bbcuk--2020-06-23--Coronavirus bubbles: How do they work and who is in yours?

As lockdown restrictions are eased further , people in England , Northern Ireland and Scotland can now set up support bubbles .
The aim is to help people who 've been cut off from friends and family .
A bubble is defined as a group of people with whom you have close physical contact .
The idea was first introduced in New Zealand .
In England , Scotland and Northern Ireland , single adults living alone - or single parents whose children are under 18 - can now form a support bubble with one other household .
The second household @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , nobody who is shielding should join a bubble , but this restriction will be lifted from 6 July in England .
The independent advisory group Sage has been asked to examine if , when and how people might safely be allowed to expand their bubbles .
Announcing the latest easing of rules in Wales on 19 June , First Minister Mark Drakeford said he expected to make a decision about whether to introduce social bubbles in the next few weeks .
What are the support bubble rules ?
Support bubbles must be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , you ca n't switch and start another with a different household .
People in each bubble can visit each other 's homes and go inside .
They wo n't have to do social distancing and can even stay overnight .
Anyone in the bubble contacted as part of England 's test and trace programme must stay at home .
If they develop coronavirus symptoms , everyone in the bubble must self-isolate .
• What if NHS coronavirus tracers contact me ?
There is no limit on how far you can travel in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is best , the government says .
Bubbles can now be cross border with Scotland , but not with Wales or Northern Ireland .
But what if ... ?
Social and family groups are complicated and might not fit bubble rules .
• If you are single , you could bubble with one of your children 's households , but you must stick with them • Households of two grandparents can not bubble if their children live with other adults • You could bubble with a friend , another single parent or a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ use a bubble to arrange unpaid childcare • If any children at home are over 18 , you ca n't form a bubble • If you already share childcare with your ex during lockdown , you can form a support bubble with another household If you are single : • Two single people each living alone could bubble • Someone in a house-share could bubble - but those they share with would n't be allowed to form their own bubbles You can read the government 's guidelines for England in full here .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ?
If you do n't live on your own , or you are not a single parent whose children are under 18 , then the rules have n't changed .
However , you can , of course , invite someone eligible to join a social bubble with your household .
Otherwise , you must meet people you do n't live with outside .
The number of people you are allowed to meet depends on where in the UK you live .
Northern Ireland says up to six people to meet indoors , with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in England , two households will also be able to meet indoors and stay overnight - with social distancing .
• What powers do the police have ?
• What are social distancing and self-isolation rules ?
• Should we be allowed closer than 2m ?
Basically , when people mix - especially in crowded places - coronavirus can spread .
The virus is transmitted by droplets from infected people when they talk , cough and sneeze .
These can enter the body through the eyes , nose and mouth , either directly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ • What are the new rules for face coverings ?
• How to make your own face mask That 's why people have been asked to maintain social distancing when meeting anyone not from their household .
Bubbles allow some people more contact with others , while keeping other social distancing measures in place .
• SYMPTOMS : What are they and how to guard against them ?
• 40,000 DEATHS : Could they have been prevented ?
• FACE MASKS : When should you wear one ?
• TESTING : Who can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ will be in your social bubble ?
Please share your experiences by emailing haveyoursay @ bbc.co.uk .
Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist .
• Please read our terms & conditions and privacy policy

If you were part of a temporary extended household during the firebreak period, or were in one before that, you can make a new bubble, instead. However, once you have agreed and joined that new extended household, neither household can leave to form a new one.


bbcuk--2020-06-23--Coronavirus: What's the chance of going on holiday?

The chance of having a summer break abroad in 2020 seems remote - with the Foreign Office still warning against non-essential travel , and quarantine rules making many trips impractical .
However , the holiday industry in parts of the UK will be allowed to start operating again during July .
Can I go on holiday in the UK ?
In England from 4 July , people will be allowed to stay overnight in self-contained accommodation , which includes self-catering cottages and apartments , caravans with their own bathroom facilities , hotels and bed and breakfasts .
Campsites will also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ shared facilities are kept clean .
Self-catering holiday accommodation will reopen in Northern Ireland from 26 June , and hotels will follow a week later on 3 July .
A decision will be taken in Wales on 9 July on whether to open up the country to tourists again .
If this is given the go-ahead , it 's likely to take effect from 13 July .
The Welsh government has said that people can start booking holidays in self-contained accommodation from that date onwards .
The Scottish government has said that hotels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reopen from 15 July at the earliest , if its next review of lockdown restrictions on 9 July decides that conditions are favourable .
Can I go on a foreign holiday ?
At the moment , it 's difficult .
British nationals are still being urged not to take any non-essential foreign travel .
This means you are unlikely to get travel insurance , because insurers take their cue from the official advice .
But the airlines are hopeful for the summer season .
EasyJet has started limited flights in June , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of its route network by the end of August , while Ryanair and British Airways plan to ramp up their services in July .
But what if I do go ?
On 15 June the European Union lifted travel restrictions , leaving it to individual countries to decide if they 're ready for tourists .
Some , including France , Germany , Italy , Portugal and Spain are now welcoming travellers from the UK .
Others , such as Ireland , require visitors to quarantine for 14 days upon entry .
Greece is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be tested for coronavirus upon arrival .
Anybody testing positive will have to quarantine for 14 days .
British holidaymakers are currently unable to enter Australia , India and the US .
They will also have to spend two weeks quarantined in a hotel upon arrival if they wish to visit New Zealand .
Most travellers will also have to quarantine for 14 days upon their return to the UK .
The government hopes to set up a system of `` air bridges '' with other countries .
These would exempt travellers from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with low virus levels .
• Spain to allow UK tourists without quarantine • How is the lockdown being lifted across Europe What about going away in the autumn ?
Again , it 's impossible to say at this stage .
Travel advice will need to have been updated , but it depends on the disease 's progress .
• EXERCISE : What are the guidelines on getting out ?
• A SIMPLE GUIDE : What are the symptoms ?
What about holidays already booked for this year ?
If your package holiday @ @ @ @ @ @ @ then you are are entitled to a full cash refund .
However , lots of people have been struggling to get their money back , and have been offered vouchers or rebooked trips instead .
If you are offered a voucher , or a free rebooking instead of cash , you can accept or refuse it .
But if the airline later folds , the voucher may no longer be valid .
If your airline or holiday company has n't cancelled your holiday yet , but you no longer wish to travel , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ refund .
However , some providers are allowing people to rebook trips for a later date at no cost .

UK holidays: What are the rules? Published 17 August 2021
Image source, Getty Images
Going abroad is not straightforward at the moment, so many people are choosing to holiday in the UK this summer.
What are the current rules?
Can I go on holiday anywhere in the UK?
You can travel freely between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, unless you have to self-isolate because you have Covid symptoms or have tested positive.
All holiday accommodation - including hotels, hostels, B&B, caravans and boats - can operate across the UK.
If you have to cancel a trip because of Covid, you may be entitled to a refund or to rearrange for a later date, but this will depend on the terms and conditions of your booking, so you will need to discuss this with your holiday provider.
Anyone planning a trip to the Scottish islands is asked to take two lateral flow tests - one on the day of travel and one three days before.
People travelling to Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK are also advised to test before departure and after arrival, but this is not law.
Some UK cruise operators are insisting passengers do a rapid test before boarding. Saga and P&O have said all cruise passengers must be fully vaccinated.
Image source, Getty Images
Can I stay with people I don't live with?
There is no longer any requirement for social distancing, and no limits on how many people can stay together in holiday accommodation or private homes in England, Scotland or Wales.
However people are still advised to meet others outdoors or in well-ventilated spaces wherever possible.
There are still some restrictions in place in Northern Ireland:
10 people from three households can meet and stay indoors in private dwellings and holiday accommodation
Unlimited households can meet outdoors
Social distancing of 1m (3ft) remains for many indoors activities, including restaurants, retail and shopping centres
No social distancing laws outdoors, or on public transport, but 1m (3ft) recommended
The Northern Ireland Executive is due to discuss easing remaining restrictions at its next meeting on 1 September.
Image source, Getty Images
Do I have to wear a mask on holiday?
Face coverings are no longer required by law in England, although the government "expects and recommends" that they are worn in crowded and enclosed spaces.
However, a number of transport operators in England are still asking customers to wear masks, as are a number of shops and supermarkets.
Wearing a face covering remains compulsory in many public indoor spaces in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, including on public transport, so you will be expected to use a mask on any cross-border plane, train or bus journey, unless you are exempt.
Image source, Getty Images
Are all visitor attractions open?
Museums, galleries, amusement parks, leisure centres, cinemas, theatres, stately homes and gardens can open across the UK.
However, some venues are still not operating at full capacity, and you may need to pre-book tickets, so you should check before you visit.
You may still be asked to wear a face covering or physically distance from other people.
Businesses in Wales are required to carry out risk assessments to decide if social distancing measures are still needed.
Indoor hospitality venues in Scotland must continue to collect customer contact details. Organisers of outdoor events for more than 5,000 people and indoor events for more than 2,000 have to apply for permission to go ahead.
Nightclubs are still closed in Northern Ireland.
Image source, Getty Images
What are the rules for visiting the Common Travel Area?
The Common Travel Area (CTA) is a term which covers the UK, Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
Travel within the CTA is not considered international travel.
Fully vaccinated adults or under-18s travelling from the UK to other CTA destinations may not need to do any travel-related testing or quarantine on arrival, but the rules do vary, so you need to check before arranging a trip.
Read the rules for journeys to Ireland
Read the rules for journeys to the Isle of Man
Read the rules for journeys to Jersey
Read the rules for journeys to Guernsey (also Alderney, Sark and Herm)
As long as you've not been outside the CTA in the previous 10 days, you do not have to complete a passenger locator form, take any Covid tests or quarantine on your return to the UK.
Image source, Getty Images
What are the rules for travelling abroad?
Foreign travel is allowed, but people must follow different rules about testing and quarantine according to the traffic light status of their destination country.


bbcuk--2020-06-23--Coronavirus: What are social distancing and self-isolation rules?

