associated with inflammatory response and cartilage degeneration in cartilage tissues detected by western blotting.
Results: PLM treatment showed a concentration-dependent elevation in change in hindpaw weight-bearing distribution (HWBD). PLM200 demonstrated the capacity to significantly increase HWBD, indicating that the change in weight-bearing distribution means the reduction of spontaneous pain. Our results indicate that PLM suppressed the inflammatory factors via NF-B signaling pathway induced by p38 phosporlyation. Moreover, PLM200 exhibited a significant reduction of ROS produced by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. PLM100 and PLM200 inhibited the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, one of proteinase that degrades extracellular matrix (ECM).
Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicated that PLM has a strong chondroprotective effect through the suppression both ROS production and inflammation.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--The antiviral, anti-inflammatory effects of natural medicinal herbs and mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 inf

The antiviral, anti-inflammatory effects of natural medicinal herbs and mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The 2019 novel coronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , producing the disease COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus that targets mostly the human respiratory system and also other organs .
SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans , however there have been previous outbreaks of different versions of the beta coronavirus including severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS-CoV1 ) from 2002 to 2003 and the most recent Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS-CoV ) which was first identified in 2012 .
All of the above have been recognised as major pathogens that are a great threat to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , no specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection has been identified ; however , certain drugs have shown apparent efficacy in viral inhibition of the disease .
Natural substances such as herbs and mushrooms have previously demonstrated both great antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity .
Thus , the possibilities of natural substances as effective treatments against COVID-19 may seem promising .
One of the potential candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be ( IO ) , also known as chaga mushroom .
IO commonly grows in Asia , Europe and North America and is widely @ @ @ @ @ @ @ medical conditions .
In this review , we have evaluated the most effective herbs and mushrooms , in terms of the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects which have been assessed in laboratory conditions .

The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, producing the disease COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus that targets mostly the human respiratory system and also other organs. SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans, however there have been previous outbreaks of different versions of the beta coronavirus including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV1) from 2002 to 2003 and the most recent Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in 2012. All of the above have been recognised as major pathogens that are a great threat to public health and global economies. Currently, no specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection has been identified; however, certain drugs have shown apparent efficacy in viral inhibition of the disease. Natural substances such as herbs and mushrooms have previously demonstrated both great antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, the possibilities of natural substances as effective treatments against COVID-19 may seem promising. One of the potential candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be(IO), also known as chaga mushroom. IO commonly grows in Asia, Europe and North America and is widely used as a raw material in various medical conditions. In this review, we have evaluated the most effective herbs and mushrooms, in terms of the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects which have been assessed in laboratory conditions.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-11--Composition of triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus and their anti-proliferative activity on cancer ce

Composition of triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus and their anti-proliferative activity on cancer cell lines.

The objective of this study was to determine the composition of triterpenoids in the extracts from the inner and outer parts ofand to evaluate their anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines ( HT-29 , AGS , MCF-7 , and PC3 ) .
Inner and outer parts ofwere extracted with 80 % methanol for 24 h. The extract was fractionated by Diaion HP-20 resin to obtain the triterpenoid fraction .
Composition of triterpenoids in the fraction was analyzed by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay against cancer cell lines .
Inotodiol and trametenolic acid were major triterpenoids @ @ @ @ @ @ @ parts of .
Inotodiol in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts ofwas 153.9± 15.4 mg/g ( dry basis ( db ) ) and 194.1 ± 11.5 mg/g , respectively .
Trametenolic acid in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts ofwas 94.5± 9.15 mg/g ( db ) and 106.3 ± 8.23 mg/g , respectively .
Triterpenoids in the outer part were significantly higher than those in the inner part .
Anti-proliferative activity of the triterpenoid fraction from the outer part against AGS , MCF-7 , and PC3 was also significantly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

The objective of this study was to determine the composition of triterpenoids in the extracts from the inner and outer parts ofand to evaluate their anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines (HT-29, AGS, MCF-7, and PC3). Inner and outer parts ofwere extracted with 80% methanol for 24 h. The extract was fractionated by Diaion HP-20 resin to obtain the triterpenoid fraction. Composition of triterpenoids in the fraction was analyzed by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay against cancer cell lines. Inotodiol and trametenolic acid were major triterpenoids in both of the inner and outer parts of. Inotodiol in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts ofwas 153.9± 15.4 mg/g (dry basis (db)) and 194.1 ± 11.5 mg/g, respectively. Trametenolic acid in triterpenoid fractions from the inner and outer parts ofwas 94.5± 9.15 mg/g (db) and 106.3 ± 8.23 mg/g, respectively. Triterpenoids in the outer part were significantly higher than those in the inner part. Anti-proliferative activity of the triterpenoid fraction from the outer part against AGS, MCF-7, and PC3 was also significantly higher than that of the inner part.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Exercise and Whey Protein Slow Age-Related Bone and Muscle Loss

This website is for information purposes only .
By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing , treating @ @ @ @ @ or preventing any type of disease or medical condition .
Before beginning any type of @ @ @ @ @ treatment regimen , it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional @

This website is for information purposes only. By providing the information contained herein we are not diagnosing, treating, curing, mitigating, or preventing any type of disease or medical condition. Before beginning any type of natural, integrative or conventional treatment regimen, it is advisable to seek the advice of a licensed healthcare professional.
© Copyright 2008-2023 GreenMedInfo.com, Journal Articles copyright of original owners, MeSH copyright NLM.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Who Funds Facebook Fact Checkers?

Who Funds Facebook Fact Checkers?


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon suppresses metastasis via autophagic degradation of cathepsin S in cervical cancer cells.

Hispolon , a phenolic compound isolated from Phellinus igniarius , induces apoptosis and anti-tumor effects in cancers .
However , @ @ @ @ @ hispolon-mediated tumor-suppressing activities observed in cervical cancer is poorly characterized .
Here , we demonstrated @ @ @ @ @ cell metastasis in two cervical cancer cell lines .
In addition , the downregulation of @ @ @ @ @ ( CTSS ) was critical for hispolon-mediated suppression of tumor cell metastasis in both in @ @ @ @ @ .
Moreover , hispolon induced autophagy , which increased LC3 conversion and acidic vesicular organelle @ @ @ @ @ inhibited the cell motility of cervical cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ) @ @ @ @ @ the ERK pathway reversed autophagy-mediated cell motility and CTSS inhibition .
Our results indicate that @ @ @ @ @ CTSS activity to inhibit tumor metastasis by hispolon treatment in cervical cancer ; this finding @ @ @ @ @ molecular regulation .

Hispolon, a phenolic compound isolated from Phellinus igniarius, induces apoptosis and anti-tumor effects in cancers. However, the molecular mechanism involved in hispolon-mediated tumor-suppressing activities observed in cervical cancer is poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrated that treatment with hispolon inhibited cell metastasis in two cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, the downregulation of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin S (CTSS) was critical for hispolon-mediated suppression of tumor cell metastasis in both in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, hispolon induced autophagy, which increased LC3 conversion and acidic vesicular organelle formation. Mechanistically, hispolon inhibited the cell motility of cervical cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and blocking of the ERK pathway reversed autophagy-mediated cell motility and CTSS inhibition. Our results indicate that autophagy is essential for decreasing CTSS activity to inhibit tumor metastasis by hispolon treatment in cervical cancer; this finding provides a new perspective on molecular regulation.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon as an inhibitor of TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human epithelial canc

Hispolon as an inhibitor of TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cancer cells by co-regulation of TGF-β-Snail/Twist axis.

