bbc--2020-03-12--Pakistan Zainab murder: New law aims to catch child abusers

Pakistan 's parliament has passed a new bill against child abuse , two years after the murder of a seven-year-old sparked deadly riots and public debate .
The Zainab Alert , Response and Recovery Bill is named after Zainab Ansari , whose raped body was found in 2018 .
The legislation provides for a dedicated agency to respond more quickly when children go missing .
Zainab 's murder was one of a string of such attacks in Kasur city , and sparked outrage and protests in the country .
At least two people were killed in the rioting which broke @ @ @ @ @ @ @ convicted of her murder - who had also been found guilty of similar crimes against six more girls - was executed later that year .
The bill has already been passed by the upper house of parliament and will become law after formal assent is granted by the president .
The legislation has been widely welcomed by human rights activists , but questions remain over how much impact it will have .
Zainab 's dead body was discovered on a rubbish dump on 9 January 2018 .
She had gone missing the evening @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the area , with locals accusing police of inaction and failing to make arrests in a string of other attacks on children .
Zainab 's killer , Imran Ali , was arrested some three weeks later , with the help of CCTV footage which was obtained by Zainab 's relatives .
The debate that Zainab 's killing triggered brought pressure on the government to strengthen legislation on wider child rights , including the provision of a safety net for vulnerable children involved in begging and child labour .
• The city haunted by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ latest legislation is confined to sexual abuse and murder only .
It provides for the setting up of an agency to run a dedicated helpline for missing child alerts , and makes it incumbent on local police chiefs to respond within two hours of the alert , failing which they could face disciplinary action .
It also requires the police to complete their investigation in such cases within three months .
For example , do the police force have the wherewithal to solve child abduction cases within this time frame , asks Dr @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activist linked with the independent Human Rights Commission of Pakistan ( HRCP ) .
`` The time bar on case investigations is good - we know that sometimes simple cases linger on for years due to lack of interest .
`` But a blanket restriction without qualifications could cause problems .
Every case is not so simple as to be solved within three months . ''
He also pointed out the scarcity of female police staff .
`` We need a legally backed arrangement for more women to be recruited to the police @ @ @ @ @ @ @ win the trust of children and more likely to care for them than men . ''
The HRCP estimates that there have been more than 20,000 reported cases of child abduction and abuse since 2015 , or more than 13 cases per day .
Dr Mehmood says there are n't enough police available to `` handle all these cases efficiently and judiciously , without arraigning innocent people to complete paperwork and save their jobs '' .

He also pointed out the scarcity of female police staff. "We need a legally backed arrangement for more women to be recruited to the police force as women are more likely to win the trust of children and more likely to care for them than men."


bbc--2020-03-12--Germany to spy on far-right AfD's Flügel faction

Germany 's domestic intelligence service is putting part of the far-right Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) party under systematic surveillance , judging it a threat to the democratic order .
The decision targets Flügel ( the wing ) , an AfD group especially strong in eastern Germany .
Flügel is led by Björn Höcke , a controversial MP for Thuringia , who was at the centre of a scandal that rocked German politics last month .
Informers may now keep watch on Flügel .
Describing Flügel as an extremist organisation , the domestic intelligence service ( BfV ) said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or 20 % of the AfD membership .
Surveillance is a very sensitive issue in privacy-conscious Germany , where many people have memories of intrusive , abusive spying in communist and Nazi times .
Mr Höcke has long been accused of inflammatory rhetoric against Islam and immigrants .
He triggered uproar last month by doing a deal in Thuringia with a liberal FDP politician , Thomas Kemmerich , who became the region 's prime minister thanks to AfD and Christian Democrat ( CDU ) votes .
That election , which was quickly overturned @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's mainstream parties doing any deals with the far right or far left .
• How far right caused earthquake in German politics The AfD - and especially Flügel - drew strong criticism over the Hanau shootings on 19 February , in which a gunman linked to racist conspiracy theories killed nine people in two shisha bars , before killing himself and his mother .
Critics accused the AfD of using inflammatory anti-immigrant language .
• Why Germany ’ s AfD is blamed over racist violence • Just how far to the right @ @ @ @ @ @ @ done enough to tackle far-right violence ?
BfV chief Thomas Haldenwang told reporters on Thursday that far-right extremists had been responsible for more than 200 deaths in Germany since 1990 .
German broadcaster ARD says that by designating Flügel as a surveillance target , the BfV can recruit informers and keep personal data on file .
Phone calls can also be monitored .
That goes further than routine observation of certain political activists .
But the rules still do not allow the BfV to document what targeted individuals say in parliament or parliamentary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Flügel could be used as a vehicle for uniting far-right extremist groups , including neo-Nazis .
Another prominent Flügel activist , Andreas Kalbitz , has associated with neo-Nazis in the past , German media report .
In January the neo-Nazi group Combat 18 was banned in Germany and activists ' homes were raided by police .
Mr Höcke has written that his demand for `` de-Islamising Germany and Europe '' is `` not directed against freedom of belief rooted in the constitution '' .
He also denies wishing to expel Muslims or any @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anti-Islam and anti-establishment , is the biggest opposition party in Germany .
It has 91 seats in the 709-seat Bundestag ( lower house ) , and is present in all the regional parliaments .
Joachim Seeger , a top BfV official , said closer surveillance of Flügel was necessary because the faction was acting in a more co-ordinated way , networking with other far-right groups intensively on the internet , appointing representatives and influencing the rest of the AfD .
He condemned Flügel 's nationalist `` völkisch '' ideology as a racist credo @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The Nazis glorified the `` Volk '' ( German nation ) while denigrating Jews and other minorities .
Those ideological positions were being consolidated , he warned , citing a recent pamphlet which expanded on Mr Höcke 's notorious description of the Berlin Holocaust Memorial as a `` monument of shame '' .

Joachim Seeger, a top BfV official, said closer surveillance of Flügel was necessary because the faction was acting in a more co-ordinated way, networking with other far-right groups intensively on the internet, appointing representatives and influencing the rest of the AfD.


bbc--2020-03-12--Kate Beckinsale: Harvey Weinstein encounter 'left in tears'