Lockdown restrictions are being eased further in England , with the announcement that social distancing need only mean a distance of `` one metre plus '' from 4 July .
When distancing of two metres ( six feet ) is possible that should still be kept , but if that is not possible then one metre will be acceptable if certain precautions are taken such as the use of face coverings .
Each of the four UK nations has different rules .
So what can you do now ?
Can I meet members of another family ?
In England from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ can meet each other either inside or outside .
That does n't always have to be the same two households - but it ca n't be more than two households at once .
Members of the two households will still have to socially distance .
They would be allowed to stay overnight .
This is in addition to what you are currently allowed to do in a support bubble .
In England , Scotland and Northern Ireland , single adults living alone - or single parents with children under 18 - can form @ @ @ @ @ @ @ one other household .
The second household can be of any size - but nobody who is shielding should join a bubble .
People in each bubble can visit each other 's homes and go inside .
They will not have to stay 2m apart and can stay overnight .
It means , for example , that a single grandparent could pair up with one of their children 's households .
An adult living alone could mix with their parents , or two single friends living apart could get together .
If anyone @ @ @ @ @ @ @ everyone in both households must self-isolate .
If you do n't live on your own , or live with a child or children aged over 18 , then you ca n't form a bubble .
• Coronavirus bubbles : How do they work and who is in yours ?
How many people can I meet outdoors ?
In England , groups of up to six people from different households can gather outside , in parks or private gardens .
Unlimited numbers of people from a maximum of two households can also meet .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ up to a recommended maximum of eight people - can now meet outdoors .
In Wales , any number of people from two different households can meet each other outside .
As in Scotland , families should aim to travel no more than five miles , but some longer journeys have been allowed since 22 June on compassionate grounds .
Beauty spots remain closed until 6 July .
In Northern Ireland , groups of up to six people who do not live together can meet outdoors .
In all countries , children are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ guidelines - remaining 2m ( 6ft ) apart from each other - apply .
It will be a minimum of one metre in England from 4 July .
What sports can I play now ?
People in England can exercise outside with up to five others from different households .
In Scotland , people from two households , in groups of up to eight people , can exercise outside .
So having a kickabout with a football in the park is allowed in both countries , as long as people stay 2m ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from 4 July ) .
However , full games with someone from outside your household are still not allowed because of the physical contact involved .
Small groups of sports teams can also resume fitness sessions .
Individual sports permitted in England , with social distancing , include athletics , golf , horse riding and tennis , where doubles is also allowed with someone from outside your household .
Tennis can also be played in Scotland and Northern Ireland .
Golf can be enjoyed everywhere .
From 22 June , non-professional elite athletes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ outdoor sports courts will be lifted for non-contact sports in Wales .
From 29 June , outdoor playgrounds and sports courts will open in Scotland .
Who has to still stay at home ?
People with certain underlying health conditions , or who are pregnant or aged over 70 , are deemed to be clinically vulnerable .
If you are in this category , you are advised to stay at home as much as possible .
Another group , of about 2.5 million people , is categorised as clinically extremely vulnerable .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at home at all times and avoid face-to-face contact - so called `` shielding '' .
Now those people in England and Wales are being told they can spend some time outdoors again - either with members of their household , or by meeting someone else at a social distance .
In England from 6 July they will be able to set up support bubbles and meet up to five other people outdoors .
From 1 August they will be able to stop shielding .
People shielding in Scotland have also been told @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exercise , either alone or with people from one other household in groups of no more than eight .
• A SIMPLE GUIDE : How do I protect myself ?
• AVOIDING CONTACT : The rules on self-isolation and exercise • STRESS : How to look after your mental health Why is social distancing necessary ?
Social distancing is important because coronavirus spreads when an infected person coughs small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air .
These can be breathed in , or can cause an infection if you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and then touch your face with unwashed hands .
Virus transmission is less likely when `` fresh '' air is involved - usually when people are outside .
In England , extra precautions are suggested for people who are going within one metre of those outside their households such as avoiding face-to-face seating .
• Should we be allowed closer than 2m ?
What if I have symptoms ?
If you show symptoms of coronavirus - such as a dry cough , high temperature or loss of taste - you must take @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stay at home and not leave it for any reason .
Ask others to drop off food and medicines .
• What if NHS coronavirus tracers contact me ?
If England 's NHS Test and Trace team contact you because you 've been close to someone who has tested positive for coronavirus , you must self-isolate for up to 14 days - even if you feel fine .
The people you live with do n't have to self-isolate , but must take extra care regarding social distancing and hand washing .
There are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Northern Ireland .

The current restrictions in England don't include any limits on socialising - so friends and family are legally allowed to see each other in private houses, or to meet in public places like pubs and nightclubs.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Talking about racism 'my job as a parent'

Support for the Black Lives Matter movement has swelled across the UK since the killing of George Floyd , but the focus has left many parents struggling to know how best to explain racism to their children .
`` Why does it need to say that ? ''
was the question Denis Adide 's five-year-old daughter asked when she spotted a Black Lives Matter banner .
`` This is the reality for a black child , this is the reality for me as a black father , '' Denis says .
`` You do n't get the luxury of childhood @ @ @ @ @ @ @ do . ''
`` I know there are children engaging with black history for the first time in their lives , '' he says .
He says that while his three children , all under five , are too young to have a direct discussion about George Floyd , he knows many other black children have been affected by it .
He cites his friend 's daughter , who was left in tears , wondering whether she was unsafe because of her skin and whether or not she should be worried for her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ perhaps , for the children - but unfortunately a stressful one , really deeply stressful , because it 's a bodily experience .
You ca n't disembody yourself to escape it . ''
• Five factors behind the UK George Floyd protests • An athlete , friend and father - who was George Floyd ?
Denis , from west London , says equipping his kids for what it 's like to grow up in the UK with darker skin is part of his job as a parent .
He says he has been @ @ @ @ @ @ @ police , both as an adult and a child , and says he will `` sadly '' have to prepare his four-year-old son for the same treatment .
He expects different conversations to crop up with his daughters , particularly around body image because of a lack of representation in society .
His eldest daughter was `` thrilled '' , he says , when she was taught one day by a gymnastics teacher at school who was also mixed heritage .
She told her father , unprompted , `` the teacher today had @ @ @ @ @ @ @ looked like mine '' .
Georgena Clarke from Cheshire says she 's faced similar conversations with her seven-year-old twins - a girl and a boy .
The issue of skin colour was first raised by her daughter .
She says the lack of diversity in her local area led to her daughter going through a phase of waving to every black person on the street because `` she saw them so rarely , she thought everyone who was black was related to us '' .
She was the only black child in her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , she refused to get out of the car when they got to school , saying `` mummy , I do n't want to be the only one that 's different '' .
`` I was absolutely floored , '' says Georgena .
`` I did n't know what to say in that moment in time , and I knew then that I had n't done a good enough job .
`` I 'd previously said 'it 's because you 're special , you 're the only one who 's brown and you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but that was n't good enough for her now . ''
Georgena explained to her daughter that her mummy 's parents were African and her daddy 's parents were from the West Indies , and everyone in those countries `` looks like us '' .
She used YouTube videos to prove it .
`` I 've never seen someone grab a concept so much to the point where everyone she then met afterwards , she had to tell them where she was from .
She was really proud of it . ''
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ have to come `` to a crashing end at some point '' , but she wants them to stay children for as long as possible .
`` I want them to be proud of the fact they 're black , and also not to feel that their difference is viewed negatively , '' she says .
`` If I tell them about racism , and bring into their world the fact that some people wo n't like them because of their difference , that could affect their self esteem . ''
In Hackney @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , is worried about how his four-year-old son will be perceived when he starts school in the autumn .
`` My son is very confident .
This is a big challenge for a black male .
My understanding of what confidence looks like to someone who is n't black , is it can look like it 's intimidating , it 's overbearing , or it 's disobedient . ''
He says he 's trying to teach his son a different code of behaviour for when he starts his new school .
They walk @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a few minutes as he tries to reinforce the message to his son .
Marvyn , who founded the Dope Black Dads online group , was scarred by his own experience of school , where he felt his skin colour meant he was singled out unfairly by teachers , as well as being given a message to have lower life aspirations .
`` Quite often what happens with black children is that they start to question 'why am I being treated differently - I feel like I talk as much as Sue who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ somehow in more trouble ' .
Then you start living in your head and you start shrinking in school . ''
He is determined not to let his children view being black as something negative and has taught his son to do daily positive affirmations .
`` He looks in the mirror and says ' I love my hair , I love my skin , I love my jumping , my running , I 'm kind ' .
He says all those things every day so that 's what 's in his head @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `` It 's important to prepare them as early as possible - just do it at the level they can understand . ''
How to talk to children about racism Tips from Unicef , the United Nations children 's agency , gives this advice : Under five years old : • Use language that 's age-appropriate and easy for them to understand .
Recognise and celebrate differences • Be open - make it clear you are open to your children 's questions .
If they point out people who look different avoid shushing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that it 's a taboo topic • Use fairness - it 's a concept those around five tend to understand quite well .
Talk about racism as unfair Six to 11 years old : • They are also becoming more exposed to information they may find hard to process .
Be curious .
Listening and asking questions is the first step • Discuss the media together - social media and the internet may be one of your children 's main sources of information • Talk openly - having honest and open discussions about @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
It encourages them to come to you with questions and worries • Teenagers are able to understand abstract concepts more clearly and express their views .
Find out what they know .
What have they heard on the news , at school , from friends ?
• Ask questions about what they think about things such as news events and introduce different perspectives to help expand their understanding Read more here from CBBC .

