bbc--2020-06-18--Supreme Court Daca ruling: 'This means continuing to live the American dream'

The US Supreme Court has declared that an attempt by the Trump administration to end a programme to protect young undocumented immigrants is `` unlawful '' .
Here , young people whose lives and livelihoods in the US have been protected by the Obama-era Deferred Action on Childhood Arrivals ( Daca ) policy tell the BBC 's Angelica Casas what the ruling means for them .
• What court ruling means for Trump and Dreamers [ The court decision ] is sort of overwhelming .
It feels just .
They made the right decision here on a human level .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ for many people who have been under the Daca umbrella .
This has allowed people to be able to stay and get an education here - something that would not have been possible in another country .
We came to the US in 1999 when I was five and my parents did it to give their children an opportunity for a better life .
They had to kiss their family goodbye and depart with the fear of the unknown .
All they knew was that this country could provide better opportunities for us @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ready to graduate high school .
It was scary because universities ask you for your social security and status here and I did n't know if I would be able to pursue my education .
When Obama passed Daca , it happened at a perfect time [ for me ] - a `` clutch '' time , I would call it .
But under the Trump Administration , we were fearful that we could fall back to an undocumented status .
That could mean losing our jobs , having to work under the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , my parents are still undocumented and we live in that fear daily .
We 're scared that the next time my dad forgets to put his blinker to make a turn driving , it will be his last moment in the United States .
Thankfully , I am married now to a US citizen and we are at the very last step in making me a resident .
It 's very overwhelming the fact that maybe this time next year , I will be a US resident .
But I feel for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have to lean on Daca for much longer .
I just woke up .
My phone blew up with the news .
I kind of feel surprised and relieved at the same time .
Honestly , I did not think they were going to rule on that case today and I did not think they were going to rule in our favour .
I feel like that the pandemic helped… something good came out of it .
I think that made them [ the justices ] realise a little bit 'we ca n't @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are too many people , especially working in the medical field , and 'we do n't want to take those people away ' .
I will continue helping a non-profit so they continue taking applications so new people can get this opportunity .
When people come together , you can make change .
When Trump started saying that they were going to end Daca , I was really anxious but then nothing happened .
I kind of learned to go with it and see what happens .
• Why this ICU nurse might @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not expecting this at all - I was expecting the decision for Monday .
It came as a surprise but a good surprise .
I 'm extremely numb .
When you 're dealing with something like this for over a couple of years now , I 've trained my body to hope for the best and expect the worst .
As big as this is , I 'm a bit numb and a bit tired as well .
As big of a victory that this is , we have to keep applying pressure @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other people who are just as able and capable , but who do not have this protection .
We 're fighting for breadcrumbs right now .
We do n't have to have a sob story to prove we are worthy of being in this country either .
As proud as we are of our roots , the United States is our home .
Everything hurts right now .
As happy I am for this ruling , I 'm still going to fight for other causes , like Black Lives Matter , too .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ was two years old .
Throughout my entire childhood I never understood what it meant to be an immigrant or undocumented .
I did n't even know I was undocumented .
My dad would tell me that any time anyone would ask , to tell them I was born here .
It was n't until I met with a lawyer my parents set up that I realised I was undocumented .
This is the best advice that I 've gotten from my lawyer - Daca is just a temporary solution .
As long @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
I worked at Dell for about a year and now I 'm a case manager for a law firm .
I 'm up to reapply for Daca in January .
I graduated from Texas A & M University in 2019 .
I want to go to law school , but when you have Daca , it 's really hard to plan for the next five years .
I think I 'm still in shock .
A lot of us were not expecting this .
It 's a very needed win , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ needed to continue moving forward and to keep fighting for the rest of our families and the community that does not have Daca .
I was born in Mexico and came when I was nine years old .
I live in a mixed status family - not all of us are undocumented .
We ca n't just say Daca is enough because we have others we feel for , like my family members who have nothing at all .
It 's definitely a roller coaster but we have learned that no matter what @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high or low , the only way we will get through is by being a community .
I pull from the strength that my parents have , because they 've been living here [ in the US ] for longer than in Mexico and do n't have Daca .
I want to put up a fight , I 'm not going to go back to somewhere that is n't home .
This is a much needed win and even though it means a lot , it 's not everything , but it will @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and unite forces with other people fighting to defund the police or with Black Lives Matter .
We all face a lot of the same oppressive systems and I 'm looking forward to the unity that will come from this .

I arrived in the US when I was two years old. Throughout my entire childhood I never understood what it meant to be an immigrant or undocumented. I didn't even know I was undocumented. My dad would tell me that any time anyone would ask, to tell them I was born here. It wasn't until I met with a lawyer my parents set up that I realised I was undocumented.


bbc--2020-06-18--South Africa’s battle to protect women against violence

South Africa is facing a crisis when it comes to gender based violence – more than 2,700 women were killed @ @ @ @ @ murder of 28-year-old Tshegofatso Pule showed that the issue is not going away , and @ @ @ @ @ in lockdown .
The BBC ’ s South Africa Reporter Pumza Fihlani , spent time @ @ @ @ @ looking for solutions to the problem both before and after the coronavirus pandemic .

South Africa is facing a crisis when it comes to gender based violence – more than 2,700 women were killed last year.
The recent murder of 28-year-old Tshegofatso Pule showed that the issue is not going away, and drove protesters into the streets in lockdown.
The BBC’s South Africa Reporter Pumza Fihlani, spent time with the people who are looking for solutions to the problem both before and after the coronavirus pandemic.
Produced by Olivia Lace-Evans and Kyla Herrmannsen


bbc--2020-06-18--Coronavirus: How many more people are dying?

BBC Reality Check 's Chris Morris explains why looking at `` excess deaths '' proves to be one of the @ @ @ @ @ death toll from coronavirus .

BBC Reality Check's Chris Morris explains why looking at "excess deaths" proves to be one of the best measures of judging the death toll from coronavirus.
Motion graphics by Jacqueline Galvin
Filmed by Myles Burke
Produced by Soraya Auer


bbc--2020-06-18--Quiz of the Week: What claims are in the new Trump book?

It 's the weekly news quiz - how closely have you been paying attention to what 's been going on @ @ @ @ @ past seven days ?
If you can not see the quiz , follow this link @ @ @ @ @ quiz via this link .

It's the weekly news quiz - how closely have you been paying attention to what's been going on in the world during the past seven days?


bbc--2020-06-18--Africa's week in pictures: 12-18 June 2020

Following campaigns and protests the Belgian city of Ghent is to remove this statue of King Leopold II , under @ @ @ @ @ 10 million people were murdered in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo .

Image caption,
Following campaigns and protests the Belgian city of Ghent is to remove this statue of King Leopold II, under whose reign as many as 10 million people were murdered in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.


bbc--2020-06-18--John Bolton: Ten biggest claims in his Donald Trump book

The presidency of Donald Trump has already generated a long reading list , but the latest offering from former National Security Adviser John Bolton has attracted more attention than most , given the author 's high-ranking status and the nature of his claims .
His work - The Room Where It Happened - portrays a president ignorant of basic geopolitical facts and whose decisions were frequently driven by a desire for re-election .
Critics of Mr Trump have asked why Mr Bolton did not speak up during impeachment hearings , while the president himself has called his former top adviser @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a `` boring old fool '' .
The White House is trying to stop the book 's release , but US media have obtained advance copies and have started publishing details from it .
Here are some of the most eye-catching allegations .
1 .
Trump wanted help from China to win re-election ...
In the book , Mr Bolton describes a meeting between President Trump and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping at a G20 meeting in Japan last year .
The US president `` stunningly , turned the conversation to the coming @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , alluding to China 's economic capability and pleading with Xi to ensure he 'd win , '' Mr Bolton writes .
`` He stressed the importance of farmers and increased Chinese purchases of soybeans and wheat in the electoral outcome . ''
Agriculture is one of the major industries in the Midwest American states that helped propel Mr Trump to victory in the 2016 election .
• John Bolton : Who is man behind Trump-Xi allegations ?
2 .
... and said building internment camps was the 'right thing to do' China @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ethic minorities has brought international condemnation , with about a million people thought to have been detained in camps in the Xinjiang region .
On Wednesday President Trump authorised sanctions against Chinese officials involved in the mass incarceration , prompting an angry response from China .
But in Mr Bolton 's book , when Mr Xi defended building the camps , the US president suggested he approved of China 's actions .
`` According to our interpreter , '' Mr Bolton wrote , `` Trump said that Xi should go ahead with building @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exactly the right thing to do . ''
The Chinese leader is not the only authoritarian Mr Bolton accuses the president of pandering to .
Mr Trump was willing to intervene in criminal investigations `` to , in effect , give personal favours to dictators he liked , '' Mr Bolton wrote .
According to the book Mr Trump offered help to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2018 in a US investigation into a Turkish company over potential violations of Iranian sanctions .
The US president is said to have agreed to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that the prosecutors involved were `` Obama people '' .
4 .
The Democrats should have gone further with impeachment efforts In the book , Mr Bolton backs up Democrats ' allegations that President Trump wanted to withhold military aid to Ukraine to pressure its government into investigating his rival Joe Biden .
The claim sparked impeachment efforts against Mr Trump .
However , Mr Bolton criticises the Democrats in his book , saying they committed `` impeachment malpractice '' by just focusing on Ukraine .
He argues that if they had broadened @ @ @ @ @ @ @ persuaded that President Trump had committed the `` high crimes and misdemeanours '' necessary to be removed from office .
Mr Bolton does not say if the new allegations he makes are impeachable offences .
He declined to testify in the process when it was in the House of Representatives late last year , then was blocked from appearing in the Senate by Republicans .
5 .
Trump suggested he wanted to serve more than two terms More now on President Trump 's conversations with Xi Jinping .
Mr Bolton says Mr Trump @ @ @ @ @ @ @ keen for him to make the constitutional changes needed for him to serve more than two terms .
`` One highlight came when Xi said he wanted to work with Trump for six more years , and Trump replied that people were saying that the two-term constitutional limit on presidents should be repealed for him , '' he wrote in an extract published by the Wall Street Journal .
`` Xi said the US had too many elections , because he did n't want to switch away from Trump , who nodded approvingly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ know the UK was a nuclear power ... Britain was the third country after the US and the Soviet Union to test an atomic device , in 1952 .
But that the UK is part of the small club of nuclear-armed states appears to have been news to President Trump .
One extract told of a 2018 meeting with then UK Prime Minister Theresa May in which an official referred to Britain as a nuclear power .
Mr Trump is said to have replied : `` Oh , are you a nuclear power @ @ @ @ @ @ @ said , `` was not intended as a joke '' .
• Donald Trump 'unaware UK was nuclear power ' , says former aide 7 .
... or if Finland was part of Russia Mr Bolton says there were other gaps in President Trump 's knowledge .
Before a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the Finnish capital Helsinki , he is said to have asked if Finland was `` kind of a satellite of Russia '' .
According to Mr Bolton , intelligence briefings were not `` terribly useful '' since @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at greater length than the briefers , often on matters completely unrelated to the subjects at hand '' .
8 .
He was very close to actually quitting Nato President Trump has been a persistent critic of the Nato military bloc , calling on other members to boost their spending .
Despite this the US remains a member , but Mr Bolton says that at a 2018 Nato summit Mr Trump had decided to quit .
`` We will walk out , and not defend those who have not [ paid ] , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mr Bolton .
One of the major foreign policy headaches for the Trump administration has been Venezuela , with the US a staunch opponent of its President Nicolás Maduro .
In discussions on the matter , President Trump said it would be `` cool '' to invade Venezuela , and that the South American nation was `` really part of the United States '' .
Mr Bolton writes that in a May 2019 phone call Russian President Vladimir Putin pulled off a `` brilliant display of Soviet-style propaganda '' by likening Venezuelan opposition @ @ @ @ @ @ @ nominee Hillary Clinton , which `` largely persuaded Trump '' .
Mr Putin 's objective was to defend his ally President Maduro , Mr Bolton writes .
In 2018 , Mr Trump labelled the leftist Mr Maduro a dictator and imposed sanctions , but he clung to power .
In an interview with ABC News to be broadcast in full this Sunday , Mr Bolton says of Mr Trump : `` I think Putin thinks he can play him like a fiddle . ''
Mr Bolton 's book contains several examples of White @ @ @ @ @ @ @ describes a dysfunctional White House , one in which meetings resembled `` food fights '' rather than considered efforts at policy-making .
When he arrived at the White House , the then chief of staff John Kelly warned him , `` this is a bad place to work , as you will find out '' .
Even Secretary of State Mike Pompeo , considered a loyalist , is said to have written a note describing the president as `` full of shit '' .

