veteranstoday--2020-03-18--French researcher posts successful CV19 drug trial

A renowned research professor in France has reported successful results from a new treatment for Covid-19 , with early tests suggesting it can stop the virus from being contagious in just six days .
Professor Raoult is an infectious diseases specialist and head of the IHU Méditerranée Infection , who has been tasked by – and consulted by – the French government to research possible treatments of Covid-19 .
He said that the first Covid-19 patients he had treated with the drug chloroquine had seen a rapid and effective speeding up of their healing process , and a sharp decrease @ @ @ @ @ @ @ contagious .
Chloroquine – which is normally used mainly to prevent and treat malaria – was administered via the named drug , Plaquenil .
The treatment was offered to 24 patients , who were among the first to become infected in the south east of France , and who had voluntarily admitted themselves to hospital for the process .
Patients were given 600mcg per day for 10 days .
They were closely monitored , as the drug can interact with other medication , and cause severe side effects in some cases .
Professor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ who was in agreement [ to be treated ] , which was almost everyone .
Two towns in the protocol , Nice and Avignon , gave us [ infected ] patients who had not yet received treatment .
“ We were able to ascertain that patients who had not received Plaquenil ( the drug containing hydroxychloroquine ) were still contagious after six days , but of those that had received Plaquenil , after six days , only 25 % were still contagious.
” Chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine have previously been used to treat @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Covid-19 clinical trials .
Kaletra , a US-based antiviral drug normally used to treat HIV , is another medicine that is being tested in the fight against Covid-19 .
A new academic study , published on Friday March 13 by US scientific researchers , also said that chloroquine appeared to be an effective treatment , and appears to align with the findings in France .
It said : “ Use of chloroquine ( tablets ) is showing favorable outcomes in humans infected with Coronavirus including faster time to recovery and shorter hospital stay… @ @ @ @ @ @ @ strong potential as a prophylactic ( preventative ) measure against coronavirus in the lab , while we wait for a vaccine to be developed .
“ Chloroquine is an inexpensive , globally available drug that has been in widespread human use since 1945 against malaria , autoimmune and various other conditions… [ it ] can be prescribed to adults and children of all ages .
“ It can also be safely taken by pregnant women and nursing mothers [ and ] has been widely used to treat human diseases , such as malaria @ @ @ @ @ @ @ diseases , without significant detrimental side effects.
” Researchers worldwide are continuing to work on developing a vaccine against Covid-19 .
So far , no country – nor the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) – has officially published treatment measures against Covid-19 , but in China and South Korea , guidelines already outline the use of chloroquine as an “ effective treatment ” , the study report said .
• Stay at home , except in exceptional circumstances .
• Keep a 1 metre distance between yourself and others when you are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ soap or hydro-alcoholic sanitiser gel frequently .
• Cough or sneeze into your elbow rather than your hands .
• Use single use tissues and dispose immediately after use .
• Do not shake hands , or greet people with kisses on the cheek .
• If you are sick , everyone in the household must stay at home , and avoid any trips outdoors , and wear a mask in the company of others .
If you believe you are sick , do not go to the hospital or visit your local @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Instead call your local doctor and take paracetamol for the fever .
Do not take anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or cortisone to treat the possible symptoms of Covid-19 as these could actually worsen the infection .
If you have returned from a high risk area , including China ( mainland China , Hong Kong , Macao ) ; Singapore , South Korea , Iran or the Lombardy and Veneto regions of Italy , and present symptoms of respiratory infection such as fever , cough , difficulty breathing within 14 days of your @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Do not go to your local hospital or doctor , or call the Samu 15 number except in a genuine , life-threatening emergency .
In consultation with Stanford University School of Medicine , UAB School of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences researchers .
Translation by : Google Translate and edited by Ross Shulman , Cornell University MS ’ 20 [ email protected ] Recent guidelines from South Korea and China report that chloroquine is an effective antiviral therapeutic treatment against Coronavirus Disease 2019 .
Use of chloroquine ( tablets ) is showing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ including faster time to recovery and shorter hospital stay .
US CDC research shows that chloroquine also has strong potential as a prophylactic ( preventative ) measure against coronavirus in the lab , while we wait for a vaccine to be developed .
Chloroquine is an inexpensive , globally available drug that has been in widespread human use since 1945 against malaria , autoimmune and various other conditions .
The U.S. CDC and World Health Organization have not published treatment measures against Coronavirus disease 2019 ( “ COVID-19 ” ) .
Medical centers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protocols .
Treatments , and ideally a preventative measure , are needed .
South Korea and China have had significantly more exposure and time to analyze diagnostic , treatment and preventative options .
The U.S. , Europe and the rest of the world can learn from their experience .
According to former FDA commissioner , board member of Pfizer and Illumina , Scott Gotlieb MD , the world can learn the most about COVID-19 by paying closest attention to the response of countries that have had significant exposure to COVID-19 before the U.S. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ per the U.S. CDC , “ Chloroquine ( also known as chloroquine phosphate ) is an antimalarial medicine… Chloroquine is available in the United States by prescription only… Chloroquine can be prescribed for either prevention or treatment of malaria .
Chloroquine can be prescribed to adults and children of all ages .
It can also be safely taken by pregnant women and nursing mothers.
” [ 2 ] CDC research also shows that “ chloroquine can affect virus infection in many ways , and the antiviral effect depends in part on the extent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ entry .
Chloroquine has been widely used to treat human diseases , such as malaria , amoebiosis , HIV , and autoimmune diseases , without significant detrimental side effects.
” [ 3 ] The treatment guidelines of both South Korea and China against COVID-19 are generally consistent , outlining chloroquine as an effective treatment .
Specifically , according to the Korea Biomedical Review , in February 2020 in South Korea , the COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force , composed of physicians and experts treating patients agreed upon treatment principles for patients with COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the General Office of the National Health Commission , General Office of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as a Multi-Center Collaborative Group of Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Guangdong Provincial Health Comp and the China National Center for Biotechnology Development have established effective treatment measures based on human studies .
[ 5 ] According to their research ( reported in Clinical Trials Arena ) , “ Data from the drug ’ s [ chloroquine ] studies showed ‘ certain curative effect ’ with ‘ fairly good @ @ @ @ @ @ @ demonstrated a better drop in fever , improvement of lung CT images , and required a shorter time to recover compared to parallel groups .
The percentage of patients with negative viral nucleic acid tests was also higher with the anti-malarial drug… Chloroquine has so far shown no obvious serious adverse reactions in more than 100 participants in the trials… Chloroquine was selected after several screening rounds of thousands of existing drugs .
Chloroquine is undergoing further trials in more than ten hospitals in Beijing , Guangdong province and Hunnan province.
” [ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Review , the South Korean COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force guidelines are as follows : 1 .
If patients are young , healthy , and have mild symptoms without underlying conditions , doctors can observe them without antiviral treatment ; 2 .
If more than 10 days have passed since the onset of the illness and the symptoms are mild , physicians do not have to start an antiviral medication ; 3 .
However , if patients are old or have underlying conditions with serious symptoms , physicians should consider an antiviral treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ antiviral therapy , they should start the administration as soon as possible : 4 .
As chloroquine is not available in Korea , doctors could consider hydroxychloroquine 400mg orally per day ( Hydroxychloroquine is an analog of chloroquine used against malaria , autoimmune disorders , etc .
It is widely available as well ) .
5 .
The treatment is suitable for 7 – 10 days , which can be shortened or extended depending on clinical progress .
Notably , the guidelines mention other antivirals as further lines of defense , including anti-HIV @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan , 7th Edition , the treatment guidelines are as follows : 1 .
Treatment for mild cases includes bed rest , supportive treatments , and maintenance of caloric intake .
Pay attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain homeostasis .
Closely monitor the patient ’ s vitals and oxygen saturation .
2 .
As indicated by clinical presentations , monitor the hematology panel , routine urinalysis , CRP , biochemistry ( liver enzymes , cardiac enzymes , kidney function ) , coagulation , arterial blood @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so on .
Cytokines can be tested , if possible .
3 .
Administer effective oxygenation measures promptly , including nasal catheter , oxygen mask , and high flow nasal cannula .
If conditions allow , a hydrogen-oxygen gas mix ( H2/O2 : 66.6 % /33.3 % ) may be used for breathing .
… chloroquine phosphate ( adult 18-65 years old weighing more than 50kg : 500mg twice daily for 7 days ; bodyweight less than 50kg : 500mg twice daily for day 1 and 2 , 500mg once daily for day @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and the Guangdong Provincial Health and Health Commission issued a report stating “ Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for new coronavirus pneumonia : … clinical research results show that chloroquine improves the success rate of treatment and shortens the length of patient ’ s hospital stay.
” [ 9 ] The report further goes on to cite research from the US CDC from 2005 as well as research from the University of Leuven University in Belgium regarding chloroquine ’ s effectiveness against SARS coronavirus at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Like the South Korean guidelines , notably , other antivirals ( e.g .
anti-HIV drugs ) are listed as further lines of defense .
The most research thus far has been around chloroquine .
According to research by the US CDC , chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS coronavirus , both prophylactically and therapeutically .
SARS coronavirus has significant similarities to COVID-19 .
Specifically , the CDC research was completed in primate cells using chloroquine ’ s well known function of elevating endosomal pH .