The issue of skin colour was first raised by her daughter. She says the lack of diversity in her local area led to her daughter going through a phase of waving to every black person on the street because "she saw them so rarely, she thought everyone who was black was related to us".


bbcuk--2020-06-23--Glastonbury fence-jumpers: 'It was girls underneath, boys over the top!'

For much of the Glastonbury festival 's 50-year-long history , paying for a ticket was n't the only way to get in - if you were prepared to take a few risks , get a bit dirty and run fast in the dark .
Adam Bloodworth talks to four gatecrashers about their dramatic experiences with the perimeter fence .
You either go up and over or down and under .
On the other side of the fence you reach no-man's-land , or more specifically a wide , exposed ring road patrolled by security guards 24/7 .
Make it across that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it 's liable to be thick with mud and bucketing with rain .
It 's slightly different now , but historically , for legions of Glastonbury attendees , getting into the festival without paying was a rite of passage , an essential part of the Glastonbury experience .
In the 1990s , when the festival 's popularity was rapidly increasing , break-ins were particularly rife .
In 1995 it 's estimated that 80,000 bought tickets - and as many again gatecrashed .
Weak fences , corrupt security teams and the sheer number of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ something close to anarchy , and perhaps surprisingly , Michael Eavis , the festival 's founder , actively encouraged it .
One year the farm owner woke up in the night and forklifted a fence to allow 2,000 revellers to get in .
A devout Methodist , Eavis 's religion teaches tolerance and acceptance , which may explain it .
But following an incredibly tumultuous year for break-ins in 2000 , which saw Eavis fined for breaching licensing conditions , his team built a `` super fence '' when the festival returned in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ break-ins .
`` The fence we had back then [ in 2000 ] was a Mickey Mouse affair , '' Eavis wrote in his book Glastonbury 50 : The Official Story of Glastonbury Festival , published last year .
`` Along with the good weather we enjoyed that year , huge crowds of people turned up and just walked in . ''
He 'd started designing a new `` super-duper fence '' by the Monday after the festival , and did n't give up on it even when the price rose from £300,000 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ had to build it , '' Eavis wrote .
`` In truth , I 'd never minded whether people paid to get in or not , as long as we sold enough tickets to keep going .
But it was clear we had to be able to control the numbers and keep it safe . ''
That is n't to say punters no longer try to break in .
I stewarded for Oxfam on a vehicle entrance gate to the festival in 2011 , and chancers would run past us once or twice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ after standing soaked and frozen through the night - and sometimes , the runners made it .
Another time , a security guard threw a Maglite torch at a runner 's feet .
After a few more paces , he was slowed down by the mud and fell as security caught up with him .
Technology has also helped to deter interlopers .
Gatecrashing now requires faking wristbands or photographic ID - or borrowing a friend 's and pretending to be them .
I spoke to some of the people who managed to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fence in the last three decades .
Julie , 1993 : 'It was girls underneath , boys over the top ! '
I first bunked over the fence in 1992 , but my memories are a bit hazy .
In 1993 we went down in car convoys .
God only knows where we parked up .
We walked through some fields near the Stone Circle late at night , and through some dense trees and came out at a clearing near the first fence .
There would be a security patrol passing every @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they were coming and we had to wait under treetop cover with perhaps another 40 people , all trying to break in .
It was very well organised .
For one thing , it was obvious who to pay the £10 `` entry fee '' to : a young guy in a high-vis jacket .
He was working with a corrupt security guard who had cut a hole in the first , outer fence .
I was a bit nervous , but we could see there were other people going through .
I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' You could see searchlights up in the air , high up on poles .
You had to queue to go through the hole in the first fence .
There were 30 , maybe 40 people in a queue as you could only go through one at a time .
• Glastonbury Experience 2020 - how to watch and listen At the second , larger fence , I remember thinking , `` How am I going to get over that ? ''
Someone said : `` Girls go underneath , through a hole @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . ''
It must have been about 12ft high .
It was chaotic and there was a bit of anxiety .
But I thought , `` This is what everyone 's doing so it 'll be fine . ''
My friend Susie was a bit larger , so she decided to go over the top with the boys , and she twisted her ankle when she came down the other side .
I always remember that - she spent the whole weekend hobbling .
I got through and it was a feeling of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ whooping : `` Yay , we did it !
We 're in !
We 're in ! ''
Everybody knew you could break in back then .
Late at night , you 'd talk to other people that had come over the fence .
You 'd ask where they 'd done it and how much they 'd paid .
There used to be so many more people , the toilets were a lot worse , because so many people just jumped over the fence .
It 's true the festival lost its edge @ @ @ @ @ @ @ edgy then , but it 's a much better festival for everyone now .
Safety is important and now there 's the right number of people .
Everyone looks out for each other , the food is amazing , and it does a lot for charity .
Me and my best friends Otto and Baz ( a proper Essex boy ) were on the smash on a caravan holiday in Newquay .
At the end of the week it was Glastonbury , so we chucked a tent in , in case we fancied @ @ @ @ @ @ @ decided to go for it .
On the Friday afternoon we headed toward the festival in Baz 's Astra , registration plate BAZ 132Y .
I remember it was World Cup 98 , England v Colombia that afternoon .
We arrived at the festival around eight o'clock at night and started to walk to the main gates .
We met people who were also breaking in who steered us to the left toward some trees .
We saw security guards on foot and in Land Rovers around the perimeter of the fence , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kicking about .
We thought , `` Bloody hell , we 're going to get mugged . ''
In those days you just had the money in your pockets .
Back then we did n't have a lot of money - if we 'd lost that we 'd have lost everything .
When you stand next to the fence you realise how high it actually is .
And this was before the super fence that was erected for 2002 .
It must have been at least 12ft high .
We found a gap @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fence .
There were other people nearby and this guy near us got out a ground sheet and pushed it through the hole , and the first guy went on his back , head down backwards and his mates pushed his legs through .
I was up next .
Imagine lying on the floor on a ground sheet , the mud coming over the edges so you 're basically lying in mud .
It was awful , horrendous .
And absolutely chucking it down .
I lay on my back , as if @ @ @ @ @ @ @ down backwards and head first .
Imagine there 's a wall behind you : you 've got to put your head underneath that wall .
As it got to my hips it was tight .
You 're looking up at this fence directly above you .
You 've got 12 foot of fence effectively on your gut .
But I got through and the others threw the bags over .
Otto got to his hips and got stuck .
And he started to panic .
It 's 11 o'clock at night .
I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ start breathing deeply because he was panicking .
But all I could hear from the other side of the fence was Baz laughing .
All he could see was Otto 's legs wiggling about in the mud .
Neither of us could stop laughing .
We eventually pulled Otto though , Baz followed and we 'd made it into the festival .
Ruth , 2000 : ' I broke in , but my punishment was camping by the 24-hour techno tent' I have jumped the fence a few times , which I feel @ @ @ @ @ @ @ paying it back now by helping the recycling team there every year .
It can be hard work but I actually love it .
In 2000 it was a choice of going up a really wobbly ladder and paying some scousers or going through a hole in the `` high security fence '' and paying some Brixton boys .
Both options were organised by gangs who looked very scary and organised .
I chose the hole because the ladder looked very hazardous .
I think I paid £20 .
Once through the hole @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which had security Land Rovers and security on horseback roaming around .
But luckily for me the security were also in on the action .
They clearly saw me crossing no-man 's land in their headlights and the Brixton boys were shouting `` Run , run ! ''
... but nobody chased me .
I hopped over the inner fence and made it in .
I still feel terrible that when I was trying to walk through the camp site , it was so crowded I trod on someone 's head in their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for that .
My punishment was that the festival was so overcrowded that year that the only place to camp was outside a 24-hour techno tent .
I 'm not proud of jumping the fence but I 'm glad to have that memory of me doing something exciting and naughty when really I never did anything like that normally .
I 've never even stolen a sweet out of a pick n ' mix !
Freeloading must run in the family , as years beforehand , my mum went to the first Glastonbury @ @ @ @ @ @ @ she should have paid £1 , which included free milk from the farm .
Tamzin , 2019 : ' I like breaking rules - I 'm a bit of an anarchist' Breaking in is notoriously hard these days .
It 's not like it used to be : you definitely ca n't rely on it .
But it 's a challenge .
And paying for someone to drive you in is not the same as breaking in , that 's like cheating .
You may as well have bought a ticket .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's free .
My dad used to go when he was younger and resents what it 's become : how much money it costs , how much harder it is to get in , it 's completely different .
A lot more middle class people go now , and proper hippies ca n't go because it 's too expensive .
A lot of people think it 's too big now : you ca n't possibly see everything or do everything .
It 's really exhausting and it 's too intense , it 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ years ago there were underground tunnels near the Stone Circle , and even a stream where people crawled along to get in .
The Stone Circle used to be an easy spot , because security did n't expect much trouble around there .
I take after my dad because I like breaking the rules .
I 'm a bit of an anarchist .
So me and my ex-boyfriend gave breaking in a try .
We certainly did n't expect to get in , so when it worked we were n't particularly prepared .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ East Africa as a refugee when he was 16 and had never been to a festival in this country , but was also very up for trying .
After walking the perimeter of the fence for a while , we met a group of scousers looking shifty in the car park .
They were waiting for the coast to be clear so they could put up the telescopic ladder they had hidden in a rucksack .
At one point they did get it up on the fence .
Someone said : `` Go @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all scrambled up it - about 10 of us altogether - the person at the top said , `` No no no !
Go back ! ''
as he realised there was a security guard right on the other side .
You ca n't see through the fence so you do n't know what 's on the other side til you 're up there .
They had got the wrong spot .
We decided to carry on by ourselves .
Not long after that , we met another guy who said he would @ @ @ @ @ @ @ He had a ladder hidden in a ditch right next to the fence and kept watch while we propped it up and slipped over , straight into a campsite .
My ex said he would pay him as soon as I was over , but by the time I was at the top of the ladder , we 'd been spotted and more security were on their way over , so we had to just make a run ( or rather , jump ) for it .
There were these sort of supports @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other side , which I used to slide down like a banister .
Then the second fence was much smaller , perhaps 7ft or 8ft , which I got over with a push from my boyfriend ( he jumped and vaulted it like a proper athlete ) .
It 's a massive adrenaline rush .
And when you feel adrenaline you do n't really feel pain : it 's like fight and flight .
I scraped my knees on the main fence and I gouged my hand on the smaller fence ; a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of my hand as I scaled the two fences , but I did n't even feel it .
You may also be interested in : In 1982 , a Turkish immigrant started a garden near the Berlin wall on a patch of East German land .
Osman Kalin fiercely defended his small domain from any authorities who tried to take it away .
Though he died in 2018 , his family are still looking after the plot and the tree house he built there .
'My daring grandfather took a bit of East @ @ @ @