John Bolton: Ten biggest claims in his Donald Trump book Published 20 June 2020
Image source, AFP Image caption, John Bolton is the latest former US official to write about life in the Trump administration
The presidency of Donald Trump has already generated a long reading list, but the latest offering from former National Security Adviser John Bolton has attracted more attention than most, given the author's high-ranking status and the nature of his claims.
His work - The Room Where It Happened - portrays a president ignorant of basic geopolitical facts and whose decisions were frequently driven by a desire for re-election.
Critics of Mr Trump have asked why Mr Bolton did not speak up during impeachment hearings, while the president himself has called his former top adviser on security matters "incompetent" and a "boring old fool".
The White House tried to stop the book's release, but a judge denied its request on 20 June - three days before the book is due to go on sale. In any event, US media have obtained advance copies and have started publishing details from it. Here are some of the most eye-catching allegations.
1. Trump wanted help from China to win re-election...
In the book, Mr Bolton describes a meeting between President Trump and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping at a G20 meeting in Japan last year.
The US president "stunningly, turned the conversation to the coming US presidential election [in 2020], alluding to China's economic capability and pleading with Xi to ensure he'd win," Mr Bolton writes.
"He stressed the importance of farmers and increased Chinese purchases of soybeans and wheat in the electoral outcome."
Agriculture is one of the major industries in the Midwest American states that helped propel Mr Trump to victory in the 2016 election.
2. ... and said building internment camps was the 'right thing to do'
China's treatment of the Uighurs and other ethic minorities has brought international condemnation, with about a million people thought to have been detained in camps in the Xinjiang region.
On Wednesday President Trump authorised sanctions against Chinese officials involved in the mass incarceration, prompting an angry response from China.
Image source, AFP Image caption, President Trump has praised Chinese President Xi Jinping while also being embroiled in a trade war with him
But in Mr Bolton's book, when Mr Xi defended building the camps, the US president suggested he approved of China's actions.
"According to our interpreter," Mr Bolton wrote, "Trump said that Xi should go ahead with building the camps, which Trump thought was exactly the right thing to do."
3. Trump offered 'personal favours to dictators'
The Chinese leader is not the only authoritarian Mr Bolton accuses the president of pandering to.
Mr Trump was willing to intervene in criminal investigations "to, in effect, give personal favours to dictators he liked," Mr Bolton wrote.
According to the book Mr Trump offered help to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2018 in a US investigation into a Turkish company over potential violations of Iranian sanctions.
The US president is said to have agreed to "take care of things" and that the prosecutors involved were "Obama people".
4. The Democrats should have gone further with impeachment efforts
In the book, Mr Bolton backs up Democrats' allegations that President Trump wanted to withhold military aid to Ukraine to pressure its government into investigating his rival Joe Biden. The claim sparked impeachment efforts against Mr Trump.
However, Mr Bolton criticises the Democrats in his book, saying they committed "impeachment malpractice" by just focusing on Ukraine. He argues that if they had broadened the investigation more Americans would have been persuaded that President Trump had committed the "high crimes and misdemeanours" necessary to be removed from office.
Mr Bolton does not say if the new allegations he makes are impeachable offences.
He declined to testify in the process when it was in the House of Representatives late last year, then was blocked from appearing in the Senate by Republicans.
5. Trump suggested he wanted to serve more than two terms
More now on President Trump's conversations with Xi Jinping. Mr Bolton says Mr Trump told China's leader that Americans were keen for him to make the constitutional changes needed for him to serve more than two terms.
"One highlight came when Xi said he wanted to work with Trump for six more years, and Trump replied that people were saying that the two-term constitutional limit on presidents should be repealed for him," he wrote in an extract published by the Wall Street Journal.
"Xi said the US had too many elections, because he didn't want to switch away from Trump, who nodded approvingly."
6. Trump didn't know the UK was a nuclear power...
Britain was the third country after the US and the Soviet Union to test an atomic device, in 1952. But that the UK is part of the small club of nuclear-armed states appears to have been news to President Trump.
One extract told of a 2018 meeting with then UK Prime Minister Theresa May in which an official referred to Britain as a nuclear power.
Mr Trump is said to have replied: "Oh, are you a nuclear power?"
The remark, Mr Bolton said, "was not intended as a joke".
7. ... or if Finland was part of Russia
Mr Bolton says there were other gaps in President Trump's knowledge.
Before a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the Finnish capital Helsinki, he is said to have asked if Finland was "kind of a satellite of Russia".
Image source, AFP Image caption, President Trump met Russia's Vladimir Putin in Helsinki
According to Mr Bolton, intelligence briefings were not "terribly useful" since during most of them "he spoke at greater length than the briefers, often on matters completely unrelated to the subjects at hand".
8. He was very close to actually quitting Nato
President Trump has been a persistent critic of the Nato military bloc, calling on other members to boost their spending.
Despite this the US remains a member, but Mr Bolton says that at a 2018 Nato summit Mr Trump had decided to quit.
"We will walk out, and not defend those who have not [paid]," the president said, according to Mr Bolton.
9. Invading Venezuela would be 'cool'
One of the major foreign policy headaches for the Trump administration has been Venezuela, with the US a staunch opponent of its President Nicolás Maduro.
In discussions on the matter, President Trump said it would be "cool" to invade Venezuela, and that the South American nation was "really part of the United States".
Mr Bolton writes that in a May 2019 phone call Russian President Vladimir Putin pulled off a "brilliant display of Soviet-style propaganda" by likening Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó to 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton, which "largely persuaded Trump".
Mr Putin's objective was to defend his ally President Maduro, Mr Bolton writes. In 2018, Mr Trump labelled the leftist Mr Maduro a dictator and imposed sanctions, but he clung to power.
In an interview with ABC News to be broadcast in full this Sunday, Mr Bolton says of Mr Trump: "I think Putin thinks he can play him like a fiddle."
10. Even allies ridiculed him
Mr Bolton's book contains several examples of White House officials mocking President Trump.
He describes a dysfunctional White House, one in which meetings resembled "food fights" rather than considered efforts at policy-making.
When he arrived at the White House, the then chief of staff John Kelly warned him, "this is a bad place to work, as you will find out".


