iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--The Guardian: Climate Activists Avoid or Regret Having Children

Imagine kids growing up in a household where the eco-activist parents think their own children are an unacceptable burden on the planet .
Survey of 600 people finds some parents regret having offspring for same reason People worried about the climate crisis are deciding not to have children because of fears that their offspring would have to struggle through a climate apocalypse , according to the first academic study of the issue .
The researchers surveyed 600 people aged 27 to 45 who were already factoring climate concerns into their reproductive choices and found 96 % were very or extremely @ @ @ @ @ @ @ future children in a climate-changed world .
One 27-year-old woman said : “ I feel like I can ’ t in good conscience bring a child into this world and force them to try and survive what may be apocalyptic conditions.
” These views were based on very pessimistic assessments of the impact of global heating on the world , the researchers said .
One respondent , for example , said it would “ rival world war one in its sheer terror ” .
The research also found that some people who were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ children .
Having a child also potentially means that person going on to produce a lifetime of carbon emissions that contribute to the climate emergency , but only 60 % of those surveyed were very concerned about this carbon footprint .
“ The fears about the carbon footprint of having kids tended to be abstract and dry , ” said Matthew Schneider-Mayerson , of Yale-NUS College in Singapore , who led the study .
“ But the fears about the lives of existing or potential children were really deep and emotional .
It @ @ @ @ @ @ @ responses – a lot of people really poured their hearts out.
” The abstract of the study ; Eco-reproductive concerns in the age of climate change Media reports and public polls suggest that young people in many countries are increasingly factoring climate change into their reproductive choices , but empirical evidence about this phenomenon is lacking .
This article reviews the scholarship on this subject and discusses the results of the first empirical study focused on it , a quantitative and qualitative survey of 607 US-Americans between the ages of 27 and 45 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ being “ very ” or “ extremely concerned ” about the carbon footprint of procreation , 96.5 % of respondents were “ very ” or “ extremely concerned ” about the well-being of their existing , expected , or hypothetical children in a climate-changed world .
This was largely due to an overwhelmingly negative expectation of the future with climate change .
Younger respondents were more concerned about the climate impacts their children would experience than older respondents , and there was no statistically significant difference between the eco-reproductive concerns of male and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are situated within scholarship about growing climate concern in the USA , the concept of the carbon footprint , the carbon footprint of procreation , individual actions in response to climate change , temporal perceptions of climate change , and expectations about the future in the USA .
Potential implications for future research in environmental psychology , environmental sociology , the sociology of reproduction , demography , and climate mitigation are discussed .
On one hand , perhaps we are seeing evolution in action ; if the only people who have kids are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ procreate , expect to see a lot more children in the future .
But my heart goes out to the few kids those radical activists decide to have despite their beliefs , and the psychological trauma some of them must be enduring .
Imagine growing up in a household where the parents literally think their children are planet wrecking wastes of space or worse .
Imagine being taught from the cradle that you are your parents ’ guilty burden on the planet .
How do the children of parents who see their very @ @ @ @ @ @ @ teach them that their inevitable future is misery and a painful fiery death , ever discover a sense of self worth and happiness ?
“ Daddy , daddy , look what I made in art class !
” .
“ That ’ s lovely , but it doesn ’ t really matter , because you ’ ll die a horrible death from global warming before you reach adulthood .
And you ’ re helping to make it happen just by being alive ” .

Guest essay by Eric Worrall
Imagine kids growing up in a household where the eco-activist parents think their own children are an unacceptable burden on the planet.
Climate ‘apocalypse’ fears stopping people having children – study Damian Carrington
Environment editor
Fri 27 Nov 2020 22.00 AEDT Survey of 600 people finds some parents regret having offspring for same reason People worried about the climate crisis are deciding not to have children because of fears that their offspring would have to struggle through a climate apocalypse, according to the first academic study of the issue. The researchers surveyed 600 people aged 27 to 45 who were already factoring climate concerns into their reproductive choices and found 96% were very or extremely concerned about the wellbeing of their potential future children in a climate-changed world. One 27-year-old woman said: “I feel like I can’t in good conscience bring a child into this world and force them to try and survive what may be apocalyptic conditions.” These views were based on very pessimistic assessments of the impact of global heating on the world, the researchers said. One respondent, for example, said it would “rival world war one in its sheer terror”. The research also found that some people who were already parents expressed regret over having their children. Having a child also potentially means that person going on to produce a lifetime of carbon emissions that contribute to the climate emergency, but only 60% of those surveyed were very concerned about this carbon footprint. “The fears about the carbon footprint of having kids tended to be abstract and dry,” said Matthew Schneider-Mayerson, of Yale-NUS College in Singapore, who led the study. “But the fears about the lives of existing or potential children were really deep and emotional. It was often heartbreaking to pore through the responses – a lot of people really poured their hearts out.” … Read more: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/27/climate-apocalypse-fears-stopping-people-having-children-study
The abstract of the study;
Published: 17 November 2020 Eco-reproductive concerns in the age of climate change Matthew Schneider-Mayerson & Kit Ling Leong Media reports and public polls suggest that young people in many countries are increasingly factoring climate change into their reproductive choices, but empirical evidence about this phenomenon is lacking. This article reviews the scholarship on this subject and discusses the results of the first empirical study focused on it, a quantitative and qualitative survey of 607 US-Americans between the ages of 27 and 45. While 59.8% of respondents reported being “very” or “extremely concerned” about the carbon footprint of procreation, 96.5% of respondents were “very” or “extremely concerned” about the well-being of their existing, expected, or hypothetical children in a climate-changed world. This was largely due to an overwhelmingly negative expectation of the future with climate change. Younger respondents were more concerned about the climate impacts their children would experience than older respondents, and there was no statistically significant difference between the eco-reproductive concerns of male and female respondents. These and other results are situated within scholarship about growing climate concern in the USA, the concept of the carbon footprint, the carbon footprint of procreation, individual actions in response to climate change, temporal perceptions of climate change, and expectations about the future in the USA. Potential implications for future research in environmental psychology, environmental sociology, the sociology of reproduction, demography, and climate mitigation are discussed. Read more: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02923-y
On one hand, perhaps we are seeing evolution in action; if the only people who have kids are those with an unusually strong urge to procreate, expect to see a lot more children in the future.
But my heart goes out to the few kids those radical activists decide to have despite their beliefs, and the psychological trauma some of them must be enduring.
Imagine growing up in a household where the parents literally think their children are planet wrecking wastes of space or worse. Imagine being taught from the cradle that you are your parents’ guilty burden on the planet.
How do the children of parents who see their very existence as a mistake, whose parents teach them that their inevitable future is misery and a painful fiery death, ever discover a sense of self worth and happiness?
“Daddy, daddy, look what I made in art class!”.
“That’s lovely, but it doesn’t really matter, because you’ll die a horrible death from global warming before you reach adulthood. And you’re helping to make it happen just by being alive”.
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iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--A guessing game for climate data experienced sceptics.

I ’ m not writing anything in this post which will get it automatically flagged up to our blog hosts @ @ @ @ @ at the images and see what you think .

I’m not writing anything in this post which will get it automatically flagged up to our blog hosts or anyone else. Look at the images and see what you think.
Figure 1. Incomplete teaser from the ONS, and my inductive reasoning.
Figure 2. Curious ‘mirroring’ during the last ten weeks would seem to support the inductive reasoning above.
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November 28, 2020 at 12:24PM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--UNRELIABLE, MOST EXPENSIVE: Green Energies Make Germany’s Electricity Prices Highest In Europe!

Why do so few countries in Europe follow Germany in green electricity ?
The answer could lie in electricity prices : Eurostat lists these for the first half of 2020 .
Of all countries , Germany , Denmark and the United Kingdom are the wind energy countries that are very far ahead in terms of consumer prices .
Hat-tip Die kalte Sonne .
Not only has electricity gotten expensive in these countries , but the supply is highly unreliable .
Germany ’ s massive 110 GW of installed sun and wind energy capacity produced next to nothing over a period @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not even coming close to meeting the country ’ s demand : Or during the dead of winter , when power is in big demand , see below for a period two weeks : Fortunately there were fossil and nuclear power plants available to keep the power grid from collapsing .
But there ’ s a problem : It ’ s very uneconomical to operate these conventional plants only part-time .
The added costs end up being borne by the consumer .
And due to the high electricity rates , every year tens @ @ @ @ @ @ @ power cut off due to unpaid electricity bills , read here and here .