Kate Beckinsale has said Harvey Weinstein was verbally abusive towards her after a film premiere in 2001 .
The actress alleges she was left in tears after Weinstein objected to an outfit she wore to a premiere , which he said made her `` look like a lesbian '' .
The disgraced movie producer was sentenced to 23 years in prison for rape and sexual assault on Wednesday .
Representatives for Weinstein said he was unable to respond to Beckinsale 's claims .
In an Instagram post which contains highly offensive language , Beckinsale uploaded a picture of her outfit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The actress said she was reluctant to attend the premiere for her film Serendipity because it took place less than a month after the 9/11 terror attacks , which she says felt `` disrespectful '' .
But Beckinsale claims Weinstein , whose entertainment company Miramax distributed the film , `` insisted '' the premiere go ahead .
The actress agreed to attend the event as a result and was photographed attending wearing a white suit on 5 October , 2001 .
However , she alleges , Weinstein invited her to his house so @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the following morning , where he was verbally abusive towards her .
Beckinsale says Weinstein told her she had `` ruined '' his premiere by wearing the outfit .
`` He said : 'If I am throwing a red carpet you get in a tight dress , you shake your ass ... you do not go down it looking like a lesbian ' , '' Beckinsale recalled in the post .
The actress said she was `` screaming '' and livid '' after the exchange , which made her `` burst into tears @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Weinstein 's young daughter were in the house at the time , but being looked after by Weinstein 's nanny in a separate room .
`` I managed to get myself and my child out of there and yes that was one of many experiences I had that there was no recourse for , and falls under no felony , '' Beckinsale said .
Some of the actress 's followers questioned the timing of her Instagram post and asked why she had waited until after Weinstein 's trial and sentencing to tell @ @ @ @ @ @ @ come forward with allegations of sexual misconduct , including rape , against Weinstein since October 2017 .
He has consistently denied wrongdoing and his lawyers have vowed to appeal against his conviction for rape and sexual assault .
Speaking in court on Wednesday , Weinstein saying he had `` deep remorse '' but described him and other men as `` totally confused '' by events , in comments seen as critical to the # MeToo movement .
Hours after being sentenced , Weinstein was taken to Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan with chest pains @ @ @ @ @ @ @ heart surgery after his conviction .
Actress Reese Witherspoon welcomed Weinstein 's sentencing , writing on Twitter : `` A historical moment today .
I am so appreciative of the women and men who spoke up about the abuse and harassment they suffered at the hands of Harvey Weinstein . ''
In her Instagram post , Beckinsale said the movie mogul 's prison sentence was `` a huge relief to me on behalf of all the women he sexually assaulted or raped , and I hope will be a deterrent to that sort @ @ @ @ @ @ @ industry . ''
Follow us on Facebook or on Twitter @ BBCNewsEnts .
If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news @ bbc.co.uk .

"I managed to get myself and my child out of there and yes that was one of many experiences I had that there was no recourse for, and falls under no felony," Beckinsale said.


bbc--2020-03-12--How to sign a digital document

How to sign a digital document

Signing a digital document can be cumbersome if you have to print it to sign it and then rescan it @ @ @ @ @ Mehtab shows you an easier way to do it if you have a Mac .
@ @ @ @ @ website and @ BBCClick

Signing a digital document can be cumbersome if you have to print it to sign it and then rescan it.
BBC Click's Omar Mehtab shows you an easier way to do it if you have a Mac.
See more at Click's website and @BBCClick


bbc--2020-03-12--Delhi riots: 'No-one who saw the photo thought I would survive'

A Reuters photo of a Muslim man being brutally beaten by a Hindu mob became the defining image of religious @ @ @ @ @ Delhi in February .
Mohammad Zubair survived the attack after he lost consciousness and was @ @ @ @ @ , he has serious injuries and spent days in hospital .
He spoke to BBC @ @ @ @ @ what he remembers of the attack , and why despite what happened to him , @ @ @ @ @ in humanity .

A Reuters photo of a Muslim man being brutally beaten by a Hindu mob became the defining image of religious riots that broke out in Delhi in February.
Mohammad Zubair survived the attack after he lost consciousness and was left for dead. However, he has serious injuries and spent days in hospital.
He spoke to BBC Hindi's Debalin Roy about what he remembers of the attack, and why despite what happened to him, he has not lost faith in humanity.


bbc--2020-03-11--Wasp-76b: The exotic inferno planet where it 'rains iron'

Astronomers have observed a distant planet where it probably rains iron .
It sounds like a science fiction movie , but this is the nature of some of the extreme worlds we 're now discovering .
Wasp-76b , as it 's known , orbits so close in to its host star , its dayside temperatures exceed 2,400C - hot enough to vaporise metals .
The planet 's nightside , on the other hand , is 1,000 degrees cooler , allowing those metals to condense and rain out .
It 's a bizarre environment , according to Dr David Ehrenreich from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ instead of a drizzle of water droplets , you have iron droplets splashing down , '' he told BBC News .
The Swiss researcher and colleagues have just published their findings on this strange place in the journal Nature .
The team describes how it used the new Espresso instrument at the European Southern Observatory 's Very Large Telescope in Chile to study the chemistry of Wasp-76b in fine detail .
The planet , which is 640 light-years from us , is so close to its star it takes just 43 hours to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ planet 's interesting features is that it always presents the same face to the star - a behaviour scientists call being `` tidally locked '' .
Earth 's Moon does exactly the same thing ; we only ever see one side .
This means , of course , the permanent dayside of Wasp-76b is being roasted .
In fact , this hemisphere must be so hot that all clouds are dispersed , and all molecules in the atmosphere are broken apart into individual atoms .
What 's more , the extreme temperature difference @ @ @ @ @ @ @ portions of the planet will be driving ferocious winds , up to 18,000km/h says Dr Ehrenreich 's team .
Using the Espresso spectrometer , the scientists detected a strong iron vapour signature at the evening frontier , or terminator , where the day on Wasp-76b transitions to night .
But when the group observed the morning transition , the iron signal was gone .
`` What we surmise is that the iron is condensing on the nightside , which , although still hot at 1,400C , is cold enough that iron can condense @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as droplets .
These could then fall into the deeper layers of the atmosphere which we ca n't access with our instrument , '' Dr Ehrenreich explained .
Wasp-76b is a monster gas planet that 's twice the width of our Jupiter .
Its unusual name comes from the UK-led Wasp telescope system that detected the world four years ago .
One of the scientists on the discovery team , Prof Don Pollacco from Warwick University , said it was hard to envisage such exotic worlds .
`` This thing orbits so close @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dancing in the outer atmosphere of that star and being subjected to all kinds of physics that , to put it bluntly , we do n't really understand , '' he told BBC News .
`` It will either end up in the star or the radiation field from the star will blow away the planet 's atmosphere to leave just a hot , rocky core . ''
Dr Ehrenreich is a fan of graphic novels and asked the Swiss illustrator Frederik Peeters to produce an interpretation of Wasp-76b .
`` Often with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compositions where it 's difficult for people to tell whether it 's a real picture or just a computer-generated image .
By putting some fun into it , we 're not fooling anyone , '' he said .
Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET @ bbc.co.uk and follow me on Twitter : @ BBCAmos

"What we surmise is that the iron is condensing on the nightside, which, although still hot at 1,400C, is cold enough that iron can condense as clouds, as rain, possibly as droplets. These could then fall into the deeper layers of the atmosphere which we can't access with our instrument," Dr Ehrenreich explained.


bbc--2020-03-11--Coronavirus: Iran death toll rises as virus spreads

The death toll from Covid-19 continues to rise in Iran .
The virus has now spread to every province in @ @ @ @ @ fearful that the true scale of the outbreak is even worse than is being disclosed @ @ @ @ @ social media shows a morgue in the city of Qom , full of dead bodies @ @ @ @ @ tested for the coronavirus .

The death toll from Covid-19 continues to rise in Iran.
The virus has now spread to every province in the country and people are fearful that the true scale of the outbreak is even worse than is being disclosed.
A video circulating on social media shows a morgue in the city of Qom, full of dead bodies that are waiting to be tested for the coronavirus.


bbc--2020-03-12--Coronavirus: Five takeaways from Trump's Oval Office address

US President Donald Trump has addressed the national from the Oval Office at the White House , announcing sweeping new @ @ @ @ @ a bid to combat the spread of the coronavirus .
Travel from Europe to the @ @ @ @ @ 30 days .
A Presidential Proclamation , published shortly after Mr Trump 's address , @ @ @ @ @ to anyone who has been in the Schengen zone within 14 days prior to their @ @ @ @ @ It does not include the UK or Republic of Ireland .
There were also pledges @ @ @ @ @ economy , and advice for the elderly .