Glastonbury fence-jumpers: 'It was girls underneath, boys over the top!' Published 24 June 2020
Image source, PA Media
For much of the Glastonbury festival's 50-year-long history, paying for a ticket wasn't the only way to get in - if you were prepared to take a few risks, get a bit dirty and run fast in the dark. Adam Bloodworth talks to four gatecrashers about their dramatic experiences with the perimeter fence.
You either go up and over or down and under.
On the other side of the fence you reach no-man's-land, or more specifically a wide, exposed ring road patrolled by security guards 24/7. Make it across that and there's another fence - plus it's liable to be thick with mud and bucketing with rain.
It's slightly different now, but historically, for legions of Glastonbury attendees, getting into the festival without paying was a rite of passage, an essential part of the Glastonbury experience.
In the 1990s, when the festival's popularity was rapidly increasing, break-ins were particularly rife. In 1995 it's estimated that 80,000 bought tickets - and as many again gatecrashed.
Image source, Getty Images
Weak fences, corrupt security teams and the sheer number of revellers arriving at the site resulted in something close to anarchy, and perhaps surprisingly, Michael Eavis, the festival's founder, actively encouraged it. One year the farm owner woke up in the night and forklifted a fence to allow 2,000 revellers to get in. A devout Methodist, Eavis's religion teaches tolerance and acceptance, which may explain it.
But following an incredibly tumultuous year for break-ins in 2000, which saw Eavis fined for breaching licensing conditions, his team built a "super fence'' when the festival returned in 2002, putting an end to mass break-ins.
"The fence we had back then [in 2000] was a Mickey Mouse affair," Eavis wrote in his book Glastonbury 50: The Official Story of Glastonbury Festival, published last year. "Along with the good weather we enjoyed that year, huge crowds of people turned up and just walked in."
He'd started designing a new "super-duper fence" by the Monday after the festival, and didn't give up on it even when the price rose from £300,000 to £1m.
Image source, PA Media
"I knew I had to build it," Eavis wrote. "In truth, I'd never minded whether people paid to get in or not, as long as we sold enough tickets to keep going. But it was clear we had to be able to control the numbers and keep it safe."
I spoke to some of the people who managed to get through, under or over the fence in the last three decades.
Julie, 1993: 'It was girls underneath, boys over the top!'
I first bunked over the fence in 1992, but my memories are a bit hazy.
In 1993 we went down in car convoys. God only knows where we parked up. We walked through some fields near the Stone Circle late at night, and through some dense trees and came out at a clearing near the first fence.
There would be a security patrol passing every 15 minutes. People would shout that they were coming and we had to wait under treetop cover with perhaps another 40 people, all trying to break in.
Image source, Julie
It was very well organised. For one thing, it was obvious who to pay the £10 "entry fee" to: a young guy in a high-vis jacket. He was working with a corrupt security guard who had cut a hole in the first, outer fence.
I was a bit nervous, but we could see there were other people going through. I thought, "This is fine."
You could see searchlights up in the air, high up on poles. You had to queue to go through the hole in the first fence. There were 30, maybe 40 people in a queue as you could only go through one at a time.
At the second, larger fence, I remember thinking, "How am I going to get over that?" Someone said: "Girls go underneath, through a hole, and the boys over the top." It must have been about 12ft high.
It was chaotic and there was a bit of anxiety. But I thought, "This is what everyone's doing so it'll be fine."
My friend Susie was a bit larger, so she decided to go over the top with the boys, and she twisted her ankle when she came down the other side. I always remember that - she spent the whole weekend hobbling.
I got through and it was a feeling of elation. Everyone was excited, and whooping: "Yay, we did it! We're in! We're in!"
Image source, Julie
Everybody knew you could break in back then. Late at night, you'd talk to other people that had come over the fence. You'd ask where they'd done it and how much they'd paid.
There used to be so many more people, the toilets were a lot worse, because so many people just jumped over the fence.
It's true the festival lost its edge after the 90s. It was more edgy then, but it's a much better festival for everyone now. Safety is important and now there's the right number of people. Everyone looks out for each other, the food is amazing, and it does a lot for charity.
Martin, 1998: 'Imagine a 12ft fence resting on your gut'
Me and my best friends Otto and Baz (a proper Essex boy) were on the smash on a caravan holiday in Newquay. At the end of the week it was Glastonbury, so we chucked a tent in, in case we fancied stopping on the way back.
We decided to go for it. On the Friday afternoon we headed toward the festival in Baz's Astra, registration plate BAZ 132Y. I remember it was World Cup 98, England v Colombia that afternoon. We arrived at the festival around eight o'clock at night and started to walk to the main gates.
We met people who were also breaking in who steered us to the left toward some trees.
We saw security guards on foot and in Land Rovers around the perimeter of the fence, and a lot of dodgy looking people kicking about.
Image source, Martin Image caption, Martin (far right) and friends
We thought, "Bloody hell, we're going to get mugged." In those days you just had the money in your pockets. Back then we didn't have a lot of money - if we'd lost that we'd have lost everything.
When you stand next to the fence you realise how high it actually is. And this was before the super fence that was erected for 2002. It must have been at least 12ft high.
We found a gap. It was a hole underneath the fence. There were other people nearby and this guy near us got out a ground sheet and pushed it through the hole, and the first guy went on his back, head down backwards and his mates pushed his legs through.
I was up next. Imagine lying on the floor on a ground sheet, the mud coming over the edges so you're basically lying in mud. It was awful, horrendous. And absolutely chucking it down.
I lay on my back, as if you were on a slide but going down backwards and head first. Imagine there's a wall behind you: you've got to put your head underneath that wall.
As it got to my hips it was tight. You're looking up at this fence directly above you. You've got 12 foot of fence effectively on your gut. But I got through and the others threw the bags over.
Otto got to his hips and got stuck. And he started to panic. It's 11 o'clock at night. I told him to stop, and to start breathing deeply because he was panicking. But all I could hear from the other side of the fence was Baz laughing. All he could see was Otto's legs wiggling about in the mud. Neither of us could stop laughing.
We eventually pulled Otto though, Baz followed and we'd made it into the festival.
Image source, Martin Image caption, Martin (far left) and friends
Ruth, 2000: 'I broke in, but my punishment was camping by the 24-hour techno tent'
I have jumped the fence a few times, which I feel fairly guilty about, so I'm paying it back now by helping the recycling team there every year. It can be hard work but I actually love it.
In 2000 it was a choice of going up a really wobbly ladder and paying some scousers or going through a hole in the "high security fence" and paying some Brixton boys. Both options were organised by gangs who looked very scary and organised. I chose the hole because the ladder looked very hazardous. I think I paid £20.
Once through the hole, you had to cross a no-man's-land which had security Land Rovers and security on horseback roaming around. But luckily for me the security were also in on the action. They clearly saw me crossing no-man's land in their headlights and the Brixton boys were shouting "Run, run!"... but nobody chased me.
I hopped over the inner fence and made it in. I still feel terrible that when I was trying to walk through the camp site, it was so crowded I trod on someone's head in their tent.
Image source, Ruth
I'd like to apologise for that.
My punishment was that the festival was so overcrowded that year that the only place to camp was outside a 24-hour techno tent.
I'm not proud of jumping the fence but I'm glad to have that memory of me doing something exciting and naughty when really I never did anything like that normally. I've never even stolen a sweet out of a pick n' mix!
Freeloading must run in the family, as years beforehand, my mum went to the first Glastonbury and didn't pay - but apparently she should have paid £1, which included free milk from the farm.
Tamzin, 2019: 'I like breaking rules - I'm a bit of an anarchist'
Breaking in is notoriously hard these days. It's not like it used to be: you definitely can't rely on it. But it's a challenge.
And paying for someone to drive you in is not the same as breaking in, that's like cheating. You may as well have bought a ticket. The thrill of breaking in is that it's free.
My dad used to go when he was younger and resents what it's become: how much money it costs, how much harder it is to get in, it's completely different. A lot more middle class people go now, and proper hippies can't go because it's too expensive. A lot of people think it's too big now: you can't possibly see everything or do everything. It's really exhausting and it's too intense, it's really overwhelming.
Image source, Tamzin Image caption, Tamzin, after making it in
My dad says that years ago there were underground tunnels near the Stone Circle, and even a stream where people crawled along to get in. The Stone Circle used to be an easy spot, because security didn't expect much trouble around there.
I take after my dad because I like breaking the rules. I'm a bit of an anarchist. So me and my ex-boyfriend gave breaking in a try. We certainly didn't expect to get in, so when it worked we weren't particularly prepared.
My ex came to the UK from East Africa as a refugee when he was 16 and had never been to a festival in this country, but was also very up for trying.
Image source, Tamzin Image caption, Tamzin and her friend marking the summer solstice, a few days before Glastonbury 2019
After walking the perimeter of the fence for a while, we met a group of scousers looking shifty in the car park. They were waiting for the coast to be clear so they could put up the telescopic ladder they had hidden in a rucksack. At one point they did get it up on the fence. Someone said: "Go go go!" But when we all scrambled up it - about 10 of us altogether - the person at the top said, "No no no! Go back!" as he realised there was a security guard right on the other side.
You can't see through the fence so you don't know what's on the other side til you're up there. They had got the wrong spot.
We decided to carry on by ourselves. Not long after that, we met another guy who said he would get us in for a price.
He had a ladder hidden in a ditch right next to the fence and kept watch while we propped it up and slipped over, straight into a campsite. My ex said he would pay him as soon as I was over, but by the time I was at the top of the ladder, we'd been spotted and more security were on their way over, so we had to just make a run (or rather, jump) for it.
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, In the early days (in this case, 1971) entry was cheap and there was no shortage of tickets
There were these sort of supports holding the super fence up on the other side, which I used to slide down like a banister. Then the second fence was much smaller, perhaps 7ft or 8ft, which I got over with a push from my boyfriend (he jumped and vaulted it like a proper athlete).
It's a massive adrenaline rush. And when you feel adrenaline you don't really feel pain: it's like fight and flight.
I scraped my knees on the main fence and I gouged my hand on the smaller fence; a massive piece of skin was taken out of my hand as I scaled the two fences, but I didn't even feel it.
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bbcuk--2020-06-23--Rethink: Caleb Femi says 'creative thinking' is key to students' future