Why do so few countries in Europe follow Germany in green electricity? The answer could lie in electricity prices:
Eurostat lists these for the first half of 2020. Of all countries, Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom are the wind energy countries that are very far ahead in terms of consumer prices. Hat-tip Die kalte Sonne.
Wind, sun absent extended periods
Not only has electricity gotten expensive in these countries, but the supply is highly unreliable. Germany’s massive 110 GW of installed sun and wind energy capacity produced next to nothing over a period of five days earlier this month, not even coming close to meeting the country’s demand:
Or during the dead of winter, when power is in big demand, see below for a period two weeks:
Charts: Agora Energiewende
300,000 households lose power
Fortunately there were fossil and nuclear power plants available to keep the power grid from collapsing. But there’s a problem: It’s very uneconomical to operate these conventional plants only part-time. The added costs end up being borne by the consumer.
And due to the high electricity rates, every year tens of thousands of German households see their power cut off due to unpaid electricity bills, read here and here.
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November 28, 2020 at 10:40AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--Huge? Pennsylvania State House and Senate resolution to overturn certified result

Jenna Ellis shares to Newsmax TV a huge development for the Trump team – regarding the PA state legislature ’ s rights against “ corrupt election officials.
” A band of 26 Pennsylvania House lawmakers are circulating a memo seeking support of a proposed resolution declaring the state ’ s certification of presidential electors and other statewide election results to be “ in dispute ” .
Declaring the results of statewide electoral contests in the 2020 general election to be in dispute , a group of House Republican lawmakers have announced their intention to introduce a resolution calling for Gov @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Kathy Boockvar to withdraw their certification of the Nov. 3 election results in the presidential and other statewide contests .
In Pennsylvania , the Republicans control the House and Senate .
Rudy Guiliani and the Trump team presented a compelling case with witnesses and evidence of voter fraud at the Senate Hearing on Wednesday .
So much so that many Republicans are galvanized .
However they may not get time to vote on this : CBS Pittsburgh The resolution has not yet been voted on by either the state House or Senate .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ vote before lawmakers ’ terms end on Monday .

Jenna Ellis shares to Newsmax TV a huge development for the Trump team – regarding the PA state legislature’s rights against “corrupt election officials.”
A band of 26 Pennsylvania House lawmakers are circulating a memo seeking support of a proposed resolution declaring the state’s certification of presidential electors and other statewide election results to be “in dispute”.
Declaring the results of statewide electoral contests in the 2020 general election to be in dispute, a group of House Republican lawmakers have announced their intention to introduce a resolution calling for Gov. Tom Wolf and Secretary of State Kathy Boockvar to withdraw their certification of the Nov. 3 election results in the presidential and other statewide contests.
In Pennsylvania, the Republicans control the House and Senate. Rudy Guiliani and the Trump team presented a compelling case with witnesses and evidence of voter fraud at the Senate Hearing on Wednesday. So much so that many Republicans are galvanized.
However they may not get time to vote on this:
CBS Pittsburgh The resolution has not yet been voted on by either the state House or Senate. It is not expected to get a vote before lawmakers’ terms end on Monday.
[…]
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November 28, 2020 at 10:25AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--Snowing on Portuguese island of Madeira

Snowing on Portuguese island of Madeira

Going up the mountain https : //www.youtube.com/watch ?
v=v0aCMiG8-wE or hiking https : //youtu.be/i9Ie8vC1Ro8 The forecasts were confirmed .
It @ @ @ @ @ Ruivo , where the extreme low until 2 pm was -0.9 C. It is also @ @ @ @ @ , as illustrated by the image of the Netmadeira webcam .
The temperature has remained @ @ @ @ @ station in the IPMA network in RAM since late morning .

Video.
Going up the mountain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0aCMiG8-wE
or hiking https://youtu.be/i9Ie8vC1Ro8
The forecasts were confirmed. It is now snowing on Pico Ruivo, where the extreme low until 2 pm was -0.9 C.
It is also snowing in Pico do Areeiro, as illustrated by the image of the Netmadeira webcam.
The temperature has remained negative in this highest weather station in the IPMA network in RAM since late morning.


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--Inside the Election Black Box

Inside the Election Black Box

Readers can now access the deposition by a reputable election fraud analyst at Court Listener King v. Whitmer Exhibit 105 — Document # 1 , Attachment # 15 Excerpts in italics with my bolds 4 .
Whereas the Dominion and Edison Research systems exist in the internet of things , and whereas this makes the network connections between the Dominion , Edison Research and related network nodes available for scanning , 5 .
And whereas Edison Research ’ s primary job is to report the tabulation of the count of the ballot information as received from the tabulation software , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ results , 6 .
And whereas Spiderfoot and Robtex are industry standard digital forensic tools for evaluation network security and infrastructure , these tools were used to conduct public security scans of the aforementioned Dominion and Edison Research systems , 7 .
A public network scan of Dominionvoting.com on 2020-11-08 revealed the following interrelationships and revealed 13 unencrypted passwords for dominion employees , and 75 hashed passwords available in TOR nodes : [ The deposition then describes devices with two-way access to servers in this network , especially in Serbia , Iran and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ subdomain which evidences the existence of scorecard software in use as part of the Indivisible ( formerly ACORN ) political group for Obama . ]
14 .
Beanfield.com out of Canada shows the connections via co-hosting related sites , including dvscorp.com .
This Dominion partner domain “ dvscorp ” also includes an auto discovery feature , where new innetwork devices automatically connect to the system .
The following diagram shows some of the related dvscopr.com mappings , which mimic the infrastructure for Dominion and are an obvious typo derivation of the name .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ redirect traffic and sometimes are used as honeypots .
The diagram shows that infrastructure spans multiple different servers as a methodology .
The above diagram shows how these domains also show the connection to Iran and other places , including the following Chinese domain , highlighted below .
15 .
The auto discovery feature allows programmers to access any system while it is connected to the internet once it ’ s a part of the constellation of devices ( see original Spiderfoot graph ) .
16 .
Dominion Voting Systems Corporation in 2019 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ China ( via HSBC Bank in Canada ) Of particular interest is a section of the document showing aspects of the nature of the patents dealing with authentication ( at the ballot level ) .
17 .
Smartmatic creates the backbone ( like the cloud ) .
SCYTL is responsible for the security within the election system .
18 .
In the GitHub account for Scytl , Scytl Jseats has some of the programming necessary to support a much broader set of election types , including a decorator process where the data is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in their source code : 20 .
As seen in included document titled “ AA20-304AIranian_Advanced_Persistent_Threat_Actor_Identified_Obtaining_Voter_Registration_Data ” that was authored by the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency ( CISA ) with a Product ID of AA20-304A on a specified date of October 30 , 2020 , CISA and the FBI reports that Iranian APT teams were seen using ACUTENIX , a website scanning software , to find vulnerabilities within Election company websites , confirmed to be used by the Iranian APT teams buy seized cloud storage that I had personally captured and reported to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that foreign agents of aggressor nations had access to US voter lists , and had done so recently .
21 .
In my professional opinion , this affidavit presents unambiguous evidence that Dominion Voter Systems and Edison Research have been accessible and were certainly compromised by rogue actors , such as Iran and China .
By using servers and employees connected with rogue actors and hostile foreign influences combined with numerous easily discoverable leaked credentials , these organizations neglectfully allowed foreign adversaries to access data and intentionally provided access to their infrastructure in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ including the most recent one in 2020 .
This represents a complete failure of their duty to provide basic cyber security .
This is not a technological issue , but rather a governance and basic security issue : if it is not corrected , future elections in the United States and beyond will not be secure and citizens will not have confidence in the results .