bbc--2020-06-18--Colonial abuses haunt France's racism debate

Two dead men have become the faces of France 's current racism debate .
Adama Traoré , a young black man from the Paris suburbs who died in police custody four years ago ; and Jean-Baptiste Colbert , a white aristocrat from the 17th Century who managed the country 's finances under King Louis XIV .
One is remembered today in demonstrations against police brutality ; the other with a marble statue outside the National Assembly .
`` We 've been fighting here in France for four years , '' Adama 's sister , Assa Traoré , told us .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ well ] known , but it 's George Floyd 's death that will really expose what 's going on here in France . ''
Adama Traoré was 24 years old when he was arrested by police after running away from an ID check outside Paris .
He died at a police station hours later .
The cause of his death has been fiercely disputed , and several inquiries produced conflicting results .
Tens of thousands of people have turned out this month at protests in his memory , boosted by the impact of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are importing ideas from the US , '' says historian Sandrine Le Maire , an expert on French colonialism .
`` The deaths of Adama Traoré and George Floyd happened in similar circumstances , but our historical baggage is not the same .
There was no lynching here , or racial laws .
`` There are stereotypes , inherited from colonisation , but racism has never entered our legislation . ''
In the US , where official national data is not available , the Washington Post has counted more than 1,000 deaths from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
It says a disproportionate number of the victims were black .
The French police say they do n't have figures for all deaths in police custody .
They say 19 people died last year during police interventions , but there is no data on their ethnic origin because it is illegal to collect this information in France .
France 's concept of national identity is based around the unity and equality of its citizens .
State policies that single out one particular group - based on ethnicity , for example - are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ France 's ethnic minorities say this ideal of equality is being maintained in theory at the expense of reality , and that racism - in policing , schools or the job market - is impossible to tackle if it can not be quantified .
Last weekend , President Emmanuel Macron 's own spokeswoman , Sibeth Ndiaye , added her voice to those calling for a new debate about ethnic data .
Senegalese-born Ms Ndiaye said in an open letter that , for France 's national vision to prosper in the face of extremist @ @ @ @ @ @ @ necessary to `` measure and look at reality as it is '' .
`` Let us dare to publicly debate subjects that have become taboo , '' she urged .
Her suggestion was immediately shot down by senior - white - ministers in the government .
France requires its immigrant citizens to adopt the history , culture and story of the République .
`` Multiculturalism '' , one historian told me , `` is a dirty word here '' .
But whose story is it ?
And so to Jean-Baptiste Colbert , who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ finery outside the National Assembly .
Barely noticed by most of the drivers honking their horns as they crawl past him along the Left Bank of the Seine , but a target for those who say it 's time to re-examine this kind of public history in France .
Because Colbert , famous for running France 's finances under its Sun-King , Louis XIV , was also the brains behind its notorious 'Black Code ' , a set of rules for how black slaves would be treated in its colonies .
Inspired by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Bristol throwing the statue of Edward Colston into the city 's river , some here are now calling for Colbert to be unseated from his prominent position .
He also has a room named after him inside the assembly building .
France 's former prime minister Jean-Marc Ayrault , now president of the Memorial for the Abolition of Slavery in Nantes , says the Colbert room should be renamed , but he draws the line at abolishing statues or street names .
`` We are in a new stage with the death of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , '' he said .
He has suggested that France revisit its monuments and street names , to give greater explanation and context , as an alternative to simply removing them .
`` We need to do the work of remembrance , '' he says .
`` You ca n't erase history , '' Sandrine Le Maire explained .
`` Or we 'll start erasing everything and anything : castles , palaces , monarchies .
We need symbols , even if they shock us .
Historical figures are multifaceted : [ Marshal ] @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for 20 years before being rejected as a collaborator [ during the Second World War ] . ''
President Macron , speaking to the nation last week , agreed : `` The Republic will not erase any trace or name from its history , '' he said .
`` It wo n't remove any statue . ''
So , no review of France 's statues or street names - at least , not yet .
Mr Macron is not one who likes being forced into decisions by events .
But he has been @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the country 's past , courting outrage before his election by saying that France had committed `` crimes against humanity '' against its former colony , Algeria .
And it 's France 's history - not its statues - that holds the answer , says Jean-Francois Mbaye , a black French MP who was born in Senegal .
`` Are we ready to teach the history of French slavery , French colonisation ? ''
he asks .
`` France 's former colonies know their history , but I do n't think our people @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' `` It can be gratifying to remove a statue and throw it in the river , '' he told me .
`` But then what ? ''
Assa Traoré believes that , if Colbert 's statue is to remain in front of the National Assembly , his deeds `` should be written on the statue 's plaque by a black man .
Let a black man tell us who Colbert was and what the Black Code meant , not a white man . ''
Other names , reflecting the stories of France @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the country 's streets , she says , and other statues erected outside its buildings .
Black Lives Matter is a slogan that resonates here , but black lives - whether in data or in monuments - are sometimes hard to see in the official story of France .

Inspired by scenes of demonstrators across the Channel in Bristol throwing the statue of Edward Colston into the city's river, some here are now calling for Colbert to be unseated from his prominent position. He also has a room named after him inside the assembly building.


bbc--2020-06-18--Galwan Valley: The soldiers killed in the India-China border clash

India is mourning the deaths of 20 soldiers who died in a clash with Chinese forces in the disputed Himalayan region of Ladakh .
Funerals have been held for some of those who died .
They lost their lives in a fight with fists and nail-studded bats - no shots were fired .
The world 's two most populous nations - with two of the world 's largest militaries - have been at loggerheads for weeks along their long and contested high-altitude frontier .
Five of those killed in Monday 's fight were from the eastern state of Bihar .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ their families .
`` I would have rather lived in poverty eating nothing but salt and roti ( Indian flatbread ) than lose my son , '' said Renu Devi , Aman Kumar 's mother , as visitors poured into the family house in Samastipur district in the eastern state of Bihar .
Aman 's father , Sudhir Kumar , was still in shock .
`` I got a call in the night , '' he said .
`` When I picked up the phone , they asked me who is speaking .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ father .
A voice told me that Aman had been martyred and then hung up before I could ask anything else .
I called the number again , but there was no answer .
The next morning they called again and told me his body would be sent home soon . ''
Aman had been married barely a year , to Meenu Devi , whose village has also gone into mourning at the news .
`` When he came in February , he said that he would come home soon as his father @ @ @ @ @ @ @ He was now being posted in Leh .
But now he will never return , '' Meenu said , sobbing .
His father said that despite the tragedy , they were proud of their son .
`` We do not have any grudge against the government , '' he said .
`` Rather we are proud that my son has been sacrificed in the service of the country .
What could be greater than that ? ''
Kundan Kumar is survived by his wife and two young children , aged six and four @ @ @ @ @ @ @ night , there was a call informing us of his death , '' Kundan said .
Kundan 's father Niminder Yadav is a farmer by profession but four members of his family are in the army .
The family said that Kundan had called them just four days ago .
They last saw him in February , when he came for his son 's mundan - a Hindu ritual involving the first time a child 's head is shaved .
`` We are proud of his martyrdom .
We are proud that a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ light on our village , '' said Praveen Anand , a local leader .
Sunil Kumar , from Bihar 's Patna district joined the army in 2002 .
He was married with three children .
His father was in shock - the family said he had not said a word since he received the news of Sunil 's death .
His brother , Anil Kumar , demanded that the government take care of the family .
`` Sunil 's wife is educated .
She should be given a job , and the government @ @ @ @ @ @ @ three children , '' he said .
Chandan 's family missed the call made by senior officers to tell them of his death .
They only found out the next morning .
They were already worried , because they had not heard from him for six days .
Chandan had served in the army for two years .
He was the youngest of four brothers , all of whom are in the army .
`` I got a call a month ago .
He said that they are being deployed up in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tower there , we will not be able to talk .
He said we could talk after he came back down , '' said Raj Kapoor Singh , Jai Kishore Singh 's father .
But the call never came .
Instead , on Wednesday morning , the family was told that their son was seriously injured .
Two hours later , they were told he was dead .
Mr Singh said he wanted a memorial to be erected in his son 's memory , and a public place to be named after him @ @ @ @ @ @ @ but his memory should remain .
It will help us live out the rest of our lives , '' he said .

"I got a call in the night," he said. "When I picked up the phone, they asked me who is speaking. I told them I was Aman's father. A voice told me that Aman had been martyred and then hung up before I could ask anything else. I called the number again, but there was no answer. The next morning they called again and told me his body would be sent home soon."


bbc--2020-06-18--Move over Tony, the Antonyo Awards are here to celebrate black theatre talent

Covid-19 means the 2020 Tony Awards - New York 's annual celebration of Broadway theatre - are on hold .
But the first Antonyo Awards are happening later .
The idea is to recognise the best of African American theatrical talent , which the organisers say does n't always get its due .
Darius Barnes is a Broadway dancer and choreographer who until March was in the Tina Fey musical Mean Girls .
He 's already working on the new Michael Jackson show MJ , now scheduled to hit Broadway next year .
He could have found time hanging heavy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ York theatres on 12 March .
Instead , he 's one of a group of ambitious African American theatre practitioners pulling together the inaugural Antonyo Awards .
He says the awards , whose name is a riff on the long-established Tonys , are a celebration of black theatre talent and blackness in general .
`` We wanted to do something to uplift the black theatre community and the contribution it 's made to Broadway and off-Broadway theatre , '' he says .
Barnes says it 's just chance that the Antonyos are launching @ @ @ @ @ @ @ But I think actually they might have been harder to get started in normal times - everyone in New York theatre is always crazy busy .
`` But now everyone 's at home working through Zoom or whatever and they had a little more time to donate their talent and record material for this week 's show .
I do n't know if a live red carpet event would ever have happened this quickly . ''
The ceremony is online on Friday , 19 June - or `` Juneteenth '' , the anniversary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Presenters will include Audra McDonald , one of Broadway 's most acclaimed stars , and Titus Burgess of the Netflix series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt .
Around 80,000 people voted online for theatre talent shortlisted in almost 30 categories .
Some are the performance categories you would expect , such as best actor in a play .
But executive producer Drew Shade says it 's equally important to look at black talent in less glamorous areas such as best lighting design and best sound .
`` There 's a huge gap in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ like scenic design , both on Broadway and off Broadway , '' he says .
`` That 's definitely one of the things we are highlighting . ''
Shade also runs the website BroadwayBlack.com .
He says around 50 shows in the last Broadway season ( until terminated by Covid-19 ) featured African American talent , on stage or off .
`` Given how many shows there can be in New York , that 's not a massive number .
So where are all the black orchestrators for instance ?
That 's a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ So are the Antonyo Awards intended to be a criticism of the the Tonys , which have existed since 1947 and are broadcast live on network television each year ?
Since 2000 , there have been just four black winners of the Tony for best actress in a play .
Denzel Washington is the only black actor to have taken the equivalent male award in the same period .
`` I do n't call it criticism , '' says Shade .
`` It 's more that we 're shining a light on what @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to shame people , we thought , let 's just do something ourselves now .
`` We know certain things about society and how people want to be treated .
We know what feels right and what 's morally right . ''
The Antonyos are of course also happening as the Black Lives Matter movement is news around the world .
`` Black Lives Matter has been a part of our culture for several years since Trayvon Martin 's death [ in 2012 ] - the culture of our bodies not being valued @ @ @ @ @ @ @ do n't want to ride on the back of a movement which is so much more than what I am doing .
`` But we are doing the work to make sure we are uplifting each other .
I am happy that the awards are starting when people actually need this joy right now . ''
The Antonyo Awards can be watched on YouTube at 19:00 EST ( midnight BST ) on Friday .
Follow us on Facebook , or on Twitter @ BBCNewsEnts .
If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news @ @ @