Caleb Femi , the first young people 's laureate , says students must think creatively to secure a better future .
He says that with the cancellation of this summer 's major exams because of coronavirus , relying on the existing education system may no longer be the best option for future progress .
The British education system has covered itself in a veil for centuries .
The veil is the promise that at the end of the road of education , there is security and even prosperity .
We are told to trim the fat of our potential .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ weeks a year .
They studied and they learned for tests and they sat those tests .
They shrank their imagination and the autonomy of the learning process because there was that promise that you leave with a qualification , an emblem that said you were a capable member of society .
This was the veil .
But Covid-19 was the storm that tore that veil apart for most students in the UK .
When the lockdown was imposed , schools had to close and students taking A-levels and GCSEs , as well @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the middle of exam prep , were told that they would n't be able to take their tests .
Imagine that , after years of classroom exercises , homework , coursework , mock tests , parents ' evenings and sacrificing so much because of that promise of a qualification , of security .
Instead your worth , the value of your qualification , your supposed future prospects are going to be based on a calculation of what is called your predicted grade .
Take note that statistically , black students are under-predicted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ their real exams .
So what many students learn during this lockdown period is that society is an uncertain landscape .
Job sectors are volatile , and then they begin to question themselves .
They question the tools that they have to be able to survive in the wild that is adulthood .
You do n't have to be David Attenborough to know that the absolute that is security does not exist in nature .
The ones who survive , the ones who thrive , are the ones who have the tools and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as a student you then question yourself - do I have the tools that are required to survive in this society ?
These tools are problem solving , creativity innovation , the autonomy to envisage a new possibility and a new future .
Also , the mental dexterity to make careers for yourself and make society a more efficient place , a more equal place for everyone .
Tools that you need to have to survive in such an uncertain landscape do n't match up .
Going forward , it means that it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the individual , alongside the community , to think in ways that put you in the driving seat of your own learning .
New approaches need to be made where students are encouraged to think creatively , to exercise their imagination , to problem-solve in unique , innovative , exciting ways .
That is what a post-lockdown relationship should look like .
BBC Radio 4 , Radio 5 Live and World Service have come together for a unique collaboration : BBC Rethink .
It asks how society and our lives can change for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ You can hear the BBC Rethink episodes on BBC Sounds .

So what many students learn during this lockdown period is that society is an uncertain landscape. Job sectors are volatile, and then they begin to question themselves. They question the tools that they have to be able to survive in the wild that is adulthood.


bbcuk--2020-06-23--Robert Jenrick: The key questions facing housing secretary

Housing Secretary Robert Jenrick is under fire over his decision to grant planning permission for a £1bn property scheme two weeks before the developer donated £12,000 to the Conservative Party .
He denies any link between the events , but his critics say he still has questions to answer .
Opposition MPs are calling for a vote on Wednesday to force the government to release all documents relating to the Westferry Printworks development in East London .
Here are some of the key questions he is likely to face in the Commons debate .
Did he fully disclose his contacts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a table with property developer Richard Desmond at a fundraising dinner at the Savoy hotel for the Conservative Party last November , a couple of months before he gave the green light for Mr Desmond 's £1bn scheme to build 1,500 homes in Docklands , east London .
• Planning decision 'within the rules ' , says Jenrick The housing secretary told MPs his department `` knew about the fact that I had inadvertently sat next to the applicant .
I did not know who I was going to be seated by until @ @ @ @ @ @ @ discussed and took advice from my officials within the Department at all times . ''
The Sunday Times has since revealed Mr Desmond showed Mr Jenrick a promotional video of the development on his mobile phone .
This could constitute lobbying , which raises a potential conflict of interest .
The Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Department 's own guidance means it has to publish details on ministerial meetings and hospitality .
There is no record of the November dinner .
A spokesperson told the BBC `` nothing occurred which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
We do not know if Mr Jenrick offered or was advised to withdraw from the decision-making process because of this contact with Mr Desmond .
Why did he approve planning permission ?
On 14 January , Mr Jenrick overruled a planning inspector and gave permission to build .
This was the day before a new Community Infrastructure Levy ( CIL ) came into force that would have meant the developer paying an extra £40m to support projects in Tower Hamlets , London 's poorest borough .
Tower Hamlets Council said this gave @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the developer and so it appealed , arguing that the secretary of state should n't be influenced by `` a desire to assist the developer to avoid a financial liability '' .
Legal papers seen by the BBC state that Mr Jenrick was advised by his civil servants that `` a decision should be issued before the council adopted its new Local Plan and CIL charging schedule '' .
There were concerns that a delay `` could impact on the viability of the proposed development '' .
The project also included a lower @ @ @ @ @ @ @ council estimate may have benefitted the developer by up to £106m .
Why did he then quash his own decision ?
In May , Mr Jenrick accepted the timing of this decision `` would lead the fair-minded and informed observer to conclude that there was a real possibility '' of bias - and that the decision should be quashed and a different minister should decide .
Tower Hamlets Council and others believe he did this to avoid having to release documents relating to the decision .
Labour Mayor John Biggs said : `` @ @ @ @ @ @ @ memos the secretary of state received before making his decision and what influence they had , but his reluctance to disclose them speaks volumes . ''
Did he breach the ministerial code ?
The ministerial code - a set of rules and principles issued by the prime minister which outlines standards of conduct - states that `` if a minister meets an external organisation or individual and finds themselves discussing official business without an official present - for example at a social occasion - any significant content should be passed back to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ event '' .
Ministers must also `` declare and resolve any interests and relationships '' and `` take decisions impartially , fairly and on merit , using the best evidence and without discrimination or bias '' .
Opposition MPs have written to the Cabinet Secretary Sir Mark Sedwill raising concerns about the deal and asking whether Mr Jenrick breached the code .
The Cabinet Office said it would respond `` in due course '' but denied it was conducting an investigation .
The Electoral Commission has published figures showing Mr Desmond donated £12,000 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Jenrick gave planning permission .
Labour says this raised `` cash-for-favours concerns '' .
A Conservative Party spokesperson said : `` Government policy is in no way influenced by party donations - they are entirely separate . ''
The party also says that the Desmond donation was for a table at a different event .
We do n't know who funded the table at the November dinner or who arranged for Mr Jenrick to be seated next to Mr Desmond and his colleagues .
No 10 said the PM had `` full confidence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not know if Boris Johnson - who was at the November dinner - was aware of the promotional video .