Readers can now access the deposition by a reputable election fraud analyst at Court Listener King v. Whitmer Exhibit 105 — Document #1, Attachment #15 Excerpts in italics with my bolds
4. Whereas the Dominion and Edison Research systems exist in the internet of things, and whereas this makes the network connections between the Dominion, Edison Research and related network nodes available for scanning,
5. And whereas Edison Research’s primary job is to report the tabulation of the count of the ballot information as received from the tabulation software, to provide to Decision HQ for election results,
6. And whereas Spiderfoot and Robtex are industry standard digital forensic tools for evaluation
network security and infrastructure, these tools were used to conduct public security scans of the aforementioned Dominion and Edison Research systems,
7. A public network scan of Dominionvoting.com on 2020-11-08 revealed the following interrelationships and revealed 13 unencrypted passwords for dominion employees, and 75
hashed passwords available in TOR nodes:
[The deposition then describes devices with two-way access to servers in this network, especially in Serbia, Iran and China. A search also showed a subdomain which evidences the existence of scorecard software in use as part of the Indivisible (formerly ACORN) political group for Obama.]
14. Beanfield.com out of Canada shows the connections via co-hosting related sites, including
dvscorp.com.
This Dominion partner domain “dvscorp” also includes an auto discovery feature, where new innetwork devices automatically connect to the system. The following diagram shows some of the related dvscopr.com mappings, which mimic the infrastructure for Dominion and are an obvious typo derivation of the name. Typo derivations are commonly purchased to catch redirect traffic and sometimes are used as honeypots. The diagram shows that infrastructure spans multiple different servers as a methodology.
The above diagram shows how these domains also show the connection to Iran and other places, including the following Chinese domain, highlighted below.
15. The auto discovery feature allows programmers to access any system while it is connected to the internet once it’s a part of the constellation of devices (see original Spiderfoot graph).
16. Dominion Voting Systems Corporation in 2019 sold a number of their patents to China (via HSBC Bank in Canada)
Of particular interest is a section of the document showing aspects of the nature of the patents dealing with authentication (at the ballot level).
17. Smartmatic creates the backbone (like the cloud). SCYTL is responsible for the security within the election system.
18. In the GitHub account for Scytl, Scytl Jseats has some of the programming necessary to support a much broader set of election types, including a decorator process where the data is smoothed, see the following diagram provided in their source code:
20. As seen in included document titled
“AA20-304AIranian_Advanced_Persistent_Threat_Actor_Identified_Obtaining_Voter_Registration_Data
” that was authored by the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) with a Product ID of AA20-304A on a specified date of October 30, 2020, CISA and the FBI reports that Iranian APT teams were seen using ACUTENIX, a website scanning software, to find vulnerabilities within Election company websites, confirmed to be used by the Iranian APT teams buy seized cloud storage that I had personally captured and reported to higher authorities. These scanning behaviors showed that foreign agents of aggressor nations had access to US voter lists, and had done so recently.
21. In my professional opinion, this affidavit presents unambiguous evidence that Dominion Voter Systems and Edison Research have been accessible and were certainly compromised by rogue actors, such as Iran and China. By using servers and employees connected with rogue actors and hostile foreign influences combined with numerous easily discoverable leaked credentials, these organizations neglectfully allowed foreign adversaries to access data and intentionally provided access to their infrastructure in order to monitor and manipulate elections, including the most recent one in 2020. This represents a complete failure of their duty to provide basic cyber security. This is not a technological issue, but rather a governance and basic security issue: if it is not corrected, future elections in the United States and beyond will not be secure and citizens will not have confidence in the results.
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November 28, 2020 at 09:13AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--What is the real cost of green hydrogen?

There ’ s an informative , but also rather garbled , article in Euractiv concerning the cost of hydrogen Green hydrogen is much in the news .
In October Cap Gemini published a report called “ Net Zero 2020 ” .
Page 36 had a section on green hydrogen with the declaration “ At around €6 per kg , green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies ( parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh ) ” .
Last week another hydrogen organisation announced itself “ the Renewable Hydrogen Coalition ” accompanied by ( yet another ) report on green @ @ @ @ @ @ @ price estimate for green hydrogen – €6/kg .
Absent from the above is any explanation as to how these price were derived , a common feature of reports and blogs on the subject .
Given recent European Commission publications ( e.g .
Hydrogen Strategy ) and declarations by various EU Member States such as Germany , green hydrogen now has a prominence which contrasts with its position at the start of the year .
However , the starting point for green hydrogen policy development in the EU and Member States has to be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hydrogen prices are formed , where they currently stand and their likely future trajectory .
What follows provides a true and clear view of green hydrogen price formation with current and future price developments .
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysers that use renewable electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen .
There are two main cost elements , capital costs ( capex ) for the electrolyser installation and operation ( and maintenance ) costs ( opex ) .
By far the largest operational cost ( circa 95 % ) is the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the capex/opex split at roughly 20/80 ( at a utilisation rate of 40 % of full load over a year ) .
This means that 80 % of costs are attributable to opex and thus electricity and 20 % to capex .
The other important metric for determining green hydrogen price formation is the amount of electricity needed to convert water into hydrogen .
The most commonly used figure is between 55kWh and 60kWh of electricity per kg of hydrogen production .
The industry expects this to fall to around 50kWh by 2025/2030 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by companies such as Hydrogenics and conversations with other electrolyser manufacturers confirm that the assumptions and approaches in the two preceding paragraphs are realistic and valid .
The table shows green hydrogen price estimates by three different organisations .
Using information about green hydrogen price formation , it is possible to re-construct the electricity price on which the green hydrogen price was based .
The numbers obtained suggest that industrial electricity prices ( see Eurostat ) were used as a basis for the green hydrogen price .
Grey and blue hydrogen are produced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ taxes and levies .
By contrast green hydrogen prices have taxes and levies imposed on the feedstock ( electricity ) which is double/quadruple the original price of the feedstock ( renewable electricity ) .
It is neither rational nor sensible to make such a comparison between a heavily taxed product ( green hydrogen ) and a zero taxed product ( grey or blue hydrogen ) .
Nevertheless , almost all commentators on the subject think that this is a valid comparison Iberdrola recently announced a project ( to be completed during 2021 ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this to 20MW of electrolysers to produce green hydrogen that would be piped to be used at an industrial plant producing fertiliser .
The cost of producing electricity from PV in Spain ( or Portugal ) is well understood .
Conservatively , the cost is around €25/MWh .
Recent projects in Portugal have been priced in the range €12 to €20/MWh .
Using the green hydrogen price formation metrics outlined previously and €25/MWh as the electricity price gives a green hydrogen price of €1.65/kg .
This price is based on the assumption that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the electrolysers .
The approach of direct coupling between a renewable power station and electrolyser facility is becoming common .
Cap Gemini ’ s statement “ green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies ( parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh ) ” is thus both untrue and true .
Given Spanish ( and Portuguese ) electricity prices from PV , green hydrogen produced using this electricity is cost competitive now with both blue and grey hydrogen .
However , if the electricity system is and industrial electricity prices are used then @ @ @ @ @ @ @ levies .
Given the above , the prices for green hydrogen proposed by Cap Gemini , BNEF , the Renewable Hydrogen Coalition/Breakthrough Energy and others and the price comparisons they make are highly misleading .
They are quite right that you should not compare electricity prices which includes taxes and levies against natural gas which does not .
However they shoot themselves in the foot by using this table to prove their point : Now correct me if I am wrong , but I know of nowhere in Europe where retail prices of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
In the UK , we are looking at around £150 , which equates to 166 euro .
In other words , it appears that the studies they are complaining about have already excluded taxes and levies .
Indeed according to OFGEM , these account for 28 % , which would bring our 166 euro down to 120 euro .
The authors of this piece go on to use a solar farm in Spain as an example to show just how cheap green hydrogen really is .
However , this solar farm feeds @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all sorts of network costs .
That is fine for a small , local operation feeding a fertiliser plant .
But for industrial scale hydrogen , electrolysers will need access to reliable , large scale and regular power from the grid .
Like it or not , they will have to pay for all of the various transmission and network costs .
The latest round of offshore wind CfDs are currently priced at about £48/MWh , so adding on network and operating costs would leave us with a price of around £100/MWh .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ probably understated , at least as far as the UK is concerned .
Meanwhile the article also gets the cost of fossil fuels wrong : “ At around €6 per kg , green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies ( parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh ) ” .
In fact , the wholesale price of natural gas is much less than 25 euro/MWh .
Even before the pandemic , gas has been trading at around 26p/therm , which equates to £9/MWh : It is clear industrial scale green hydrogen will @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gas , and indeed steam reforming .
Little surprise then that the Committee on Climate Change concluded that the cost of electricity would have to fall to £10/MWh to be competitive with steam reforming , which is itself twice the cost of natural gas .
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT

By Paul Homewood
h/t Dennis Ambler
There’s an informative, but also rather garbled, article in Euractiv concerning the cost of hydrogen
Green hydrogen is much in the news. In October Cap Gemini published a report called “Net Zero 2020”. Page 36 had a section on green hydrogen with the declaration “At around €6 per kg, green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies (parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh)”.
Last week another hydrogen organisation announced itself “the Renewable Hydrogen Coalition” accompanied by (yet another) report on green hydrogen which contained (yet another) price estimate for green hydrogen – €6/kg.
Absent from the above is any explanation as to how these price were derived, a common feature of reports and blogs on the subject.
The EU and green hydrogen
Given recent European Commission publications (e.g. Hydrogen Strategy) and declarations by various EU Member States such as Germany, green hydrogen now has a prominence which contrasts with its position at the start of the year.
However, the starting point for green hydrogen policy development in the EU and Member States has to be a good understanding of how current green hydrogen prices are formed, where they currently stand and their likely future trajectory. What follows provides a true and clear view of green hydrogen price formation with current and future price developments.
Green hydrogen price formation
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysers that use renewable electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. There are two main cost elements, capital costs (capex) for the electrolyser installation and operation (and maintenance) costs (opex).
By far the largest operational cost (circa 95%) is the cost of electricity. Electrolyser manufacturers estimate the capex/opex split at roughly 20/80 (at a utilisation rate of 40% of full load over a year). This means that 80% of costs are attributable to opex and thus electricity and 20% to capex.
The other important metric for determining green hydrogen price formation is the amount of electricity needed to convert water into hydrogen. The most commonly used figure is between 55kWh and 60kWh of electricity per kg of hydrogen production. The industry expects this to fall to around 50kWh by 2025/2030 due to technology improvements.
Public presentations by companies such as Hydrogenics and conversations with other electrolyser manufacturers confirm that the assumptions and approaches in the two preceding paragraphs are realistic and valid.
Green hydrogen production using industrial electricity prices
The table shows green hydrogen price estimates by three different organisations. Using information about green hydrogen price formation, it is possible to re-construct the electricity price on which the green hydrogen price was based. The numbers obtained suggest that industrial electricity prices (see Eurostat) were used as a basis for the green hydrogen price.
Green, grey and blue hydrogen: comparing apples and zebras
Grey and blue hydrogen are produced using natural gas which attracts almost zero taxes and levies.
By contrast green hydrogen prices have taxes and levies imposed on the feedstock (electricity) which is double/quadruple the original price of the feedstock (renewable electricity). It is neither rational nor sensible to make such a comparison between a heavily taxed product (green hydrogen) and a zero taxed product (grey or blue hydrogen).
Nevertheless, almost all commentators on the subject think that this is a valid comparison
Green hydrogen: real-world pricing
Iberdrola recently announced a project (to be completed during 2021) to build 100MW of PV and couple this to 20MW of electrolysers to produce green hydrogen that would be piped to be used at an industrial plant producing fertiliser. The cost of producing electricity from PV in Spain (or Portugal) is well understood. Conservatively, the cost is around €25/MWh. Recent projects in Portugal have been priced in the range €12 to €20/MWh.
Using the green hydrogen price formation metrics outlined previously and €25/MWh as the electricity price gives a green hydrogen price of €1.65/kg. This price is based on the assumption that the PV farm is directly coupled to the electrolysers. The approach of direct coupling between a renewable power station and electrolyser facility is becoming common.
Misleading statements
Cap Gemini’s statement “green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies (parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh)” is thus both untrue and true. Given Spanish (and Portuguese) electricity prices from PV, green hydrogen produced using this electricity is cost competitive now with both blue and grey hydrogen.
However, if the electricity system is and industrial electricity prices are used then green hydrogen is hammered by taxes and levies.
Given the above, the prices for green hydrogen proposed by Cap Gemini, BNEF, the Renewable Hydrogen Coalition/Breakthrough Energy and others and the price comparisons they make are highly misleading.
https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/what-is-the-real-cost-of-green-hydrogen/
They are quite right that you should not compare electricity prices which includes taxes and levies against natural gas which does not.
However they shoot themselves in the foot by using this table to prove their point:
Now correct me if I am wrong, but I know of nowhere in Europe where retail prices of electricity are as low as 90 euro/MWh. In the UK, we are looking at around £150, which equates to 166 euro.
In other words, it appears that the studies they are complaining about have already excluded taxes and levies. Indeed according to OFGEM, these account for 28%, which would bring our 166 euro down to 120 euro.
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/data-portal/breakdown-electricity-bill
The authors of this piece go on to use a solar farm in Spain as an example to show just how cheap green hydrogen really is. However, this solar farm feeds the electrolysis plant direct, thus avoiding all sorts of network costs.
That is fine for a small, local operation feeding a fertiliser plant. But for industrial scale hydrogen, electrolysers will need access to reliable, large scale and regular power from the grid. Like it or not, they will have to pay for all of the various transmission and network costs.
The latest round of offshore wind CfDs are currently priced at about £48/MWh, so adding on network and operating costs would leave us with a price of around £100/MWh. So even the 90 euro figure is probably understated, at least as far as the UK is concerned.
Meanwhile the article also gets the cost of fossil fuels wrong:
“At around €6 per kg, green hydrogen is not competitive today with fossil energies (parity at €1/kg equivalent to €25/MWh)”.
In fact, the wholesale price of natural gas is much less than 25 euro/MWh.
Even before the pandemic, gas has been trading at around 26p/therm, which equates to £9/MWh:
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/data-portal/all-charts/policy-area/gas-wholesale-markets
It is clear industrial scale green hydrogen will be hugely expensive in comparison to natural gas, and indeed steam reforming.
Little surprise then that the Committee on Climate Change concluded that the cost of electricity would have to fall to £10/MWh to be competitive with steam reforming, which is itself twice the cost of natural gas.
https://notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/2019/08/26/is-hydrogen-a-solution/
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November 28, 2020 at 08:27AM


Ocean Temperature Update

A considerable amount of new information on ocean temperature has been gathered since I last wrote about the subject in 2016 here .
In my last post on GHCN and the National Temperature Index , it appeared that ocean temperature trends and the thermal energy distribution in oceans dominate climate change .
Land-based weather stations are invaluable for weather prediction , but they tell us very little about climate change .
The common definition of climate is an overall change in temperature or precipitation over a period longer than 30 years .
But even 30 years is a short timeframe @ @ @ @ @ @ @ On this timescale , ocean temperature trends are more significant .
Oceans cover 71 % of Earth and they contain 99.93 % of the thermal energy ( “ heat ” ) on the surface .
Here we define the Earth ’ s surface as everything between the sea floor to the top of the atmosphere , ~22km .
This calculation , and the necessary references , are detailed in this spreadsheet .
As an illustration of the huge impact of the oceans , we should consider that Earth ’ s oceans contain more @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and in the atmosphere of Venus , where the temperature is 464°C or 867°F .
In fact , Earth ’ s oceans contain four times more thermal energy than the atmosphere of Venus , yet the oceans have an average temperature of less than 5°C .
A spreadsheet containing this calculation and the necessary references can be downloaded here .
We still do not have accurate information on the entire ocean , but we do have a lot more than in 2016 .
CSIRO has a nice 2009 dataset of temperature data to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , & Wilken , 2002 ) .
The University of Hamburg has multi-year data to 6500 meters here , but I was unable to read their NetCDF files with R. I tried both R NetCDF packages ( ncdf4 and RNetCDF ) and neither could open their files .
If anyone knows how to read these files , let me know .
In the meantime , the CSIRO NetCDF files opened easily , and we can work with their data , even though it only covers one year .
Figure 1 is the average @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to 5,500 meters .
Figure 1 .
CSIRO 2009 global average temperature from the surface to 5,500 meters .
Data source : CSIRO .
The temperature drops to a minimum of 1°C at ~4,250 meters and then begins to increase .
The distribution of temperature at 4,500 meters is shown in Figure 2 .
Figure 2 .
CSIRO ocean temperature at 4,500 meters .
The white areas on the map are shallower than 4,500 meters .
Signs of the thermohaline circulation can be seen in these temperatures .
It is still unclear how @ @ @ @ @ @ @ By overturning , we mean the amount of time required for downwelling surface water to make a completely deep-water circuit and then come back to the surface .
This process probably takes at least 1,000 years .
It is the major long-term heat exchange process on the surface of the Earth .
Thus , when the Earth is receiving more thermal energy from the Sun , or CO or whatever is causing warming , it takes a thousand years or longer for it to circulate through the oceans .
Figure 3 is a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ through the deep ocean .
Figure 3 .
The major paths deep water takes as it moves from the surface into the deep ocean and then emerges a thousand or more years later .
Notice Antarctica is in the center of the map .
This is because all the oceans only meet in the Southern Ocean , which surrounds Antarctica .
Source : By Avsa – Wikimedia , CC BY-SA 3.0 .
As we can see in Figure 3 , surface water dives into the deep ocean in the North Atlantic and in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to travel around the world , through all the oceans .
It upwells mostly in the in the Indian Ocean , Southern Ocean , and in the Pacific .
Because deep water moves out of the Atlantic , but mostly upwells in the other oceans , the Atlantic has a slightly lower sea level than the other oceans .
Also see ( Reid , 1961 ) .
Upwelling deep water is more widespread than downwelling .
This NASA web page contains a good discussion and animation of the thermohaline circulation .
Figure 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Atlantic , next to South American and Southern Africa , this suggests some upwelling might be taking place there .
But most upwelling appears to be in the Pacific , Southern , and Indian Oceans .
Unfortunately , good data on ocean temperature only goes back to 2004 .
The data we have suggests that the oceans are warming at a rate of 0.4°C per century .
However , the ocean cycle-time is over 1,000 years and the record is only 15 years , so this is very speculative .
However , if @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a rate of 0.4°C per century , it seems very unlikely that the speculation about rapid and dangerous warming of the atmosphere is anything to worry about .
The Jamstec ( Hosoda , Ohira , & Nakamura , 2008 ) grid , which we ’ ve used for the shallower ( < 2,000 m ) portion of our analysis provides us with an estimate of error .
It is an estimate of spatial error , which can also be called gridding error .
In other words , do we have enough data to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is a map of this error by year and depth .
As we can see in Figure 4 , the error in 2001 was quite high until a depth of 1400 meters or so was reached .
By 2004 , depths below 1,000 meters were OK. As Figure 1 shows , depths shallower than 1,000 meters are highly variable and high errors are expected .
These shallower waters interact with surface weather , especially in the so-called “ mixed layer.
” The mixed layer is a shallow zone where turbulence has caused a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the bottom of the layer .
The thickness of the mixed layer varies by season and area , but averages about 60 meters .
The mixed layer temperature reflects , in a complex fashion , the surface temperature of the previous few weeks .
In our view , the attempts to deduce the magnitude and rate of atmospheric warming using only sea-surface and atmospheric temperature measurements is foolish and doomed to fail .
The true “ control knob ” of long-term temperature change is the oceans .
They regulate the surface temperatures through @ @ @ @ @ @ @ layer alone has over 22 times the heat capacity of the whole atmosphere to 22 km .
The regulation of atmospheric temperatures by the oceans also gives us a lot of time to determine if global warming is truly a threat .
Currently , we only have about fifteen years of ocean temperature data , but in fifteen more years we will have data over a “ climatic ” period .
If the ocean warming trend in 2035 is still less than one degree per century , we have very little to worry @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the calculations plotted in the figures , but Excel to make the graphs .
If you want to check the details of my calculations , you can download my CSIRO R source code here .
None of this is in my new book Politics and Climate Change : A History but buy it anyway .
You can download the bibliography here .