US President Donald Trump has addressed the nation from the Oval Office at the White House, announcing sweeping new travel restrictions on Europe in a bid to combat the spread of the coronavirus.
Travel from Europe to the USA will be suspended for 30 days.
A Presidential Proclamation, published shortly after Mr Trump's address, specified that the ban applies to anyone who has been in the Schengen zone within 14 days prior to their arrival in the US. It does not include the UK or Republic of Ireland.
There were also pledges to help businesses, the economy, and advice for the elderly.


bbc--2020-03-12--Why bears are coming out of hibernation early

From Russia and Finland to Canada and the US , there 's been multiple sightings of bears around the world .
That might not sound too weird - but bears are n't normally spotted this early in the year , which makes this pretty unusual .
They usually stay in hibernation - which is like a deep sleep that helps them to save energy - and survive the winter without eating much .
But Europe has just had its hottest ever winter - and the US also experienced warmer temperatures in December and January - which has been linked to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ caused bears to be on the prowl a bit earlier than normal .
According to wildlife expert Alan Wright , the early emergence from hibernation is n't good for the bears or humans .
Alan , who works at the Lancashire Wildlife Trust , says the big issue for bears is around the availability of food .
`` They 'll be looking for it and there wo n't be a lot around - because a lot of the plants and smaller animals might not be there to feed them . ''
Bears need @ @ @ @ @ @ @ because soon , it 'll be breeding season .
He says there 'll be `` a lot of cubs '' that will be born with parents who wo n't be strong enough to feed them `` the right kind of food '' .
`` They could definitely suffer , '' he adds .
`` It means a lot of cubs might not make it through spring . ''
That could have knock-on effects like greater bear and human interaction , which would be potentially bad news for humans too .
`` Normally a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ humanity , they just want to do their own thing , '' Alan says .
But if there is n't enough food , they 'll look further afield - which means getting closer to humans .
`` They 'll be going into areas where humans have food and they 'll try to get that food . ''
`` You hear of bears trying to break into cars in some areas - and if they 're hungry , they 'll go out looking a bit more . ''
Alan says that only happens if @ @ @ @ @ @ @ - which comes from hunger and the need to feed their young .
Last year , a Russian region declared a state of emergency over dozens of polar bears looking for food in areas where humans live and attacking them .
`` Bears should really only be in zoos and obviously wildlife areas where humans are a good distance away . ''
The bears in the Moscow Zoo emerged from hibernation early but officials had been expecting it - and had measures in place to make sure they could cope with the early @ @ @ @ @ @ @ do n't emerge until after April .
'It 's scary - but sad and desperate' Alan says if humans come into contact with bears , they should stay away .
`` They wo n't be looking to attack humans unless the humans actually get in the way . ''
The best thing to do is get out of the way and call the relevant authorities .
The National Park Service in America also suggest keeping bear spray as a deterrent and staying calm .
`` I certainly would n't advise anybody getting too @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . ''
But for Alan , people should be more worried about the bears than themselves .
`` I would n't want people to be too frightened of bears coming out of hibernation .
It 's scary but also very sad and desperate too .
`` I think what we should do is understand why they 're doing that and the kind of situations they face . ''
Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 weekdays - or listen back here .

"They'll be looking for it and there won't be a lot around - because a lot of the plants and smaller animals might not be there to feed them."


bbc--2020-03-11--CEO Secrets: 'My lasting, enduring lesson from a Turkish bazaar'

Hakan Bulgurlu leads Arçelik , a multi-billion dollar white goods company which owns the Beko and Grundig brands .
He @ @ @ @ @ down to lessons he learned selling gold in a Turkish bazaar .
Find more business @ @ @ @ @ You can also follow the series on the BBC News app by adding the topic @ @ @ @ @ News .

Hakan Bulgurlu leads Arçelik, a multi-billion dollar white goods company which owns the Beko and Grundig brands. He puts his success in life down to lessons he learned selling gold in a Turkish bazaar.
Film by digital business reporter Dougal Shaw.
Find more business tips at CEO Secrets. You can also follow the series on the BBC News app by adding the topic 'CEO Secrets' in My News.


bbc--2020-03-12--The vaccine that saved millions

The vaccine that saved millions

In 1955 , a group of US scientists led by Dr Jonas Salk announced the discovery of the first polio @ @ @ @ @ on to save millions from death and disability .
His son , Dr Peter Salk @ @ @ @ @ about his father 's extraordinary achievement .
Witness History : The stories of our times @ @ @ @ @ were there .
Images of Jonas Salk used with permission of the family of Jonas @ @

In 1955, a group of US scientists led by Dr Jonas Salk announced the discovery of the first polio vaccine.
It would go on to save millions from death and disability.
His son, Dr Peter Salk, spoke to Witness History about his father's extraordinary achievement.
Witness History: The stories of our times told by the people who were there.
Images of Jonas Salk used with permission of the family of Jonas Salk.


bbc--2020-03-12--UK museum snaps up 600-year-old brooch found on farm

A `` priceless '' 600-year-old brooch that was found on farmland by a metal detectorist has been snapped up by the Victoria and Albert Museum .
The flower-shaped diamond and gold piece was found during a dig on land at Brigstock , Northamptonshire , in 2017 .
It will sit with Queen Victoria 's coronet and popstar Beyonce 's Papillon ring , in the V & A 's jewellery gallery .
The medieval brooch is the only one of its kind found in the UK - and one of just seven known to exist worldwide .
Finder Justin Owens said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hopes , thinking it might be an old bottle top or something . ''
He discovered it during an organised dig on former aristocratic hunting land , between Corby and Thrapston , but its existence has only just been revealed .
Experts believe it played an important part in the display of status and wealth , but may have been torn from the wearer at great force before it was lost , possibly during a hunt .
Some of the diamonds would have fallen off , and original pearl decoration would have been @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It is the second acquisition made by the V & A through the National Treasure Act .
The V & A said it was not able to reveal the monetary value of the brooch , but it has been described as `` priceless '' .
Mr Owens , who has been a hobby detectorist for four years , said he only had to dig about four inches ( 10cm ) down to uncover the treasure .
You may also like : • What is it like to find 'treasure ' ?
`` At @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a Roman or medieval hammered coin , but to find something so rare and valuable as this was a total shock , '' he said .
`` It was absolutely caked in mud .
I did n't have high hopes , thinking it might be an old bottle top or something .
`` But what a discovery .
Now I 've seen it cleaned up I ca n't believe how exquisite it really is . ''
• The brooch will also feature in the final episode of BBC Two 's Secrets Of The @ @ @ @ @ @

Experts believe it played an important part in the display of status and wealth, but may have been torn from the wearer at great force before it was lost, possibly during a hunt.


bbc--2020-03-11--Benin company harvesting plants that could soak up oil spills

A company in Benin is harvesting water hyacinths which can be used to soak up oil in an easy , @ @ @ @ @ unattended the plant reproduces incredibly fast , so the harvesting also helps maintain a balanced @ @ @ @ @ not yet been possible to scale up the process so that it can be used @ @ @ @ @ oil spills .
The BBC 's Questions d'Argent programme went to meet the founder to @ @ @ @ @ .