Hispolon ( HPL ) , isolated from , has been used to treat various types of pathology , including inflammation @ @ @ @ @ diseases and numerous cancer subtypes .
HPL has previously been reported to demonstrate a significant @ @ @ @ @ of cancer cells , including melanoma , leukemia , hepatocarcinoma , bladder and gastric cancer @ @ @ @ @ potential role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) has not been demonstrated .
The @ @ @ @ @ of HPL on the EMT .
Transforming growth factorβ ( TGF-β ) induced enhanced cell @ @ @ @ @ phenotypic changes .
In the present study , HPL recovered the reduction of E-cadherin expression @ @ @ @ @ cells , which was regulated by the expression of Snail and Twist .
HPL downregulated @ @ @ @ @ effect that was enhanced by TGF-β .
These findings provide novel evidence that HPL suppresses @ @ @ @ @ by inhibiting EMT .
Therefore , HPL may be a potent anticancer agent , inhibiting @ @

Hispolon (HPL), isolated from, has been used to treat various types of pathology, including inflammation, gastroenteric disorders, lymphatic diseases and numerous cancer subtypes. HPL has previously been reported to demonstrate a significant therapeutic efficacy against various types of cancer cells, including melanoma, leukemia, hepatocarcinoma, bladder and gastric cancer cells. However, its potential role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has not been demonstrated. The present study investigated the effects of HPL on the EMT. Transforming growth factorβ (TGF-β) induced enhanced cell migration and invasion, EMT-associated phenotypic changes. In the present study, HPL recovered the reduction of E-cadherin expression level in TGF-β treated cancer cells, which was regulated by the expression of Snail and Twist. HPL downregulated Snail and Twist, an effect that was enhanced by TGF-β. These findings provide novel evidence that HPL suppresses cancer cell migration and invasion by inhibiting EMT. Therefore, HPL may be a potent anticancer agent, inhibiting metastasis.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon suppresses LPS- or LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells.

Hispolon ( HIS ) is an active polyphenol compound derived from Phellinus linteus ( Berkeley & Curtis ) , and our previous study showed that HIS effectively inhibited inflammatory responses in macrophages [ Yang , L.Y.
, S.C. Shen , K.T .
Cheng , G.V .
Subbaraju , C.C .
Chien and Y.C .
Chen .
Hispolon inhibition of inflammatory apoptosis through reduction of iNOS/NO production via HO-1 induction in macrophages .
J. Ethnopharmacol .
156 : 61-72 , 2014 ] ; however , its effect on neuronal inflammation is still undefined .
In this study , HIS concentration- and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and lipoteichoic acid ( LTA ) -induced inducible nitric oxide ( NO ) synthase ( iNOS ) /NO production with increased heme oxygenase ( HO ) -1 proteins in BV-2 microglial cells .
Accordingly , HIS protected BV-2 cells from LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis , characterized by decreased DNA ladder formation , and caspase-3 and poly ( ADP ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) protein cleavage in BV-2 cells .
Similarly , the NOS inhibitor , N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ( NAME ) , inhibited LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis of BV-2 cells , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of NO production or cell death induced by the NO donor , sodium nitroprusside ( SNP ) , indicating the involvement of NO in the inflammatory apoptosis of microglial cells .
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) and nuclear factor ( NF ) - [ Formula : see text ] B contributed to LPS- or LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and apoptosis of BV-2 cells , and that was suppressed by HIS .
Additionally , HIS possesses activity to induce HO-1 protein expression via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ) in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ HO inhibitor , tin protoporphyrin ( SnPP ) , or knockdown of HO-1 protein by HO-1 small interfering ( si ) RNA significantly reversed HIS inhibition of NO production and cell death in BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS .
Results of an analysis of the effects of HIS and two structurally related chemicals , i.e .
dehydroxy-HIS ( D-HIS ) and HIS-methyl ester ( HIS-ME ) , showed that HIS expressed the most potent inhibitory effects on iNOS/NO production , JNK activation , and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells activated by LPS with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ results suggested that HIS possesses inhibitory activity against LPS- or LTA-induced inflammatory responses including iNOS/NO production and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells and that the mechanisms involve upregulation of the HO-1 protein and downregulation of JNK/NF- [ Formula : see text ] B activation .
A critical role of hydroxyl at position C3 in the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS against activated BV-2 microglial cells was suggested .

Hispolon (HIS) is an active polyphenol compound derived from Phellinus linteus (Berkeley&Curtis), and our previous study showed that HIS effectively inhibited inflammatory responses in macrophages [Yang, L.Y., S.C. Shen, K.T. Cheng, G.V. Subbaraju, C.C. Chien and Y.C. Chen. Hispolon inhibition of inflammatory apoptosis through reduction of iNOS/NO production via HO-1 induction in macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 156: 61-72, 2014]; however, its effect on neuronal inflammation is still undefined. In this study, HIS concentration- and time-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS)/NO production with increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 proteins in BV-2 microglial cells. Accordingly, HIS protected BV-2 cells from LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis, characterized by decreased DNA ladder formation, and caspase-3 and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein cleavage in BV-2 cells. Similarly, the NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME), inhibited LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis of BV-2 cells, but neither NAME nor HIS showed any inhibition of NO production or cell death induced by the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), indicating the involvement of NO in the inflammatory apoptosis of microglial cells. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor (NF)-[Formula: see text]B contributed to LPS- or LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and apoptosis of BV-2 cells, and that was suppressed by HIS. Additionally, HIS possesses activity to induce HO-1 protein expression via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in BV-2 cells, and application of the HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), or knockdown of HO-1 protein by HO-1 small interfering (si)RNA significantly reversed HIS inhibition of NO production and cell death in BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS. Results of an analysis of the effects of HIS and two structurally related chemicals, i.e. dehydroxy-HIS (D-HIS) and HIS-methyl ester (HIS-ME), showed that HIS expressed the most potent inhibitory effects on iNOS/NO production, JNK activation, and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells activated by LPS with increased HO-1 protein expression. Overall these results suggested that HIS possesses inhibitory activity against LPS- or LTA-induced inflammatory responses including iNOS/NO production and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells and that the mechanisms involve upregulation of the HO-1 protein and downregulation of JNK/NF-[Formula: see text]B activation. A critical role of hydroxyl at position C3 in the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS against activated BV-2 microglial cells was suggested.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract from Phellinus merrillii on carbon tetra

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract from Phellinus merrillii on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage.

In the present study , we investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii ( PM ) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity .
In high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) analysis , the finger print chromatogram of PM was established .
Both hispolon and PM showed a similar peak at the retention time of 6 min .
This implied that PM did contain the active ingredient of hispolon .
Treatment with PM ( 0.5 , 1 and 2 g/kg ) prior to the administration of carbon tetrachloride ( 1.5 ml/kg in olive oil , 20 % ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( s-GOT ) and serum aspartate aminotransferase ( s-GPT ) in a dose-dependent manner .
We also found that the incidences of ballooning degeneration , necrosis and portal triaditis were lowered in the group pretreated with PM .
Carbon tetrachloride induces up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes , including superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) ( 86.6 % ) , catalase ( 58.8 % ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) ( 64.7 % ) in the liver .
Pretreatment with PM significantly reduced the all these antioxidant enzyme activities .
Therefore , we verified that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and antioxidant capacities on rats .

In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii (PM) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the finger print chromatogram of PM was established. Both hispolon and PM showed a similar peak at the retention time of 6 min. This implied that PM did contain the active ingredient of hispolon. Treatment with PM (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg) prior to the administration of carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg in olive oil, 20%) significantly prevented the increased serum alanine aminotransferase (s-GOT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (s-GPT) in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that the incidences of ballooning degeneration, necrosis and portal triaditis were lowered in the group pretreated with PM. Carbon tetrachloride induces up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) (86.6%), catalase (58.8%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(64.7%) in the liver. Pretreatment with PM significantly reduced the all these antioxidant enzyme activities. Therefore, we verified that ethanol extract of PM has the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities on rats.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon could be useful for the treatment of gastric cancer either as a single agent or in combinat

Hispolon could be useful for the treatment of gastric cancer either as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents.