By Andy May
A considerable amount of new information on ocean temperature has been gathered since I last wrote about the subject in 2016 here. In my last post on GHCN and the National Temperature Index, it appeared that ocean temperature trends and the thermal energy distribution in oceans dominate climate change. Land-based weather stations are invaluable for weather prediction, but they tell us very little about climate change. The common definition of climate is an overall change in temperature or precipitation over a period longer than 30 years. But even 30 years is a short timeframe, 100 years might be better. On this timescale, ocean temperature trends are more significant.
Oceans cover 71% of Earth and they contain 99.93% of the thermal energy (“heat”) on the surface. Here we define the Earth’s surface as everything between the sea floor to the top of the atmosphere, ~22km. This calculation, and the necessary references, are detailed in this spreadsheet. As an illustration of the huge impact of the oceans, we should consider that Earth’s oceans contain more thermal energy than exists on the surface and in the atmosphere of Venus, where the temperature is 464°C or 867°F. In fact, Earth’s oceans contain four times more thermal energy than the atmosphere of Venus, yet the oceans have an average temperature of less than 5°C. A spreadsheet containing this calculation and the necessary references can be downloaded here.
We still do not have accurate information on the entire ocean, but we do have a lot more than in 2016. CSIRO has a nice 2009 dataset of temperature data to 5,500 meters here (Ridgeway, Dunn, & Wilken, 2002). The University of Hamburg has multi-year data to 6500 meters here, but I was unable to read their NetCDF files with R. I tried both R NetCDF packages (ncdf4 and RNetCDF) and neither could open their files. If anyone knows how to read these files, let me know. In the meantime, the CSIRO NetCDF files opened easily, and we can work with their data, even though it only covers one year. Figure 1 is the average global CSIRO ocean temperature from the surface to 5,500 meters.
Figure 1. CSIRO 2009 global average temperature from the surface to 5,500 meters. Data source: CSIRO.
The temperature drops to a minimum of 1°C at ~4,250 meters and then begins to increase. The distribution of temperature at 4,500 meters is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. CSIRO ocean temperature at 4,500 meters. The white areas on the map are shallower than 4,500 meters.
Signs of the thermohaline circulation can be seen in these temperatures. It is still unclear how often the ocean water completely overturns. By overturning, we mean the amount of time required for downwelling surface water to make a completely deep-water circuit and then come back to the surface. This process probably takes at least 1,000 years. It is the major long-term heat exchange process on the surface of the Earth. Thus, when the Earth is receiving more thermal energy from the Sun, or CO 2 or whatever is causing warming, it takes a thousand years or longer for it to circulate through the oceans. Figure 3 is a map showing the paths the water takes through the deep ocean.
Figure 3. The major paths deep water takes as it moves from the surface into the deep ocean and then emerges a thousand or more years later. Notice Antarctica is in the center of the map. This is because all the oceans only meet in the Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica. Source: By Avsa – Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0.
As we can see in Figure 3, surface water dives into the deep ocean in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean. It then begins to travel around the world, through all the oceans. It upwells mostly in the in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and in the Pacific. Because deep water moves out of the Atlantic, but mostly upwells in the other oceans, the Atlantic has a slightly lower sea level than the other oceans. Also see (Reid, 1961). Upwelling deep water is more widespread than downwelling. This NASA web page contains a good discussion and animation of the thermohaline circulation.
Figure 2 shows some mixed temperatures in the Southern Atlantic, next to South American and Southern Africa, this suggests some upwelling might be taking place there. But most upwelling appears to be in the Pacific, Southern, and Indian Oceans.
Discussion and Error
Unfortunately, good data on ocean temperature only goes back to 2004. The data we have suggests that the oceans are warming at a rate of 0.4°C per century. However, the ocean cycle-time is over 1,000 years and the record is only 15 years, so this is very speculative. However, if the oceans are truly only warming at a rate of 0.4°C per century, it seems very unlikely that the speculation about rapid and dangerous warming of the atmosphere is anything to worry about.
The Jamstec (Hosoda, Ohira, & Nakamura, 2008) grid, which we’ve used for the shallower (< 2,000 m) portion of our analysis provides us with an estimate of error. It is an estimate of spatial error, which can also be called gridding error. In other words, do we have enough data to make the map accurately? Figure 4 is a map of this error by year and depth.
Figure 4. Jamstec gridding error in degrees C. Data source: Jamstec.
As we can see in Figure 4, the error in 2001 was quite high until a depth of 1400 meters or so was reached. By 2004, depths below 1,000 meters were OK. As Figure 1 shows, depths shallower than 1,000 meters are highly variable and high errors are expected. These shallower waters interact with surface weather, especially in the so-called “mixed layer.” The mixed layer is a shallow zone where turbulence has caused a near constant temperature from the top to the bottom of the layer. The thickness of the mixed layer varies by season and area, but averages about 60 meters. The mixed layer temperature reflects, in a complex fashion, the surface temperature of the previous few weeks.
In our view, the attempts to deduce the magnitude and rate of atmospheric warming using only sea-surface and atmospheric temperature measurements is foolish and doomed to fail. The true “control knob” of long-term temperature change is the oceans. They regulate the surface temperatures through their enormous heat capacity. The mixed layer alone has over 22 times the heat capacity of the whole atmosphere to 22 km. The regulation of atmospheric temperatures by the oceans also gives us a lot of time to determine if global warming is truly a threat. Currently, we only have about fifteen years of ocean temperature data, but in fifteen more years we will have data over a “climatic” period. If the ocean warming trend in 2035 is still less than one degree per century, we have very little to worry about.
I used R to do the calculations plotted in the figures, but Excel to make the graphs. If you want to check the details of my calculations, you can download my CSIRO R source code here.
None of this is in my new book Politics and Climate Change: A History but buy it anyway.
You can download the bibliography here.
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iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-28--Refutation of Michael Mann’s latest statistical shenanigans

In climate propaganda land anything to do with the natural variation that is always going on is bad news , and liable to be maligned or ignored , as we see here .
The PDO for example is well known to government agencies like NOAA , but that doesn ’ t matter to CO2-obsessed warmists trying to claim the atmospheric tail wags the oceanic dog .
– – – An opinion article published yesterday in Frontiers in Earth Science rebuts a recent paper by Michael E. Mann et al .
who deny the existence of long known drivers of natural @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( PDO ) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation ( AMO ) , reports The Global Warming Policy Forum ( GWPF ) .
Applying habitual methodological shenanigans , they claim that the PDO is not distinguishable from noise and that the AMO is due to anthropogenic aerosol emissions rather than any intrinsic climate oscillation .
In her critique , Professor Müller-Plath not only highlights the methodological flaws in the Mann et al .
paper but also shows that their aerosol hypothesis has long been rejected in the scientific literature , research papers Mann et @ @ @ @ @ @ @ paper contributes a critical commentary on the recent finding by Mann , M. E. , Steinman , B .
A. and Miller , S. K ( 2020 ) .
Absence of internal multidecadal and interdecadal oscillations in climate model simulations .
Nat .
Commun .
11 , 1–9 .
Climate oscillations are recurring large-scale fluctuations in the surface temperatures of the oceans in connection with the atmosphere .
This commentary focuses on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO , interdecadal timescale ) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO , multidecadal timescale ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ climate drivers on the adjacent continents in numerous studies based on observations and paleoclimate reconstructions ( Henley , 2017 ; O ’ Reilly et al.
, 2017 ) .
In a recent paper , Michael E. Mann and colleagues ( Mann et al.
, 2020 , hereafter M20 ) fail to find a PDO signal in global measured and modeled temperatures that is statistically different from noise .
They further propose that the significant AMO-like signal is mainly due to anthropogenic aerosols in the 20th century , and to statistical artifacts before .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the two oscillations .
The present paper shows that M20 ’ s results are largely artifacts themselves with issues ranging from using inadequate data and referencing improper literature on anthropogenic aerosols with regards to the AMO to inappropriately interpreting the results with regards to the PDO .
After briefly sketching the rationale and method of M20 , I will elaborate on these three points .