A company in Benin is harvesting water hyacinths which can be used to soak up oil in an easy, cost-effective way.
If left unattended the plant reproduces incredibly fast, so the harvesting also helps maintain a balanced ecosystem.
However it has not yet been possible to scale up the process so that it can be used to deal with major off-shore oil spills.
The BBC's Questions d'Argent programme went to meet the founder to see how it all works.
Video produced by Francois Wibaux and Franck Noudofinin.


bbc--2020-03-11--Harvey Weinstein: How a Hollywood giant faced his reckoning

As jurors were sworn in for Harvey Weinstein 's trial in New York , the judge told them in no uncertain terms that this case was not intended to be a referendum on the # MeToo movement as a whole .
But the trial , which ended with him being convicted of rape and sexual assault , at times felt like one .
Weinstein now faces a 23-year sentence which will probably see him spend the rest of his life behind bars .
This is the story of the downfall of one of Hollywood 's most powerful men .
You @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this article upsetting It was a watershed moment .
More than two years after allegations started to emerge about the Hollywood producer , some of his victims finally had their chance to be heard in court .
Twelve jurors were tasked with ruling on sex charges , which Weinstein denied , in a trial that saw complex questions about consent and power dynamics on the stand .
Jurors heard harrowing testimony from six women who , at times in tears , recounted their alleged assaults by the producer .
At one point a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of raping , had to leave court after suffering a panic attack in the witness box .
Weinstein 's high-powered defence team tried to flip the narrative and paint his accusers as the manipulators in the situation : women who used Weinstein for his industry prowess and later regretted and mischaracterised their sexual encounters as non-consensual .
During weeks of testimony , jurors heard everything from claims about Weinstein 's genitals being deformed to nude photographs of the movie mogul himself .
Every day journalists lined up , often before sunrise , to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Cameras were not allowed inside the Manhattan Supreme Court , but the entrance was always lined with paparazzi scrambling to get daily shots and sound-bites from Weinstein , who had barely been seen in public for two years .
Weinstein was a giant of the movie industry in every sense .
Productions in his name became synonymous with success in Hollywood , with hundreds of Oscar nominations and 81 wins across his career .
On stage , as he accepted awards , his large frame would often hulk over the stars of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at his trial was a very different one : once reportedly 300lb ( 136kg ) , he appeared frail and shuffled in to court most days with his back hunched over a metal walking frame .
The term # MeToo preceded Weinstein , but was propelled across the globe as allegations mounted against him in October 2017 .
Millions of people from all ages , backgrounds and nationalities used the hashtag to detail their experiences of harassment and abuse .
Other celebrities were implicated but it was the scale of claims against Weinstein @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in Hollywood , that proved the most shocking .
More than 100 women came forward with allegations about him - everything from aggressive outbursts to serious sexual assault .
Stars at the very top of the industry , like Gwyneth Paltrow and Angelina Jolie , told of unwanted advances and upsetting interactions .
Other women described , often in graphic detail , alleged rapes by the producer .
Weinstein has consistently denied all allegations of non-consensual sex and his lawyers have vowed to appeal against his conviction .
• Harvey Weinstein trial : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of allegations against him , these were the first to make it to trial .
In that time Weinstein had all but disappeared from public view .
His marriage broke up and he is said to have sought treatment for sex addiction .
His business partner brother described his behaviour as `` sick and depraved '' and their production company filed for bankruptcy .
During a rare interview , reportedly given without his lawyer 's knowledge in December , Weinstein complained of feeling like a `` forgotten man '' within Hollywood .
Speaking @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ease compression on his spine , he told the New York Post that he deserved a pat on the back for everything he had done for women in film .
He posed for photographs in a medical centre wearing jeans and a T-shirt , which he lifted to reveal a bandage on his back from which a tube drained blood into a container fixed to a metal walking aid .
The walking frame took on a starring role during the trial when an argument broke out when prosecutors labelled it a `` prop @ @ @ @ @ @ @ his surgeon to testify to prove he was n't faking his injury to gain sympathy .
On the first day , a group of high-profile accusers gathered outside the court to try to face him down .
`` You brought this upon yourself by hurting so many , '' actress Rose McGowan said , addressing her alleged rapist through the media .
`` You have only yourself to blame . ''
Weinstein 's legal team made repeated appeals for the trial to be moved from Manhattan , citing the `` carnival-like atmosphere '' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the defence complained after a flash-mob of protesters chanting lyrics including `` The rapist is you '' could be heard from inside the courtroom .
At another , one of the world 's best-known supermodels , Gigi Hadid , appeared as a potential juror .
About 2,000 people were reportedly summoned during the jury selection process and prosecutors accused Weinstein 's team of `` systematically eliminating '' young white women , resembling his victims , from serving on the jury .
After almost two weeks , the group of 12 was finalised with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ denied five felony charges relating to allegations of sexual assault and rape .
They related to incidents involving Mimi Haleyi , a former production assistant who he forced oral sex on at his Manhattan apartment in 2006 , and Jessica Mann , a one-time aspiring actress who he raped in a New York hotel room in 2013 .
Another alleged victim , Sopranos star Annabella Sciorra , alleged he had forced his way into her New York apartment and raped her some time in the winter of 1993/4 .
The amount of time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fell outside of New York 's statute of limitations and could not be charged separately , but the judge ruled her testimony could be used to support the most serious charges on the indictment : for predatory sexual assault .
Three other women were also permitted by the judge to appear as `` prior bad acts '' witnesses to help establish a pattern of behaviour and common motive .
All were aspiring actresses in their 20s , hoping to break into the industry , when they described being assaulted by him .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a conviction against US comedian Bill Cosby , who was jailed in 2018 .
Kristen Gibbons Feden was a prosecutor on both his trials and told the BBC that `` prior bad act '' witnesses ' willingness to take the stand , and be open to cross-examination without the hope of direct justice for themselves , can play a `` critical '' role in undermining defence arguments and establishing the motive of repeat offenders .
`` These women who testified , all of the women who testified in Cosby 's trial , were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ public sanctity and character on the line to try and assist the prosecution with putting away a serial rapist - I think that just speaks volumes about the movement , '' she said .
Physical evidence was never likely to play a part in the trial , given how much time had passed since the alleged incidents took place .
The case would therefore rise and fall on the believability of the accusations against Weinstein : a case of he said , she said - or , in this trial , they said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have a criminal trial , the goal of a defence attorney is to question the credibility of the witnesses - but particularly when the only evidence is eyewitness testimony , which it is in this case , '' Julie Rendelman , a former prosecutor turned criminal defence lawyer , told the BBC .
Sciorra was the first accuser to take the stand against Weinstein .
She alleged that he forced his way into her 17th-floor Gramercy Park apartment and raped her , shortly after offering to drive her home from a dinner they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ star Uma Thurman .
`` I felt very overpowered as he was very big , '' she told the court , who had heard he was almost three times her weight of about 110-115lb ( 50kg ) at the time .