He says the awards, whose name is a riff on the long-established Tonys, are a celebration of black theatre talent and blackness in general. "We wanted to do something to uplift the black theatre community and the contribution it's made to Broadway and off-Broadway theatre," he says.


bbc--2020-06-18--Coronavirus: How a false rumour led to hate online

Researching viruses in farm animals is essential rather than glamorous work , and the Pirbright Institute in Surrey excels at it .
But recently they 've been getting some very unwanted attention .
For months they 've been unwittingly drawn into the orbit of conspiracy theorists , including those who accuse Bill Gates of planning the coronavirus pandemic .
It 's led to hate mail and threatening phone calls .
`` We 'd never experienced anything quite like that .
Some of the commentary was quite vicious .
Calling us murderers , that type of thing '' , says Teresa @ @ @ @ @ @ @ remembers one particular phone call .
The person had rung up before , leaving a colleague in tears after shouting down the phone accusing them of creating coronavirus and using it as a bioweapon .
`` He then called me pretending to be Mrs Doubtfire , so it was pretty obvious it was somebody putting on a voice .
He said something sexually abusive to me and I obviously put the phone down . ''
It all started in January with misleading social media posts about a patent .
Jordan Sather , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the United States , posted a series of tweets linking the Pirbright Institute to a patent `` for the coronavirus '' granted in 2018 .
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause a range of illnesses in both animals and humans .
The novel coronavirus that causes Covid-19 only emerged at the end of 2019 , so the suggestion being made was that the institute had identified this virus much earlier and lodged a `` patent '' for it .
The institute does hold a patent , but it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for a previously known coronavirus that affects chickens .
Mr Sather also wrote that Bill and Melinda Gates were major funders of this Pirbright project , later speculating : `` Was the release of this disease planned ? ''
The connection to Bill Gates has drawn the institute into a much bigger global conspiracy theory - tapping into the unfounded notion that sinister forces led by Mr Gates have orchestrated the whole pandemic to eventually make huge profits from a Covid-19 vaccine .
The Gates Foundation is one of the world 's largest @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Pirbright is quite open about its funding from there for research linked to vaccines .
However , that funding is n't related to any work for which a patent has been taken out .
• How Bill Gates became 'voodoo doll ' of Covid-19 At the end of March , long after the attacks began on social media , the Pirbright started working with Oxford University and Public Health England to test a potential Covid-19 vaccine on pigs , a necessary stage before a vaccine can be tested on humans .
We @ @ @ @ @ @ @ comments but have been unable to get a response .
In a later tweet he says he did n't claim the Pirbright patent was specifically for the `` novel coronavirus '' ( the virus which causes Covid-19 ) .
A search for the Pirbright Institute on CrowdTangle , a social media monitoring tool , returned 191,000 results between 16 January 2020 and 16 June .
There were just 711 in the previous six months .
All manner of false accusations were levelled at them : that they had a patent for the virus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they were actually based in Wuhan ; that they were owned by Bill Gates .
Online abuse was hurled at staff .
An email to Dr Erica Bickerton , an expert in molecular virology , read : '' You know the composition of this Virus so you know how to destroy it ...
SO PLEASE I REQUEST YOU NOT LET MY FAMILY DIE AND TELL ME THE ANTIDOTE . ''
`` Personally I found the misinformation spreading quite difficult '' , says Dr Bickerton , '' because the work we 're trying to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ animals and understand this virus . ''
Someone even went to the trouble of setting up a fake `` Pirbright '' website offering to sell a coronavirus bioweapon .
`` When conspiracy theories start , people do n't realise there are humans on the end of social media accounts , '' says Teresa Maughan .
The four-person communications team was simply not used to dealing with this volume of material on social media .
They contacted the police over the most threatening posts and phone calls , as well as reporting content to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidence submitted to the parliamentary committee for digital , media culture and sport looking into Covid-19 disinformation in April , the institute expressed frustration at the lack of action following their complaints .
Facebook told BBC News that posts which repeated false claims about the Pirbright , either that it had invented the coronavirus or that it held a patent for a vaccine , did n't meet their bar for deletion .
Some of these posts have been marked `` false '' by fact-checking organisations .
There was more trouble ahead .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a million people in just one day repeated the claims about the Pirbright and a Covid-19 vaccine patent .
Several versions of this video have since been taken down , including two that BBC News flagged to YouTube this week .
YouTube told us : `` We have clear policies around promoting misinformation on YouTube , and updated our policies to ensure that content on the platform aligns with WHO guidance . ''
On Twitter , transcripts of the video have also been widely shared .
A spokesperson for Twitter told us it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ contained disputed information about Covid-19 , and instead prioritised posts with `` a call to action that could potentially cause harm '' .
It 's been a difficult time for staff at the Pirbright Institute , but they 're hoping the worst is now over .
The abuse has died down .
There are no more angry phone calls .
After such an ordeal , Dr Bickerton says she 's more confident to promote and explain her research and make sure accurate information gets out there .
`` It 's great to be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and see if we can learn more about the novel coronavirus .
This will be really important when developing effective vaccines . ''
More on this story is featured in the latest episode of Science in Action on BBC World Service .

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause a range of illnesses in both animals and humans. The novel coronavirus that causes Covid-19 only emerged at the end of 2019, so the suggestion being made was that the institute had identified this virus much earlier and lodged a "patent" for it.


bbc--2020-06-18--Have we become too reliant on Big Tech firms?

`` We would n't have survived without Amazon , '' says Keith Ingram , owner of vinyl records shop Assai Records .
When lockdown hit on 23 March in the UK , Mr Ingram had to shut his shops in Edinburgh and Dundee , and sell his stock through Amazon Marketplace .
Now , his sales are 40 % higher than last year .
`` Without Amazon , we would have had to furlough all employees for all of lockdown .
Instead , we furloughed them for four weeks until we adjusted ourselves to the new normal , and then @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fulfil our online orders , '' he says .
It 's not just Amazon that has been used more during the pandemic .
Apple and Android smartphones and tablets , Facebook 's apps and Microsoft tools have provided crucial links with friends , family and colleagues .
And that 's certainly been great for investors and the billionaires behind these firms .
Shares in Facebook , Apple , Amazon and Microsoft all hit all-time highs on the stock market in June .
Between 18 March and 19 May , Amazon 's Jeff Bezos @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( £27.6bn ) and Facebook 's Mark Zuckerberg 's wealth rose by $ 25bn ( £19.9bn ) , according to a recent report .
But is this reliance on Big Tech getting out of control ?
`` Amazon have gone from being the dominant gatekeepers for online commerce to being the dominant gatekeeper for much of retail because of the lockdowns , '' says Stacy Mitchell , co-director of the Institute for Local Self-Reliance , the US organisation that challenges concentrated economic and political power .
Meanwhile , this week the UK government @ @ @ @ @ @ @ coronavirus-tracing app based on technology from Apple and Google .
Germany , Italy and Denmark are among other countries also using that system .
Big Tech firms have been getting even bigger during the pandemic and their success means they have plenty of funds to snap up other businesses .
For example , in May Facebook announced its second biggest deal - a plan to buy a 10 % stake in India 's Jio , a telecoms and digital services business .
`` All of them will be in the M & A @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they 're not already .
Start-ups are more likely to sell out during the pandemic when they might struggle to meet their obligations and the buyout looks especially attractive - the pandemic is speeding up the buyout date in some cases , '' says Sandeep Vaheesan , legal director at the Open Markets Institute , a think-tank that studies corporate concentration .
Before the pandemic , there had been scrutiny on Big Tech .
The US House Judiciary antitrust subcommittee sent requests for information to Amazon , Apple , Google owner Alphabet and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ government concerned that only a small number of companies hold such a big share of the digital market .
Coronavirus may have delayed these investigations , but they will still be carried out .
`` Those focused on antitrust will renew their attention on big tech companies because we 're in an election year [ in the US ] and both parties are going to want the attention on their efforts to regulate business , '' says Jonathan Osborne , a lawyer from Globalaw 's law firm Gunster .
Mr Vaheesan warns that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Justice ( DoJ ) and the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) have not taken company acquisitions seriously enough - clearing the acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp by Facebook , and YouTube and Android by Google .
He is not optimistic that the DoJ and the FTC will change their approach in the future .
In the UK , Amazon 's multi-million pound investment in Deliveroo was provisionally cleared by competition chiefs because the takeaway courier said it would collapse if it was blocked .
A final ruling is due on 6 August @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Competition and Markets Authority ( CMA ) looked at the market circumstances and saw them changing because of the pandemic , but the pandemic is not a reason for Big Tech companies to get away with scrutiny - absolutely not , '' says Jonathan Branton , head of competition at law firm DWF .
The CMA has since announced it is investigating Facebook 's acquisition of Giphy , the popular owner of a library of short animations and stickers used in social media .
• The hidden detectors looking for knives and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be fired over Zoom ?
• The little lights now packing a deadly punch • Get ready for the 'Holy Grail ' of computer graphics But is the current level of scrutiny enough , and will it change because of the pandemic ?
`` It 's hard to look into a crystal ball .
I think Microsoft has taken a strong stance on trust , security and ethical use of AI , and while we 've been focusing more on the crisis response in the short term , we still maintain and apply @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the future .
It 's then about how public , industry and government look at that across the usage of Big Tech in the market , '' says Microsoft 's Azure business lead Michael Wignall .
Mr Vaheesan suggests that these major investigations into tech companies may not be what they seem .
`` It 's too soon to say whether these are serious inquiries or whether they 're merely a window dressing responding to the public and political concerns about the power of the big five tech companies . ''
In the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ President Trump 's fraught relationship with Twitter .
In May , for the first time , the company attached fact-check links to the President 's tweets .
That prompted a furious response from the White House with the President threatening to `` strongly regulate '' or even `` close down '' social media firms .
Facebook has also been under pressure to remove comments made by the President , but has so far kept his posts up .
To help protect their interests , the Big Tech firms have hundreds of lobbyists working @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with elected representatives in Washington DC , they 're almost a bit bereft that there are more lobbyists than they have staffers to write this legislation , '' says Scott Galloway , professor of marketing at NYU Stern .
`` The budgets at DoJ and the FTC have been cut every year , so although there 's more likely to be anti-trust action with a change in the White House , the question is whether the US government even has the resources anymore , '' says Mr Galloway .
Mr Galloway believes that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lead on tougher sanctions against Big Tech than the US .
`` Europe gets all of the downside of big tech ... but they get very little of the upside .
In the US , these are tremendous economic engines , providing a lot of jobs and a source of pride - they create that ecosystem of other successful companies around them , '' he says .
The European Commission announced two new antitrust investigations into Apple this week , while a recent Wall Street Journal report suggested that Amazon could be next @ @ @ @ @ @ @ its treatment of third party sellers .
`` It raises the question : why are we so dependent on a handful of large companies ?
Would we actually lose anything as a society if we had multiple online marketplaces ?
There 's really nothing that compels us to accept the present structure of these markets , '' says Mr Vaheesan .
Big tech may be getting stronger during the pandemic , but it may actually make things harder for them in the long term .
Amazon , Facebook , Apple and Alphabet were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ comment .