The results show that “ We have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for SARS-CoV in cell culture conditions , as evidenced by its inhibitory effect when the drug was added prior to infection or after the initiation and establishment of infection .
The fact that chloroquine exerts an antiviral effect during pre- and post-infection conditions suggest that it is likely to have both prophylactic and therapeutic advantages.
” The study shows that chloroquine is effective in preventing SARS-CoV infection in cell culture if the drug is added to the cells 24 h prior to infection .
Prophylactic effect of chloroquine .
Vero E6 cells pre-treated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ media were removed and the cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline before they were infected with SARS-CoV ( 0.5 multiplicity of infection ) for 1 h in the absence of chloroquine .
Virus was then removed and the cells were maintained in Opti-MEM ( Invitrogen ) for 16–18 h in the absence of chloroquine .
SARS-CoV antigens were stained with virus-specific HMAF , followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies .
( A ) The concentration of chloroquine used is indicated on the top of each panel .
( B ) SARS-CoV antigen-positive cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ using a digital camera , the number of antigen-positive cells was determined , and the average inhibition was calculated .
Percent inhibition was obtained by considering the untreated control as 0 % inhibition .
The vertical bars represent the range of SEM .
In the case of chloroquine treatment prior to infection , the impairment of terminal glycosylation of ACE2 may result in reduced binding affinities between ACE2 and SARS-CoV spike protein and negatively influence the initiation of SARS-CoV infection .
The cell surface expression of under-glycosylated ACE2 and its poor affinity to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mechanism by which infection is prevented by drug pretreatment of cells prior to infection .
In addition , the study also shows that chloroquine was very effective even when the drug was added 3–5 h after infection , suggesting an antiviral effect even after the establishment of infection .
Post-infection chloroquine treatment reduces SARS-CoV infection and spread .
Vero E6 cells were seeded and infected as described for Fig .
1 except that chloroquine was added only after virus adsorption .
Cells were maintained in Opti-MEM ( Invitrogen ) containing chloroquine for 16–18 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for immunofluorescence .
( A ) The concentration of chloroquine is indicated on the top .
( B ) Percent inhibition and SEM were calculated as in Fig .
1B .
( C ) The effective dose ( ED50 ) was calculated using commercially available software ( Grafit , version 4 , Erithacus Software ) .
When chloroquine is added after infection , it can rapidly raise the pH and subvert on-going fusion events between virus and endosomes , thus inhibiting the infection .
When added after the initiation of infection , it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ virus replication , or assembly and release .
Specifically , rapid elevation of endosomal pH and abrogation of virus-endosome fusion may be the primary mechanism by which virus infection is prevented under post-treatment conditions .
The US CDC study goes on to conclude that : “ The infectivity of coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV are also affected by chloroquine , as exemplified by the human CoV-229E [ 15 ] .
The inhibitory effects observed on SARS-CoV infectivity and cell spread occurred in the presence of 1–10 μM chloroquine , which are plasma concentrations achievable @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( varying from 1.6–12.5 μM ) [ 26 ] and hence are well tolerated by patients .
Chloroquine , a relatively safe , effective and cheap drug used for treating many human diseases including malaria , amoebiasis and human immunodeficiency virus is effective in inhibiting the infection and spread of SARS CoV in cell culture.
” COVID-19 in a single stranded , positive strain RNA virus with a protein shell and membrane .
The genome is of the same sense of the mRNA .
It goes through a lifecycle where incoming viral COVID @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the new strand becomes the new strand for the new mRNA .
There are significant similarities between COVID-19 and SARS coronavirus .
Both COVID-19 and SARS-like coronaviruses have machinery for regulating their own replication and production of their proteins .
Coronavirus depends on the breakdown of macromolecules such as proteins .
Specifically , the virus depends on turning over the host proteins to trigger response for available building blocks to make their own proteins or nucleic acids .
They break down due to low PH catalyzed by hydrolysis .
Additionally , coronaviruses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the capsid ( protein shell of the virus ) .
These non-structural proteins are regulatory proteins that take over the host cell and suppress the immune system of the host ( similar to HIV ) .
Coronavirus can create growth factor like mechanisms ( e.g .
cytokines ) to optimize the growth environment in the cell to favor it .
It is this part of the coronavirus ’ replicative path that chloroquine inhibits .
Notably , because of its nitrogen structure , chloroquine has the unique ability to get into cells and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nitrogens in chloroquine ( and quinines in general ) prevent acidification by absorbing a high amount of hydrogens that simply then interact with nitrogen and then chloroquine becomes positively charged – an ionic interaction which makes it harder for the endosome to become acidified .
The result is a buffer that holds it at the higher pH and prevents it from becoming acidic enough to be functional .
To summarize , because chloroquine has a multitude of extra nitrogens , once it crosses the membrane and enters an organelle , the organelle is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The organelle ’ s enzymes can not work because the donor group will be a hydrogen ion , disabling the hydrolysis required for coronavirus replication .
This means that all kinds of events in the cell are incapable of performing optimally , including viral replication .
Chloroquine ’ s entrance into the organelle likely constipates the whole system .
An analogy is that the virus is like a garbage facility which has to break down and burn up the garbage and if it can not , the garbage piles up and the city @ @ @ @ @ @ @ case for any virus , cancer cells or any other condition that is dependent on turning over the worn out or incorrectly synthesized proteins .
The UK has banned the export of Chloroquine [ 13 ] As of February 26 , 2020 , the UK government has added chloroquine to the list of medicines that can not be parallel exported from the UK .
Chloroquine was never on this list before .
This likely happened because of the growing body of evidence of chloroquine ’ s effectiveness against coronavirus .
In early February @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology , Consumption Division to promptly increase the manufacturing and production of the active pharmaceutical ingredients chloroquine phosphate despite slowed production during the Chinese New Year .
There has been massive de-stabilization of society due to COVID-19 .
RNA viruses are subject to fairly high mutation rates as RNA based genomes do not copy themselves faithfully , thereby accumulating mutations quickly which can lead to failure of the virus ( analogy : unaudited software code will often eventually fail due to a critical error ) or can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is likely what has happened in 2020 ( when coronavirus “ jumped ” from animal to human ; it is doubtful that this has occurred because of the use of chloroquine ) as we have have two forms of COVID-19 ( “ more aggressive ” and “ less aggressive ” ) .
If the replication quality of RNA virus like coronavirus can be destabilized this will likely cause it to self destruct , but there is always the risk that the virus mutates to become more aggressive .
Treating COVID-19 with chloroquine , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and China does have the potential to lead to a mutation .
The mutation can either be beneficial or harmful to humans .
In this particular case , chloroquine is likely being used to destabilize the replication quality of COVID-19 , providing significant potential for COVID-19 to self-destruct , which would likely bide more time for health systems worldwide to increase capacity and equipment as well as allow time for the public release of a vaccine .
All precaution must be taken into account for the risk of escape where COVID-19 comes out @ @ @ @ @ @ @ been manufactured and distributed at global scale since approximately 1945 .
While there has recently been a shortage of N95 protective masks , medical systems can adjust and dramatically increase the supply of chloroquine in the world .
Chloroquine tablets and intravenous formulations are generic and easy to produce .
Chloroquine is a prescription drug .
It can have side effects and has contraindications .
One often cited side effect is chloroquine retinopathy , which can result in permanent vision loss after high cumulative doses of chloroquine .
However , retinal damage is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dosage under 400g ( dosage level only reached after years of treatment ) .
Medical professionals must be consulted before use of chloroquine .
Chloroquine tablets are readily available in the U.S. and have never been removed from the market .
Intravenous chloroquine was taken off the market in the USA pre-2000 because of the absence of acute malarial infections in the USA – there was no use for the intravenous form .
It can easily be brought back to the market .
Currently chloroquine is most widely administered in tablet form ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the issue is that when the tablet is ingested , it must be processed through the stomach and be taken up by the small intestine , for which then it enters the blood and subsequently the respiratory system .
Because of the metabolism , this takes time and there is a loss of chloroquine delivery to the respiratory system ( where COVID-19 replicates ) .
When chloroquine is used intravenously against malaria ( chloroquine hydrochloride ) , it is being mainlined directly into the blood stream so that it is distributing around the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ virus faster and at a higher concentration in the respiratory system .
Intravenous formulations are readily available and should be studied accordingly .
Further research should be carried out using chloroquine in nanoparticles and various fast , slow and sustained released formulations , as well as combinations of chloroquine and other molecules .
As per Steve Schow PhD , Professor of Chemical and Systems Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine and Lead Advisor to Stanford ’ s SPARK Translational Research Program : “ There are a number of related isoquinoline and quinoline @ @ @ @ @ @ @ same general acid neutralizing effects .
In addition certain antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs are known to accumulate in lysosomes via this acid-base process and might be effective here if the doses needed aren ’ t too high.
” [ 18 ] New Molecular Entity : Chloroquine analogs with more nitrogens The nitrogens in chloroquine and quinines in general prevent acidification by absorbing a high amount of hydrogens that then interact with nitrogen , and , in turn , transfer a positive charge to chloroquine .
This ionic interaction makes it harder and harder @ @ @ @ @ @ @ therefore disrupting viral replication .
If more nitrogens are added , either by making extra branches of ionizable nitrogens or lengthening one of the chains by putting extra carbons and other nitrogens around it , this may have even greater effect .