Severe side effects and complications such as gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities because of current anticancer drugs are major problems in the clinical management of gastric cancer , which highlights the urgent need for novel effective and less toxic therapeutic approaches .
Hispolon , an active polyphenol compound , is known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiviral properties .
In this study , we investigated the efficacy of hispolon in human gastric cancer cells and explored the cell death mechanism .
Hispolon induced ROS-mediated apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and was more toxic toward gastric cancer cells than toward normal gastric @ @ @ @ @ @ @ malignant cells .
The mechanism of hispolon-induced apoptosis was that hispolon abrogated the glutathione antioxidant system and caused massive ROS accumulation in gastric cancer cells .
Excessive ROS caused oxidative damage to the mitochondrial membranes and impaired the membrane integrity , leading to cytochrome c release , caspase activation , and apoptosis .
Furthermore , hispolon potentiated the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinical management of gastric cancer .
These results suggest that hispolon could be useful for the treatment of gastric cancer either as a single agent or in combination @ @ @ @ @

Severe side effects and complications such as gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities because of current anticancer drugs are major problems in the clinical management of gastric cancer, which highlights the urgent need for novel effective and less toxic therapeutic approaches. Hispolon, an active polyphenol compound, is known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiviral properties. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of hispolon in human gastric cancer cells and explored the cell death mechanism. Hispolon induced ROS-mediated apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and was more toxic toward gastric cancer cells than toward normal gastric cells, suggesting greater susceptibility of the malignant cells. The mechanism of hispolon-induced apoptosis was that hispolon abrogated the glutathione antioxidant system and caused massive ROS accumulation in gastric cancer cells. Excessive ROS caused oxidative damage to the mitochondrial membranes and impaired the membrane integrity, leading to cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, hispolon potentiated the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinical management of gastric cancer. These results suggest that hispolon could be useful for the treatment of gastric cancer either as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Analgesic effects and the mechanisms of anti-inflammation of hispolon in mice.

Hispolon, an active ingredient in the fungi Phellinus linteus was evaluated with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Treatment of male ICR mice with hispolon (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the numbers of acetic acid-induced writhing response. Also, our result showed that hispolon (20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the formalin-induced pain in the later phase (P<.01). In the anti-inflammatory test, hispolon (20 mg/kg) decreased the paw edema at the fourth and fifth hour after λ-carrageenin (Carr) administration, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver tissue. We also demonstrated that hispolon significantly attenuated the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the edema paw at the fifth hour after Carr injection. Hispolon (10 and 20 mg/kg) decreased the nitric oxide (NO) levels on both the edema paw and serum level at the fifth hour after Carr injection. Also, hispolon (10 and 20 mg/kg) diminished the serumTNF-α at the fifth hour after Carr injection. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of hispolon might be related to the decrease in the level of MDA in the edema paw by increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRx in the liver. It probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF-α and NO.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon may be a potential anti-tumor agent in breast and bladder cancers.

The MDM2 proto-oncogene is overexpressed in many human tumors .
Although MDM2 inhibits tumor-suppressor function of p53 , there exists a p53-independent role for MDM2 in tumorigenesis .
Therefore , downregulation of MDM2 has been considered an attractive therapeutic strategy .
Hispolon extracted from Phellinus species was found to induce epidermoid and gastric cancer cell apoptosis .
However , the mechanisms are not fully understood .
Herein , we report our findings that hispolon inhibited breast and bladder cancer cell growth , regardless of p53 status .
Furthermore , p21 ( WAF1 ) , a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor , was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a negative regulator of p21 ( WAF1 ) , was ubiquitinated and degraded after hispolon treatment .
We also found that activated ERK1/2 ( extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 ) was recruited to MDM2 and involved in mediating MDM2 ubiquitination .
Based on this finding , we investigated whether the sensitivity of cells to hispolon was related to ERK1/2 activity .
The results indicated that cells with higher ERK1/2 activity were more sensitive to hispolon .
In addition , hispolon-induced caspase-7 cleavage was inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor , U0126 .
In conclusion , hispolon @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ERK1/2 .
Therefore , hispolon may be a potential anti-tumor agent in breast and bladder cancers .

The MDM2 proto-oncogene is overexpressed in many human tumors. Although MDM2 inhibits tumor-suppressor function of p53, there exists a p53-independent role for MDM2 in tumorigenesis. Therefore, downregulation of MDM2 has been considered an attractive therapeutic strategy. Hispolon extracted from Phellinus species was found to induce epidermoid and gastric cancer cell apoptosis. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Herein, we report our findings that hispolon inhibited breast and bladder cancer cell growth, regardless of p53 status. Furthermore, p21(WAF1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was elevated in hispolon-treated cells. MDM2, a negative regulator of p21(WAF1), was ubiquitinated and degraded after hispolon treatment. We also found that activated ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2) was recruited to MDM2 and involved in mediating MDM2 ubiquitination. Based on this finding, we investigated whether the sensitivity of cells to hispolon was related to ERK1/2 activity. The results indicated that cells with higher ERK1/2 activity were more sensitive to hispolon. In addition, hispolon-induced caspase-7 cleavage was inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126. In conclusion, hispolon ubiquitinates and downregulates MDM2 via MDM2-recruited activated ERK1/2. Therefore, hispolon may be a potential anti-tumor agent in breast and bladder cancers.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon suppresses SK-Hep1 human hepatoma cell metastasis.

Cancer metastasis is a primary cause of cancer death .
Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus linteus , a mushroom that has recently been shown to have antioxidant and anticancer activities .
In this study , we first observed that hispolon exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on invasion and motility , but not on adhesion , of the highly metastatic SK-Hep1 cells in the absence of cytotoxicity .
Mechanistically , hispolon decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 ( MMP-2 ) , matrix metalloproteinase-9 ( MMP-9 ) , and urokinase-plasminogen activator ( uPA ) in a concentration-dependent manner .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ kinase1/2 ( ERK1/2 ) , phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase ( or protein kinase B ( PI3K/Akt ) , and focal adhesion kinase ( FAK ) .
Furthermore , treatment of SK-Hep1 cells with an inhibitor specific for ERK1/2 ( PD98256 ) decreased the expression of MMP-2 , and MMP-9 .
These results demonstrate that hispolon can inhibit the metastasis of SK-Hep1 cells by reduced expression of MMP-2 , MMP-9 , and uPA through the suppression of the FAK signaling pathway and of the activity of PI3K/Akt and Ras homologue gene family , member A @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that hispolon may be used as an antimetastatic agent .

Cancer metastasis is a primary cause of cancer death. Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus linteus, a mushroom that has recently been shown to have antioxidant and anticancer activities. In this study, we first observed that hispolon exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on invasion and motility, but not on adhesion, of the highly metastatic SK-Hep1 cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, hispolon decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) in a concentration-dependent manner. Hispolon also inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signaling-regulating kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase (or protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Furthermore, treatment of SK-Hep1 cells with an inhibitor specific for ERK1/2 (PD98256) decreased the expression of MMP-2, and MMP-9. These results demonstrate that hispolon can inhibit the metastasis of SK-Hep1 cells by reduced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA through the suppression of the FAK signaling pathway and of the activity of PI3K/Akt and Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA). These findings suggest that hispolon may be used as an antimetastatic agent.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells.

Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus igniarius , a mushroom that has recently been shown to have antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , and anticancer activities .
This study investigated the antiproliferative effect of hispolon on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells by using the MTT assay , DNA fragmentation , DAPI ( 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride ) staining , and flow cytometric analyses .
Hispolon inhibited cellular growth of Hep3B cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner , through the induction of cell cycle arrest at S phase measured using flow cytometric analysis and apoptotic cell death , as demonstrated by DNA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with a marked decrease in the protein expression of cyclins A and E and cyclin-dependent kinase ( CDK ) 2 , with concomitant induction of p21waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 .
Exposure of Hep3B cells to hispolon resulted in apoptosis as evidenced by caspase activation , PARP cleavage , and DNA fragmentation .
Hispolon treatment also activated JNK , p38 MAPK , and ERK expression .
Inhibitors of ERK ( PB98095 ) , but not those of JNK ( SP600125 ) and p38 MAPK ( SB203580 ) , suppressed hispolon-induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mechanistic link between the MAPK pathway and hispolon-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hep3B cells .

Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus igniarius , a mushroom that has recently been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. This study investigated the antiproliferative effect of hispolon on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells by using the MTT assay, DNA fragmentation, DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride) staining, and flow cytometric analyses. Hispolon inhibited cellular growth of Hep3B cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, through the induction of cell cycle arrest at S phase measured using flow cytometric analysis and apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by DNA laddering. Hispolon-induced S-phase arrest was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of cyclins A and E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, with concomitant induction of p21waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1. Exposure of Hep3B cells to hispolon resulted in apoptosis as evidenced by caspase activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. Hispolon treatment also activated JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK expression. Inhibitors of ERK (PB98095), but not those of JNK (SP600125) and p38 MAPK (SB203580), suppressed hispolon-induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis in Hep3B cells. These findings establish a mechanistic link between the MAPK pathway and hispolon-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hep3B cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon protects rats from liver damage from carbon tetrachloride.

The hepatoprotective potential of hispolon against carbon tetrachloride ( CCl ( 4 ) ) -induced liver damage was evaluated in preventive models in rats .
Male rats were intraperitoneally treated with hispolon or silymarin once daily for 7 consecutive days .
One hour after the final hispolon or silymarin treatment , the rats were injected with CCl ( 4 ) .
Administration with hispolon or silymarin significantly decreased the alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) and aspartate aminotransferase ( AST ) levels in serum and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ content and decreased the malondialdehyde ( MDA ) content in liver compared with CCl ( 4 ) -treated group .
Liver histopathology also showed that hispolon reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl ( 4 ) .
In addition , hispolon decreased nitric oxide ( NO ) production and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF-α ) , inducible NO synthase ( iNOS ) and cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) activation in CCl ( 4 ) -treated rats .
We also examined the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) -9 in the development @ @ @ @ @ @ @ damage in rats .
Hispolon inhibited the expression of MMP-9 protein , indicating that MMP-9played an important role in the development of CCl ( 4 ) -induced rat liver damage .
Therefore , we speculate that hispolon protects rats from liver damage through their prophylactic redox balancing ability and anti-inflammation capacity .

The hepatoprotective potential of hispolon against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver damage was evaluated in preventive models in rats. Male rats were intraperitoneally treated with hispolon or silymarin once daily for 7 consecutive days. One hour after the final hispolon or silymarin treatment, the rats were injected with CCl(4). Administration with hispolon or silymarin significantly decreased the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in serum and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) content and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver compared with CCl(4)-treated group. Liver histopathology also showed that hispolon reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl(4). In addition, hispolon decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation in CCl(4)-treated rats. We also examined the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the development of CCl(4)-induced liver damage in rats. Hispolon inhibited the expression of MMP-9 protein, indicating that MMP-9played an important role in the development of CCl(4)-induced rat liver damage. Therefore, we speculate that hispolon protects rats from liver damage through their prophylactic redox balancing ability and anti-inflammation capacity.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon may have the potential to serve as a therapeutic tool to treat acute myeloid leukemia.

Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus igniarius , a mushroom that was recently shown to have antioxidant and @ @ @ @ @ tumors .
Here , the molecular mechanisms by which hispolon exerts anticancer effects in acute @ @ @ @ @ cells was investigated .
The results showed that hispolon suppressed cell proliferation in the various @ @ @ @ @ , hispolon effectively induced apoptosis of HL-60 AML cells through caspases-8 , -9 , and @ @ @ @ @ .
Moreover , treatment of HL-60 cells with hispolon induced sustained activation of JNK1/2 , @ @ @ @ @ JNK1/2 inhibitor or JNK1/2-specific siRNA significantly abolished the hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-8/-9/-3 .
In @ @ @ @ @ tumor growth in mice with HL-60 tumor xenografts .
In hispolon-treated tumors , activation of @ @ @ @ @ Ki67-positive cells were observed .
Our results indicated that hispolon may have the potential to @ @ @ @ @ to treat AML .

Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus igniarius, a mushroom that was recently shown to have antioxidant and anticancer activities in various solid tumors. Here, the molecular mechanisms by which hispolon exerts anticancer effects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells was investigated. The results showed that hispolon suppressed cell proliferation in the various AML cell lines. Furthermore, hispolon effectively induced apoptosis of HL-60 AML cells through caspases-8, -9, and -3 activations and PARP cleavage. Moreover, treatment of HL-60 cells with hispolon induced sustained activation of JNK1/2, and inhibition of JNK by JNK1/2 inhibitor or JNK1/2-specific siRNA significantly abolished the hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-8/-9/-3. In vivo, hispolon significantly reduced tumor growth in mice with HL-60 tumor xenografts. In hispolon-treated tumors, activation of caspase-3 and a decrease in Ki67-positive cells were observed. Our results indicated that hispolon may have the potential to serve as a therapeutic tool to treat AML.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--False Positive Covid Tests Will Extend Unjustified Lockdowns, Fauci Admits 'Miniscule' Accuracy


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon from Phellinus linteus induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NB4 human leukaemia

Hispolon from Phellinus linteus induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NB4 human leukaemia cells.

Hispolon ( a phenolic compound isolated from Phellinus linteus ) has been shown to possess strong antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , anticancer , and antidiabetic properties .
In this study , we investigated the antiproliferative effect of hispolon on human hepatocellular carcinoma NB4 cells using the MTT assay , DNA fragmentation , DAPI ( 4 , 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride ) staining , and flow cytometric analysis .
Hispolon inhibited the cellular growth of NB4 cells in a dose-dependent manner through the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase measured using flow cytometric analysis and apoptotic cell death , as demonstrated by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to hispolon-induced apoptosis-related protein expressions , such as the cleavage form of caspase 3 , caspase 8 , caspase 9 , poly ( ADP ribose ) polymerase , and the proapoptotic Bax protein .
Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of extrinsic apoptotic proteins ( Fas and FasL ) , intrinsic related proteins ( cytochrome c ) , and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were increased in NB4 cells after hispolon treatment .
Hispolon-induced G0/G1-phase arrest was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of p53 , cyclins D1 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( CDKs ) 2 , and 4 , with concomitant induction of p21waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 .
We conclude that hispolon induces both of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in NB4 human leukemia cells in vitro .

Hispolon (a phenolic compound isolated from Phellinus linteus) has been shown to possess strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect of hispolon on human hepatocellular carcinoma NB4 cells using the MTT assay, DNA fragmentation, DAPI (4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride) staining, and flow cytometric analysis. Hispolon inhibited the cellular growth of NB4 cells in a dose-dependent manner through the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase measured using flow cytometric analysis and apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by DNA laddering. Exposure of NB4 cells to hispolon-induced apoptosis-related protein expressions, such as the cleavage form of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, and the proapoptotic Bax protein. Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of extrinsic apoptotic proteins (Fas and FasL), intrinsic related proteins (cytochrome c), and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were increased in NB4 cells after hispolon treatment. Hispolon-induced G0/G1-phase arrest was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of p53, cyclins D1, and cyclins E, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 2, and 4, with concomitant induction of p21waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1. We conclude that hispolon induces both of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in NB4 human leukemia cells in vitro.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation diseases and melanoma skin cancer.

Hispolon is one of the most important functional compounds that forms Phellinus linteus ( Berkeley & Curtis ) Teng .
@ @ @ @ @ , antiproliferative and anticancer effects .
In this study , we analyzed the functions of @ @ @ @ @ in B16-F10 melanoma cells .
The results demonstrated that hispolon is not an enzymatic inhibitor @ @ @ @ @ it represses the expression of tyrosinase and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor ( MITF ) to @ @ @ @ @ inα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ( α-MSH ) -stimulated B16-F10 cells at lower concentrations ( less than 2 @ @ @ @ @ , at higher concentration ( greater than 10 μM ) , hispolon can induce activity @ @ @ @ @ -9 to trigger apoptosis of B16-F10 cells but not of Detroit 551 normal fibroblast cells @ @ @ @ @ that hispolon has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation diseases and melanoma skin cancer in the @ @

Hispolon is one of the most important functional compounds that forms Phellinus linteus (Berkeley& Curtis) Teng. Hispolon has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and anticancer effects. In this study, we analyzed the functions of hispolon on melanogenesis and apoptosis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The results demonstrated that hispolon is not an enzymatic inhibitor for tyrosinase; rather, it represses the expression of tyrosinase and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) to reduce the production of melanin inα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16-F10 cells at lower concentrations (less than 2 μM). In contrast, at higher concentration (greater than 10 μM), hispolon can induce activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 to trigger apoptosis of B16-F10 cells but not of Detroit 551 normal fibroblast cells. Therefore, we suggest that hispolon has the potential to treat hyperpigmentation diseases and melanoma skin cancer in the future.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Biological evaluation of Phellinus linteus-fermented broths as anti-inflammatory agents.