"It's hard to look into a crystal ball. I think Microsoft has taken a strong stance on trust, security and ethical use of AI, and while we've been focusing more on the crisis response in the short term, we still maintain and apply these principles and they will apply in the future. It's then about how public, industry and government look at that across the usage of Big Tech in the market," says Microsoft's Azure business lead Michael Wignall.


bbc--2020-06-18--Sheku Bayoh: 'Why did my brother die in police custody?'

It 's about 07:20 on a Sunday when the first two police officers arrive .
The young man is disorientated , wandering .
He 's behaving erratically , and looks like he could be drunk or high on drugs .
The officers bring their van to a rapid stop directly in front of him , the sirens and their shouts piercing the quiet morning .
He no longer has a knife and appears to be walking away , but two more officers arrive .
They draw their batons and irritant sprays ; they use them .
Within 45 seconds the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ struggling , as more officers arrive .
A total of nine uniformed officers are soon on the scene .
A witness sees up to six policemen kneeling and lying across the man , and hears him shout : `` Get off me . ''
By the time the officers do get off , it 's too late - he is unconscious .
The officers begin resuscitation .
It is less than five minutes since the police arrived , and Sheku Bayoh is dying on the pavement , with his hands and legs bound @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Ninety minutes later , the 31-year-old father-of-two is pronounced dead in hospital .
His body bears 23 separate injuries .
On 3 May , 2015 , Kadi Johnson , a nurse at the local hospital in the town of Kirkcaldy , was going about her day .
She did n't have a shift at the hospital that day , but had also been working as a part-time home carer , and had been to see a local client .
She was tired , and decided to get back into her pyjamas .
At @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , chatting and preparing food with a relative when the doorbell rang .
Her husband Adie answered .
Two detectives were at the door .
They had information about her brother .
Sheku , they told her , had died that morning .
`` I had just seen him the night before at a family party for my daughter 's birthday .
He was well , he was fine .
I was shocked .
But the officers would n't tell me anything about what happened .
`` At first they told me he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Then they said they were looking for two men .
Eventually , after talking to their boss , they told me there had been a forceful arrest , and he 'd died on the way to hospital .
We just could n't get a straight answer out of them . ''
Answers are what Kadi has been looking for , for the past five years .
She has been at the forefront of a high-profile campaign to establish the truth around the circumstances of Sheku 's death at the hands of police officers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thrust the campaign back into the spotlight , as comparisons have been drawn with the death of George Floyd , who died in Minneapolis in May as a white police officer held a knee on his neck .
The family of Sheku Bayoh are pinning their hopes on a judge-led public inquiry , the terms of which were announced in May .
It will be the first in Scotland to examine a death in custody , and will investigate if Sheku 's `` actual or perceived race '' played a part in events @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The death of George Floyd 'just brought it all back' The town of Kirkcaldy in Fife lies on Scotland 's east coast .
It has a population of some 60,000 , and like much of Scotland 's industrial heartlands has suffered economic decline in recent decades .
One in five families there live in poverty .
It is far from ethnically diverse .
The 2011 census showed more than 97 % of the town 's residents were white and just 1 % black .
This was the town that Kadi chose to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Originally from Sierra Leone , West Africa , she had settled in the UK in the 1990s .
She moved from Coventry to Kirkcaldy to study nursing .
Kadi says she was so taken with how beautiful and safe Scotland was , she suggested her younger brother Sheku join her .
He had been living in south London since 1995 , when he arrived as a 12-year-old unaccompanied minor seeking to escape the civil war in the country of his birth .
Not especially academic , Sheku was keen to leave school and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ jumped at the chance to move north .
He arrived in Kirkcaldy in 2000 aged 17 , ready to start his new life .
A number of jobs beckoned , including an apprenticeship with Fife Council and a position in the local branch of DIY chain B & Q .
He was involved in the community , a youth leader with a local racial awareness group .
He even gave talks to the local police about the issues faced by the minority ethnic youth of Kirkcaldy .
Sheku was granted the right to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
By 2015 , he was a trainee gas fitter with Scottish Gas .
He had settled down with his partner Collette , and Kadi says he 'd been `` over the moon '' when their baby , Isaac , was born .
He had another son , Tyler , from a previous relationship , whom he saw regularly .
`` He just lived for his children really , '' says Kadi .
`` The short time he had with Isaac was , I 'm sure it was his best time .
He @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . ''
But Kadi 's decision to send for her brother all those years ago now haunts her .
`` That is the guilt that will live with me until the day I die , '' she says .
Sheku Bayoh is not George Floyd and Kirkcaldy is not Minneapolis , but there are striking parallels in both these deaths .
Once again questions are being asked about how black people are policed and , when they die after contact with the state , how justice is served .
The recent protests in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ been fuelled by the video capturing George Floyd 's dying moments .
`` I could not watch it , '' says Kadi , now 42 .
`` Too painful .
It has brought back so many memories of how we felt in 2015 .
It seemed like my brother .
It just brought it all back .
`` George was quickly put down on the ground .
Same like Sheku . ''
An initial autopsy suggested underlying health conditions and intoxicants could be to blame for Floyd 's death , and there was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
A second autopsy commissioned by Floyd 's family flatly contradicted this , concluding he died of asphyxiation due to neck and back compression .
`` Again , the same as Sheku , '' says Kadi .
`` The authorities here wanted to blame it all on the drugs he 'd taken .
We do n't condone his taking drugs , but he was not himself .
`` And we believe that if Sheku was white , he would have been treated differently and still be alive today .
`` When a black @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , they always try to blame it on him , blame anything but those responsible .
We 're tired of this now .
It is enough .
`` This time , they chose the wrong family . ''
'This is what happens to black boys with big mouths' The death of Sheku Bayoh was to become Scotland 's most high-profile death in police custody .
Like in the US , the UK 's racial pressure points often occur as a result of treatment of black people by the police .
The watershed public @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the murder of Stephen Lawrence - the teenager killed in a racist attack by a gang of white youths in Eltham , south-east London in 1993 - found the investigation into Stephen 's murder , and the force itself , was institutionally racist .
It is a label that has hung heavily on not just the Met , but forces across the UK ever since .
In the case of Sheku Bayoh , all of the officers involved in his death were white .
Just 1 % of Police Scotland 's officers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ethnic minority background , compared with 4 % of Scotland 's population as a whole .
From the outset , the Bayoh family wanted to know if race had played a role in Sheku 's death .
His own experience had been formative .
In 1991 , while a student in Glasgow , he was badly beaten by a police officer in a racist attack , resulting in two of his front teeth being knocked out .
Barely conscious , he heard an officer say : `` This is what happens to black @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sued the police and won , making Scottish legal history .
Eleven days after Sheku Bayoh 's death , Mr Anwar organised a press conference .
In front of the media , Sheku 's partner Collette Bell fought back tears , saying she would not rest until their child Isaac , then only three months old , knew why he was growing up without his father .
Kadi and Mr Anwar also spoke about the need for the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner ( Pirc ) , the body which investigates deaths in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the bottom of the case .
Within hours , the Scottish Police Federation , the organisation which represents rank and file police officers of Scotland 's national police force , was also talking to the media .
The federation 's lawyer told them that `` …a petite female police officer was … subjected to a violent and unprovoked attack by a very large man who punched , kicked and stamped on her [ and that she ] believed she was about to be murdered . ''
Reports followed in the press describing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ armed with a large knife , crazed on drugs '' , leaving officers fearing for their lives .
The reports stressed his supposed size , while the small stature of the female officer was also emphasised .
`` From the beginning , the family refused to speculate on what happened and wanted Pirc to carry out a robust investigation , '' says Mr Anwar .
However , officers involved in the restraint of Sheku had been advised by the Federation not to give statements to the Pirc , leaving investigators and Bayoh 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ take three years before the lord advocate , the most senior prosecutor in Scotland , decided there would be no prosecutions against any of the nine officers involved in the events of that morning in May 2015 .
The `` evidence would not currently justify criminal proceedings , '' a spokesman said .
`` We felt completely betrayed , '' says Kadi .
`` It was like his death did n't matter .
But we had to keep going .
People need to know the truth .
Sheku 's children deserve to know @ @ @ @ @ @ @ focus to persuade the Scottish government to hold a public inquiry .
On the day of his death , Sheku had been at the home of a close friend , Martyn Dick .
The pair had known each other since 2006 .
`` He and I just clicked very quickly , '' Martyn told the BBC in 2018 .
`` We 'd a lot of things in common , just really bounced off each other , enjoyed each other 's company .
It was hard not to be attracted to his personality .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ to be honest .
I 've described him before as a friend to everyone .
`` His accent was unique - a broad mixture of Scottish slang , London and a bit of African as well .
It was like nothing else I 've ever heard .
It was one of the most unique things about him . ''
Martyn says Sheku was known to walk away from fights , and did not have a reputation for violence .
`` I never saw him raise his voice let alone his hands , '' @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not that kind of guy .