`` Then he grabbed me .
He led me into the bedroom and he shoved me on the bed .
I was punching him , I was kicking him , I was trying to take him away from me .
He took my hands and put my hands over my head , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ arms .
In turn the defence called witnesses , including Sciorra 's apartment 's building manager , to try to contradict her claims .
During the trial some defence witnesses appeared only once under subpoena , apparently reluctant to appear and contradict the account of accusers , who in some cases were former friends .
The defence quizzed Sciorra on her acting ability and success : playing a 1997 clip from a well-known US talk show where she admitted making-up colourful lies about her life in press interviews .
They questioned why she @ @ @ @ @ @ @ happened .
`` He was someone I knew , '' she told the court .
`` I felt at the time that rape was something that happened in a back alleyway in a dark place by someone you did n't know . ''
They also called Professor Elizabeth Loftus , a false-memory expert , who testified about her research on how recollection can become distorted and contaminated over time .
With the main accusers , the defence tried to upend the narratives of manipulation presented by the prosecution .
They said Haleyi and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , communication with Weinstein after their assaults was evidence the relationships were consensual .
Haleyi tearfully told the court how he lunged and physically overpowered her in 2006 , removing a tampon and forcing oral sex on her when she was on her period .
`` I checked out and decided to endure it , '' she told the court .
`` That was the safest thing I could do . ''
His lawyers confronted her with messages she sent to the producer afterwards , including ones signed off `` lots of love @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
`` I asked for jobs from many people , including Harvey Weinstein , '' she said about contact over career opportunities .
She also said she had felt `` trapped '' by her circumstances , so she decided to `` almost pretend [ the assault ] did n't happen '' .
Jessica Mann told the court that she had entered in a `` degrading relationship '' with Weinstein , which included subsequent consensual acts , after her rape .
Psychologist Dr Barbara Ziv was called by the prosecution to try and push @ @ @ @ @ @ @ scrutiny of his victims ' behaviour .
Dr Ziv , who also testified at Cosby 's second trial , spoke about her 20 years of experience with assault survivors and sought to dispel so-called `` rape myths '' .
`` A vast majority of sexual assault victims do n't report promptly , '' she told the court .
`` The time can range from days to months to years to report an assault - to never . ''
She also said it was `` extremely common '' for victims to remain in contact @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of retribution , and pointed out an overwhelming majority of assaults are committed by someone the victim knows .
`` The trial was set up to raise some complicated issues around consent and what it looks like , '' Deborah Tuerkheimer , a professor at Northwestern University School of Law , told Variety .
`` Jessica Mann in particular has really been a complex witness . ''
The three-day testimony by Mann , whose identity had not been made public before the trial , provided some of its most powerful moments .
Journalists @ @ @ @ @ @ @ point , after being pressed to read an email which alluded to abuse earlier in her life , Mann broke down and started sobbing uncontrollably .
The New York Times reported that , after being excused from court , she could be heard screaming in another room .
When quizzed about their ongoing communication , the 34-year-old told lawyers : `` I know the history of my relationship with him ...
I know it was complicated and difficult but it does not change the fact that he raped me . ''
The point @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Joan Illuzzi-Orbon when she closed the case on Valentine 's Day .
`` Jessica Mann could have been completely head over heels in love with Harvey Weinstein , '' she said .
`` She could have had his name tattooed on her arm .
She could have been writing him love notes every single day .
She could have been married to him .
If all of that was true , it still would n't make a difference , he still would n't be allowed to rape her . ''
This argument mirrored @ @ @ @ @ @ @ told the jury they could dislike Weinstein , but still not believe his guilt had been proven .
`` You do n't have to like Mr. Weinstein .
This is not a popularity contest , '' lawyer Donna Rotunno said during almost five hours of closing testimony .
`` In this country it 's the unpopular people that need juries the most , '' Rotunno said .
`` The unpopular person needs you the most . ''
Rotunno accused prosecutors of scripting a reality which `` strips adult women of common sense , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Weinstein was a `` predator '' who preyed on women he saw as `` complete disposables '' .
From her glamorous designer outfits , to her towering heels to the gold `` not guilty '' pendant she reportedly wore around her neck to court , Rotunno became the public face of the defence team .
The lawyer has built her reputation on defending men in high-profile sexual misconduct cases .
During the trial Rotunno came under fire for comments made both inside and outside the courtroom .
An interview she gave to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ drew particular scorn .
When asked if she had ever been sexually assaulted herself , Rotunno responded : `` I have not , '' before pausing and adding : `` because I would never put myself in that position '' .
She also suggested men should get written consent before engaging in sex and asserted societal pressure to `` believe all women '' meant there was now `` zero '' risk for accusers to come forward and make claims .
Prosecutors repeatedly complained that her interviews violated rules .
The defence 's arguments @ @ @ @ @ @ @ groups , who accused them of victim-blaming and perpetuating misconceptions about rape .
In the end the jury , having earlier signalled they were divided on the predatory assault charges factoring in Sciorra , ruled not guilty on those two counts .
They took five days to reach their decision , finding Weinstein guilty of the third-degree rape of Jessica Mann and of a criminal sex act in his assault of Mimi Haleyi .
More than two years after dozens of women came out against him , turning public opinion , Weinstein was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ law .
The verdict was celebrated as a major victory by alleged victims and women 's rights advocates .
Laura Palumbo , communications director for the National Sexual Violence Resource Center , told the BBC that while the Weinstein trial was a `` significant moment '' nationally , it was important to remember that it did not reflect the reality of most rape cases in the US justice system .
The US-based Rape , Abuse & Incest National Network ( RAINN ) estimates that 995 out of every 1,000 perpetrators of sexual assault @ @ @ @ @ @ @ walk free because of low reporting and conviction rates .
Immediately after his conviction , Weinstein was taken to hospital and later fitted with a heart stent .
His lawyers had implored leniency from the judge , arguing Weinstein had already been punished with his `` historic '' fall from grace .
They insisted even the five-year minimum term could prove a `` de-facto life sentence '' for him given his age and declining health .
The judge ignored that plea .
There were reportedly gasps around the court as the near-maximum prison @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
All six women who testified at his trial sat together as his punishment was announced .
The Silence Breakers , another group of Weinstein accusers , welcomed the sentence but said no amount of jail time could make up for the damage he had caused to lives and careers .
Weinstein appeared for his sentencing in a wheelchair .
Before the judge jailed him , Weinstein spoke in court for the first time to express remorse for the situation but insisted he had `` wonderful times '' and `` friendships '' with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `` totally confused '' about what was happening to him .
`` Thousands of men are losing due process .
I 'm worried about this country , '' he said , in comments seen as critical of # MeToo .
Despite his apparent confusion , Weinstein 's legal troubles are far from over .
The 67-year-old still faces further assault charges in Los Angeles .
Victims and campaigners hope his trial will set a wider precedent where other offenders , no matter how powerful , will also be held to account .
`` @ @ @ @ @ @ @ about the pervasiveness of sexual violence it sparked - will have a lasting legacy , '' RAINN president Scott Berkowitz said in a statement .
`` We hope that survivors will feel encouraged to come forward , knowing that it can truly make a difference in bringing perpetrators to justice . ''