Phellinus linteus and its constituent hispolon induce potent anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages .
Efficient production of the effective constituent and the biological function of P. linteus in the regulation of innate sensing have rarely been investigated .
The aim of this study was to efficiently manufacture P. linteus-fermented broth containing the effective constituent , hispolon , and evaluate its immunoregulatory functions in macrophages .
Four distinct fermented broths ( PL1-4 ) and the medium dialyzate ( MD ) were prepared to screen suitable culture conditions for the mycelial growth of P. linteus .
The P. linteus-fermented broth exhibited a dose-responsive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nitric oxide ( NO ) production by murine macrophages .
In addition , the P. linteus-fermented broths suppressed macrophage LPS-mediated nuclear factor ( NF ) -κB activity and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α .
Among the tested samples from P. linteus , PL4 contained vast amounts of hispolon and showed the greatest anti-inflammatory activity in both the RAW264.7 cells andmurine primary peritoneal exudate macrophages ( PEMs ) .
This study demonstrates that the purification of the effective constituent from P. linteus-fermented broth may enable the production of a potent therapeutic agent @ @ @ @ @

Phellinus linteus and its constituent hispolon induce potent anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. Efficient production of the effective constituent and the biological function of P. linteus in the regulation of innate sensing have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to efficiently manufacture P. linteus-fermented broth containing the effective constituent, hispolon, and evaluate its immunoregulatory functions in macrophages. Four distinct fermented broths (PL1-4) and the medium dialyzate (MD) were prepared to screen suitable culture conditions for the mycelial growth of P. linteus. The P. linteus-fermented broth exhibited a dose-responsive inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages. In addition, the P. linteus-fermented broths suppressed macrophage LPS-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among the tested samples from P. linteus, PL4 contained vast amounts of hispolon and showed the greatest anti-inflammatory activity in both the RAW264.7 cells andmurine primary peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). This study demonstrates that the purification of the effective constituent from P. linteus-fermented broth may enable the production of a potent therapeutic agent for anti-inflammation in macrophages.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon inhibition of inflammatory apoptosis through reduction of iNOS/NO production via HO-1 induc

Hispolon inhibition of inflammatory apoptosis through reduction of iNOS/NO production via HO-1 induction in macrophages.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE : Phellinus linteus ( Berkeley & Curtis ) , a well-known medical fungus , has long been used as a traditional medicine in Oriental countries to treat various diseases , and hispolon ( HIS ) is one of its bioactive components .
HIS is known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiviral properties ; however , its effect on inflammatory apoptosis is still undefined .
MATERIALS AND METHODS : RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with HIS for 30 min followed by LPS , LTA , or PGN stimulation for 12h .
The expression of indicated proteins AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional @ @ @ @ @ @ @ specific antibodies .
Levels of NO and ROS were examined by Griess reaction , and DCHF-DA staining via flow cytometric analysis , respectively .
AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional activities were detected by luciferase reporter assay .
Knockdown of HO-1 protein expression was performed by transfection of macrophages with HO-1 siRNA .
Pharmacological inhibitors including ROS scavenger NAC , JNK inhibitor SP600125 , NF-κB inhibitor BAY117082 were applied for mechanism study .
RESULTS : HIS showed concentration-dependent inhibition of LPS , LTA , and PGN-induced iNOS protein expressions and NO production by RAW264.7 macrophages @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from LPS- , LTA- , and PGN-induced apoptosis .
Increased HO-1 by HIS was detected at both protein and mRNA levels along with an increase in intracellular peroxide , and this was inhibited by the translational inhibitor , cycloheximide ( CHX ) , the transcriptional inhibitor , actinomycin D ( Act D ) , and the reactive oxygen species scavenger , N-acetylcysteine ( NAC ) .
A mechanistic study indicated that inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) protein phosphorylation , and activator protein ( AP ) -1 and nuclear factor ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS in macrophages .
A structure-activity relationship analysis showed that HIS expressed the most potent effect of inhibiting iNOS and apoptosis elicited by LPS , LTA , and PGN with a significant increase in HO-1 protein in macrophages .
CONCLUSIONS : Evidence supporting HIS prevention of inflammatory apoptosis via blocking NO production and inducing HO-1 protein expression in macrophages is provided , and the hydroxyl at position C3 is a critical substitution for the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS .

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Phellinus linteus (Berkeley&Curtis), a well-known medical fungus, has long been used as a traditional medicine in Oriental countries to treat various diseases, and hispolon (HIS) is one of its bioactive components. HIS is known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiviral properties; however, its effect on inflammatory apoptosis is still undefined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with HIS for 30 min followed by LPS, LTA, or PGN stimulation for 12h. The expression of indicated proteins AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional activities was examined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Levels of NO and ROS were examined by Griess reaction, and DCHF-DA staining via flow cytometric analysis, respectively. AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional activities were detected by luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of HO-1 protein expression was performed by transfection of macrophages with HO-1 siRNA. Pharmacological inhibitors including ROS scavenger NAC, JNK inhibitor SP600125, NF-κB inhibitor BAY117082 were applied for mechanism study.
RESULTS: HIS showed concentration-dependent inhibition of LPS, LTA, and PGN-induced iNOS protein expressions and NO production by RAW264.7 macrophages. Accordingly, HIS protected RAW264.7 cells from LPS-, LTA-, and PGN-induced apoptosis. Increased HO-1 by HIS was detected at both protein and mRNA levels along with an increase in intracellular peroxide, and this was inhibited by the translational inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D (Act D), and the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). A mechanistic study indicated that inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein phosphorylation, and activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were involved in the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS in macrophages. A structure-activity relationship analysis showed that HIS expressed the most potent effect of inhibiting iNOS and apoptosis elicited by LPS, LTA, and PGN with a significant increase in HO-1 protein in macrophages.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supporting HIS prevention of inflammatory apoptosis via blocking NO production and inducing HO-1 protein expression in macrophages is provided, and the hydroxyl at position C3 is a critical substitution for the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--The anticancer effects of hispolon on lung cancer cells.

Hispolon is isolated from Phellinus igniarius and exhibits antitumor activity .
Here , we explored the effects of hispolon on the lung cancer A549 and H661 cells .
Cells were incubated with various concentrations of hispolon ( 0 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 40 , 80 or 160μM ) for 12 , 24 , 48 or 72h .
Cell viability was examined by MTT assay .
Cell cycle and apoptosis assay were assessed by flow cytometry .
Hispolon decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner .
The cell cycle distribution showed that hispolon enhanced the accumulations @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mechanically , hispolon decreased the expression of G1-S transition-related proteins : Cyclin D1 , cyclin E , CDK2 , CDK4 and CDK6 , but increased the expression of CDK inhibitor p21 ( CIP1 ) and p27 ( KIP1 ) .
Moreover , hispolon induced cell apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial pathway , evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential , the release of cytochrome c into cytosol , and the cleavage of caspase-9 , caspase-3 and poly ( ADP-ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) in hispolon-treated cells .
Additionally , hispolon @ @ @ @ @ @ @ silencing of which almost completely reversed hispolon-mediated antitumor activity .
Moreover , hispolon treatment was more effective on H661 cells than on A549 cells in inhibiting cell viability and inducing cell apoptosis .
Our results indicate that hispolon inhibits the cell viability , induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells and p53 plays a critical role in hispolon-mediated antitumor activity .