The key issue will be whether there is a heavy change in bioavailability – will the new molecule be able to enter the cell and reach the right place with similar efficiency .
Chloroquine can both prevent and treat malaria .
Chloroquine can both prevent and treat coronavirus in primate cells @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
According to South Korean and China human treatment guidelines , chloroquine is effective in treating COVID-19 .
Given chloroquine ’ s human safety profile and existence , it can be implemented today in the U.S. , Europe and the rest of the world .
Medical doctors may be reluctant to prescribe chloroquine to treat COVID-19 since it is not FDA approved for this use .
The United States of America and other countries should immediately authorize and indemnify medical doctors for prescribing chloroquine to treat COVID-19 .
We must explore whether chloroquine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prior to infection of COVID-19 to stop further spread of this highly contagious virus .
Griffero-Diaz ’ s F. , Hoschander SA , Brojatsch J .Endocytosis IS A Critical entry in STEP B of subgroup Avian leukosis viruses [ J ] .J Virology,2003,76 ( 24 ) :12866-12876.The DOI : 10.1128 / jvi.76.24 .
12866-12876.2002 .
Rodrigo D , Luiza H , Paula P , et al .Chloroquine , an Endocytosis Blocking Agent , Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models [ J ] .Viruses,2016,8 ( 12 ) :322-.DOI : 10.3390 / v8120322 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Li C , et Al .Chloroquine inhibits the endosomal Viral an RNA Release and autophagy in-dependent Viral Replication and Effectively Prevents CARE OF to Fetal Transmission of Zika Virus .
[ J ] Antiviral Res.2019 ; 169:104 547 .
The DOI : 10.1016 /j.antiviral.2019.104547 Kono M , Tatsumi K , Imai AM , et al .Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells ( L132 ) by chloroquine : involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK [ J ] .Antiviral Res,2008,77 ( 2 ) :150-152.DOI : 10.1016 / j.antiviral.2007.10.011 .
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A renowned research professor in France has reported successful results from a new treatment for Covid-19, with early tests suggesting it can stop the virus from being contagious in just six days.
https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/French-researcher-in-Marseille-posts-successful-Covid-19-coronavirus-drug-trial-results
Professor Raoult is an infectious diseases specialist and head of the IHU Méditerranée Infection, who has been tasked by – and consulted by – the French government to research possible treatments of Covid-19.
He said that the first Covid-19 patients he had treated with the drug chloroquine had seen a rapid and effective speeding up of their healing process, and a sharp decrease in the amount of time they remained contagious.
Chloroquine – which is normally used mainly to prevent and treat malaria – was administered via the named drug, Plaquenil.
The treatment was offered to 24 patients, who were among the first to become infected in the south east of France, and who had voluntarily admitted themselves to hospital for the process.
Patients were given 600mcg per day for 10 days. They were closely monitored, as the drug can interact with other medication, and cause severe side effects in some cases.
Professor Raoult said: “We included everyone who was in agreement [to be treated], which was almost everyone. Two towns in the protocol, Nice and Avignon, gave us [infected] patients who had not yet received treatment.
“We were able to ascertain that patients who had not received Plaquenil (the drug containing hydroxychloroquine) were still contagious after six days, but of those that had received Plaquenil, after six days, only 25% were still contagious.”
Chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine have previously been used to treat coronavirus patients in China, in ongoing Covid-19 clinical trials.
Kaletra, a US-based antiviral drug normally used to treat HIV, is another medicine that is being tested in the fight against Covid-19.
A new academic study, published on Friday March 13 by US scientific researchers, also said that chloroquine appeared to be an effective treatment, and appears to align with the findings in France.
It said: “Use of chloroquine (tablets) is showing favorable outcomes in humans infected with Coronavirus including faster time to recovery and shorter hospital stay…
“Research shows that chloroquine also has strong potential as a prophylactic (preventative) measure against coronavirus in the lab, while we wait for a vaccine to be developed.
“Chloroquine is an inexpensive, globally available drug that has been in widespread human use since 1945 against malaria, autoimmune and various other conditions…[it] can be prescribed to adults and children of all ages.
“It can also be safely taken by pregnant women and nursing mothers [and] has been widely used to treat human diseases, such as malaria, amoebiosis, HIV, and autoimmune diseases, without significant detrimental side effects.”
Researchers worldwide are continuing to work on developing a vaccine against Covid-19.
So far, no country – nor the World Health Organisation (WHO) – has officially published treatment measures against Covid-19, but in China and South Korea, guidelines already outline the use of chloroquine as an “effective treatment”, the study report said.
The French government has issued health advice to help stop the virus from spreading.
This advice includes:
Stay at home, except in exceptional circumstances .
. Keep a 1 metre distance between yourself and others when you are out.
Wash your hands with soap or hydro-alcoholic sanitiser gel frequently.
Cough or sneeze into your elbow rather than your hands.
Use single use tissues and dispose immediately after use.
Do not shake hands, or greet people with kisses on the cheek.
If you are sick, everyone in the household must stay at home, and avoid any trips outdoors, and wear a mask in the company of others.
If you believe you are sick, do not go to the hospital or visit your local doctor as you may infect others. Instead call your local doctor and take paracetamol for the fever.
Do not take anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or cortisone to treat the possible symptoms of Covid-19 as these could actually worsen the infection.
If you have returned from a high risk area, including China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao); Singapore, South Korea, Iran or the Lombardy and Veneto regions of Italy, and present symptoms of respiratory infection such as fever, cough, difficulty breathing within 14 days of your return, call your local GP.
Do not go to your local hospital or doctor, or call the Samu 15 number except in a genuine, life-threatening emergency.
An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Presented by: James M. Todaro, MD (Columbia MD, jtodaro2@gmail.com) and Gregory J. Rigano, Esq. (grigano1@jhu.edu)
In consultation with Stanford University School of Medicine, UAB School of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences researchers.
March 13, 2020
SPANISH: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR1adodKPhWalV9djnerI2x_v1LGgGyhZZxpl0O5r-ZNyDdagqFq1rTCxXBqaeicfxgvypDOqKCZVyV/pub
Translation by: Celia Martínez-Aceves (Yale B.S. Candidate 2021; celia.martinez-aceves@yale.edu), Martín Martínez (MIT B.S. 2017 ; martin.martinez.mit@gmail.com)
ITALIAN: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSjPNh_WX6FXUIE3OaA3ScsW7yIH3-SpZyYzElNQUNuJvDmD9eFzM29mVXeaYRY-rjGv52wkrZNa7tb/pub
Translation by: Google Translate and edited by Ross Shulman, Cornell University MS ’20 ross.shulman@gmail.com
Summary
Recent guidelines from South Korea and China report that chloroquine is an effective antiviral therapeutic treatment against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Use of chloroquine (tablets) is showing favorable outcomes in humans infected with Coronavirus including faster time to recovery and shorter hospital stay. US CDC research shows that chloroquine also has strong potential as a prophylactic (preventative) measure against coronavirus in the lab, while we wait for a vaccine to be developed. Chloroquine is an inexpensive, globally available drug that has been in widespread human use since 1945 against malaria, autoimmune and various other conditions.
Chloroquine: C18H26ClN3
Background
The U.S. CDC and World Health Organization have not published treatment measures against Coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”). Medical centers are starting to have issues with traditional protocols. Treatments, and ideally a preventative measure, are needed. South Korea and China have had significantly more exposure and time to analyze diagnostic, treatment and preventative options. The U.S., Europe and the rest of the world can learn from their experience. According to former FDA commissioner, board member of Pfizer and Illumina, Scott Gotlieb MD, the world can learn the most about COVID-19 by paying closest attention to the response of countries that have had significant exposure to COVID-19 before the U.S. and Europe.[1]
As per the U.S. CDC, “Chloroquine (also known as chloroquine phosphate) is an antimalarial medicine… Chloroquine is available in the United States by prescription only… Chloroquine can be prescribed for either prevention or treatment of malaria. Chloroquine can be prescribed to adults and children of all ages. It can also be safely taken by pregnant women and nursing mothers.”[2]
CDC research also shows that “chloroquine can affect virus infection in many ways, and the antiviral effect depends in part on the extent to which the virus utilizes endosomes for entry. Chloroquine has been widely used to treat human diseases, such as malaria, amoebiosis, HIV, and autoimmune diseases, without significant detrimental side effects.”[3]
The treatment guidelines of both South Korea and China against COVID-19 are generally consistent, outlining chloroquine as an effective treatment.
Specifically, according to the Korea Biomedical Review, in February 2020 in South Korea, the COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force, composed of physicians and experts treating patients agreed upon treatment principles for patients with COVID-19.[4] In China, the General Office of the National Health Commission, General Office of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as a Multi-Center Collaborative Group of Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Guangdong Provincial Health Comp and the China National Center for Biotechnology Development have established effective treatment measures based on human studies.[5]
According to their research (reported in Clinical Trials Arena),
“Data from the drug’s [chloroquine] studies showed ‘certain curative effect’ with ‘fairly good efficacy’ … patients treated with chloroquine demonstrated a better drop in fever, improvement of lung CT images, and required a shorter time to recover compared to parallel groups. The percentage of patients with negative viral nucleic acid tests was also higher with the anti-malarial drug… Chloroquine has so far shown no obvious serious adverse reactions in more than 100 participants in the trials… Chloroquine was selected after several screening rounds of thousands of existing drugs. Chloroquine is undergoing further trials in more than ten hospitals in Beijing, Guangdong province and Hunnan province.”[6]
Treatment Guidelines from South Korea[7]
According to the Korea Biomedical Review, the South Korean COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force guidelines are as follows:
1. If patients are young, healthy, and have mild symptoms without underlying conditions, doctors can observe them without antiviral treatment;
2. If more than 10 days have passed since the onset of the illness and the symptoms are mild, physicians do not have to start an antiviral medication;
3. However, if patients are old or have underlying conditions with serious symptoms, physicians should consider an antiviral treatment. If they decide to use the antiviral therapy, they should start the administration as soon as possible:
… chloroquine 500mg orally per day.