He would never let his temper flare or anything like that .
That was n't his nature at all . ''
Martyn was also one of the last people to see Sheku alive .
He said he knew that Sheku occasionally used recreational drugs , and thought he probably had taken something when Sheku arrived at his house early on the morning of 3 May to watch a boxing match .
`` He was n't himself .
He just seemed confused and the atmosphere was strange because @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
So he decided it would be better for him to leave and he said sorry .
`` I thought he 's going to go home and everything will be fine tomorrow . ''
Toxicology reports would later show that Sheku had taken MDMA and another hallucinogenic drug called flakka .
Sheku walked the few streets to his own house , escorted by another friend , but by then his behaviour was dramatically altered by the drugs he 'd taken .
He then attacked his friend , and the friend left .
Just @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from his kitchen , and went outside .
It was at this point , worried residents saw him wandering the streets and called 999 .
It set in motion a chain of events that would ultimately lead to his death .
Following the decision not to prosecute any of the officers involved in the death of Sheku Bayoh , BBC Scotland 's Disclosure programme started investigating .
We obtained documents and video evidence at the heart of the case .
Using the police officers ' own testimony , as well as eyewitness accounts @ @ @ @ @ @ @ piece together the events of that morning .
The revelations in the film , broadcast in December 2018 , cast new light on the accounts given by the officers .
Some had said they were in fear of their life from Sheku .
The officers ' own statements revealed Sheku no longer had the knife , although some said they feared he may have concealed it .
The knife was found later , in a nearby garden .
The documents also revealed that within 30 seconds of encountering Sheku , three officers discharged @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and batons were used , even though Sheku had not been violent towards them .
The CCTV appeared to show Sheku retaliating and chasing a female officer , knocking her to the ground .
The officer , later named as PC Nicole Short , had injuries consistent with being hit on the head .
In her statement , she said : `` I felt an almighty blow to the back of my head… it knocked me flying towards the ground .
`` I was in the foetal position… I thought , 'This is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ me ' . ''
We asked a leading authority on police restraint and use of force , Eric Baskind , of Liverpool John Moores University , to analyse the material .
In the 2018 film , Mr Baskind said : `` What strikes me from the evidence of the officers is that they approach the scene with the intention of using force .
`` He [ Sheku ] is not running away , he 's not , at that moment in time , creating a danger to anyone .
They get there , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ get out of the cars with irritant sprays and batons .
`` Those actions were very escalatory .
And once you ramp things up to a certain degree it is very difficult , if not impossible , to backtrack . ''
Mr Baskind said this could have been prevented , if the officers had approached the situation differently , in line with their training .
`` What we ca n't rule out is that Mr Bayoh is going through a mental health crisis , and from his perspective , he might have seen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the baton attacks , as him being attacked .
`` Had they approached Mr Bayoh in a different way , in a calming way , to try and find out what was wrong , then in my view , that attack may have been prevented . ''
• 'Why I will no longer call the police' • 'My son was also killed by police in Minneapolis' What of the police officers ' version of events ?
On the advice of the Federation , the officers did not speak to investigators for 32 days @ @ @ @ @ @ @ results of toxicology reports into what substances were in Sheku Bayoh 's system .
In their statements , each officer was identified by a letter to preserve their anonymity - although two have since been identified .
Multple references were made of Sheku Bayoh 's size and strength .
Officer A said : `` I can not emphasise the strength of this guy . ''
Officer E said : `` He was massive and is the biggest male that I have seen . ''
But Sheku Bayoh was n't even the biggest male @ @ @ @ @ @ @ also 6ft 4in and 25 stone .
It was also claimed by the Scottish Police Federation that once PC Short was on the ground , Sheku viciously stamped on her .
This was based on the testimony of officers B and C. Officer C 's statement said : `` He stomped on her back with his foot with a great deal of force .
He put his full bodyweight into the stomp and used his arms to gain leverage . ''
PC Short , was taken to hospital for a check-up , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
In her statement , PC Short did not say she was stamped on .
There was no mention of it in the statements of three witnesses who saw the incident .
The CCTV casts doubt on this claim .
As soon as PC Short was knocked to the ground by Sheku , the action immediately moved elsewhere , and Sheku was confronted by the other officers .
Within five seconds , he was brought down , never to get back up .
Mr Baskind said : `` The quality of the footage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ can certainly make out what 's going on , and I can see no evidence at all of two stamping attacks on the officer on the ground .
`` There certainly seems to me to be a significant discrepancy between what I can see on the footage , and what I 've read in the papers . ''
The BBC also obtained mobile phone footage of the restraint .
Officer B told investigators he had Sheku pinned to the ground for `` a maximum of 30 seconds '' .
Another officer said the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ text book stuff , in line with their training '' .
A civilian witness saw it differently .
She told investigators around six officers were lying across Sheku for several minutes .
She said : `` I heard him screaming .
It sent chills through me .
I heard the man shout to get the police off him .
They never moved . ''
Nine officers were involved at different times in the restraint , in which handcuffs and leg restraints were used .
The image above appears to show Officer B , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Sheku .
Around four minutes after the restraint began , Sheku fell unconscious , and an ambulance was called .
The officers attempted resuscitation .
He was taken to the nearby Victoria Hospital - the same hospital his sister Kadi worked at - where he was pronounced dead .
Sheku suffered 23 separate injuries , including a cracked rib , head wounds consistent with baton strikes , and petechial haemorrhages , or burst blood vessels in the eyes , which can be a sign of positional asphyxia , or suffocation .
The official @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sudden death in a man intoxicated… [ with drugs ] whilst under restraint . ''
The Federation says that Sheku Bayoh 's race played no part in his treatment that day .
The Disclosure programme revealed that two of the officers said they feared they were under terrorist attack , referencing the murder of solider Lee Rigby , stabbed to death two years earlier on a street in Woolwich , south-east London , by two extremists , Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale , who were black .
Another female police officer , Officer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ describing Sheku in her statement .
She said `` [ as we approached ] I was also thinking at that point of the Lee Rigby incident in London , mainly due to the fact of the coloured male and the potential terrorist connotations . ''
The UK terror threat level was at `` severe '' , as it had been for the previous eight months .
Eric Baskind told the BBC , `` If they genuinely believed that they were coming into a terrorist incident , I would 've expected them to have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ No such call was made .
`` It 's the question that family have always asked : 'Why , when you see a black male walking down the street , does the word `` terrorist '' come to mind ? '
'' says Aamer Anwar .
`` It 's Kirkcaldy , it 's Sunday morning , it 's half past seven .
Seriously ?
`` This is n't London .
It 's not Westminster Bridge .
Why did the police officers believe they were under a terrorist attack ? ''
The suspicions of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a part in his death were further fuelled when Officer A , PC Alan Paton , was revealed by the BBC to have been previously accused of hating black people .
Family members alleged Paton had confessed to being racist in the weeks following Bayoh 's death .
PC Paton has since retired from the force on medical grounds and his lawyer told the BBC he will not comment ahead of the inquiry .
PC Nicole Short has also retired on medical grounds .
More than 1,000 people have died in police custody @ @ @ @ @ @ @ years .
In those deaths where restraint was a factor , the person was twice as likely to be black , Asian or minority ethnic .
No officer has been disciplined as a result of Sheku Bayoh 's death .
No criminal charge has ever been brought .
`` That 's where the similarities between Sheku and George Floyd 's case ends .
Four officers face trial for George .
No-one will face trial for Sheku , '' says Anwar .
The 2018 Disclosure film prompted renewed calls for a public inquiry , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Scottish Justice Secretary Humza Yousaf announced that one would be held into the death of Shaku Bayoh .
The Scottish Police Federation has insisted race played no part in Sheku 's death , suggesting instead `` the drugs in his system is more relevant . ''
That now will be decided by the public inquiry , led by retired judge Lord Bracadale , whose terms of reference include investigating whether Sheku 's `` actual or perceived race '' played a part in events .
No date has been set , but the family @ @ @ @ @ @ @ within the year .
The Scottish Police Federation told the BBC it would be `` entirely inappropriate '' to comment on the case .
It said that the BBC had presented questions based on `` inaccuracies , falsehoods , hypothesis and speculation which we will address through [ the ] public inquiry , not through the media . ''
Chief Constable Iain Livingstone told us , `` Police Scotland will participate fully in the public inquiry in an open and transparent manner . ''
`` It is vital that the role and independence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ensure the application of the rule of law , due process , and justice being served . ''
A £1.85m civil claim by the family against Police Scotland has been temporarily halted , pending the inquiry .
Sheku Bayoh had broken the law that morning and the Bayoh family do not dispute that the police , responding to emergency calls , had to act .
But they also maintain Sheku was in the grip of a mental health crisis and needed help .
If he had to be arrested , he had a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ say , with proportionate and not deadly force .
`` We are always hopeful people will understand that my brother was not a bad person , '' says Kadi .
`` He was a good man who cared for his family and friends .
We want the public to know that .
`` His children deserve to know how their father died .
That 's what keeps me going . ''