Robert Jenrick: The key questions facing housing secretary Published 23 June 2020
Image source, Reuters
Housing Secretary Robert Jenrick is under fire over his decision to grant planning permission for a £1bn property scheme two weeks before the developer donated £12,000 to the Conservative Party.
He denies any link between the events, but his critics say he still has questions to answer.
Opposition MPs are calling for a vote on Wednesday to force the government to release all documents relating to the Westferry Printworks development in East London.
Here are some of the key questions he is likely to face in the Commons debate.
Robert Jenrick shared a table with property developer Richard Desmond at a fundraising dinner at the Savoy hotel for the Conservative Party last November, a couple of months before he gave the green light for Mr Desmond's £1bn scheme to build 1,500 homes in Docklands, east London.
The housing secretary told MPs his department "knew about the fact that I had inadvertently sat next to the applicant. I did not know who I was going to be seated by until I sat at the table. I discussed and took advice from my officials within the Department at all times."
The Sunday Times has since revealed Mr Desmond showed Mr Jenrick a promotional video of the development on his mobile phone. This could constitute lobbying, which raises a potential conflict of interest.
The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government Department's own guidance means it has to publish details on ministerial meetings and hospitality. There is no record of the November dinner. A spokesperson told the BBC "nothing occurred which required publication in quarterly transparency data".
We do not know if Mr Jenrick offered or was advised to withdraw from the decision-making process because of this contact with Mr Desmond.
Why did he approve planning permission?
On 14 January, Mr Jenrick overruled a planning inspector and gave permission to build.
This was the day before a new Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) came into force that would have meant the developer paying an extra £40m to support projects in Tower Hamlets, London's poorest borough.
Image source, PA Media
Tower Hamlets Council said this gave the appearance of bias in favour of the developer and so it appealed, arguing that the secretary of state shouldn't be influenced by "a desire to assist the developer to avoid a financial liability".
Legal papers seen by the BBC state that Mr Jenrick was advised by his civil servants that "a decision should be issued before the council adopted its new Local Plan and CIL charging schedule".
There were concerns that a delay "could impact on the viability of the proposed development".
The project also included a lower proportion of affordable homes, which the council estimate may have benefitted the developer by up to £106m.
Why did he then quash his own decision?
In May, Mr Jenrick accepted the timing of this decision "would lead the fair-minded and informed observer to conclude that there was a real possibility" of bias - and that the decision should be quashed and a different minister should decide.
Tower Hamlets Council and others believe he did this to avoid having to release documents relating to the decision.
Labour Mayor John Biggs said: "We may never know what emails and memos the secretary of state received before making his decision and what influence they had, but his reluctance to disclose them speaks volumes."
Did he breach the ministerial code?
The ministerial code - a set of rules and principles issued by the prime minister which outlines standards of conduct - states that "if a minister meets an external organisation or individual and finds themselves discussing official business without an official present - for example at a social occasion - any significant content should be passed back to the department as soon as possible after the event".
Ministers must also "declare and resolve any interests and relationships" and "take decisions impartially, fairly and on merit, using the best evidence and without discrimination or bias".
Opposition MPs have written to the Cabinet Secretary Sir Mark Sedwill raising concerns about the deal and asking whether Mr Jenrick breached the code. The Cabinet Office said it would respond "in due course" but denied it was conducting an investigation.
The Electoral Commission has published figures showing Mr Desmond donated £12,000 to the Conservatives a fortnight after Mr Jenrick gave planning permission. Labour says this raised "cash-for-favours concerns".
A Conservative Party spokesperson said: "Government policy is in no way influenced by party donations - they are entirely separate." The party also says that the Desmond donation was for a table at a different event. We don't know who funded the table at the November dinner or who arranged for Mr Jenrick to be seated next to Mr Desmond and his colleagues.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--The Papers: 'End of hibernation' as scientists urge caution

`` Cheers Boris , '' `` Get the beers in '' and `` Summer 's back on '' are the headlines in the Daily Express , Metro and the Daily Mail as all three celebrate the easing of the lockdown in England .
The Express hopes the greater freedoms for people from next month will lead `` to a brighter Britain '' and provide some `` much-needed cheer '' .
The Metro points out that the changes will allow the prime minister to get his hair cut .
The Mail 's tone is cautious as it describes the easing of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to head off economic disaster '' .
The Guardian and the Times choose to highlight the health risk the government is taking by relaxing the 2m social distancing guidance .
The Guardian quotes Professor John Edmunds , an epidemiologist who advises No 10 , as saying the new `` one-metre plus '' approach runs the risk of `` allowing the epidemic to start to regain a foothold '' .
The Times reveals that Boris Johnson reportedly chose to opt for a more comprehensive reopening of the economy - despite concerns that if it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ discern which changes restarted the epidemic .
The Financial Times says ministers will now begin a campaign to persuade people that it is safe to go out again .
The paper highlights a tweet from Chancellor Rishi Sunak , who told his followers that he could not wait to get back to the pub - even though he does not drink .
The FT 's editorial says the easing of the lockdown is `` a risky awakening '' - the government is `` walking a tightrope '' because these changes must be accompanied @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the infection .
`` Farcical , '' and `` water joke '' is the Sun 's take on the decision to prioritise hairdressers , cinemas and bingo halls over schools , nail bars and swimming pools .
The Daily Telegraph 's Camilla Tominey says that keeping nightclubs , gyms and water parks off limits is a demonstration of yet more confusion from the government - which is something she believes has come to characterise Downing Street 's coronavirus briefings ever since the `` stay home '' message was dropped .
Sign up for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The Guardian reports on the `` widespread consternation '' among some sports that they have not been allowed to restart despite months of intensive planning .
The chief executive of PureGym , Humphrey Cobbold , has questioned the government 's priorities - telling the paper `` it is a strange war on obesity that sees pubs and restaurants open before gyms '' .
Swim England has also called on No 10 to reconsider .
`` Prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that it 's safer to go into a pub than a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' is the message from its chief executive Jane Nickerson .
There is widespread criticism of the world number one in men 's tennis , Novak Djokovic , after it was revealed he had tested positive for Covid-19 .
The Guardian says that his stock has `` taken a pounding '' after his Balkans exhibition tour allowed players to party in `` stuffy Belgrade clubs '' and ignore social distancing advice .
The Daily Mail 's Mike Dickson says Djokovic has `` trashed his brand '' , `` battered his reputation '' and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an opponent he could not beat : scientific and medical reality .

The Financial Times says ministers will now begin a campaign to persuade people that it is safe to go out again. The paper highlights a tweet from Chancellor Rishi Sunak, who told his followers that he could not wait to get back to the pub - even though he does not drink.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Coronavirus: 'Serious incident review' into improper mask tests

Masks protecting healthcare staff against coronavirus had not been properly tested , Northern Ireland 's Public Health Agency ( PHA ) has said .
A `` serious adverse incident review '' will be carried out by the PHA after it emerged an independent contractor did not follow `` UK fitting requirements '' .
Work is underway to see if any staff who wore masks that were not fitted correctly contracted Covid-19 .
The PHA has said risk to staff is `` likely to be low '' .
Rodney Morton , who is the PHA 's Director of Nursing , said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ approach '' as opposed to a `` 100 % pass rate '' for testing the masks .
`` This fell below the UK requirement , '' Mr Morton said .
`` The UK standard is you have to pass 100 % in the fit test , which has seven elements , '' he explained .
`` Some staff had received a pass rate when they had not passed the fit test score , '' he added .
In a statement , The Public Health Agency said that the testing procedure used by the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in Northern Ireland '' .
It said this `` should have been readjusted to the UK fit-testing requirements designed to prevent leaks '' .
Mr Morton said that testing to discover if any healthcare staff have contacted coronavirus because of this is a `` work in progress '' .
`` Some of the trusts have identified staff who have not been fitted correctly and we know some of those staff have received a positive diagnosis of coronavirus , '' he said .
`` We expect to be receiving those results over the course @ @ @ @ @ @ @ However , he stressed that `` this does not necessarily mean causality '' .
`` We are taking this very seriously and that is why a serious incident review will be conducted , '' Mr Morton said .
Mr Morton said the independent contractor is still working within the health sector , but `` has been actively working with us to identify critical issues '' .
Mr Morton said `` additional measures have been put in place to ensure every single fit-testing certificate has been reviewed across all Health and Social Care Trusts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Health Agency said they recognised that the issues raised `` may cause some concern '' and `` we very much regret that '' .
`` The Health and Social Care system is now carrying out a validation and audit exercise of all fit-tests conducted by this independent contractor .
`` We would again stress that these checks are being taken as a precautionary step to reassure staff that the masks are being fitted to the highest safety standards '' .