Physical evidence was never likely to play a part in the trial, given how much time had passed since the alleged incidents took place. The case would therefore rise and fall on the believability of the accusations against Weinstein: a case of he said, she said - or, in this trial, they said. "Obviously, any time you have a criminal trial, the goal of a defence attorney is to question the credibility of the witnesses - but particularly when the only evidence is eyewitness testimony, which it is in this case," Julie Rendelman, a former prosecutor turned criminal defence lawyer, told the BBC.


bbc--2020-03-12--How Europe deals with terror offenders when they are freed from jail

When radicalised terror offenders are released from prison , how should they be dealt with ?
Two recent attacks in London have brought the question into sharp focus because both involved extremist offenders carrying out knife attacks despite being on the radar of security services .
Sudesh Amman , 20 , carried out the Streatham attack last month only 10 days after his release from jail .
It was a case that reverberated across Europe , where other offenders will soon be freed .
The UK quickly passed legislation to block the automatic early release of convicted terror offenders .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ same balance between security and civil liberties .
For terror offenders , a second chance comes with many strings attached .
How many terror offenders are there ?
Hundreds will be released from European prisons within the next few years , figures suggest .
Europol , the EU 's law enforcement arm , gives an idea of the numbers .
• Sudesh Amman : Who was the Streatham attacker ?
• EU struggles over law to tackle spread of terror online From 2016 to 2018 , Spain had the most court cases for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ EU , followed by the UK ( 329 ) , France ( 327 ) and Belgium ( 301 ) .
In 2018 , 61 % of verdicts for those cases in EU states were classed as `` jihadist terror offences '' .
This verdict trend , Europol said , started in 2015 - a year after the Islamic State ( IS ) group declared its caliphate in the Middle East .
Radicalised by IS , jihadists carried out a series of atrocities .
The November Paris attacks in 2015 claimed 131 lives and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in July 2016 .
Terror offenders do not stay behind bars forever - a point underlined by Globsec , a think tank .
Of 199 individuals arrested for terror offences in 2015 , 57 % would be released by 2023 , it said .
Their offences range from planning attacks and membership of a terrorist group to financing terrorism .
In France alone , around 45 of the more than 500 terror offenders in jail are expected to be released this year .
In the UK , the number is 50 , in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ countries run or fund rehabilitation programmes .
These are mostly small-scale programmes focused on a limited number of offenders .
They can be mandatory or voluntary .
Some aim to change the behaviour of offenders - which is known as disengagement ; others seek to overhaul their ideological outlook - called deradicalisation .
The process typically starts in prison , where inmates are considered vulnerable to radicalisation .
How Germany tries to deradicalise its offenders Violence Prevention Network ( VPN ) is just one of the numerous civil society groups dealing with the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ When it was founded in 2001 , VPN dealt with few serious terror convicts .
Young offenders at risk of right-wing extremism were its target group .
• Has Germany done enough to tackle far-right terror threat ?
That changed in the mid-2010s , when Islamist fighters started returning from war zones , bringing their extremist views into prison with them .
`` These individuals are so dangerous , you ca n't train them in a group , '' Cornelia Lotthammer , a spokeswoman for the VPN , told the BBC .
`` @ @ @ @ @ @ @ group will be manipulated . ''
These hard cases require two-on-one training for as long as it takes , often mandated by court order .
Even then , some simply refuse to yield .
Funded by the German government , VPN also offers a voluntary programme for less serious offenders .
• Germany attacks : What is going on ?
Its guiding method of `` education of responsibility '' involves careful detective work .
A key element is developing an understanding of the offender 's biography , from fond childhood memories to their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to detect crucial points in their biography , when they took the wrong road , '' Ms Lotthammer said .
In the post-prison phase , it is up to offenders to `` choose another way '' .
A combination of counselling , vocational training and family support for up to a year is supposed to ensure they do so .
How France tries to chip away at extremist ideology Offenders radicalised in prison have been a particularly prickly thorn in France 's side .
• Paris attacks : Who were the attackers ?
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2015 involved extremists who had served time in jail .
Now , more than 1,000 current inmates have been flagged as radicalised .
To dissuade them from following the same violent path , France has funded a dizzying array of deradicalisation programmes .
They have been criticised for their cost , unclear results and stigmatisation of Muslims .
With past mistakes looming large , Prime Minister Edouard Philippe announced a new counter-terrorism plan in 2018 .
• How France hopes to help radicals escape jihadist net Under the plan , radicalised offenders are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and segregated in separate wings if necessary .
This is not optional , but some offenders are unco-operative .
By talking to inmates one-on-one , social workers aim to chip away at their extremist ideology , dismantling it bit by bit .
After prison , a court may send an offender to one of France 's four new deradicalisation centres in Paris , Marseille , Lille and Lyon .
At these centres , treatment continues under the supervision of tutors , psychologists and religious advisers ( imams ) .
France 's first rehabilitation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in 2017 , and few of those admitted were considered dangerous extremists .
But Coralie Tchina of France 's Ministry of Justice says they have since evolved .
`` We take care of Islamic terrorists , but also radicalised people with convictions for lesser crimes . ''
`` For now , it 's kind of working , '' she told the BBC .
How the Dutch have beefed up probation The Netherlands has not suffered terror attacks on the scale of its European neighbours , yet Dutch authorities know they can not afford @ @ @ @ @ @ @ admitted shooting dead four people on a tram in Utrecht and is accused of murder with a terrorist motive .
A known offender awaiting trial for rape , Gokmen Tanis showed no signs of extremism before the attack , prosecutors said .
Anyone flagged as radicalised in the Netherlands can be referred to TER ( Terrorists , Extremists and Radicals ) .
Launched in 2012 , TER sees itself as a beefed-up version of probation rather than a deradicalisation programme .
`` It is about probation work - just like with other target @ @ @ @ @ @ @ measures , '' Stephanie van Erve , a spokeswoman for the Dutch Probation Service ( DPS ) , told the BBC .
As part of their parole conditions , offenders are supervised by TER and , in some cases , tracked with GPS technology by intelligence services .
With the support of Islamic theologians , TER staff promote behavioural and ideological change .
What are other European countries doing ?
Many have programmes based on a two-step strategy : intervention in prison and after-care outside prison .
Denmark , for example , separates @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in its Back on Track programme before release .
The Belgian government similarly views prison as `` a potential breeding ground for radicalisation '' .
A voluntary programme geared towards disengagement - behavioural change - has been developed in Belgium .
Last year , 27 inmates were selected to take part in the nine-month programme , named Césure .
You may also be interested in the UK is doing to tackle extremism .
Here are some links : • What do prisons do to deradicalise inmates in the UK ?
• What is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Begum case : How do you deradicalise someone ?
• The man who is being deradicalised The Spanish model runs voluntary deradicalisation programmes in a handful of prisons .
An EU report says the plan encourages violent radicals to `` address religion from a rational point of view '' and learn democratic values .
As of 2018 , none of its 23 participants had renounced their extremist ideology , a report by El Periódico said .
No-one knows for sure .
The results of these programmes are not well understood for two main @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evaluate their success scientifically because legal , ethical and security concerns place restrictions on doing so .
But also many of these programmes are in their infancy , so no proper case studies or data exist and there is no consensus on what constitutes best practice .
• Top psychologist : No certainty terror offenders can be 'cured' There are reasons to be optimistic , though .
Of the 189 offenders supervised by the Dutch programme , a study found that only eight showed signs of recidivism - a tendency to reoffend - @ @ @ @ @ @ @ most serious terror offenders supervised by VPN , none has relapsed .
That 's why Ms Lotthammer was so surprised by the London attack in January .
`` What amazes me is that the first thing [ Sudesh Amman ] thought to do after leaving prison was attack people under the ISIS flag , '' she said .
Scotland Yard 's counter-terrorism chief Neil Basu suggested Amman was beyond rehabilitation .
It is not clear what support he received in prison .
But even if more could have been done , no programme @ @ @ @ @ @ @ success .
To have a chance , they need to be `` well-staffed with well-trained personnel and adequate methods and tools available '' , Dr Daniel Koehler , director of the German Institute on Radicalization and De-Radicalization Studies ( GIRDS ) , told the BBC .
`` In most countries , this is not the case so that these programmes are really not reaching their potential impact , '' Dr Koehler said .