Sheku Bayoh: 'Why did my brother die in police custody?' Published 18 January 2021
It's about 07:20 on a Sunday when the first two police officers arrive. They're responding to 999 calls of a black male carrying a knife.
The young man is disorientated, wandering. He's behaving erratically, and looks like he could be drunk or high on drugs.
The officers bring their van to a rapid stop directly in front of him, the sirens and their shouts piercing the quiet morning.
He no longer has a knife and appears to be walking away, but two more officers arrive. They draw their batons and irritant sprays; they use them.
Within 45 seconds the man is taken to the ground, struggling, as more officers arrive.
A total of nine uniformed officers are soon on the scene.
A witness sees up to six policemen kneeling and lying across the man, and hears him shout: "Get off me."
By the time the officers do get off, it's too late - he is unconscious. The officers begin resuscitation.
It is less than five minutes since the police arrived, and Sheku Bayoh is dying on the pavement, with his hands and legs bound.
He never gets back up.
Ninety minutes later, the 31-year-old father-of-two is pronounced dead in hospital. His body bears 23 separate injuries.
'Your brother is dead'
On 3 May, 2015, Kadi Johnson, a nurse at the local hospital in the town of Kirkcaldy, was going about her day.
She didn't have a shift at the hospital that day, but had also been working as a part-time home carer, and had been to see a local client.
She was tired, and decided to get back into her pyjamas. At about 15:00 she was in the kitchen, chatting and preparing food with a relative when the doorbell rang. Her husband Adie answered.
Two detectives were at the door. They had information about her brother.
Sheku, they told her, had died that morning.
Image source, Bayoh family Image caption, Sheku Bayoh with his sisters and mother
"I had just seen him the night before at a family party for my daughter's birthday. He was well, he was fine. I was shocked. But the officers wouldn't tell me anything about what happened.
"At first they told me he'd been found on the ground. Then they said they were looking for two men. Eventually, after talking to their boss, they told me there had been a forceful arrest, and he'd died on the way to hospital. We just couldn't get a straight answer out of them."
Answers are what Kadi has been looking for, for the past five years. She has been at the forefront of a high-profile campaign to establish the truth around the circumstances of Sheku's death at the hands of police officers.
Image source, PA Media Image caption, Mourners at Sheku Bayoh's funeral
Recent events in the US have thrust the campaign back into the spotlight, as comparisons have been drawn with the death of George Floyd, who died in Minneapolis in May as a white police officer held a knee on his neck.
The family of Sheku Bayoh are pinning their hopes on a judge-led public inquiry, the terms of which were announced in May.
It will be the first in Scotland to examine a death in custody, and will investigate if Sheku's "actual or perceived race" played a part in events leading up to and after his death.
The death of George Floyd 'just brought it all back'
The town of Kirkcaldy in Fife lies on Scotland's east coast. It has a population of some 60,000, and like much of Scotland's industrial heartlands has suffered economic decline in recent decades. One in five families there live in poverty.
It is far from ethnically diverse. The 2011 census showed more than 97% of the town's residents were white and just 1% black.
This was the town that Kadi chose to make her home two decades ago.
Image source, Jo Hanley Photography Image caption, Kirkcaldy, on Scotland's east coast
Originally from Sierra Leone, West Africa, she had settled in the UK in the 1990s. She moved from Coventry to Kirkcaldy to study nursing.
Kadi says she was so taken with how beautiful and safe Scotland was, she suggested her younger brother Sheku join her. He had been living in south London since 1995, when he arrived as a 12-year-old unaccompanied minor seeking to escape the civil war in the country of his birth.
Not especially academic, Sheku was keen to leave school and get into the real world, and jumped at the chance to move north. He arrived in Kirkcaldy in 2000 aged 17, ready to start his new life.
A number of jobs beckoned, including an apprenticeship with Fife Council and a position in the local branch of DIY chain B&Q.
He was involved in the community, a youth leader with a local racial awareness group. He even gave talks to the local police about the issues faced by the minority ethnic youth of Kirkcaldy.
Sheku was granted the right to live in the UK permanently in 2008.
Image source, Bayoh family/Collette Bell Image caption, Collette Bell and Sheku Bayoh
By 2015, he was a trainee gas fitter with Scottish Gas. He had settled down with his partner Collette, and Kadi says he'd been "over the moon" when their baby, Isaac, was born.
He had another son, Tyler, from a previous relationship, whom he saw regularly.
"He just lived for his children really," says Kadi. "The short time he had with Isaac was, I'm sure it was his best time. He enjoyed every moment of being a father."
Image source, Bayoh family Image caption, Sheku Bayoh with his two children
But Kadi's decision to send for her brother all those years ago now haunts her.
"That is the guilt that will live with me until the day I die," she says.
Sheku Bayoh is not George Floyd and Kirkcaldy is not Minneapolis, but there are striking parallels in both these deaths.
Once again questions are being asked about how black people are policed and, when they die after contact with the state, how justice is served.
The recent protests in the UK and in the US have been fuelled by the video capturing George Floyd's dying moments.
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Black Lives Matter protest in the US - prompted by the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis on 25 May
"I could not watch it," says Kadi, now 42. "Too painful. It has brought back so many memories of how we felt in 2015. It seemed like my brother. It just brought it all back.
"George was quickly put down on the ground. Same like Sheku."
An initial autopsy suggested underlying health conditions and intoxicants could be to blame for Floyd's death, and there was nothing to support a diagnosis of asphyxia. A second autopsy commissioned by Floyd's family flatly contradicted this, concluding he died of asphyxiation due to neck and back compression.
"Again, the same as Sheku," says Kadi. "The authorities here wanted to blame it all on the drugs he'd taken. We don't condone his taking drugs, but he was not himself.
"And we believe that if Sheku was white, he would have been treated differently and still be alive today.
"When a black man dies at the hands of police, they always try to blame it on him, blame anything but those responsible. We're tired of this now. It is enough.
"This time, they chose the wrong family."
'This is what happens to black boys with big mouths'
The death of Sheku Bayoh was to become Scotland's most high-profile death in police custody.
Like in the US, the UK's racial pressure points often occur as a result of treatment of black people by the police.
The watershed public inquiry into the Metropolitan police's handling of the murder of Stephen Lawrence - the teenager killed in a racist attack by a gang of white youths in Eltham, south-east London in 1993 - found the investigation into Stephen's murder, and the force itself, was institutionally racist.
It is a label that has hung heavily on not just the Met, but forces across the UK ever since.
In the case of Sheku Bayoh, all of the officers involved in his death were white.
Just 1% of Police Scotland's officers and staff identify as being from an ethnic minority background, compared with 4% of Scotland's population as a whole.
From the outset, the Bayoh family wanted to know if race had played a role in Sheku's death.
The family quickly instructed prominent human rights and criminal defence lawyer Aamer Anwar.
His own experience had been formative. In 1991, while a student in Glasgow, he was badly beaten by a police officer in a racist attack, resulting in two of his front teeth being knocked out. Barely conscious, he heard an officer say: "This is what happens to black boys with big mouths." He sued the police and won, making Scottish legal history.
Eleven days after Sheku Bayoh's death, Mr Anwar organised a press conference. In front of the media, Sheku's partner Collette Bell fought back tears, saying she would not rest until their child Isaac, then only three months old, knew why he was growing up without his father.
Image source, PA Media Image caption, Lawyer Aamer Anwar led the news conference on 14 May 2015
Kadi and Mr Anwar also spoke about the need for the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner (Pirc), the body which investigates deaths in police custody in Scotland, to get to the bottom of the case.
Within hours, the Scottish Police Federation, the organisation which represents rank and file police officers of Scotland's national police force, was also talking to the media.
The federation's lawyer told them that "…a petite female police officer was … subjected to a violent and unprovoked attack by a very large man who punched, kicked and stamped on her [and that she] believed she was about to be murdered."
Reports followed in the press describing Sheku as a "dangerous man, armed with a large knife, crazed on drugs", leaving officers fearing for their lives.
The reports stressed his supposed size, while the small stature of the female officer was also emphasised.
"From the beginning, the family refused to speculate on what happened and wanted Pirc to carry out a robust investigation," says Mr Anwar.
However, officers involved in the restraint of Sheku had been advised by the Federation not to give statements to the Pirc, leaving investigators and Bayoh's family without key information.
It would take three years before the lord advocate, the most senior prosecutor in Scotland, decided there would be no prosecutions against any of the nine officers involved in the events of that morning in May 2015. The "evidence would not currently justify criminal proceedings," a spokesman said.
Image source, PA Media Image caption, Kadi Johnson and Aamer Anwar leave the Crown Office in Edinburgh to talk to reporters, 3 October 2018
"We felt completely betrayed," says Kadi. "It was like his death didn't matter. But we had to keep going. People need to know the truth. Sheku's children deserve to know the truth."
The campaign shifted focus to persuade the Scottish government to hold a public inquiry.
'He wasn't himself'
On the day of his death, Sheku had been at the home of a close friend, Martyn Dick.
The pair had known each other since 2006.
"He and I just clicked very quickly," Martyn told the BBC in 2018.
"We'd a lot of things in common, just really bounced off each other, enjoyed each other's company. It was hard not to be attracted to his personality. He was a real people person, to be honest. I've described him before as a friend to everyone.
"His accent was unique - a broad mixture of Scottish slang, London and a bit of African as well. It was like nothing else I've ever heard. It was one of the most unique things about him."
Image source, Martyn Dick Image caption, Sheku Bayoh with his friend Martyn Dick - and with others at a wedding
Martyn says Sheku was known to walk away from fights, and did not have a reputation for violence.
"I never saw him raise his voice let alone his hands," he said. "He was just not that kind of guy. He would never let his temper flare or anything like that. That wasn't his nature at all."
Martyn was also one of the last people to see Sheku alive. He said he knew that Sheku occasionally used recreational drugs, and thought he probably had taken something when Sheku arrived at his house early on the morning of 3 May to watch a boxing match.
"He wasn't himself. He just seemed confused and the atmosphere was strange because we couldn't get through to him. So he decided it would be better for him to leave and he said sorry.
"I thought he's going to go home and everything will be fine tomorrow."
Toxicology reports would later show that Sheku had taken MDMA and another hallucinogenic drug called flakka.
Image caption, CCTV image of Sheku Bayoh walking erratically across a mini roundabout
Sheku walked the few streets to his own house, escorted by another friend, but by then his behaviour was dramatically altered by the drugs he'd taken. He then attacked his friend, and the friend left.