"We have requested immediate assurance that no staff will be put at risk during this time," she said, adding the that the announcement of a serious incident review was welcomed," she said.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Coronavirus in Wales: Two metre social distance 'safe way to behave'

The original recommendation to stay 2m apart from others remains the `` safe way to behave '' , Wales ' first minister has said .
Mark Drakeford said the original social distancing advice is staying in place in Wales .
The UK government has eased it in England , allowing parts of the hospitality sector including pubs to reopen from 4 July .
Welsh Conservatives have called for a `` similar lifeline '' for firms in Wales .
Earlier Mr Drakeford 's colleague , Health Minister Vaughan Gething , said he could not see how the measures being eased in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Pubs , restaurants , cinemas and hairdressers will be able to reopen in England from 4 July .
Concerns have been raised of the risk of a second wave .
The UK government said it would continue to be guided by the latest scientific advice .
Dates in Wales have not been given for the hospitality sector , including pubs and restaurants , to reopen , although the Welsh Government has promised `` detailed discussions '' on a phased reopening .
In England a `` one metre plus '' rule has been introduced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ taking steps to reduce transmission But in Wales the 2m advice is enshrined in law and workplaces are expected to follow it as much as they can , risking fines otherwise .
At a virtual session of the Senedd Paul Davies , leader of the Welsh Conservative group , said it was `` right '' to reassess the regulations as infection rates fall .
He put it to Mr Drakeford that Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer had welcomed the prime minister 's statement on Tuesday `` overall '' and believed `` the UK @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thing '' .
In response , the first minister said : `` In Wales , the message remains .
Stay two metres apart .
That is the safe way to behave .
He said the science of the UK government 's scientific advisory group SAGE said `` if you halve the distance the risk increases somewhere between two and five times greater than if you stay within a two metre distance '' .
• Is it safe to relax the 2m rule ?
But Mr Drakeford did not totally rule out easing the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , always using public health as our primary test , to reduce the two metre rule by exception , then we will see what we are able to do in Wales , but we will do it by looking at the evidence first . ''
Evidence for the England decision had been promised by the Cabinet Office minister Michael Gove , the first minister said .
`` That evidence had not arrived by the end of yesterday but we certainly hope to see it today . ''
• When will pubs , cafes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the latest lockdown rules in Wales mean ?
Mr Drakeford faced calls from the Welsh Conservative Senedd leader Paul Davies to provide a `` strategy '' for Welsh tourism for how it will support it in the short and long term , and for `` immediate action '' to help the hospitality sector .
He said last week 's statement on lockdown in Wales , which said self-contained tourist accommodation could take bookings from 13 July , `` resulted in more questions than answers '' .
But Mr Drakeford said `` none of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as we move through the summer and into autumn '' .
`` We do our best to provide forward guidance to sectors in Wales , but to ask us to provide clarity where none is possible , would be to provide a false prospectus to those industries . ''
Coronavirus travel restrictions are among the measures still in place in Wales , with people expected to stay local at least until 6 July .
Speaking to BBC Radio Wales Breakfast with Claire Summers , Vaughan Gething said he was concerned about the moves @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lot of measures to undertake on one day . ''
`` I do n't think you 'd see that same appetite for risk here , '' he said .
He said Welsh Government officials are in contact with their counterparts in the UK government `` trying to get sight of the evidence '' .
`` And as soon as [ we see it ] we 'll consider it , and it will inform choices that we make here in Wales . ''
Mr Gething claimed that the `` overwhelming majority of people in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Welsh Government - which has eased lockdown more cautiously than in England .
`` Some people are thirsty for a much more rapid unlocking of the country but , actually , that is n't the overwhelming view of people , '' he said .
Darren Millar , Welsh Conservative Covid recovery spokesman , said that the UK government 's measures are `` safe and sensible '' and will `` come as a huge relief to those parts of society and the economy which would otherwise be unable to function and it is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' .
`` We encourage the Welsh Government to urgently review the restrictions here as soon as possible in order that a similar lifeline can be thrown to people and businesses across Wales . ''

"If it is possible, always using public health as our primary test, to reduce the two metre rule by exception then we will see what we are able to do in Wales, but we will do it by looking at the evidence first."


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Coronavirus: Antibody test lacks 'proper assessment'

Covid-19 antibodies tests for NHS and care staff are being rolled out without `` adequate assessment '' , experts warn .
The tests could place an unnecessary burden on the NHS , the 14 senior academics say in a letter in the BMJ , Last month , the government said it had bought 10 million antibodies tests and asked NHS trusts and care homes to make them available to staff in England .
Officials say the blood tests - to see if someone has had the virus - will play an `` increasingly important role '' .
Some patients and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are being offered them too .
They normally show if someone - who has previously been unwell with a bug - has developed protection against future bouts of the illness .
But how the immune system reacts to the Covid-19 virus remains uncertain .
With the current laboratory tests , NHS England says , a positive result shows a person has had coronavirus .
But crucially , it does not prove they have immunity against future attacks or whether they could transmit the virus to others .
Nevertheless , health officials say gathering @ @ @ @ @ @ @ them understand more about the spread of disease .
What are the concerns ?
The group of scientists say as a positive result is unable to prove immunity , the tests offer `` no benefit '' to hospitals and care staff .
The results do not change what personal protective equipment staff must wear , for example .
The academics also suggest there is little data on how well the test works for people at highest risk - including people belonging to some ethnic minorities and older patients .
Instead , they call @ @ @ @ @ @ @ monitor the spread of the virus .
What do other experts think ?
Prof Martin Hibberd , of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , described the tests as an important component of the public-health response .
He added : `` If used successfully , the data generated will be important surveillance information for understanding the effectiveness of control measures put in place . ''
Meanwhile Dr Tom Wingfield , at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , said he shared the concerns raised in the academics ' letter .
He @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have sufficient evidence on accuracy and interpretation of antibody tests . ''
A Public Health England official said all tests in the programme had been `` extensively validated by the manufacturers and have received CE marks '' indicating compliance with EU safety standards .
Public Health England has launched a study - using antibodies and other tests - to see if healthcare workers develop immunity .
• SOCIAL DISTANCING : What are the rules now ?
• BUBBLES : How do they work and who can be in yours ?
• JOBS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to work ?
• SOCIAL LIFE : When will pubs , bars and restaurants reopen ?
What about other parts of the UK ?
Wales is currently working on its testing policies .
Meanwhile , Scotland 's chief medical officer has written to all health boards to say they should not offer `` on-demand '' antibodies testing to NHS staff , care workers or patients .

But he said they were right to say there was not enough evidence that a positive test indicated immunity. "You couldn't safely use it as a way of telling people whether they could be exposed or not," he said.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Coronavirus: UK councils fear bankruptcy amid Covid-19 costs

Some of the largest UK councils say they may have to declare themselves effectively bankrupt unless the government agrees to further support .
Five councils said emergency spending controls - so-called section 114 notices - could be needed due to the impact of Covid-19 .
Nearly 150 authorities have forecast a combined budget shortfall of at least £3.2bn , the BBC found .
The government said it was working on a `` comprehensive plan '' for councils .
• At least five English councils warned they may meet the criteria to issue a section 114 notice at some point without @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bankrupt • They include some of the UK 's largest unitary authorities - Leeds , Wiltshire , Trafford , Tameside and Barnet • Liverpool 's Mayor Joe Anderson previously warned the city may decide to issue a section 114 notice but the authority said on Wednesday it was now planning to set a revised budget in September to address a £58.6m shortfall • Birmingham City Council - the largest authority in Europe - said `` given the size '' of its forecast shortfall of £212m across 2020-21 and 2021-22. after £70m government funding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `` would not rectify this situation '' • Of 173 local authorities who responded to the BBC 's questions , 148 predicted a budget shortfall • At least 20 local authorities plan to hold an emergency or in-year budget • At Highland Council in Scotland , the estimated shortfall is equivalent to £411 for every resident Whitehall has already given £3.2bn funding to all English councils in two tranches to help cover coronavirus costs .
Lost business rates , council tax holidays and emergency payments for families whose incomes have disappeared have all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at the same time as rising costs of adult care and providing protective equipment for carers .
Some of those councils would also typically depend on tourism for large chunks of income , such as dividends from airports they own or parking fees from visitors .
Facilities like council-owned leisure centres , which would normally produce income for authorities , are also closed .
Plummeting passenger numbers at Luton Airport are contributing to a £49m shortfall at the authority which owns it , Luton Borough Council .
A spokesman said it would have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ unprecedented cuts to key services '' if more cash was not made available .
Manchester City Council is losing out on more than £130m income this year from sources such as the council 's part-ownership of Manchester Airports Group ( MAG ) .
Sir Richard Leese , leader of Manchester City Council , said : `` It is no exaggeration to say that we are on the edge of a financial precipice . ''
England 's Minister for Local Government , Simon Clarke , said the £3.2bn funding already given to local authorities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of support from across government for local communities and businesses - totalling over £27 billion - including grants , business rate relief and for local transport '' .
About 230,000 people live in the Highlands but the area covers just under half the landmass of Scotland .
Its main sources of income - tourist car parks , docking fees and the sale of marine fuel at its harbours - have been reduced to `` zero overnight '' as a result of the pandemic , Highland Council said .
Head of finance Ed Foster @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be possible `` without shed-loads of pain . ''
`` Because so much of our budget is tied up in staffing , in order to balance we would need to reduce headcount , '' he said .
The BBC asked councils if they thought they would meet the criteria for issuing a section 114 notice .
Barnet Council in London referred to a report from a committee meeting where it said the `` anticipated costs of the disruption remain within the available resources of the council , however without additional levels of funding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ risk of being unable to remain in balance should the period of disruption sustain '' .
A spokesman later stressed it did not anticipate a need to issue a section 114 notice , adding : `` We have financial reserves which are well in excess of the impact Covid-19 will have in the current year .
`` This impact is being felt by all local authorities and we welcome the government support already received .
We will remain in contact with the government about the importance of continued financial support for local authorities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ professor at the Local Governance Research Centre , De Montfort University in Leicester , said : `` Local governments are being left to flounder .
`` The list of near-bankrupt councils is going to grow unless more support is available . ''
He said councils `` needed to be given more autonomy to raise their own revenue '' or further funding would be needed to support them in the long term .
Section 114 notices are issued in England when a council can not achieve a balanced budget .
In February 2018 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ authority for almost 20 years to warn it may not meet its legal obligation to balance the books for that financial year .
To cope with the coronavirus pandemic , councils revealed they were planning a mix of responses including using up cash reserves , reducing services and cancelling or postponing spending on big projects .
What does the government say ?
The government was not aware of any councils at `` imminent risk '' of issuing a section 114 notice , Jeremy Pocklington , the top official at the Ministry of Housing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ last week .
Council bosses , however , previously said the funding they had received was `` not even close '' to covering the costs of what had already been spent during the pandemic .
Mr Clarke said : `` We are working on a comprehensive plan to ensure councils ' financial sustainability over the financial year ahead - we will continue to work closely with them to ensure they are managing their costs and we have a collective understanding of the costs they are facing . ''
Councillor James Jamieson , chairman @ @ @ @ @ @ @ represents councils ' interests , said it was pleased the `` government had indicated it was working on a comprehensive plan to address the ongoing financial challenges , '' but `` urged the government to bring forward details ... as soon as possible '' .
More about this story The Shared Data Unit makes data journalism available to news organisations across the media industry , as part of a partnership between the BBC and the News Media Association .
This data was gathered with help from the Local Democracy Reporting Service .
For @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
For the full dataset , click here .
Read more about the Local News Partnerships here .