4. As chloroquine is not available in Korea, doctors could consider hydroxychloroquine 400mg orally per day (Hydroxychloroquine is an analog of chloroquine used against malaria, autoimmune disorders, etc. It is widely available as well).
5. The treatment is suitable for 7 – 10 days, which can be shortened or extended depending on clinical progress.
Notably, the guidelines mention other antivirals as further lines of defense, including anti-HIV drugs.
Treatment Guidelines from China[8]
According to China’s Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan, 7th Edition, the treatment guidelines are as follows:
1. Treatment for mild cases includes bed rest, supportive treatments, and maintenance of caloric intake. Pay attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain homeostasis. Closely monitor the patient’s vitals and oxygen saturation.
2. As indicated by clinical presentations, monitor the hematology panel, routine urinalysis, CRP, biochemistry (liver enzymes, cardiac enzymes, kidney function), coagulation, arterial blood gas analysis, chest radiography, and so on. Cytokines can be tested, if possible.
3. Administer effective oxygenation measures promptly, including nasal catheter, oxygen mask, and high flow nasal cannula. If conditions allow, a hydrogen-oxygen gas mix (H2/O2: 66.6%/33.3%) may be used for breathing.
4. Antiviral therapies:
… chloroquine phosphate (adult 18-65 years old weighing more than 50kg: 500mg twice daily for 7 days; bodyweight less than 50kg: 500mg twice daily for day 1 and 2, 500mg once daily for day 3 through 7) …
Additionally, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and the Guangdong Provincial Health and Health Commission issued a report stating “Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for new coronavirus pneumonia: … clinical research results show that chloroquine improves the success rate of treatment and shortens the length of patient’s hospital stay.”[9] The report further goes on to cite research from the US CDC from 2005 as well as research from the University of Leuven University in Belgium regarding chloroquine’s effectiveness against SARS coronavirus at the cellular level.[10]
Like the South Korean guidelines, notably, other antivirals (e.g. anti-HIV drugs) are listed as further lines of defense. The most research thus far has been around chloroquine.
Chloroquine as a prophylactic (preventative) measure against COVID-19[11]
According to research by the US CDC, chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS coronavirus, both prophylactically and therapeutically. SARS coronavirus has significant similarities to COVID-19. Specifically, the CDC research was completed in primate cells using chloroquine’s well known function of elevating endosomal pH. The results show that “We have identified chloroquine as an effective antiviral agent for SARS-CoV in cell culture conditions, as evidenced by its inhibitory effect when the drug was added prior to infection or after the initiation and establishment of infection. The fact that chloroquine exerts an antiviral effect during pre- and post-infection conditions suggest that it is likely to have both prophylactic and therapeutic advantages.”
The study shows that chloroquine is effective in preventing SARS-CoV infection in cell culture if the drug is added to the cells 24 h prior to infection.
FIGURE 1
Prophylactic effect of chloroquine. Vero E6 cells pre-treated with chloroquine for 20 hrs. Chloroquine-containing media were removed and the cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline before they were infected with SARS-CoV (0.5 multiplicity of infection) for 1 h in the absence of chloroquine. Virus was then removed and the cells were maintained in Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) for 16–18 h in the absence of chloroquine. SARS-CoV antigens were stained with virus-specific HMAF, followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies. (A) The concentration of chloroquine used is indicated on the top of each panel. (B) SARS-CoV antigen-positive cells at three random locations were captured by using a digital camera, the number of antigen-positive cells was determined, and the average inhibition was calculated. Percent inhibition was obtained by considering the untreated control as 0% inhibition. The vertical bars represent the range of SEM.
In the case of chloroquine treatment prior to infection, the impairment of terminal glycosylation of ACE2 may result in reduced binding affinities between ACE2 and SARS-CoV spike protein and negatively influence the initiation of SARS-CoV infection. The cell surface expression of under-glycosylated ACE2 and its poor affinity to SARS-CoV spike protein may be the primary mechanism by which infection is prevented by drug pretreatment of cells prior to infection.
In addition, the study also shows that chloroquine was very effective even when the drug was added 3–5 h after infection, suggesting an antiviral effect even after the establishment of infection.
Figure 2
Post-infection chloroquine treatment reduces SARS-CoV infection and spread. Vero E6 cells were seeded and infected as described for Fig. 1 except that chloroquine was added only after virus adsorption. Cells were maintained in Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) containing chloroquine for 16–18 h, after which they were processed for immunofluorescence. (A) The concentration of chloroquine is indicated on the top. (B) Percent inhibition and SEM were calculated as in Fig. 1B. (C) The effective dose (ED50) was calculated using commercially available software (Grafit, version 4, Erithacus Software).
When chloroquine is added after infection, it can rapidly raise the pH and subvert on-going fusion events between virus and endosomes, thus inhibiting the infection. When added after the initiation of infection, it likely affects the endosome-mediated fusion, subsequent virus replication, or assembly and release. Specifically, rapid elevation of endosomal pH and abrogation of virus-endosome fusion may be the primary mechanism by which virus infection is prevented under post-treatment conditions.
The US CDC study goes on to conclude that:
“The infectivity of coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV are also affected by chloroquine, as exemplified by the human CoV-229E [15]. The inhibitory effects observed on SARS-CoV infectivity and cell spread occurred in the presence of 1–10 μM chloroquine, which are plasma concentrations achievable during the prophylaxis and treatment of malaria (varying from 1.6–12.5 μM) [26] and hence are well tolerated by patients. Chloroquine, a relatively safe, effective and cheap drug used for treating many human diseases including malaria, amoebiasis and human immunodeficiency virus is effective in inhibiting the infection and spread of SARS CoV in cell culture.”
COVID-19 and Chloroquine: Mechanisms of Action[12]
COVID-19 in a single stranded, positive strain RNA virus with a protein shell and membrane. The genome is of the same sense of the mRNA. It goes through a lifecycle where incoming viral COVID genome has to become double stranded RNA and the new strand becomes the new strand for the new mRNA. There are significant similarities between COVID-19 and SARS coronavirus. Both COVID-19 and SARS-like coronaviruses have machinery for regulating their own replication and production of their proteins. Coronavirus depends on the breakdown of macromolecules such as proteins. Specifically, the virus depends on turning over the host proteins to trigger response for available building blocks to make their own proteins or nucleic acids. They break down due to low PH catalyzed by hydrolysis. Additionally, coronaviruses have non-structural proteins that are not part of the capsid (protein shell of the virus). These non-structural proteins are regulatory proteins that take over the host cell and suppress the immune system of the host (similar to HIV). Coronavirus can create growth factor like mechanisms (e.g. cytokines) to optimize the growth environment in the cell to favor it.
It is this part of the coronavirus’ replicative path that chloroquine inhibits. Notably, because of its nitrogen structure, chloroquine has the unique ability to get into cells and cross endosomal membranes. Once inside, nitrogens in chloroquine (and quinines in general) prevent acidification by absorbing a high amount of hydrogens that simply then interact with nitrogen and then chloroquine becomes positively charged – an ionic interaction which makes it harder for the endosome to become acidified. The result is a buffer that holds it at the higher pH and prevents it from becoming acidic enough to be functional. To summarize, because chloroquine has a multitude of extra nitrogens, once it crosses the membrane and enters an organelle, the organelle is prevented from reaching a lower pH. The organelle’s enzymes cannot work because the donor group will be a hydrogen ion, disabling the hydrolysis required for coronavirus replication. This means that all kinds of events in the cell are incapable of performing optimally, including viral replication.
Chloroquine’s entrance into the organelle likely constipates the whole system. An analogy is that the virus is like a garbage facility which has to break down and burn up the garbage and if it cannot, the garbage piles up and the city becomes paralyzed. This is likely the case for any virus, cancer cells or any other condition that is dependent on turning over the worn out or incorrectly synthesized proteins.
The UK has banned the export of Chloroquine[13]
As of February 26, 2020, the UK government has added chloroquine to the list of medicines that cannot be parallel exported from the UK. Chloroquine was never on this list before. This likely happened because of the growing body of evidence of chloroquine’s effectiveness against coronavirus.
China prioritizes internal use of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) including Chloroquine[14]
In early February, Chongqing Kangle Pharmaceutical was requested by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Consumption Division to promptly increase the manufacturing and production of the active pharmaceutical ingredients chloroquine phosphate despite slowed production during the Chinese New Year.
Key Risks and Tradeoffs
There has been massive de-stabilization of society due to COVID-19.