How Europe deals with terror offenders when they are freed from jail Published 12 March 2020
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Terror offenders who are released from jail are a growing challenge for security services in Europe
When radicalised terror offenders are released from prison, how should they be dealt with?
Two recent attacks in London have brought the question into sharp focus because both involved extremist offenders carrying out knife attacks despite being on the radar of security services.
Sudesh Amman, 20, carried out the Streatham attack last month only 10 days after his release from jail. It was a case that reverberated across Europe, where other offenders will soon be freed.
The UK quickly passed legislation to block the automatic early release of convicted terror offenders. Other European countries are grappling with the same balance between security and civil liberties. For terror offenders, a second chance comes with many strings attached.
How many terror offenders are there?
Hundreds will be released from European prisons within the next few years, figures suggest. Europol, the EU's law enforcement arm, gives an idea of the numbers.
From 2016 to 2018, Spain had the most court cases for terror offences (343) in the EU, followed by the UK (329), France (327) and Belgium (301).
In 2018, 61% of verdicts for those cases in EU states were classed as "jihadist terror offences". This verdict trend, Europol said, started in 2015 - a year after the Islamic State (IS) group declared its caliphate in the Middle East.
Radicalised by IS, jihadists carried out a series of atrocities. The November Paris attacks in 2015 claimed 131 lives and the Nice lorry attacker murdered 86 people in July 2016.
Terror offenders do not stay behind bars forever - a point underlined by Globsec, a think tank. Of 199 individuals arrested for terror offences in 2015, 57% would be released by 2023, it said. Their offences range from planning attacks and membership of a terrorist group to financing terrorism.
In France alone, around 45 of the more than 500 terror offenders in jail are expected to be released this year. In the UK, the number is 50, in Sweden it is zero.
Most European countries run or fund rehabilitation programmes. These are mostly small-scale programmes focused on a limited number of offenders. They can be mandatory or voluntary.
Some aim to change the behaviour of offenders - which is known as disengagement; others seek to overhaul their ideological outlook - called deradicalisation. The process typically starts in prison, where inmates are considered vulnerable to radicalisation.
How Germany tries to deradicalise its offenders
Violence Prevention Network (VPN) is just one of the numerous civil society groups dealing with the deradicalisation of extremist offenders in Germany.
When it was founded in 2001, VPN dealt with few serious terror convicts. Young offenders at risk of right-wing extremism were its target group.
That changed in the mid-2010s, when Islamist fighters started returning from war zones, bringing their extremist views into prison with them.
"These individuals are so dangerous, you can't train them in a group," Cornelia Lotthammer, a spokeswoman for the VPN, told the BBC. "There's always a risk that the group will be manipulated."
Image source, Violence Prevention Network Image caption, Violence Prevention Network's programme entails three phases
These hard cases require two-on-one training for as long as it takes, often mandated by court order. Even then, some simply refuse to yield. Funded by the German government, VPN also offers a voluntary programme for less serious offenders.
Its guiding method of "education of responsibility" involves careful detective work. A key element is developing an understanding of the offender's biography, from fond childhood memories to their acts of violence.
"We try to detect crucial points in their biography, when they took the wrong road," Ms Lotthammer said.
In the post-prison phase, it is up to offenders to "choose another way". A combination of counselling, vocational training and family support for up to a year is supposed to ensure they do so.
How France tries to chip away at extremist ideology
Offenders radicalised in prison have been a particularly prickly thorn in France's side.
The Charlie Hebdo and Paris attacks of 2015 involved extremists who had served time in jail. Now, more than 1,000 current inmates have been flagged as radicalised.
This video can not be played To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Media caption, What makes someone become an Islamic extremist? Jean-Claude Keller describes what he has seen in Mulhouse
To dissuade them from following the same violent path, France has funded a dizzying array of deradicalisation programmes. They have been criticised for their cost, unclear results and stigmatisation of Muslims.
With past mistakes looming large, Prime Minister Edouard Philippe announced a new counter-terrorism plan in 2018.
Under the plan, radicalised offenders are assessed in specialist units of high-security prisons and segregated in separate wings if necessary. This is not optional, but some offenders are unco-operative.
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Some of the perpetrators of the Paris attacks of 2015 had served time in prison
By talking to inmates one-on-one, social workers aim to chip away at their extremist ideology, dismantling it bit by bit.
After prison, a court may send an offender to one of France's four new deradicalisation centres in Paris, Marseille, Lille and Lyon. At these centres, treatment continues under the supervision of tutors, psychologists and religious advisers (imams).
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Pontourny rehabilitation centre, dubbed the "jihad academy", was closed in 2017
France's first rehabilitation centre was deemed a failure and shuttered in 2017, and few of those admitted were considered dangerous extremists.
But Coralie Tchina of France's Ministry of Justice says they have since evolved. "We take care of Islamic terrorists, but also radicalised people with convictions for lesser crimes."
"For now, it's kind of working," she told the BBC.
How the Dutch have beefed up probation
The Netherlands has not suffered terror attacks on the scale of its European neighbours, yet Dutch authorities know they cannot afford to be complacent.
Gokmen Tanis has admitted shooting dead four people on a tram in Utrecht and is accused of murder with a terrorist motive.
A known offender awaiting trial for rape, Gokmen Tanis showed no signs of extremism before the attack, prosecutors said. Anyone flagged as radicalised in the Netherlands can be referred to TER (Terrorists, Extremists and Radicals).
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Gökmen Tanis admitted to killing three people on a tram in Utrecht
Launched in 2012, TER sees itself as a beefed-up version of probation rather than a deradicalisation programme.
"It is about probation work - just like with other target groups - that is supplemented with specific measures," Stephanie van Erve, a spokeswoman for the Dutch Probation Service (DPS), told the BBC.
This video can not be played To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Media caption, Hanif Qadir says Adam was "easily manipulated"
As part of their parole conditions, offenders are supervised by TER and, in some cases, tracked with GPS technology by intelligence services. With the support of Islamic theologians, TER staff promote behavioural and ideological change.
What are other European countries doing?
Many have programmes based on a two-step strategy: intervention in prison and after-care outside prison. Denmark, for example, separates extremist offenders and requires them to participate in its Back on Track programme before release.
The Belgian government similarly views prison as "a potential breeding ground for radicalisation". A voluntary programme geared towards disengagement - behavioural change - has been developed in Belgium. Last year, 27 inmates were selected to take part in the nine-month programme, named Césure.
This video can not be played To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Media caption, The mums learning the signs of radicalisation
The Spanish model runs voluntary deradicalisation programmes in a handful of prisons. An EU report says the plan encourages violent radicals to "address religion from a rational point of view" and learn democratic values. As of 2018, none of its 23 participants had renounced their extremist ideology, a report by El Periódico said.
Rehabilitation programmes: a model for success?
No-one knows for sure. The results of these programmes are not well understood for two main reasons.
First it is difficult to evaluate their success scientifically because legal, ethical and security concerns place restrictions on doing so. But also many of these programmes are in their infancy, so no proper case studies or data exist and there is no consensus on what constitutes best practice.
There are reasons to be optimistic, though. Of the 189 offenders supervised by the Dutch programme, a study found that only eight showed signs of recidivism - a tendency to reoffend - between 2012 and 2018. Of the most serious terror offenders supervised by VPN, none has relapsed.
That's why Ms Lotthammer was so surprised by the London attack in January.
"What amazes me is that the first thing [Sudesh Amman] thought to do after leaving prison was attack people under the ISIS flag," she said.
Image source, Met Police Image caption, Streatham attacker Sudesh Amman was aged 18 when he was jailed for terror offences in 2018
Scotland Yard's counter-terrorism chief Neil Basu suggested Amman was beyond rehabilitation. It is not clear what support he received in prison. But even if more could have been done, no programme has a tried and tested recipe for success.
To have a chance, they need to be "well-staffed with well-trained personnel and adequate methods and tools available", Dr Daniel Koehler, director of the German Institute on Radicalization and De-Radicalization Studies (GIRDS), told the BBC.
"In most countries, this is not the case so that these programmes are really not reaching their potential impact," Dr Koehler said.