Barnet Council in London referred to a report from a committee meeting where it said the "anticipated costs of the disruption remain within the available resources of the council, however without additional levels of funding, the council will move into significant risk of being unable to remain in balance should the period of disruption sustain".


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Family courts: 'Major overhaul' aims to protect domestic abuse victims

Domestic abuse victims will get greater protections in an `` overhaul of how the family courts deal with the horrific crime '' , the government has announced .
Under new plans , more victims will have access to separate courtroom entrances , waiting rooms and protective screens to shield them from their alleged abuser .
A number of reforms will be included in the upcoming Domestic Abuse Bill .
It comes after an expert-led review of the family courts ' handling domestic abuse , following a BBC investigation .
Research by the Victoria Derbyshire programme found that within five years @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a parent with a known history of domestic abuse after a family court granted access .
The BBC also learned of cases where a parent with convictions for serious crimes relating to domestic abuse - including rape and serious violent offences - were granted unsupervised access to their child .
• Call for inquiry into abusive parents ' access to children The government review , led by experts from charities , the judiciary , family law practitioners and academia , took the views of more than 1,200 organisations and individuals , including parents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ courts .
It heard concerns about a `` pro-contact culture '' , in which courts placed undue priority on ensuring contact with the non-resident parent , resulting in `` systemic minimisation of allegations of domestic abuse '' .
The panel heard evidence about potential long-term harm to children as a result of courts ordering continued contact with an abusive parent .
It also found that an `` adversarial system '' in the family courts , including in cases involving child sexual abuse , often worsened conflict between parents and could re-traumatise victims and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the system aimed to better protect domestic abuse victims in the family courts , the Ministry of Justice said .
• Automatic entitlement to separate waiting rooms , entrances and screens in court for victims of domestic abuse , to be included in the upcoming Domestic Abuse Bill • More powers for judges in the form of `` barring orders '' to prevent abusers repeatedly dragging ex-partners back to court and re-traumatising victims • A review of the presumption of `` parental involvement '' and the balance between risk of harm to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the child to have a relationship with both parents • A trial of a new domestic abuse court with a `` problem-solving approach '' where a judge explores evidence rather than parents presenting their cases against each other • A commitment to improved training for professionals in the family justice system Justice minister Alex Chalk said the family courts see some of the most vulnerable in society and the government had a duty `` to ensure they are protected and not put in danger '' .
`` This report lays bare many @ @ @ @ @ @ @ we are determined to drive the fundamental change necessary to keep victims and their children safe , '' he said .
Nicki Norman , Acting CEO at the charity Women 's Aid , who was a member of the expert panel , said the report marked `` a major step forward '' .
She said that `` all too often , survivors and their children experience the family courts as failing to effectively protect them '' .
`` This welcome report must now deliver change . ''
Domestic Abuse Commissioner Nicole Jacobs and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Dame Vera Baird QC also welcomed the reforms .
`` This panel of experts has dug deep to understand , and address , the serious harm to domestic abuse victims and their children caused over many years by the presumption of contact , and the intensely adversarial process present in the family courts , '' Dame Vera said .
Top family court judge in England and Wales , Sir Andrew McFarlance , President of the Family Division , praised the review , and said he hoped parliament would be able to allocate the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The Domestic Abuse Bill is currently at the report stage in the House of Commons .
Other measures include prohibiting perpetrators of abuse from cross-examining their victims in person in the family courts in England and Wales .

"This panel of experts has dug deep to understand, and address, the serious harm to domestic abuse victims and their children caused over many years by the presumption of contact, and the intensely adversarial process present in the family courts," Dame Vera said.


bbcuk--2020-06-24--Coronavirus: Human trial of new vaccine begins in UK

Volunteers have begun being immunised with a new UK coronavirus vaccine .
About 300 people will have the vaccine over the coming weeks , as part of a trial led by Prof Robin Shattock and his colleagues , at Imperial College London .
Tests in animals suggest the vaccine is safe and triggers an effective immune response .
Experts at Oxford University have already started human trials .
The trials are among many across the world - there are around 120 vaccine programmes under way .
• Does the UK have coronavirus under control ?
• Is it safe to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ close to developing a vaccine are we ? '
I volunteered to help beat the virus' Kathy , 39 , who works in finance , is one of the first volunteers taking part in the Imperial trial .
She said she volunteered because she wanted to play a part in fighting the virus .
`` I think it came from not really knowing what I could do to help , and this turned out to be something that I could do .
`` And understanding that it 's not likely that things will @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a vaccine , so wanting to be part of that progress as well . ''
After this first phase , another trial is being planned for October , involving 6,000 people .
The Imperial team hopes the vaccine could be distributed in the UK and overseas from early 2021 .
• SOCIAL DISTANCING : What are the rules now ?
• BUBBLES : How do they work and who can be in yours ?
• JOBS : Can my boss force me to go to work ?
• SOCIAL LIFE : When will @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Meanwhile the Duke of Cambridge met volunteers taking part in Oxford University 's trial , at the city 's Churchill Hospital .
Prince William told the volunteers : `` It 's the most incredibly exciting and very welcome project that you 're all doing which is why it 's fascinating . ''
Many traditional vaccines are based on a weakened or modified form of virus , or parts of it , but the Imperial vaccine is based on a new approach , using synthetic strands of genetic code , called RNA , which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ muscle , the RNA self-amplifies - generating copies of itself - and instructs the body 's own cells to make copies of a spike protein found on the outside of the virus .
This should train the immune system to recognise and fight coronavirus without having to develop Covid-19 .
Because only a tiny amount of genetic code is used in the Imperial vaccine , a little goes a very long way .
The Imperial team says one litre of its synthetic material will be enough to produce two million doses .
Those @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but later this year manufacturing is switching to the UK , so that if and when it needs to be mass produced , it can be done here .
All clinical trials begin carefully and slowly to reduce safety risks .
When the Oxford vaccine began in April , only two volunteers were immunised on the first day .
Within a week , 100 were being jabbed every day .
The unique nature of the Imperial vaccine means that only one volunteer will be immunised on the first day , followed by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a week or so , numbers will slowly ramp up .
Unlike the Oxford vaccine , which uses one dose , volunteers on the Imperial trial will get two shots , four weeks apart .
Prof Shattock and his team say there are no particular safety concerns with their jab - it 's simply the newness of the approach which is making them proceed with caution .
There are more than 120 coronavirus vaccines in early development across the world .
Most of these will never get beyond the laboratory .
A further @ @ @ @ @ @ @ five in China , three in the United States , two in the UK , one in Australia , Germany and Russia .
All the vaccine teams are keen to stress that they are not in a race against each other , but against the virus .
If there are to be enough doses to protect the world , several vaccine approaches will need to be successful .
Prof Shattock said : `` We 've been able to produce a vaccine from scratch and take it to human trials in just a few @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the vaccine provides effective protection against disease , it could revolutionise how we respond to disease outbreaks in future . ''
Chief investigator for the study , Dr Katrina Pollock , added : `` I would n't be working on this trial if I did n't feel cautiously optimistic that we will see a great immune response in our participants .
`` The pre-clinical data looked very promising .
We 're getting a neutralising antibody response which is the immune response you would want to protect from infection .
But there 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evaluate this vaccine . ''
The research has been funded by £41m from the UK government , as well as £5m of other donations .
• CORONAVIRUS NEWSCAST : Evan Davis takes the temperature of the economy • SEAN PENN : The Hollywood actor 's role in getting Americans tested

There are more than 120 coronavirus vaccines in early development across the world. Most of these will never get beyond the laboratory. A further 13 are now in clinical trials: five in China, three in the United States, two in the UK, one in Australia, Germany and Russia.