Mutations[15]
RNA viruses are subject to fairly high mutation rates as RNA based genomes do not copy themselves faithfully, thereby accumulating mutations quickly which can lead to failure of the virus (analogy: unaudited software code will often eventually fail due to a critical error) or can lead to a stronger mutation – which is likely what has happened in 2020 (when coronavirus “jumped” from animal to human; it is doubtful that this has occurred because of the use of chloroquine) as we have have two forms of COVID-19 (“more aggressive” and “less aggressive”). If the replication quality of RNA virus like coronavirus can be destabilized this will likely cause it to self destruct, but there is always the risk that the virus mutates to become more aggressive.
Treating COVID-19 with chloroquine, as is being done in South Korea and China does have the potential to lead to a mutation. The mutation can either be beneficial or harmful to humans. In this particular case, chloroquine is likely being used to destabilize the replication quality of COVID-19, providing significant potential for COVID-19 to self-destruct, which would likely bide more time for health systems worldwide to increase capacity and equipment as well as allow time for the public release of a vaccine. All precaution must be taken into account for the risk of escape where COVID-19 comes out stronger.
Manufacturing
Chloroquine and its analogs has been manufactured and distributed at global scale since approximately 1945. While there has recently been a shortage of N95 protective masks, medical systems can adjust and dramatically increase the supply of chloroquine in the world. Chloroquine tablets and intravenous formulations are generic and easy to produce.
Safety[16]
Chloroquine is a prescription drug. It can have side effects and has contraindications. One often cited side effect is chloroquine retinopathy, which can result in permanent vision loss after high cumulative doses of chloroquine. However, retinal damage is extremely rare in patients with a total dosage under 400g (dosage level only reached after years of treatment). Medical professionals must be consulted before use of chloroquine. Chloroquine tablets are readily available in the U.S. and have never been removed from the market. Intravenous chloroquine was taken off the market in the USA pre-2000 because of the absence of acute malarial infections in the USA – there was no use for the intravenous form. It can easily be brought back to the market.
Formulation Optimizations[17]
Tablet vs. Intravenous
Currently chloroquine is most widely administered in tablet form (chloroquine phosphate. While readily available, the issue is that when the tablet is ingested, it must be processed through the stomach and be taken up by the small intestine, for which then it enters the blood and subsequently the respiratory system. Because of the metabolism, this takes time and there is a loss of chloroquine delivery to the respiratory system (where COVID-19 replicates).
When chloroquine is used intravenously against malaria (chloroquine hydrochloride), it is being mainlined directly into the blood stream so that it is distributing around the body within seconds, likely encountering the virus faster and at a higher concentration in the respiratory system. Intravenous formulations are readily available and should be studied accordingly.
Further research should be carried out using chloroquine in nanoparticles and various fast, slow and sustained released formulations, as well as combinations of chloroquine and other molecules.
Repurposing other FDA approved drugs
As per Steve Schow PhD, Professor of Chemical and Systems Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine and Lead Advisor to Stanford’s SPARK Translational Research Program:
“There are a number of related isoquinoline and quinoline drug family members who might exhibit the same general acid neutralizing effects. In addition certain antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs are known to accumulate in lysosomes via this acid-base process and might be effective here if the doses needed aren’t too high.”[18]
New Molecular Entity: Chloroquine analogs with more nitrogens
The nitrogens in chloroquine and quinines in general prevent acidification by absorbing a high amount of hydrogens that then interact with nitrogen, and,in turn, transfer a positive charge to chloroquine. This ionic interaction makes it harder and harder for the endosome to become acidified, therefore disrupting viral replication. If more nitrogens are added, either by making extra branches of ionizable nitrogens or lengthening one of the chains by putting extra carbons and other nitrogens around it, this may have even greater effect. The key issue will be whether there is a heavy change in bioavailability – will the new molecule be able to enter the cell and reach the right place with similar efficiency.
Conclusion
Chloroquine can both prevent and treat malaria. Chloroquine can both prevent and treat coronavirus in primate cells (Figure 1 and Figure 2). According to South Korean and China human treatment guidelines, chloroquine is effective in treating COVID-19. Given chloroquine’s human safety profile and existence, it can be implemented today in the U.S., Europe and the rest of the world. Medical doctors may be reluctant to prescribe chloroquine to treat COVID-19 since it is not FDA approved for this use. The United States of America and other countries should immediately authorize and indemnify medical doctors for prescribing chloroquine to treat COVID-19. We must explore whether chloroquine can safely serve as a preventative measure prior to infection of COVID-19 to stop further spread of this highly contagious virus.
More Sources
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Rodrigo D , Luiza H , Paula P , et al .Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models[J].Viruses,2016,8(12):322-.DOI: 10.3390 / v8120322 .
Zhang S , Yi C , of Li C , et Al .Chloroquine inhibits the endosomal Viral an RNA Release and autophagy in-dependent Viral Replication and Effectively Prevents CARE OF to Fetal Transmission of Zika Virus. [J] Antiviral Res.2019;169:104 547. The DOI: 10.1016 /j.antiviral.2019.104547
Kono M , Tatsumi K , Imai AM , et al .Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK[J].Antiviral Res,2008,77(2):150-152.DOI: 10.1016 / j.antiviral.2007.10.011 .
Didier Raoult, et. al. , Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19 International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
Available online 4 March 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300820?via%3Dihub#!
Next Steps from the Community
Disseminate this publication amongst the medical community. Get more feedback. Send this publication to your scientific contacts in South Korea and China – lets get more data, details, etc. Science never ends. Translate this paper into all languages. Explore all options for use of chloroquine against any medical condition that depends on the turnover of worn out or incorrectly synthesized proteins.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Stanford University School of Medicine, SPARK Translational Research Program, Steve Schow, PhD, The Lab of Louise T. Chow, PhD and Thomas R. Broker, PhD, Bruce Bloom DDS, JD of HealX and Adrian Bye.
License
Due to urgency, certain parts of this publication are taken directly from their attributed source. Cite them accordingly.
In all other circumstances, the GNU General Public License v3.0 applies.
Disclaimer
This white paper is for information purposes only. The authors and or its affiliates does not guarantee the accuracy of or the conclusions reached in this white paper, and this white paper is provided “as is”. The authors and or its affiliates not make and expressly disclaims all representations and warranties, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, whatsoever, including, but not limited to: (i) warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, suitability, usage, title or noninfringement; (ii) that the contents of this white paper are free from error; and (iii) that such contents will not infringe third-party rights. The authors and or its affiliates shall have no liability for damages of any kind arising out of the use, reference to, or reliance on this white paper or any of the content contained herein, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event will the authors and or its affiliates be liable to any person or entity for any damages, losses, liabilities, costs or expenses of any kind, whether direct or indirect, consequential, compensatory, incidental, actual, exemplary, punitive or special for the use of, reference to, or reliance on this white paper or any of the content contained herein, including, without limitation, any loss of business, revenues, profits, data, use, goodwill or other intangible losses. All translations are done voluntarily by third-parties for which the authors have no affiliation – we do not attest to their accuracy.
Informational Purposes Only
[3] Vincent, Martin J et al. “Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread.” Virology journal vol. 2 69. 22 Aug. 2005, doi:10.1186/1743-422X-2-69 , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1232869/#B15. Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:722–727. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5.
[5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32075365/ ; http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/0293d017621941f6b2a4890035243730.shtml translated as https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/chloroquine-phosphate/ ; Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Provisional 7th Edition) translated as https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/coronavirus-treatment-plan-7/ ; https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/coronavirus-covid-19-choroquine-data/ .
[6] https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/coronavirus-covid-19-choroquine-data/ . This research must be confirmed and furthermore ruled out that the subjects that had negative viral nucleic acid tests might not have been infected with C-19.
[8] Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Provisional 7th Edition)translated as https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/coronavirus-treatment-plan-7/
[9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32075365/ Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Department and Guangdong Provincial Health and Health Commission’s Multicenter Collaboration Group on Chloroquine Phosphate for New Coronavirus Pneumonia. Expert Consensus on Chloroquine Phosphate for New Coronavirus Pneumonia [J / OL]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine, 2020,43 (2020-02-20) .http: //rs.yiigle.com/yufabiao/1182323.htm.
[10] US CDC, Vincent MJ , Bergeron E , Benjannet S , et Al .Chloroquine IS A potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus Infection and Spread of[J].Virology Journal,2005,2(. 1):69.The DOI: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-2-69 . Keyaerts E , Vijgen L , Maes P , et Al .The In Journal Severe acute Inhibition of Respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine[J].Biochem Biophys Res Communications,2004,323(. 1):0-268.The DOI: 10.1016 / j.bbrc .2004.08.085 .
[11] All research from this section is from: US CDC, Vincent MJ , Bergeron E , Benjannet S , et Al .Chloroquine IS A potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus Infection and Spread of[J].Virology Journal,2005,2(. 1):69.The DOI: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-2-69
[12] All research from this section is from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147684/ , https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0#citeas ,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1232869/#B15 , https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0 , Thomas R. Broker, PhD, Stanford University School of Medicine, Telephone discussion March 12, 2020 , https://www.sciencealert.com/genetic-analysis-shows-wuhan-coronavirus-is-similar-to-sars .
[15] All information in this section is from: https://www.sciencealert.com/genetic-analysis-shows-wuhan-coronavirus-is-similar-to-sars , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147684/ , https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0#citeas , Thomas R. Broker, PhD, Stanford University School of Medicine, Telephone discussion March 12, 2020.
[17] See Safety citations.