Just before 07:00, Sheku took a knife from his kitchen, and went outside. It was at this point, worried residents saw him wandering the streets and called 999.
It set in motion a chain of events that would ultimately lead to his death.
'He's not running away'
Following the decision not to prosecute any of the officers involved in the death of Sheku Bayoh, BBC Scotland's Disclosure programme started investigating. We obtained documents and video evidence at the heart of the case.
Using the police officers' own testimony, as well as eyewitness accounts and CCTV, we were able to piece together the events of that morning.
The revelations in the film, broadcast in December 2018, cast new light on the accounts given by the officers.
Some had said they were in fear of their life from Sheku. The officers' own statements revealed Sheku no longer had the knife, although some said they feared he may have concealed it. The knife was found later, in a nearby garden.
The documents also revealed that within 30 seconds of encountering Sheku, three officers discharged their irritant spray into his face, and batons were used, even though Sheku had not been violent towards them.
Image source, Jo Hanley Photography Image caption, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy
The CCTV appeared to show Sheku retaliating and chasing a female officer, knocking her to the ground. The officer, later named as PC Nicole Short, had injuries consistent with being hit on the head.
In her statement, she said: "I felt an almighty blow to the back of my head… it knocked me flying towards the ground.
"I was in the foetal position… I thought, 'This is it, he's going to kill me'."
We asked a leading authority on police restraint and use of force, Eric Baskind, of Liverpool John Moores University, to analyse the material.
In the 2018 film, Mr Baskind said: "What strikes me from the evidence of the officers is that they approach the scene with the intention of using force.
"He [Sheku] is not running away, he's not, at that moment in time, creating a danger to anyone. They get there, they screech to a halt, they get out of the cars with irritant sprays and batons.
"Those actions were very escalatory. And once you ramp things up to a certain degree it is very difficult, if not impossible, to backtrack."
Mr Baskind said this could have been prevented, if the officers had approached the situation differently, in line with their training.
"What we can't rule out is that Mr Bayoh is going through a mental health crisis, and from his perspective, he might have seen the discharge of the irritant sprays, the baton attacks, as him being attacked.
"Had they approached Mr Bayoh in a different way, in a calming way, to try and find out what was wrong, then in my view, that attack may have been prevented."
What of the police officers' version of events?
On the advice of the Federation, the officers did not speak to investigators for 32 days, being advised to wait for the results of toxicology reports into what substances were in Sheku Bayoh's system.
In their statements, each officer was identified by a letter to preserve their anonymity - although two have since been identified.
Multple references were made of Sheku Bayoh's size and strength.
Officer A said: "I cannot emphasise the strength of this guy."
Officer E said: "He was massive and is the biggest male that I have seen."
But Sheku Bayoh wasn't even the biggest male there that day.
Sheku was a muscular 5ft 10in, weighing 12 stone 10lb.
Officer A was 6ft 4in, of proportionate build.
Officer B was also 6ft 4in and 25 stone.
Image source, Bayoh family Image caption, Sheku Bayoh
It was also claimed by the Scottish Police Federation that once PC Short was on the ground, Sheku viciously stamped on her.
This was based on the testimony of officers B and C.
Officer C's statement said: "He stomped on her back with his foot with a great deal of force. He put his full bodyweight into the stomp and used his arms to gain leverage."
PC Short, was taken to hospital for a check-up, and returned to the police station shortly after.
In her statement, PC Short did not say she was stamped on. There was no mention of it in the statements of three witnesses who saw the incident.
The CCTV casts doubt on this claim. As soon as PC Short was knocked to the ground by Sheku, the action immediately moved elsewhere, and Sheku was confronted by the other officers. Within five seconds, he was brought down, never to get back up.
Mr Baskind said: "The quality of the footage is not very good, but you can certainly make out what's going on, and I can see no evidence at all of two stamping attacks on the officer on the ground.
"There certainly seems to me to be a significant discrepancy between what I can see on the footage, and what I've read in the papers."
New allegations over this apparent discrepancy were revealed in a BBC Panorama programme in January 2021.
Kevin Nelson was an eye witness to the altercation between Pc Short and Sheku, and saw him react to be being sprayed by punching the officer to the ground. But there, he says, the altercation finished and he was intercepted by the other officers.
"He was running off," he said. "After the punch, that was it. There was no more attack on her at all."
Asked about the officers' claims of a violent stamping attack on Pc Short, Kevin told the programme, "That never happened."
"It's not fair on Sheku and his family that [the officers] made the incident worse than it actually was to justify what had happened. That's not right.
In response, the Scottish Police Federation said its officers had cooperated truthfully with investigators, and it had seen compelling "compelling material" the stamping attack had taken place.
When asked to provide this, the federation said the "proper forum" was the public inquiry.
Image caption, Mobile phone image of police restraining Sheku Bayoh
The BBC had previously obtained mobile phone footage of the restraint.
Officer B told investigators he had Sheku pinned to the ground for "a maximum of 30 seconds". Another officer said the restraint had been, "appropriate, text book stuff, in line with their training".
A civilian witness saw it differently. She told investigators around six officers were lying across Sheku for several minutes.
She said: "I heard him screaming. It sent chills through me. I heard the man shout to get the police off him. They never moved."
Nine officers were involved at different times in the restraint, in which handcuffs and leg restraints were used.
The image above appears to show Officer B, who weighed 25 stone, lying across Sheku.
Around four minutes after the restraint began, Sheku fell unconscious, and an ambulance was called. The officers attempted resuscitation. He was taken to the nearby Victoria Hospital - the same hospital his sister Kadi worked at - where he was pronounced dead.
Sheku suffered 23 separate injuries, including a cracked rib, head wounds consistent with baton strikes, and petechial haemorrhages, or burst blood vessels in the eyes, which can be a sign of positional asphyxia, or suffocation.
The official cause of death was noted as "sudden death in a man intoxicated… [with drugs] whilst under restraint."
The Federation says that Sheku Bayoh's race played no part in his treatment that day.
The Disclosure programme revealed that two of the officers said they feared they were under terrorist attack, referencing the murder of soldier Lee Rigby, stabbed to death two years earlier on a street in Woolwich, south-east London, by two extremists, Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale, who were black.
Another female police officer, Officer E, used the word "coloured" - a term considered to be outdated and offensive - to describe Sheku in her statement.
She said "[as we approached] I was also thinking at that point of the Lee Rigby incident in London, mainly due to the fact of the coloured male and the potential terrorist connotations."
The UK terror threat level was at "severe", as it had been for the previous eight months.
Eric Baskind told the BBC, "If they genuinely believed that they were coming into a terrorist incident, I would've expected them to have called that through to Control."
No such call was made.
Image source, Jo Handley Photography Image caption, The junction of Hendry Road and Hayfield Road where Sheku Bayoh was restrained by police
"It's the question that family have always asked: 'Why, when you see a black male walking down the street, does the word "terrorist" come to mind?'" says Aamer Anwar. "It's Kirkcaldy, it's Sunday morning, it's half past seven. Seriously?
"This isn't London. It's not Westminster Bridge. Why did the police officers believe they were under a terrorist attack?"
The suspicions of Sheku Bayoh's family that race played a part in his death were further fuelled when Officer A, PC Alan Paton, was revealed by the BBC to have been previously accused of hating black people.
Family members alleged Paton had confessed to being racist in the weeks following Bayoh's death.
PC Paton has since retired from the force on medical grounds and his lawyer told the BBC he will not comment ahead of the inquiry.
PC Nicole Short has also retired on medical grounds.
Inquiry
More than 1,000 people have died in police custody in the UK over the past 30 years.
In those deaths where restraint was a factor, the person was twice as likely to be black, Asian or minority ethnic.
No officer has been disciplined as a result of Sheku Bayoh's death. No criminal charge has ever been brought.
"That's where the similarities between Sheku and George Floyd's case ends. Four officers face trial for George. No-one will face trial for Sheku," says Anwar.
The 2018 Disclosure film prompted renewed calls for a public inquiry, and less than a year later, Scottish Justice Secretary Humza Yousaf announced that one would be held into the death of Shaku Bayoh.
Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Scottish Justice Secretary Humza Yousaf announces a public inquiry into Sheku Bayoh's case - and Aminata Bayoh, Sheku's mother, meets First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, 12 November 2019
The Scottish Police Federation has insisted race played no part in Sheku's death, suggesting instead "the drugs in his system is more relevant."
That now will be decided by the public inquiry, led by retired judge Lord Bracadale, whose terms of reference include investigating whether Sheku's "actual or perceived race" played a part in events.
The inquiry is now under way and is expected to last several years.
The Scottish Police Federation told the BBC it would be "entirely inappropriate" to comment on the case.
It said that the BBC had presented questions based on "inaccuracies, falsehoods, hypothesis and speculation which we will address through [the] public inquiry, not through the media."
Chief Constable Iain Livingstone told us, "The death of Sheku Bayoh was, and remains, a terrible tragedy. It has had a traumatic impact on his family and friends, as well as affecting many people within policing and the wider community of Kirkcaldy and Scotland.
"I am committed to supporting all those who have been affected by Sheku Bayoh's death throughout this time.
"I met privately with the family of Sheku Bayoh in December 2019 and expressed to his mother and sister my sincere personal condolences, and those of the service. I also undertook that Police Scotland will participate fully in the public inquiry in an open and transparent manner.
He added, "It is vital that the role and independence of the public inquiry is respected to ensure the application of the rule of law, due process, and justice being served."
A £1.85m civil claim by the family against Police Scotland has been temporarily halted, pending the inquiry.
Image source, Jo Hanley Photography Image caption, Kadi Johnson
Sheku Bayoh had broken the law that morning and the Bayoh family do not dispute that the police, responding to emergency calls, had to act.
But they also maintain Sheku was in the grip of a mental health crisis and needed help. If he had to be arrested, he had a right to be arrested safely, they say, with proportionate and not deadly force.
"We are always hopeful people will understand that my brother was not a bad person," says Kadi. "He was a good man who cared for his family and friends. We want the public to know that.
"His children deserve to know how their father died. That's what keeps me going."
This feature was updated on 18 January 2021 to reflect developments in the case.