bbc--2020-03-12--Ethiopia's Ambo city: 'From freedom to repression under Abiy Ahmed'

Under Ethiopian Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner Abiy Ahmed , the city of Ambo has turned from being a symbol of freedom into a symbol of repression , as the security forces try to curb the growth of ethnically inspired rebel and opposition groups that threaten his `` coming together '' vision .
Ambo , which has a large student population because of its university , was at the centre of mass protests that saw Mr Abiy rise to power in April 2018 with a promise to end decades of authoritarian rule in a nation with more than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 80 ethnic groups .
Most of Ambo 's residents are Oromos - and the protests were largely driven by anger that despite being Ethiopia 's largest ethnic group , they were marginalised from political and economic power , with no Oromo ever serving as prime minister .
Acknowledging Ambo 's role in bringing about change during a visit to the city within days of becoming the first Oromo to hold the prime minister 's post , Mr Abiy said : `` Ambo is where we are going to build the statue of our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ At a fund-raising event in February 2019 , the prime minister sold his watch for 5m birr ( about $ 155,000 , £120,000 ) to kick-start development in the city .
It was a further indication of the huge political significance he attached to Ambo , traditionally regarded as a stronghold of the Oromo Liberation Front ( OLF ) , a former rebel group which laid down arms following peace talks with Mr Abiy .
But a year later , there are few signs of development in Ambo , which is about 100km @ @ @ @ @ @ @ capital Addis Ababa .
Instead , residents are once again complaining of a return of police brutality , with young men being randomly beaten up or detained as they go about their daily lives .
I witnessed some of this during a visit to Ambo .
In one instance about six policemen forced two young men to kneel in front of pedestrians , before kicking them and hitting them with sticks .
In another instance , two young men were forcibly taken to a police station .
Their elbows were tied behind their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in vain , with the officers to untie him .
No-one dared to intervene for fear that the police would assault them too .
The policemen were from the regional force - and their numbers were swelled last Sunday when hundreds more graduated , raising fears that the crackdown will intensify ahead of the general election slated for August .
That is the first time that Mr Abiy will face the voters since the ruling coalition chose him as prime minister to order to quell the nationwide protests .
I also saw policemen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ haircuts on the spot to young men whom they perceive to have long hair or afros .
They considered my hair to be an afro but I was lucky - they let me off with a warning to chop it off myself , which I did not do as I was going to leave Ambo in two days ' time . '
I was unable to access the internet' Police just assume that men with such looks are troublemakers and supporters of rebel leader Kumsa Diriba , who they see as a major @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mr Abiy 's vision of forcing a new sense of national unity , known as `` coming together '' .
Having spurned Mr Abiy 's peace overtures in 2018 , Mr Kumsa , who is also known as Jaal Maro , is continuing to push for the `` liberation '' of Oromia from his forest hideout in the remote west .
He split from the OLF , the biggest Oromo rebel group , after it decided to turn into a political party , taking with him an unspecified number of fighters under his @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Kumsa 's rebels have infiltrated Ambo , and were responsible for the bomb blast at a pro-Abiy rally held last month to show that the prime minister still commands significant support in the city .
The rebels , via their supporters and anonymous accounts , have also been slowly gaining a profile on social media in an attempt to raise discontent against the government , especially through the circulation of the names of victims of alleged brutality by the security forces .
The government 's attempt to keep a lid on dissent has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of western Oromia since January , and in some areas people can not even make or receive phone calls .
This is despite the fact that Mr Abiy has promised to liberalise the telecom sector and end the monopoly of state-owned Ethio Telecom .
• The PM with a new ruling party In an interview with BBC Afaan Oromoo , the deputy chief of staff of Ethiopia 's Defence Force , Gen Berhanu Jula , hinted that the shutdowns were linked to military operations to dismantle camps under Mr Kumsa 's control , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's newly formed Prosperity Party ( PP ) , Taye Dendea , denied that innocent people were victims of the security force operation .
`` The government has no reason to target civilians , we care about our people more than anyone else , '' Mr Taye told BBC Afaan Oromoo .
In Ambo , I was unable to access the internet over my mobile phone throughout my three-week stay .
On the two occasions I went to an internet cafe , it had poor broadband connection and I had to wait for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ my emails and social media accounts .
Residents suspect that apart from government concerns about the rebels , the shutdowns are intended to limit political campaigning and starve young people of news ahead of the general election .
Residents point out that Jawar Mohammed - who is probably the most prominent and controversial Ethiopian social media activist - is now also making life difficult for the prime minister .
When exiled in the US , Mr Jawar used Facebook effectively to get Oromos on to the streets to rise against the former government @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Abiy took power , he briefly became a supporter of the prime minister but is now a fierce opponent .
Mr Jawar put out a video on Facebook soon after Mr Abiy was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October , accusing the government of trying to remove his guards from his home in Addis Ababa as part of a ploy to orchestrate an attack on him .
Despite government denials of any such plan , Mr Jawar 's supporters staged protests against Mr Abiy in parts of Oromia - in one instance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's newly published book , which outlines his `` coming together '' vision .
When Mr Abiy subsequently visited Ambo for a meeting with selected guests in a hotel , pro-Jawar youths staged a protest and booed the prime minister , who had been awarded the Nobel prize for his `` decisive initiative '' to end the border conflict with Eritrea , and for the `` important reforms '' he had initiated in Ethiopia with a pledge to `` strengthen democracy '' .
Mr Jawar has joined the Oromo Federalist Congress ( OFC @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with the OLF and the Oromo National Party ( ONP ) to contest the election on what is expected to be a strong ethno-nationalist ticket .
In Oromia , it is likely to pose the biggest electoral challenge to Mr Abiy 's PP , which was launched in December after a merger of eight of the nine regional parties which make up Ethiopia 's ruling coalition .
Mr Abiy hopes that the PP will foster national unity and keep ethnic nationalism in check .
But he has taken a huge risk as the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were not just about political freedom - but also about the right of each group to express their ethnic identities more freely and to have greater autonomy for their regions .
So , as far as ethno-nationalists in Ambo and elsewhere in Oromia are concerned , Mr Abiy has sold out .
Worrying for the Nobel laureate , Defence Minister Lemma Megersa , a fellow Oromo with political clout , also expressed doubts about the PP 's formation in November , though party officials say he and Mr Abiy have been ironing out @ @ @ @ @ @ @ merger is not right and timely , as we are in transition , we are on borrowed time .
Dissolving the regional party to which the public entrusted their demands is betraying them , '' Mr Lemma said at the time .
For Mr Abiy 's supporters , he offers the best hope of getting Ethiopia 's myriad ethnic groups to work together , and avoid the country 's disintegration .
They are confident that he will demonstrate his popularity by leading the PP to victory in the election , though its legitimacy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ crackdown in Ambo continues .
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The policemen were from the regional force - and their numbers were swelled last Sunday when hundreds more graduated, raising fears that the crackdown will intensify ahead of the general election slated for August. That is the first time that Mr Abiy will face the voters since the ruling coalition chose him as prime minister to order to quell the nationwide protests.