veteranstoday--2020-03-19--How to Crush a Bankers’ Dictatorship: A Lesson from 1933

Amidst the current hysteria of the covid-19 pandemic , talk of general chaos and economic collapse have taken the forefront of peoples ’ minds .
Increasingly over recent months , western media has been hit with warnings of “ financial Armageddon ” and the need for a “ global hegemonic synthetic currency ” to replace the collapsing US dollar under a new system of green finance .
These statements have been made by former and current Bank of England Governors Mark Carney and Mervyn King respectively and should not be ignored as the world sits atop the largest financial bubble @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bubble that was triggered on black Friday in the USA which unleashed a great depression across Europe and America .
While I ’ m not arguing that a systemic change is not vital to protect people from the effects of a general meltdown of the $ 1.2 trillion derivatives bubble sometimes called “ the western banking system ” , what such central bankers are proposing is a poison more deadly than the disease they promise to cure .
In principle , the world crisis , is no different from the artificially manufactured crises @ @ @ @ @ @ @ unpayable Versailles debts were heaved onto a beaten Germany , which I elaborated upon in my previous report .
It is also no different from the nature of the folly that unleashed unbounded speculation during the “ roaring 1920s ” which led to the bank-run and general meltdown .
Similarly , the solutions being proposed to put out the fire by those same arsonists who lit the matches today are identical to what the world faced in 1933 as a “ central bankers ” solution for the world depression .
How the 1929 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the 1929 market crash unleashed four years of hell in America which quickly spread across Europe under the great depression , not many people have realized that this was not inevitable , but rather a controlled blowout .
The bubbles of the 1920s were unleashed with the early death of President William Harding in 1923 and grew under the careful guidance of JP Morgan ’ s President Coolidge and financier Andrew Mellon ( Treasury Secretary ) who de-regulated the banks , imposed austerity onto the country , and cooked up a scheme for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % on their stock .
Wall Street was deregulated , investments into the real economy were halted during the 1920s and insanity became the norm .
In 1925 broker loans totalled $ 1.5 billion and grew to $ 2.6 billion in 1926 and hit $ 5.7 billion by the end of 1927 .
By 1928 , the stock market was overvalued fourfold !
When the bubble was sufficiently inflated , a moment was decided upon to coordinate a mass “ calling in ” of the broker loans .
Predictably , no one could @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the markets .
Those “ in the know ” cleaned up with JP Morgan ’ s “ preferred clients ” , and other financial behemoths selling before the crash and then buying up the physical assets of America for pennies on the dollar .
One notable person who made his fortune in this manner was Prescott Bush of Brown Brothers Harriman , who went onto bailout a bankrupt Nazi party in 1932 .
These financiers had a tight allegiance with the City of London and coordinated their operations through the private central banking @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Bank of International Settlements .
The Living Hell that was the Great Depression Throughout the Great depression , the population was pushed to its limits making America highly susceptible to fascism as unemployment skyrocketed to 25 % , industrial capacity collapsed by 70 % , and agricultural prices collapsed far below the cost of production accelerating foreclosures and suicide .
Life savings were lost as 4000 banks failed .
This despair was replicated across Europe and Canada with eugenics-loving fascists gaining popularity across the board .
England saw the rise of Sir @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Fascists in 1932 , English Canada had its own fascist solution with the Rhodes Scholar “ Fabian Society ” League of Social Reconstruction ( which later took over the Liberal Party ) calling for the “ scientific management of society ” .
Time magazine had featured Il Duce over 6 times by 1932 and people were being told by that corporate fascism was the economic solution to all of America ’ s economic woes .
In the midst of the crisis , the City of London removed itself from the gold standard in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the USA , as it resulted in a flight of gold from America causing a deeper contraction of the money supply and thus inability to respond to the depression .
British goods simultaneously swamped the USA crushing what little production was left .
It was in this atmosphere that one of the least understood battles unfolded in 1933 .
In Germany , a surprise victory of Gen. Kurt Schleicher caused the defeat of the London-directed Nazi party in December 1932 threatening to break Germany free of Central Bank tyranny .
A few weeks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Roosevelt won the presidency in America threatening to regulate the private banks and assert national sovereignty over finance .
Seeing their plans for global fascism slipping away , the City of London announced that a new global system controlled by Central Banks had to be created post haste .
Their objective was to use the economic crisis as an excuse to remove from nation states any power over monetary policy , while enhancing the power of Independent Central Banks as enforcers of “ balanced global budgets ” .
elaborate In December 1932 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ world economy ” was organized by the League of Nations under the guidance of the Bank of International Settlements ( BIS ) and Bank of England .
The BIS was set up as “ the Central Bank of Central Banks ” in 1930 in order to facilitate WWI debt repayments and was a vital instrument for funding Nazi Germany- long after WWII began .
The London Economic Conference brought together 64 nations of the world under a controlled environment chaired by the British Prime Minister and opened by the King himself .
“ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , in order to provide an international gold standard with the necessary mechanism for satisfactory working , that independent Central Banks , with requisite powers and freedom to carry out an appropriate currency and credit policy , should be created in such developed countries as have not at present an adequate central banking institution ” and that “ the conference wish to reaffirm the great utility of close and continuous cooperation between Central Banks .
The Bank of International Settlements should play an increasingly important part not only by improving contact , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” Echoing Carney ’ s current fixation with “ mathematical equilibrium ” , the resolutions stated that the new global gold standard controlled by central banks was needed “ to maintain a fundamental equilibrium in the balance of payments ” of countries .
The idea was to deprive nation states of their power to generate and direct credit for their own development .
Chancellor Schleicher ’ s resistance to a bankers ’ dictatorship was resolved by a “ soft coup ” ousting the patriotic leader in favor of Adolph Hitler ( under the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ named Hjalmar Schacht ) in January 1933 with Schleicher assassinated the following year .
In America , an assassination attempt on Roosevelt was thwarted on February 15 , 1933 when a woman knocked the gun out of the hand of an anarchist-freemason in Miami resulting in the death of Chicago ’ s Mayor Cermak ( 1 ) .
Without FDR ’ s dead body , the London conference met an insurmountable barrier , as FDR refused to permit any American cooperation .
Roosevelt recognized the necessity for a new international system , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be organized by sovereign nation states subservient to the general welfare of the people and not central banks dedicated to the welfare of the oligarchy .
Before any international changes could occur , nation states castrated from the effects of the depression had to first recover economically in order to stay above the power of the financiers .
By May 1933 , the London Conference crumbled when FDR complained that the conference ’ s inability to address the real issues of the crisis is “ a catastrophe amounting to a world tragedy ” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were “ old fetishes of so-called international bankers ” .
FDR continued “ The United States seeks the kind of dollar which a generation hence will have the same purchasing and debt paying power as the dollar value we hope to attain in the near future .
That objective means more to the good of other nations than a fixed ratio for a month or two .
Exchange rate fixing is not the true answer.
” The British drafted an official statement saying “ the American statement on stabilization rendered it entirely useless @ @ @ @ @ @ @ president laid down the gauntlet in his inaugural speech on March 4th saying : “ The money-changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization .
We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths .
The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit ” .
FDR declared a war on Wall Street on several levels , beginning with his support of the Pecorra Commission which sent thousands of bankers to prison , and exposed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Wall Street ’ s power structure who manipulated the depression , buying political offices and pushing fascism .
Ferdinand Pecorra who ran the commission called out the deep state when he said “ this small group of highly placed financiers , controlling the very springs of economic activity , holds more real power than any similar group in the United States.
” Pecorra ’ s highly publicized success empowered FDR to impose sweeping regulation in the form of 1 ) Glass-Steagall bank separation , 2 ) bankruptcy re-organization and 3 ) the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oversee Wall Street .
Most importantly , FDR disempowered the London-controlled Federal Reserve by installing his own man as Chair ( Industrialist Mariner Eccles ) who forced it to obey national commands for the first time since 1913 , while creating an “ alternative ” lending mechanism outside of Fed control called the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) which became the number one lender to infrastructure in America throughout the 1930s .
One of the most controversial policies for which FDR is demonized today was his abolishment of the gold standard .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ supply to a strict exchange of gold per paper dollar , thus preventing the construction of internal improvements needed to revive industrial capacity and put the millions of unemployed back to work for which no financial resources existed .
It ’ s manipulation by international financiers made it a weapon of destruction rather than creation at this time .
Since commodity prices had fallen lower than the costs of production , it was vital to increase the price of goods under a form of “ controlled inflation ” so that factories and farms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ standard held that back .
FDR imposed protective tariffs to favor agro-industrial recovery on all fronts ending years of rapacious free trade .
FDR stated his political-economic philosophy in 1934 : “ the old fallacious notion of the bankers on the one side and the government on the other side , as being more or less equal and independent units , has passed away .
Government by the necessity of things must be the leader , must be the judge , of the conflicting interests of all groups in the community , including @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the central banks , FDR and his allies were able to start a genuine recovery by restoring confidence in banking .
Within 31 days of his bank holiday , 75 % of banks were operational and the FDIC was created to insure deposits .
Four million people were given immediate work , and hundreds of libraries , schools and hospitals were built and staffed- All funded through the RFC .
FDR ’ s first fireside chat was vital in rebuilding confidence in the government and banks , serving even today as a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ don ’ t want you to learn about .
From 1933-1939 , 45 000 infrastructure projects were built .