Hispolon is isolated from Phellinus igniarius and exhibits antitumor activity. Here, we explored the effects of hispolon on the lung cancer A549 and H661 cells. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of hispolon (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160μM) for 12, 24, 48 or 72h. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis assay were assessed by flow cytometry. Hispolon decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell cycle distribution showed that hispolon enhanced the accumulations of the cells in G0/G1 phase. Mechanically, hispolon decreased the expression of G1-S transition-related proteins: Cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, but increased the expression of CDK inhibitor p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1). Moreover, hispolon induced cell apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial pathway,evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, and the cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in hispolon-treated cells. Additionally, hispolon enhanced the expression of p53, specific silencing of which almost completely reversed hispolon-mediated antitumor activity. Moreover, hispolon treatment was more effective on H661 cells than on A549 cells in inhibiting cell viability and inducing cell apoptosis. Our results indicate that hispolon inhibits the cell viability, induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells and p53 plays a critical role in hispolon-mediated antitumor activity.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon may be a useful candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for nasopharyngeal carcinomas therapy

Hispolon may be a useful candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for nasopharyngeal carcinomas therapy.

Hispolon , a phenol compound isolated from Phellinus linteus ( PL ) , possesses anti-inflammatory , antiproliferative , and antioxidant @ @ @ @ @ effects of hispolon on human nasopharyngeal carcinomas have yet to be evaluated .
Here , @ @ @ @ @ hispolon anticancer effects in human nasopharyngeal carcinomas cells was investigated .
The results showed that @ @ @ @ @ of HONE-1 and NP-039 cell lines .
Furthermore , hispolon induced apoptosis through caspases-3 , @ @ @ @ @ and PARP cleavage in dose- and time-dependent manner in HONE-1 and NP-039 cells .
Moreover @ @ @ @ @ increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2 , p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in dose- and time-dependent manner by @ @ @ @ @ , hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-3 , -8 and -9 significantly abolished by inhibition of @ @ @ @ @ inhibitors .
In this study , we determine that the effects of hispolon on the @ @ @ @ @ in HONE-1 and NPC-039 cells takes place .
Our findings revealed that hispolon may be @ @ @ @ @ chemotherapeutic agent for NPC therapy .

Hispolon, a phenol compound isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), possesses anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of hispolon on human nasopharyngeal carcinomas have yet to be evaluated. Here, the molecular mechanism by which hispolon anticancer effects in human nasopharyngeal carcinomas cells was investigated. The results showed that hispolon significantly inhibited cell proliferation of HONE-1 and NP-039 cell lines. Furthermore, hispolon induced apoptosis through caspases-3, -8, and -9 activations and PARP cleavage in dose- and time-dependent manner in HONE-1 and NP-039 cells. Moreover, hispolon also showed that increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in dose- and time-dependent manner by western blot analysis. However, hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-3, -8 and -9 significantly abolished by inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 specific inhibitors. In this study, we determine that the effects of hispolon on the apoptosis and related regulation mechanism in HONE-1 and NPC-039 cells takes place. Our findings revealed that hispolon may be a useful candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for NPC therapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon inhibits the growth of estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cells through modulat

Hispolon inhibits the growth of estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cells through modulation of estrogen receptor alpha.

Human estrogen receptorα ( ERα ) is a nuclear transcription factor that is a major therapeutic target in breast cancer .
The transcriptional activity of ERα is regulated by certain estrogen-receptor modulators .
Hispolon , isolated from Phellinus linteus , a traditional medicinal mushroom called Sanghwang in Korea , has beenused to treat various pathologies , such as inflammation , gastroenteric disorders , lymphatic diseases , and cancers .
In this latter context , Hispolon has been reported to exhibit therapeutic efficacy against various cancer cells , including melanoma , leukemia , hepatocarcinoma , bladder cancer , and gastric cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Hispolon has not been reported .
In this study , we investigated the effects of Hispolon on the growth of breast cancer cells .
We found that Hispolon decreased expression of ERα at both mRNA and the protein levels in MCF7 and T47D human breast cancer cells .
Luciferase reporter assays showed that Hispolon decreased the transcriptional activity of ERα .
Hispolon treatment also inhibited expression of the ERα target gene pS2 .
We propose that Hispolon , an anticancer drug extracted from natural sources , inhibits cell growth through modulation of ERα @ @ @ @ @ @ @ candidate for use in human breast cancer chemotherapy .

Human estrogen receptorα (ERα) is a nuclear transcription factor that is a major therapeutic target in breast cancer. The transcriptional activity of ERα is regulated by certain estrogen-receptor modulators. Hispolon, isolated from Phellinus linteus, a traditional medicinal mushroom called Sanghwang in Korea, has beenused to treat various pathologies, such as inflammation, gastroenteric disorders, lymphatic diseases, and cancers. In this latter context, Hispolon has been reported to exhibit therapeutic efficacy against various cancer cells, including melanoma, leukemia, hepatocarcinoma, bladder cancer, and gastric cancer cells. However, ERα regulation by Hispolon has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of Hispolon on the growth of breast cancer cells. We found that Hispolon decreased expression of ERα at both mRNA and the protein levels in MCF7 and T47D human breast cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that Hispolon decreased the transcriptional activity of ERα. Hispolon treatment also inhibited expression of the ERα target gene pS2. We propose that Hispolon, an anticancer drug extracted from natural sources, inhibits cell growth through modulation of ERα inestrogen-positive breast cancer cells and is a candidate for use in human breast cancer chemotherapy.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon inhibited TPA-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells.

Hispolon has been demonstrated to possess analgesic , anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities .
However , whether hispolon prevents the invasion of breast carcinoma cells and the underlying mechanisms of its action remain unknown .
In the present study , various assays , including a matrigel-based Transwell invasion assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay , were used to investigate the anti-invasion effect of hispolon and explore its mechanism of action .
The results revealed that hispolon inhibited the 12 -- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ( TPA ) -induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells at non-toxic concentrations .
Hispolon also prevented @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MMP-9 ) and reduced its expression at the transcriptional and translational levels .
Furthermore , the phosphorylation of IκBα was reduced by hispolon , which resulted in the suppression of nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) , and p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation .
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that NF-κB DNA-binding activity was induced by TPA and inhibited by hispolon .
In addition , Bay 11-7082 , which is a specific inhibitor of NF-κB , functioned in a similar manner as hispolon and blocked the secretion and expression of MMP-9 .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study indicated that hispolon inhibited TPA-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by reducing the secretion and expression of MMP-9 through the NF-κB signaling pathway .

Hispolon has been demonstrated to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. However, whether hispolon prevents the invasion of breast carcinoma cells and the underlying mechanisms of its action remain unknown. In the present study, various assays, including a matrigel-based Transwell invasion assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, were used to investigate the anti-invasion effect of hispolon and explore its mechanism of action. The results revealed that hispolon inhibited the 12--tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells at non-toxic concentrations. Hispolon also prevented the TPA-induced secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and reduced its expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of IκBα was reduced by hispolon, which resulted in the suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that NF-κB DNA-binding activity was induced by TPA and inhibited by hispolon. In addition, Bay 11-7082, which is a specific inhibitor of NF-κB, functioned in a similar manner as hispolon and blocked the secretion and expression of MMP-9. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that hispolon inhibited TPA-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by reducing the secretion and expression of MMP-9 through the NF-κB signaling pathway.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon may be developed as a potential antimetastasis agent to breast cancer.

Hispolon has been shown to have anticancer effects on various tumors .
However , whether hispolon exerts anti-migration activity in @ @ @ @ @ underlying mechanisms , have not been elucidated yet .
In the present study , our @ @ @ @ @ TPA-induced breast cancer MCF-7 cell migration at sub-toxic concentrations in vitro .
Hispolon decreased the @ @ @ @ @ and repressed TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ) , accompanied by upregulation @ @ @ @ @ the transcriptional repressor Slug .
Furthermore , N-acetyl-cysteine , an antioxidant agent , markedly suppressed @ @ @ @ @ migration and activation of ERK .
Taken together , our results indicated that hispolon suppressed @ @ @ @ @ cells via suppressing the ROS/ERK/Slug/E‑cadherin pathway .
Hispolon may be developed as a potential antimetastasis @ @ @ @ @

Hispolon has been shown to have anticancer effects on various tumors. However, whether hispolon exerts anti-migration activity in breast cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms, have not been elucidated yet. In the present study, our data demonstrated that hispolon inhibited TPA-induced breast cancer MCF-7 cell migration at sub-toxic concentrations in vitro. Hispolon decreased the level of cellular ROS significantly and repressed TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), accompanied by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the transcriptional repressor Slug. Furthermore, N-acetyl-cysteine, an antioxidant agent, markedly suppressed TPA-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell migration and activation of ERK. Taken together, our results indicated that hispolon suppressed the migration of breast cancer cells via suppressing the ROS/ERK/Slug/E‑cadherin pathway. Hispolon may be developed as a potential antimetastasis agent to breast cancer.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon was demonstrated to potentiate the apoptotic effects of TRAIL.