The many “ local ” projects were governed , like China ’ s Belt and Road Initiative today , under a “ grand design ” which FDR termed the “ Four Quarters ” featuring zones of megaprojects such as the Tennessee Valley Authority area in the south east , the Columbia River Treaty zone on the northwest , the St Laurence Seaway zone on the North east , and Hoover Dam/Colorado zone on the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ways money could never measure as the Tennessee area ’ s literacy rose from 20 % in 1932 to 80 % in 1950 , and racist backwater holes of the south became the bedrock for America ’ s aerospace industry due to the abundant and cheap hydropower .
Those who criticize the New Deal today ignore the fact that its failures have more to do with Wall Street sabotage than anything intrinsic to the program .
For example , JP Morgan tool Lewis Douglass ( U.S. Budget Director ) forced the closure of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the firing of all 4 million workers .
Wall Street did everything it could to choke the economy at every turn .
In 1931 , NY banks loans to the real economy amounted to $ 38.1 billion which dropped to only $ 20.3 billion by 1935 .
Where NY banks had 29 % of their funds in US bonds and securities in 1929 , this had risen to 58 % which cut off the government from being able to issue productive credit to the real economy .
When , in 1937 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to cancel public works to see if the economy “ could stand on its own two feet ” , Wall Street pulled credit out of the economy collapsing the Industrial production index from 110 to 85 erasing seven years ’ worth of gain , while steel fell from 80 % capacity back to depression levels of 19 % .
Two million jobs were lost and the Dow Jones lost 39 % of its value .
This was no different from kicking the crutches out from a patient in rehabilitation and it was not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kicking were openly supporting Fascism in Europe .
Bush patriarch Prescott Bush , then representing Brown Brothers Harriman was found guilty for trading with the enemy in 1942 !
The bankers didn ’ t limit themselves to financial sabotage during this time , but also attempted a fascist military coup which was exposed by Maj. Gen. Smedley Butler in his congressional testimony of November 20 , 1934 .
Butler had testified that the plan was begun in the Summer of 1933 and organized by Wall Street financiers who tried to use him as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Legion members to storm the White House .
As Butler spoke , those same financiers had just set up an anti-New Deal organization called the American Liberty League which fought to keep America out of the war in defense of an Anglo-Nazi fascist global government which they wished to partner with .
The American Liberty league only changed tune when it became evident that Hitler had become a disobedient Frankenstein monster who wasn ’ t content in a subservient position to Britain ’ s idea of a New World Order .
In response @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , FDR said “ some speak of a New World Order , but it is not new and it is not order ” .
While FDR ’ s struggle did change the course of history , his early death during the first months of his fourth term resulted in a fascist perversion of his post-war vision .
Rather than see the IMF , World Bank or UN used as instruments for the internationalization of the New Deal principles to promote long term , low interest loans for the industrial development of former colonies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from power over his dead body , and they were recaptured by the same forces who attempted to steer the world towards a Central Banking Dictatorship in 1933 .
The American Liberty League spawned into various “ patriotic ” anti-communist organizations which took power with the FBI and McCarthyism under the fog of the Cold War .
This is the structure that Eisenhower warned about when he called out “ the Military Industrial Complex ” in 1960 and which John Kennedy did battle with during his 900 days as president .
The New @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Deal This is the structure which is out to destroy President Donald Trump out of fear that a new FDR impulse is beginning to be revived in America which may align with the 21st Century international New Deal emerging from China ’ s Belt and Road Initiative and Eurasian alliance .
French Finance Minister Bruno LeMaire and Marc Carney have stated their fear that if the Green New Deal isn ’ t imposed by the west , then the New Silk Road and yuan will become the basis for the new world system @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Deal and Synthetic Hegemonic Currency which promise to impose draconian constraints on humanity ’ s carrying capacity in defense of saving nature from humanity have nothing to do with Franklin Roosevelt ’ s New Deal and they have less to do with the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 .
These are merely central bankers ’ wet dreams for depopulation and fascism “ with a democratic face ” which their 1933 conference failed to achieve and can only be imposed if people remain blind to their own recent history .
( 1 ) Zingara @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and promptly executed before any proper investigation could be done .
The author can be reached at [ email protected ]

By Matt Ehret for VT Canada
Amidst the current hysteria of the COVID-19 pandemic, talk of general chaos and economic collapse have taken the forefront of peoples’ minds.
Increasingly over recent months, western media has been hit with warnings of “financial Armageddon” and the need for a “global hegemonic synthetic currency” to replace the collapsing US dollar under a new system of green finance. These statements have been made by former and current Bank of England Governors Mark Carney and Mervyn King respectively and should not be ignored as the world sits atop the largest financial bubble in human history reminiscent of the 1929 bubble that was triggered on black Friday in the USA which unleashed a great depression across Europe and America.
While I’m not arguing that a systemic change is not vital to protect people from the effects of a general meltdown of the $1.2 trillion derivatives bubble sometimes called “the western banking system”, what such central bankers are proposing is a poison more deadly than the disease they promise to cure.
In principle, the world crisis is no different from the artificially manufactured crises which the world faced in 1923 when unpayable Versailles debts were heaved onto a beaten Germany, which I elaborated upon in my previous report. It is also no different from the nature of the folly that unleashed unbounded speculation during the “roaring 1920s” which led to the bank-run and general meltdown. Similarly, the solutions being proposed to put out the fire by those same arsonists who lit the matches today are identical to what the world faced in 1933 as a “central bankers” solution for the world depression.
How the 1929 Crash was Manufactured
While everyone knows that the 1929 market crash unleashed four years of hell in America which quickly spread across Europe under the great depression, not many people have realized that this was not inevitable, but rather a controlled blowout.
The bubbles of the 1920s were unleashed with the early death of President William Harding in 1923 and grew under the careful guidance of JP Morgan’s President Coolidge and financier Andrew Mellon (Treasury Secretary) who de-regulated the banks, imposed austerity onto the country, and cooked up a scheme for Broker loans allowing speculators to borrow 90% on their stock. Wall Street was deregulated, investments into the real economy were halted during the 1920s and insanity became the norm. In 1925 broker loans totaled $1.5 billion and grew to $2.6 billion in 1926 and hit $5.7 billion by the end of 1927. By 1928, the stock market was overvalued fourfold!
When the bubble was sufficiently inflated, a moment was decided upon to coordinate a mass “calling in” of the broker loans. Predictably, no one could pay them resulting in a collapse of the markets. Those “in the know” cleaned up with JP Morgan’s “preferred clients”, and other financial behemoths selling before the crash and then buying up the physical assets of America for pennies on the dollar. One notable person who made his fortune in this manner was Prescott Bush of Brown Brothers Harriman, who went onto bail out a bankrupt Nazi party in 1932. These financiers had a tight allegiance with the City of London and coordinated their operations through the private central banking system of America’s Federal Reserve and Bank of International Settlements.
The Living Hell that was the Great Depression
Throughout the Great Depression, the population was pushed to its limits making America highly susceptible to fascism as unemployment skyrocketed to 25%, industrial capacity collapsed by 70%, and agricultural prices collapsed far below the cost of production accelerating foreclosures and suicide. Life savings were lost as 4000 banks failed.
This despair was replicated across Europe and Canada with eugenics-loving fascists gaining popularity across the board. England saw the rise of Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists in 1932, English Canada had its own fascist solution with the Rhodes Scholar “Fabian Society” League of Social Reconstruction (which later took over the Liberal Party) calling for the “scientific management of society”. Time magazine had featured Il Duce over 6 times by 1932 and people were being told by that corporate fascism was the economic solution to all of America’s economic woes.
In the midst of the crisis, the City of London removed itself from the gold standard in 1931 which was a crippling blow to the USA, as it resulted in a flight of gold from America causing a deeper contraction of the money supply and thus inability to respond to the depression. British goods simultaneously swamped the USA crushing what little production was left.
It was in this atmosphere that one of the least understood battles unfolded in 1933.
1932: A Bankers’ Dictatorship is Attempted
In Germany, a surprise victory of Gen. Kurt Schleicher caused the defeat of the London-directed Nazi party in December 1932 threatening to break Germany free of Central Bank tyranny. A few weeks before Schleicher’s victory, Franklin Roosevelt won the presidency in America threatening to regulate the private banks and assert national sovereignty over finance.
Seeing their plans for global fascism slipping away, the City of London announced that a new global system controlled by Central Banks had to be created post haste. Their objective was to use the economic crisis as an excuse to remove from nation-states any power over monetary policy while enhancing the power of Independent Central Banks as enforcers of “balanced global budgets”. elaborate
In December 1932, an economic conference “to stabilize the world economy” was organized by the League of Nations under the guidance of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) and Bank of England. The BIS was set up as “the Central Bank of Central Banks” in 1930 in order to facilitate WWI debt repayments and was a vital instrument for funding Nazi Germany- long after WWII began. The London Economic Conference brought together 64 nations of the world under a controlled environment chaired by the British Prime Minister and opened by the King himself.
A resolution passed by the Conference’s Monetary Committee stated:
“The conference considers it to be essential, in order to provide an international gold standard with the necessary mechanism for satisfactory working, that independent Central Banks, with requisite powers and freedom to carry out an appropriate currency and credit policy, should be created in such developed countries as have not at present an adequate central banking institution” and that “the conference wish to reaffirm the great utility of close and continuous cooperation between Central Banks. The Bank of International Settlements should play an increasingly important part not only by improving contact but also as an instrument for common action.”
Echoing Carney’s current fixation with “mathematical equilibrium”, the resolutions stated that the new global gold standard controlled by central banks was needed “to maintain a fundamental equilibrium in the balance of payments” of countries. The idea was to deprive nation-states of their power to generate and direct credit for their own development.
FDR Torpedoes the London Conference
Chancellor Schleicher’s resistance to a bankers’ dictatorship was resolved by a “soft coup” ousting the patriotic leader in favor of Adolph Hitler (under the control of a Bank of England toy named Hjalmar Schacht) in January 1933 with Schleicher assassinated the following year. In America, an assassination attempt on Roosevelt was thwarted on February 15, 1933, when a woman knocked the gun out of the hand of an anarchist-freemason in Miami resulting in the death of Chicago’s Mayor Cermak (1).
Without FDR’s dead body, the London conference met an insurmountable barrier, as FDR refused to permit any American cooperation. Roosevelt recognized the necessity for a new international system, but he also knew that it had to be organized by sovereign nation-states subservient to the general welfare of the people and not central banks dedicated to the welfare of the oligarchy. Before any international changes could occur, nation-states castrated from the effects of the depression had to first recover economically in order to stay above the power of the financiers.
By May 1933, the London Conference crumbled when FDR complained that the conference’s inability to address the real issues of the crisis is “a catastrophe amounting to a world tragedy” and that fixation with short term stability was “old fetishes of so-called international bankers”. FDR continued “The United States seeks the kind of dollar which a generation hence will have the same purchasing and debt-paying power as the dollar value we hope to attain in the near future. That objective means more to the good of other nations than a fixed ratio for a month or two. Exchange rate fixing is not a true answer.”
The British drafted an official statement saying “the American statement on stabilization rendered it entirely useless to continue the conference.”
FDR’s War on Wall Street
The new president laid down the gauntlet in his inaugural speech on March 4th saying: “The money-changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values nobler than mere monetary profit”.
FDR declared war on Wall Street on several levels, beginning with his support of the Pecora Commission which sent thousands of bankers to prison, and exposed the criminal activities of the top tier of Wall Street’s power structure who manipulated the depression, buying political offices and pushing fascism. Ferdinand Pecora who ran the commission called out the deep state when he said: “this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States.”
Pecora’s highly publicized success empowered FDR to impose sweeping regulation in the form of 1) Glass-Steagall bank separation, 2) bankruptcy re-organization and 3) the creation of the Security Exchange Commission to oversee Wall Street. Most importantly, FDR disempowered the London-controlled Federal Reserve by installing his own man as Chair (Industrialist Mariner Eccles) who forced it to obey national commands for the first time since 1913, while creating an “alternative” lending mechanism outside of Fed control called the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) which became the number one lender to infrastructure in America throughout the 1930s.
One of the most controversial policies for which FDR is demonized today was his abolishment of the gold standard. The gold standard itself constricted the money supply to a strict exchange of gold per paper dollar, thus preventing the construction of internal improvements needed to revive industrial capacity and put the millions of unemployed back to work for which no financial resources existed.
Its manipulation by international financiers made it a weapon of destruction rather than creation at this time. Since commodity prices had fallen lower than the costs of production, it was vital to increase the price of goods under a form of “controlled inflation” so that factories and farms could become solvent and unfortunately, the gold standard held that back. FDR imposed protective tariffs to favor agro-industrial recovery on all fronts ending years of rapacious free trade.
FDR started his political-economic philosophy in 1934: “the old fallacious notion of the bankers on the one side and the government on the other side, as being more or less equal and independent units, has passed away. Government by the necessity of things must be the leader, must be the judge, of the conflicting interests of all groups in the community, including bankers.”
The Real New Deal
Once liberated from the shackles of the central banks, FDR and his allies were able to start a genuine recovery by restoring confidence in banking. Within 31 days of his bank holiday, 75% of banks were operational and the FDIC was created to insure deposits. Four million people were given immediate work, and hundreds of libraries, schools, and hospitals were built and staffed- All funded through the RFC. FDR’s first fireside chat was vital in rebuilding confidence in the government and banks, serving even today as a strong lesson in banking which central bankers don’t want you to learn about.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iipnhLTdh-0&feature=emb_title
From 1933-1939, 45 000 infrastructure projects were built. The many “local” projects were governed, like China’s Belt and Road Initiative today, under a “grand design” which FDR termed the “Four Quarters” featuring zones of megaprojects such as the Tennessee Valley Authority area in the southeast, the Columbia River Treaty zone on the northwest, the St Laurence Seaway zone on the Northeast, and Hoover Dam/Colorado zone on the Southwest. These projects were transformative in ways the money could never measure as the Tennessee area’s literacy rose from 20% in 1932 to 80% in 1950, and racist backwater holes of the south became the bedrock for America’s aerospace industry due to the abundant and cheap hydropower.
Wall Street Sabotages the New Deal
Those who criticize the New Deal today ignore the fact that its failures have more to do with Wall Street sabotage than anything intrinsic to the program. For example, the JP Morgan tool Lewis Douglass (U.S. Budget Director) forced the closure of the Civil Works Administration in 1934 resulting in the firing of all 4 million workers.
Wall Street did everything it could to choke the economy at every turn. In 1931, NY bank loans to the real economy amounted to $38.1 billion which dropped to only $20.3 billion by 1935. Where NY banks had 29% of their funds in US bonds and securities in 1929, this had risen to 58% which cut off the government from being able to issue productive credit to the real economy.
When, in 1937, FDR’s Treasury Secretary persuaded him to cancel public works to see if the economy “could stand on its own two feet”, Wall Street pulled credit out of the economy collapsing the Industrial production index from 110 to 85 erasing seven years’ worth of gain, while steel fell from 80% capacity back to depression levels of 19%. Two million jobs were lost and the Dow Jones lost 39% of its value. This was no different from kicking the crutches out from a patient in rehabilitation and it was not lost on anyone that those doing the kicking were openly supporting Fascism in Europe. Bush patriarch Prescott Bush, then representing Brown Brothers Harriman was found guilty for trading with the enemy in 1942!
Coup Attempt in America Thwarted
The bankers didn’t limit themselves to financial sabotage during this time but also attempted a fascist military coup which was exposed by Maj. Gen. Smedley Butler in his congressional testimony of November 20, 1934. Butler had testified that the plan was begun in the Summer of 1933 and organized by Wall Street financiers who tried to use him as a puppet dictator leading 500 000 American Legion members to storm the White House. As Butler spoke, those same financiers had just set up an anti-New Deal organization called the American Liberty League which fought to keep America out of the war in defense of an Anglo-Nazi fascist global government which they wished to partner with.
The American Liberty league only changed tune when it became evident that Hitler had become a disobedient Frankenstein monster who wasn’t content in a subservient position to Britain’s idea of a New World Order. In response to the Liberty League’s agenda, FDR said “some speak of a New World Order, but it is not new and it is not ordered”.
FDR’s Post-War Vision Destroyed
While FDR’s struggle did change the course of history, his early death during the first months of his fourth term resulted in a fascist perversion of his post-war vision.
Rather than see the IMF, World Bank or UN used as instruments for the internationalization of the New Deal principles to promote long term, low-interest loans for the industrial development of former colonies, FDR’s allies were ousted from power over his dead body, and they were recaptured by the same forces who attempted to steer the world towards a Central Banking Dictatorship in 1933.
The American Liberty League spawned into various “patriotic” anti-communist organizations that took power with the FBI and McCarthyism under the fog of the Cold War. This is the structure that Eisenhower warned about when he called out “the Military-Industrial Complex” in 1960 and which John Kennedy did battle with during his 900 days as president.
The New Silk Road as the 21st Century New Deal
This is the structure that is out to destroy President Donald Trump out of fear that a new FDR impulse is beginning to be revived in America which may align with the 21st Century international New Deal emerging from China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Eurasian alliance. French Finance Minister Bruno LeMaire and Marc Carney have stated their fear that if the Green New Deal isn’t imposed by the west, then the New Silk Road and yuan will become the basis for the new world system.
The Bank of England-authored Green New Deal and Synthetic Hegemonic Currency which promise to impose draconian constraints on humanity’s carrying capacity in defense of saving nature from humanity have nothing to do with Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and they have less to do with the Bretton Woods conference of 1944. These are merely central bankers’ wet dreams for depopulation and fascism “with a democratic face” which their 1933 conference failed to achieve and can only be imposed if people remain blind to their own recent history.
(1) Zingara was labeled a “lone gunman” and promptly executed before any proper investigation could be done.


veteranstoday--2020-03-19--VIDEO (28:27): Sacha Stone – Virus is a Deep State Detox

In this epic rant Sacha Stone , founder of Humanitad and perhaps the foremost champion of natural law and the @ @ @ @ @ , outlines his positive uplifting thoughts on the current crisis and why this is a @ @ @ @ @ one certain to end well .
This extract has been prepared by Victuras Libertas for @ @ @ @ @ explicit permission .

In this epic rant Sacha Stone, founder of Humanitad and perhaps the foremost champion of natural law and the sacred sovereignty of every individual, outlines his positive uplifting thoughts on the current crisis and why this is a transformational moment for humanity, one certain to end well. This extract has been prepared by Victuras Libertas for
and is posted with their explicit permission.