The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( TRAIL ) is a potent anticancer agent possessing the ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells but not in non‑malignant cells .
However , certain type of cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL‑induced apoptosis and some acquire resistance after the first treatment .
So development of an agent that can reduce or avoid resistance in TRAIL‑induced apoptosis has garnered significant attention .
The present study evaluated the anticancer potential of hispolon in TRAIL‑induced apoptosis and indicated hispolon can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL .
As the mechanism of action was examined , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caspase‑8 and caspase‑9 , while downregulating the expression of cell survival proteins such as cFLIP , Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑xL and upregulating the expression of Bax and truncated Bid .
We also found hispolon induced death receptors in a non‑cell type‑specific manner .
Upregulation of death receptors by hispolon was found to be p53-independent but linked to the induction of CAAT enhancer binding protein homologous protein ( CHOP ) .
Overall , hispolon was demonstrated to potentiate the apoptotic effects of TRAIL through downregulation of anti‑apoptotic proteins and upregulation of death receptors linked with @ @ @ @ @

The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potent anticancer agent possessing the ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells but not in non‑malignant cells. However, certain type of cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL‑induced apoptosis and some acquire resistance after the first treatment. So development of an agent that can reduce or avoid resistance in TRAIL‑induced apoptosis has garnered significant attention. The present study evaluated the anticancer potential of hispolon in TRAIL‑induced apoptosis and indicated hispolon can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL. As the mechanism of action was examined, hispolon was found to activate caspase‑3, caspase‑8 and caspase‑9, while downregulating the expression of cell survival proteins such as cFLIP, Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑xL and upregulating the expression of Bax and truncated Bid. We also found hispolon induced death receptors in a non‑cell type‑specific manner. Upregulation of death receptors by hispolon was found to be p53-independent but linked to the induction of CAAT enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Overall, hispolon was demonstrated to potentiate the apoptotic effects of TRAIL through downregulation of anti‑apoptotic proteins and upregulation of death receptors linked with CHOP and pERK elevation.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon suppresses migration and invasion of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Hispolon has been reported to possess antioxidant , antiinflammatory , and antitumor activities .
However , the effect of hispolon @ @ @ @ @ carcinoma ( NPC ) remains unclear .
In this study , we investigated how the @ @ @ @ @ pathways of hispolon affected three NPC cell lines .
The results revealed that hispolon significantly @ @ @ @ @ of three NPC cells in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 50 µM .
Hispolon @ @ @ @ @ and expression of urokinase-plasminogen activator ( uPA ) as well as the phosphorylation of Akt @ @ @ @ @ Akt pathway also enhanced the antimetastatic ability of hispolon in the NPC cells .
In @ @ @ @ @ expression and NPC cell metastasis by downregulating Akt signal pathways ; therefore , hispolon exerts @ @ @ @ @ © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , Inc. Environ Toxicol 32 : 645-655 , 2017 .

Hispolon has been reported to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, the effect of hispolon on the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how the antimetastatic activity and relevant signaling pathways of hispolon affected three NPC cell lines. The results revealed that hispolon significantly reduced the migration and invasion of three NPC cells in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 50 µM. Hispolon also significantly inhibited the activity and expression of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) as well as the phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, blocking the Akt pathway also enhanced the antimetastatic ability of hispolon in the NPC cells. In conclusion, hispolon inhibited uPA expression and NPC cell metastasis by downregulating Akt signal pathways; therefore, hispolon exerts beneficial effects in chemoprevention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 645-655, 2017.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Hispolon enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells.

Background : Hispolon has been shown to possess antitumor effects in various cancer cells .
However , the underlying mechanisms @ @ @ @ @ In this study , we evaluated the sensitizing effect of hispolon on TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand @ @ @ @ @ in human renal carcinoma cells .
Methods : Apoptosis was analyzed by using cell-based cytometer @ @ @ @ @ assessed by reverse transcription-PCR .
Bax activation was determined by oligomerization and fluorescence-activated cell sorting @ @ @ @ @ The protein expression was measured by Western blotting .
Results : Hispolon induced up-regulation of @ @ @ @ @ at the post-translational level .
Conclusions : Hispolon enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells @ @ @ @ @ cells .

Background: Hispolon has been shown to possess antitumor effects in various cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the sensitizing effect of hispolon on TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells.
Methods: Apoptosis was analyzed by using cell-based cytometer. The mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-PCR. Bax activation was determined by oligomerization and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with Bax-NT monoclonal antibody. The protein expression was measured by Western blotting.
Results: Hispolon induced up-regulation of Bim and death receptors expression at the post-translational level.
Conclusions: Hispolon enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells, but not in normal cells.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-12--Anticancer perspectives on the fungal-derived polyphenolic hispolon.

BACKGROUND : Cancer is a dreadful disease causing thousands of deaths per year worldwide , which requires precision diagnostics and therapy .
Although the selection of therapeutic regimens depends on the cancer type , chemotherapy remains a sustainable treatment strategy despite some of its known side-effects .
To date , a number of natural products and their derivatives or analogues have been investigated as potent anticancer drugs .
These drug discoveries have aimed for targeted therapy and reduced side-effects , including natural therapeutic regimens .
OBJECTIVE : This review introduces a prospective fungal-derived polyphenol , Hispolon ( HIS ) , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this review focuses on exploring the anticancer effect of hispolon based on information extracted from databases such as PubMed , ScienceDirect , MedLine , Web of Science , and Google Scholar .
METHODS : A literature search in PubMed , ScienceDirect , MedLine , Web of Science , and Google Scholar was accomplished , using the keyword 'Hispolon ' , pairing with 'cancer ' , 'cytotoxicity ' , 'cell cycle arrest ' , 'apoptosis ' , 'metastasis ' , 'migration ' , 'invasion ' , 'proliferation ' , 'genotoxicity ' , 'mutagenicity ' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and 'estrogen receptor .
RESULTS : Database-dependent findings from reported research works suggest that HIS can exert anticancer effects by modulating multiple molecular and biochemical pathways , including cell cycle arrest , apoptosis , autophagy , inhibition of proliferation , metastasis , migration , and invasion .
Moreover , HIS inhibits the estrogenic activity and exhibits chemoprevention prospects , possibly due to its protective effects such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory mechanisms .
To date , a number of HIS derivatives and analogues have been introduced for their anticancer effects in numerous cancer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from this review suggest that hispolon and some of its derivatives can be promising anticancer agents , and may become plant-based cancer chemotherapeutic leads for the development of potent anticancer drugs , alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents .

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a dreadful disease causing thousands of deaths per year worldwide, which requires precision diagnostics and therapy. Although the selection of therapeutic regimens depends on the cancer type, chemotherapy remains a sustainable treatment strategy despite some of its known side-effects. To date, a number of natural products and their derivatives or analogues have been investigated as potent anticancer drugs. These drug discoveries have aimed for targeted therapy and reduced side-effects, including natural therapeutic regimens.
OBJECTIVE: This review introduces a prospective fungal-derived polyphenol, Hispolon (HIS), as an anticancer agent. Accordingly, this review focuses on exploring the anticancer effect of hispolon based on information extracted from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, MedLine, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
METHODS: A literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, MedLine, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was accomplished, using the keyword 'Hispolon', pairing with 'cancer', 'cytotoxicity', 'cell cycle arrest', 'apoptosis', 'metastasis', 'migration', 'invasion', 'proliferation', 'genotoxicity', 'mutagenicity', 'drug-resistant cancer', 'autophagy', and 'estrogen receptor.
RESULTS: Database-dependent findings from reported research works suggest that HIS can exert anticancer effects by modulating multiple molecular and biochemical pathways, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, inhibition of proliferation, metastasis, migration, and invasion. Moreover, HIS inhibits the estrogenic activity and exhibits chemoprevention prospects, possibly due to its protective effects such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. To date, a number of HIS derivatives and analogues have been introduced for their anticancer effects in numerous cancer cell lines.
CONCLUSION: Data obtained from this review suggest that hispolon and some of its derivatives can be promising anticancer agents, and may become plant-based cancer chemotherapeutic leads for the development of potent anticancer drugs, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--The present study indicated that the extracts of the A. bisporus S-II mushrooms had promising antimi

The present study indicated that the extracts of the A. bisporus S-II mushrooms had promising antimicrobial activities.

Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are well known for their nutritional and medicinal values .
A. bisporus is a source of protein ( about 40 % on a dry basis ) , ergosterol , several minerals , carbohydrate , and fat .
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of A. bisporus S-II extracts on human pathogenic bacteria in-vitro condition .
Totally , three human pathogenic bacterial strains ( MTCC culture type ) were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology , India .
Out of these three bacterial strains , one was Gram-negative ( namely P. aeruginosa MTCC741 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( B. cereus MTCC9786 and S. aureus MTCC740 ) .
Microdilution assay was applied for the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) .
The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in methanol extract ( 26.5 % ) against S. aureus MTCC740 , compared to ethanol extract ( 17 % ) .
Similar results were obtained for P. aeruginosa MTCC741 ( 21.8 % ) and B. cereus MTCC9786 ( 15 % ) in methanol extract .
Least microbial growth inhibition observed for B. cereus MTCC9786 ( 13.82 % ) followed by P. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compared to control in ethanol extract .
The highest antimicrobial activity up to 17 % with ethanolic extracts recorded against S. aureus MTCC740 .
The MIC results in microtitre plates showed the growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa MTCC741 and S. aureus MTCC740 at extract concentrations of 15 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml , respectively .
However , no MIC detected for B. cereus MTCC9786 below 20 mg/ml extract concentration .
Regarding minimum bactericidal concentration , the bactericidal value for P. aeruginosa MTCC741 and S. aureus MTCC740 was obtained at 10 mg/ml concentration .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the A. bisporus S-II mushrooms had promising antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms .

Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are well known for their nutritional and medicinal values. A. bisporus is a source of protein (about 40% on a dry basis), ergosterol, several minerals, carbohydrate, and fat. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of A. bisporus S-II extracts on human pathogenic bacteria in-vitro condition. Totally, three human pathogenic bacterial strains (MTCC culture type) were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology, India. Out of these three bacterial strains, one was Gram-negative (namely P. aeruginosa MTCC741), and the other two were Gram-positive (B. cereus MTCC9786 and S. aureus MTCC740). Microdilution assay was applied for the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in methanol extract (26.5%) against S. aureus MTCC740, compared to ethanol extract (17%). Similar results were obtained for P. aeruginosa MTCC741 (21.8%) and B. cereus MTCC9786 (15%) in methanol extract. Least microbial growth inhibition observed for B. cereus MTCC9786 (13.82%) followed by P. aeruginosa MTCC741 (14%), compared to control in ethanol extract. The highest antimicrobial activity up to 17% with ethanolic extracts recorded against S. aureus MTCC740. The MIC results in microtitre plates showed the growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa MTCC741 and S. aureus MTCC740 at extract concentrations of 15 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml, respectively. However, no MIC detected for B. cereus MTCC9786 below 20 mg/ml extract concentration. Regarding minimum bactericidal concentration, the bactericidal value for P. aeruginosa MTCC741 and S. aureus MTCC740 was obtained at 10 mg/ml concentration. The present study indicated that the extracts of the A. bisporus S-II mushrooms had promising antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Comparative assessment of antifungal and antibacterial activities of the culinary-medicinal mushroom

Comparative assessment of antifungal and antibacterial activities of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium from Cameroon.

Antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of carpophore compared with those of sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium were investigated on 11 species of bacterial and 3 fungal human pathogens .
The minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) of carpophore extract was recorded to be 12.5 mg/mL on Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecalis , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Escherichia cloacae , Proteus mirabilis , P. vulgaris , Klebsiella oxytoca , and K. aerogenes and 6.25 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as on all three species of fungal pathogens including Candida albicans , Aspergillus fumigatus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the MIC of sclerotium was recorded to be 12.5 mg/mL on Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella aerogenes ; 6.25 mg/mL on Enterococcus faecalis , Staphylococcus aureus , S. epidermidis , Enterobacter cloacae , E. coli , Mycobacterium smegmatis , Proteus mirabilis , P. vulgaris , and Klebsiella oxytoca ; and 3.13 mg/mL on the three fungal pathogens .
Based on the abovementioned figures , it appears that strains of pathogenic fungi tested are much more sensitive to crude extracts than the abovementioned bacteria .
In fact , antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is that of the carpophore or its sclerotium , are in general stronger on human pathogenic fungi than bacteria .
These figures also demonstrate that crude extracts of sclerotium show a higher antimicrobial activity than that of carpophore .
Carpophores and sclerotia of P. tuber-regium could therefore constitute a source of new molecules potentially more efficient than synthetic products against some human pathogenic fungi and bacteria .

Antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of carpophore compared with those of sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium were investigated on 11 species of bacterial and 3 fungal human pathogens. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carpophore extract was recorded to be 12.5 mg/mL on Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, and K. aerogenes and 6.25 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis as well as on all three species of fungal pathogens including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. ochraceus. In comparison, the MIC of sclerotium was recorded to be 12.5 mg/mL on Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella aerogenes; 6.25 mg/mL on Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and Klebsiella oxytoca; and 3.13 mg/mL on the three fungal pathogens. Based on the abovementioned figures, it appears that strains of pathogenic fungi tested are much more sensitive to crude extracts than the abovementioned bacteria. In fact, antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of P. tuber-regium, no matter whether it is that of the carpophore or its sclerotium, are in general stronger on human pathogenic fungi than bacteria. These figures also demonstrate that crude extracts of sclerotium show a higher antimicrobial activity than that of carpophore. Carpophores and sclerotia of P. tuber-regium could therefore constitute a source of new molecules potentially more efficient than synthetic products against some human pathogenic fungi and bacteria.


greenmedinfo--2020-11-13--Structural characterization of phosphorylated Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide and its hepatoprote

Structural characterization of phosphorylated Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide and its hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury.

This study aimed to explore the basic structural features of phosphorylated Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide ( PPOP ) and study the protective effect of PPOP on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Kunming mice .
The phosphorylated polysaccharide was prepared from the natural polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus ( POP ) .
The structures of PPOP and POP were characterized by FT-IR , ESEM spectroscopy , and Congo red test .
Chemical composition analysis revealed that PPOP was mainly composed of rhamnose , galacturonic acid , and xylose in a molar ratio of 0.10 : 1.98 : 1.00 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ structure and the absorption peaks of PO and P-O-C .
Furthermore , animal experiments showed that the hepatoprotective effect of PPOP against liver injury was reflected by decreasing the levels of alanine aminotransferase , aspartate aminotransferase , alkaline phosphatase , total cholesterol , trilaurin , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum , increasing the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin in blood , reducing the content of malondialdehyde and promoting the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver .
PPOP exhibited stronger hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant activity in vivo than POP .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ be used in the treatment of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity based on the above biological research .

This study aimed to explore the basic structural features of phosphorylated Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide (PPOP) and study the protective effect of PPOP on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in male Kunming mice. The phosphorylated polysaccharide was prepared from the natural polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus (POP). The structures of PPOP and POP were characterized by FT-IR, ESEM spectroscopy, and Congo red test. Chemical composition analysis revealed that PPOP was mainly composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and xylose in a molar ratio of 0.10: 1.98: 1.00. Structural analysis indicated that PPOP had multi-strand structure and the absorption peaks of PO and P-O-C. Furthermore, animal experiments showed that the hepatoprotective effect of PPOP against liver injury was reflected by decreasing the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, trilaurin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum, increasing the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin in blood, reducing the content of malondialdehyde and promoting the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver. PPOP exhibited stronger hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant activity in vivo than POP. The final results indicated that PPOP could be used in the treatment of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity based on the above biological research.