In climate propaganda land anything to do with the natural variation that is always going on is bad news, and liable to be maligned or ignored, as we see here. The PDO for example is well known to government agencies like NOAA, but that doesn’t matter to CO2-obsessed warmists trying to claim the atmospheric tail wags the oceanic dog.
– – –
An opinion article published yesterday in Frontiers in Earth Science rebuts a recent paper by Michael E. Mann et al. who deny the existence of long known drivers of natural climate variability like the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), reports The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF).
Applying habitual methodological shenanigans, they claim that the PDO is not distinguishable from noise and that the AMO is due to anthropogenic aerosol emissions rather than any intrinsic climate oscillation.
In her critique, Professor Müller-Plath not only highlights the methodological flaws in the Mann et al. paper but also shows that their aerosol hypothesis has long been rejected in the scientific literature, research papers Mann et al. simply ignore.
The present paper contributes a critical commentary on the recent finding by Mann, M. E., Steinman, B. A. and Miller, S. K (2020). Absence of internal multidecadal and interdecadal oscillations in climate model simulations. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–9. Climate oscillations are recurring large-scale fluctuations in the surface temperatures of the oceans in connection with the atmosphere. This commentary focuses on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO, interdecadal timescale) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO, multidecadal timescale), which have been regarded as intrinsic climate drivers on the adjacent continents in numerous studies based on observations and paleoclimate reconstructions (Henley, 2017; O’Reilly et al., 2017). In a recent paper, Michael E. Mann and colleagues (Mann et al., 2020, hereafter M20) fail to find a PDO signal in global measured and modeled temperatures that is statistically different from noise. They further propose that the significant AMO-like signal is mainly due to anthropogenic aerosols in the 20th century, and to statistical artifacts before. Therefore they doubt the intrinsic nature of the two oscillations. The present paper shows that M20’s results are largely artifacts themselves with issues ranging from using inadequate data and referencing improper literature on anthropogenic aerosols with regards to the AMO to inappropriately interpreting the results with regards to the PDO. After briefly sketching the rationale and method of M20, I will elaborate on these three points.
Continued here.
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November 28, 2020 at 06:01AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--Coal Outperforms Wind Power During UK Wind Week!

Reposted from NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT With an impeccable sense of timing , some bright spark decided @ @ @ @ @ Week .
Perhaps they should have called it UK NO Wind Week !
Sat under @ @ @ @ @ s contribution from wind power since yesterday has been less than 1GW , around 2 @ @ @ @ @ generated .
This situation is expected to last a few more days yet .
As @ @ @ @ @ fuels which have come to the rescue , with gas currently supplying 60 % of @ @ @ @ @ , and even coal , which has been fired up to give 7 % .
@ @ @ @ @ day we have had more power from coal than from wind .
Thirteen years ago @ @ @ @ @ us that wind power could be powering every home by this year .
( I @ @ @ @ @ that lately ! )
And we were supposed to run out of gas by now @ @ @ @ @ supplies !
We are governed by idiots .

Reposted from NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
NOVEMBER 27, 2020tags: Electricity
By Paul Homewood
h/t Joe Public
With an impeccable sense of timing, some bright spark decided to make this UK Wind Week.
Perhaps they should have called it UK NO Wind Week!
https://gridwatch.co.uk/Wind
Sat under an anticyclone, Britain’s contribution from wind power since yesterday has been less than 1GW, around 2% of the total electricity generated. This situation is expected to last a few more days yet.
As ever, it is fossil fuels which have come to the rescue, with gas currently supplying 60% of the nation’s power, and even coal, which has been fired up to give 7%.
Indeed, in the last day we have had more power from coal than from wind.
Thirteen years ago, the Labour government promised us that wind power could be powering every home by this year. (I wonder where I have heard that lately!)
And we were supposed to run out of gas by now, because of disruption to supplies!
We are governed by idiots.
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iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--6,000 years of arrows emerge from melting Norwegian ice patch

Archaeologists in Norway have discovered dozens of arrows—some dating back 6,000 years—melting out of a 60-acre ice patch in the county ’ s high mountains .
Expeditions to survey the Langfonne ice patch in 2014 and 2016 , both particularly warm summers , also revealed copious reindeer bones and antlers , suggesting that hunters used the ice patch over the course of millennia .
Their hunting technique stayed the same even as the weapons they used evolved from stone and river shell arrowheads to iron points .
Now the research team is revealing the finds in a paper published today @ @ @ @ @ @ @ total of 68 complete and partial arrows ( and five arrowheads ) were ultimately discovered by the team on and around the melting ice patch–more than archaeologists have recovered from any other frozen site in the world .
Some of the projectiles date to the Neolithic period while the most “ recent ” finds are from the 14th century A.D… While the sheer number of historical projectiles is stunning , the Langfonne discoveries are also upending generally accepted ideas in the relatively new specialty of ice-patch archaeology , and yielding new clues as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or destroy evidence from the past over the course of thousands of years… Unlike glaciers , which are essentially slow-moving frozen rivers , ice patches are fixed deposits of snow and ice that may grow and shrink over time .
Sites like Langfonne , researchers assumed , resemble a patch of snow at the end of winter : As temperatures increase , artifacts trapped inside melt out in the order they were deposited .
“ The idea was , ice is like a time machine .
Anything that lands on it stays there @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
That meant the oldest items would be found in the deepest core of the ice patch , in the same way that archaeologists working with artifacts buried in soil assume lower layers of dirt contain older artifacts .
And because the ice patches were thought to grow steadily with each winter ’ s snowfall , more recent finds would be closer to the edges of the patch .
If ice patches froze artifacts exactly where they were lost , archaeologists theorized , those items could help reconstruct what people did there in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ patches were at specific points in prehistory , and how fast they grew and shrank over time .
The Langfonne arrows seemed like a way to test the time-machine theory .
The arrows and reindeer bones confirmed earlier suspicions that Norway ’ s high mountain ice patches were reindeer-hunting hotspots : When the cold-loving creatures retreated to the ice to avoid biting insects during the summer months , people followed with bows , arrows , and hunting knives .
But after radiocarbon dating all the arrows and gathering dozens more dates from reindeer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the researchers realized that , at Langfonne at least , the time-machine theory was unreliable .
Researchers expected that the oldest items would be trapped in place from the day they were lost and preserved just as well as artifacts buried in the ice in later centuries .
But the oldest artifacts at Langfonne , which date back to the Neolithic , were fragmented and heavily weathered , as though they ’ d been churned by the ice or exposed to sun and wind for years .
Arrows from later periods , like @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mussel shell harvested from a river at least 50 miles away , looked as though they were shot just yesterday .
“ That raises the suspicion something happened inside the ice ” that exposed and re-froze the older items , Pilø says .
And the arrows didn ’ t seem to be emerging in any particular order , as you ’ d expect if the ice formed perfect layers over time .
Arrows made thousands of years apart were lying not far from each other along the ice edge .
“ The idea @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the ice patch is at its smallest—that isn ’ t really true , ” says Montana State Parks archaeologist Rachel Reckin , who was not part of the research team .
“ It looks like gravity and water are moving artifacts down a great deal.
” , a glaciologist at the University of Bergen , says that thousands of years ago , warm summers probably exposed older artifacts , which were carried to the edge of the ice patch by streams of meltwater before freezing again .
The weight of ice pressing down @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to shift , carrying their frozen contents with them .
Or lightweight wooden arrow shafts might have been blown across the surface by fierce winds before getting lodged in rocks or getting covered again by snow .
Arrows lost in the snow more recently , meanwhile , might have stayed in place .
Because old arrows might be washed down by meltwater and then re-freeze , the spot where they were found could be a long way from where they originally landed .
That meant using radiocarbon dated arrows to map the size @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was a dead end .
“ Glaciologists and ice patch archaeologists were hoping that artifacts could give us an idea of the size over time , but that ’ s not the case , ” Reckin says .
The evidence points clearly to the fact that there is nothing unprecedented about the current climate in Norway , and that this ice patch has melted and refrozen many times in the past .
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT

By Paul Homewood
h/t Pardonmeforbreathing
From National Geographic:
Archaeologists in Norway have discovered dozens of arrows—some dating back 6,000 years—melting out of a 60-acre ice patch in the county’s high mountains.
Expeditions to survey the Langfonne ice patch in 2014 and 2016, both particularly warm summers, also revealed copious reindeer bones and antlers, suggesting that hunters used the ice patch over the course of millennia. Their hunting technique stayed the same even as the weapons they used evolved from stone and river shell arrowheads to iron points.
Now the research team is revealing the finds in a paper published today in the journal Holocene. A record-setting total of 68 complete and partial arrows (and five arrowheads) were ultimately discovered by the team on and around the melting ice patch–more than archaeologists have recovered from any other frozen site in the world. Some of the projectiles date to the Neolithic period while the most “recent” finds are from the 14th century A.D…
While the sheer number of historical projectiles is stunning, the Langfonne discoveries are also upending generally accepted ideas in the relatively new specialty of ice-patch archaeology, and yielding new clues as to ice’s potential to preserve or destroy evidence from the past over the course of thousands of years…
Unlike glaciers, which are essentially slow-moving frozen rivers, ice patches are fixed deposits of snow and ice that may grow and shrink over time. Sites like Langfonne, researchers assumed, resemble a patch of snow at the end of winter: As temperatures increase, artifacts trapped inside melt out in the order they were deposited.
“The idea was, ice is like a time machine. Anything that lands on it stays there and is protected,” Pilø says.
That meant the oldest items would be found in the deepest core of the ice patch, in the same way that archaeologists working with artifacts buried in soil assume lower layers of dirt contain older artifacts. And because the ice patches were thought to grow steadily with each winter’s snowfall, more recent finds would be closer to the edges of the patch.
If ice patches froze artifacts exactly where they were lost, archaeologists theorized, those items could help reconstruct what people did there in the past, how big the ice patches were at specific points in prehistory, and how fast they grew and shrank over time.
The Langfonne arrows seemed like a way to test the time-machine theory.
The arrows and reindeer bones confirmed earlier suspicions that Norway’s high mountain ice patches were reindeer-hunting hotspots: When the cold-loving creatures retreated to the ice to avoid biting insects during the summer months, people followed with bows, arrows, and hunting knives.
But after radiocarbon dating all the arrows and gathering dozens more dates from reindeer remains they found on the ice, the researchers realized that, at Langfonne at least, the time-machine theory was unreliable. Researchers expected that the oldest items would be trapped in place from the day they were lost and preserved just as well as artifacts buried in the ice in later centuries. But the oldest artifacts at Langfonne, which date back to the Neolithic, were fragmented and heavily weathered, as though they’d been churned by the ice or exposed to sun and wind for years.
Arrows from later periods, like the 1,500-year-old arrow that used a sharpened mussel shell harvested from a river at least 50 miles away, looked as though they were shot just yesterday. “That raises the suspicion something happened inside the ice” that exposed and re-froze the older items, Pilø says.
And the arrows didn’t seem to be emerging in any particular order, as you’d expect if the ice formed perfect layers over time. Arrows made thousands of years apart were lying not far from each other along the ice edge. “The idea that you find the oldest evidence when the ice patch is at its smallest—that isn’t really true,” says Montana State Parks archaeologist Rachel Reckin, who was not part of the research team. “It looks like gravity and water are moving artifacts down a great deal.”
Co-author Atle Nesje , a glaciologist at the University of Bergen, says that thousands of years ago, warm summers probably exposed older artifacts, which were carried to the edge of the ice patch by streams of meltwater before freezing again. The weight of ice pressing down on lower layers might have caused them to shift, carrying their frozen contents with them. Or lightweight wooden arrow shafts might have been blown across the surface by fierce winds before getting lodged in rocks or getting covered again by snow. Arrows lost in the snow more recently, meanwhile, might have stayed in place.
Because old arrows might be washed down by meltwater and then re-freeze, the spot where they were found could be a long way from where they originally landed. That meant using radiocarbon dated arrows to map the size of the ice patch in the past was a dead end. “Glaciologists and ice patch archaeologists were hoping that artifacts could give us an idea of the size over time, but that’s not the case,” Reckin says.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/11/6000-years-arrows-emerge-melting-norway-ice-patch/
The evidence points clearly to the fact that there is nothing unprecedented about the current climate in Norway, and that this ice patch has melted and refrozen many times in the past.
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November 29, 2020 at 04:51AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--Forward To The Past!

Forward To The Past!

Demand for timber to construct British naval vessels in the 1800s and earlier seriously depleted the country ’ s forests .
Some estimates say that England ’ s woodlands shrunk from an estimated land coverage of 15 % in 1086 , England ’ s forests and woods had dwindled to just 5.2 % by 1905 .
Fortunately thanks to the steel industry , our forest cover is back to 13 % .
However , it might not be for long if the eco-loons get their way : The shipping industry ’ s climate impact is large and growing , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ way for a clean shipping revolution with a cargo ship made of wood .
In a small , rustic shipyard on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , a small team is building what they say will be the world ’ s largest ocean-going clean cargo ship .
Ceiba is the first vessel built by Sailcargo , a company trying to prove that zero-carbon shipping is possible , and commercially viable .
Made largely of timber , Ceiba combines both very old and very new technology : sailing masts stand alongside solar panels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ batteries .
Once on the water , she will be capable of crossing oceans entirely without the use of fossil fuels .
“ The thing that sets Ceiba apart is the fact that she ’ ll have one of the largest marine electric engines of her kind in the world , ” Danielle Doggett , managing director and cofounder of Sailcargo , tells me as we shelter from the hot sun below her treehouse office at the shipyard .
The system also has the means to capture energy from underwater propellers as well @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be available for the engine when needed .
“ Really , the only restrictions on how long she can stay at sea is water and food on board for the crew.
” … .
With the hull and sail design based on a trading schooner built in the Åland Islands , Finland , in 1906 , from the horizon Ceiba will have the appearance of a classic turn-of-the-century vessel , when the last commercial sail-powered ships were made .
“ They represented the peak of working sail technology , before fossil fuel came @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ankles , ” says Doggett .
Sailcargo also plans to explore the use of more modern sail technology , she adds , such as that used in yachts , in its future boats .
For her builders , one of the ship ’ s main attractions is to provide a much-needed burst of ( clean ) energy in an industry long dragging its heels on climate .
The global shipping sector emitted just over a billion tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2018 , equivalent to around 3 % of global emissions – a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Germany ’ s entire economy….. Ceiba is small for a cargo ship – tiny in fact .
She will carry around nine standard shipping containers .
The largest conventional container ships today carry She is also relatively slow .
Large container ships typically travel at between 16 and 22 knots ( 18-25 mph/30-41 kph ) , according to Gilliam .
Ceiba is expected to be able to reach 16 knots at her fastest , says Doggett , and easily attain 12 knots , although the team has conservatively estimated an average of 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ her on the water .
She will likely be significantly faster than existing smaller sail cargo ships that don ’ t have the added benefit of an electric engine… .
Sailcargo ’ s focus on a holistic , truly circular system of shipbuilding may be praiseworthy , but for now it really is just a drop in the ocean .
As pressure builds on the shipping industry to act on climate change however , projects like this could both offer an alternative to conventional shipping and help to influence the mainstream industry .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ watching Ceiba being built , I ask Lynx Guimond , another co-founder of Sailcargo , what he thinks is really needed to cut the shipping industry ’ s sizeable emissions .
Perhaps surprisingly for someone in the middle of building a ship , he tells me that one of the solutions is simply less shipping .
“ At the end of the day we just need to transport less stuff.
” So , let ’ s get this straight .
You would need more than 2000 of these wooden ships to replace one @ @ @ @ @ @ @ travel at a quarter of the speed .
And for that , the BBC think it ’ s a good idea to cut down millions of trees !
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT

By Paul Homewood
h/t Philip Bratby
HMS Victory was built from 5500 oaks
Demand for timber to construct British naval vessels in the 1800s and earlier seriously depleted the country’s forests. Some estimates say that England’s woodlands shrunk from an estimated land coverage of 15% in 1086, England’s forests and woods had dwindled to just 5.2% by 1905.
Fortunately thanks to the steel industry, our forest cover is back to 13%.
However, it might not be for long if the eco-loons get their way:
The shipping industry’s climate impact is large and growing, but a team in Costa Rica is making way for a clean shipping revolution with a cargo ship made of wood.
In a small, rustic shipyard on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, a small team is building what they say will be the world’s largest ocean-going clean cargo ship.
Ceiba is the first vessel built by Sailcargo, a company trying to prove that zero-carbon shipping is possible, and commercially viable. Made largely of timber, Ceiba combines both very old and very new technology: sailing masts stand alongside solar panels, a uniquely designed electric engine and batteries. Once on the water, she will be capable of crossing oceans entirely without the use of fossil fuels.
“The thing that sets Ceiba apart is the fact that she’ll have one of the largest marine electric engines of her kind in the world,” Danielle Doggett, managing director and cofounder of Sailcargo, tells me as we shelter from the hot sun below her treehouse office at the shipyard. The system also has the means to capture energy from underwater propellers as well as solar power, so electricity will be available for the engine when needed. “Really, the only restrictions on how long she can stay at sea is water and food on board for the crew.”….
With the hull and sail design based on a trading schooner built in the Åland Islands, Finland, in 1906, from the horizon Ceiba will have the appearance of a classic turn-of-the-century vessel, when the last commercial sail-powered ships were made. “They represented the peak of working sail technology, before fossil fuel came in and cut them off at the ankles,” says Doggett. Sailcargo also plans to explore the use of more modern sail technology, she adds, such as that used in yachts, in its future boats.
For her builders, one of the ship’s main attractions is to provide a much-needed burst of (clean) energy in an industry long dragging its heels on climate. The global shipping sector emitted just over a billion tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2018, equivalent to around 3% of global emissions – a level that exceeds the climate impact of Germany’s entire economy…..
Ceiba is small for a cargo ship – tiny in fact. She will carry around nine standard shipping containers. The largest conventional container ships today carry more than 20,000 containers .
She is also relatively slow. Large container ships typically travel at between 16 and 22 knots (18-25 mph/30-41 kph), according to Gilliam. Ceiba is expected to be able to reach 16 knots at her fastest, says Doggett, and easily attain 12 knots, although the team has conservatively estimated an average of 4 knots for trips until they can test her on the water. She will likely be significantly faster than existing smaller sail cargo ships that don’t have the added benefit of an electric engine….
Sailcargo’s focus on a holistic, truly circular system of shipbuilding may be praiseworthy, but for now it really is just a drop in the ocean. As pressure builds on the shipping industry to act on climate change however, projects like this could both offer an alternative to conventional shipping and help to influence the mainstream industry.
After a day spent at the shipyard watching Ceiba being built, I ask Lynx Guimond, another co-founder of Sailcargo, what he thinks is really needed to cut the shipping industry’s sizeable emissions. Perhaps surprisingly for someone in the middle of building a ship, he tells me that one of the solutions is simply less shipping. “At the end of the day we just need to transport less stuff.”
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201117-clean-shipping-the-carbon-negative-cargo-boats-made-of-wood
So, let’s get this straight. You would need more than 2000 of these wooden ships to replace one conventional container ship. And it would travel at a quarter of the speed.
And for that, the BBC think it’s a good idea to cut down millions of trees!
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
https://ift.tt/3miXhAT
November 29, 2020 at 04:33AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--Beyond Redemption: Germany’s Suicidal Wind & Solar Obsession Delivers Energy Debacle

You know RE scammers are on the ropes , when they start talking about non-existent grid-scale batteries , pumped hydro @ @ @ @ @ , converting chaotically intermittent wind and solar into hydrogen gas .
In the beginning , @ @ @ @ @ about the inherent unreliability of wind and solar , it was brushed off with glib @ @ @ @ @ wind is always blowing somewhere ” and faint suggestions that if the sun ’ s @ @ @ @ @ be blowing to make up for it .
As soon as the percentage of wind @ @ @ @ @ grid gets beyond double digits , their sporadic and haphazard delivery becomes evident for all @ @ @ @ @ and Californians are now well-familiar with power rationing , when the sun sets and/or calm @ @ @ @ @ with every marketing pitch , papering over the cracks as they emerge , is all @ @ @ @ @ phenomena more acute than in…

STOP THESE THINGS
You know RE scammers are on the ropes, when they start talking about non-existent grid-scale batteries, pumped hydro and, the latest lunacy, converting chaotically intermittent wind and solar into hydrogen gas.
In the beginning, when the quizzical pressed them about the inherent unreliability of wind and solar, it was brushed off with glib statements such as “the wind is always blowing somewhere” and faint suggestions that if the sun’s down, the wind will be blowing to make up for it.
As soon as the percentage of wind and solar capacity on the grid gets beyond double digits, their sporadic and haphazard delivery becomes evident for all and sundry. South Australians and Californians are now well-familiar with power rationing, when the sun sets and/or calm weather sets in.
As with every marketing pitch, papering over the cracks as they emerge, is all. And nowhere is that phenomena more acute than in…


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--Guardian: Rein in Advertising to Save the World from Climate Change

According to a think tank report , excessive advertising is driving materialist consumerism which is contributing to the destruction of the world through global warming .
But in my opinion this is a thinly disguised attack on free speech .
Rein in advertising to help tackle climate crisis , report urges Industry promotes materialism and lifts sales of climate-harming products , study says Advertising needs to be controlled and changed to reduce its impact on the climate , according to a report released as consumers prepare to spend billions on Black Friday .
The report by the New Weather Institute @ @ @ @ @ @ @ examines how advertising indirectly contributes to climate change and the ecological emergency .
The report says the advertising industry has so far escaped scrutiny about its role in contributing to climate change .
Tim Kasser , an emeritus professor of psychology at Knox College in Illinois , who co-authored the report , said there was a body of evidence to show that in order to make progress in addressing and reversing climate and ecological degradation , it would be prudent to rein in and change the practices of the advertising industry .
“ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ evidence exists to support the conclusion that the advertising industry indirectly contributes to climate and ecological degradation through its encouragement of materialistic values and goals , the consumption-driving work and spend cycle , and the consumption of two illustrative products , namely beef and tobacco , ” Kasser wrote .
The executive summary of the report ; Many industries have been recognized as directly and indirectly causing climate and ecological degradation .
So far , however , the advertising industry has largely escaped accountability .
This report attempts to remedy the omission by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ causes such harm .
Specifically , it reviews scientific literature showing that materialistic values and goals , the consumption-driving work & spend cycle , and the consumption of two illustrative products ( namely beef and tobacco ) are each a ) encouraged by advertising and b ) implicated in causing various forms of environmental damage .
It seems likely that similar dynamics occur for other products , services , and experiences .
This body of empirical evidence therefore supports the conclusion that if humanity hopes to make progress in addressing and reversing climate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prudent to rein in and change the practices of the advertising industry .
The author Tim Kasser is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Knox College , US , author of several books including Hypercapitalism ( 2018 ) and The High Price of Materialism ( 2002 ) , and co-editor of Psychology and Consumer Culture ( 2004 ) .
He is a research advisor to the Badvertising campaign .
Although reining in advertising might seem like a great idea , especially as we all endure the frenzy of Christmas marketing , I see this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on free speech .
I ’ m not disputing the harm tobacco causes , but once you have laws which regulate what people are allowed to advertise on the basis of the nebulous climate harm the products allegedly cause , its no big stretch to abuse those laws to regulate other forms of speech , such as advocacy for political opposition to renewable energy , on the grounds that the speaker is “ advertising ” activities or ideas which are harmful .

Polish steak advertisement circa 1928, modified. link
Guest essay by Eric Worrall
According to a think tank report, excessive advertising is driving materialist consumerism which is contributing to the destruction of the world through global warming. But in my opinion this is a thinly disguised attack on free speech.
Rein in advertising to help tackle climate crisis, report urges Industry promotes materialism and lifts sales of climate-harming products, study says Sandra Laville
Fri 27 Nov 2020 17.00 AEDT Advertising needs to be controlled and changed to reduce its impact on the climate, according to a report released as consumers prepare to spend billions on Black Friday. The report by the New Weather Institute thinktank and the charity We are Possible examines how advertising indirectly contributes to climate change and the ecological emergency. … The report says the advertising industry has so far escaped scrutiny about its role in contributing to climate change. Tim Kasser, an emeritus professor of psychology at Knox College in Illinois, who co-authored the report, said there was a body of evidence to show that in order to make progress in addressing and reversing climate and ecological degradation, it would be prudent to rein in and change the practices of the advertising industry. “This report argues that enough sound empirical evidence exists to support the conclusion that the advertising industry indirectly contributes to climate and ecological degradation through its encouragement of materialistic values and goals, the consumption-driving work and spend cycle, and the consumption of two illustrative products, namely beef and tobacco,” Kasser wrote. … Read more: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/27/rein-in-advertising-to-help-tackle-climate-crisis-report-urges
The executive summary of the report;
Advertising’s Role in Climate and Ecological Degradation Many industries have been recognized as directly and indirectly causing climate and ecological degradation. So far, however, the advertising industry has largely escaped accountability. This report attempts to remedy the omission by looking at four ways that advertising indirectly causes such harm. Specifically, it reviews scientific literature showing that materialistic values and goals, the consumption-driving work & spend cycle, and the consumption of two illustrative products (namely beef and tobacco) are each a) encouraged by advertising and b) implicated in causing various forms of environmental damage. It seems likely that similar dynamics occur for other products, services, and experiences. This body of empirical evidence therefore supports the conclusion that if humanity hopes to make progress in addressing and reversing climate and ecological degradation, it would be prudent to rein in and change the practices of the advertising industry. Read more: https://www.badverts.org/reports-and-publications
The author Tim Kasser is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Knox College, US, author of several books including Hypercapitalism (2018) and The High Price of Materialism (2002), and co-editor of Psychology and Consumer Culture (2004). He is a research advisor to the Badvertising campaign.
Although reining in advertising might seem like a great idea, especially as we all endure the frenzy of Christmas marketing, I see this whole idea as a thinly disguised attack on free speech.
I’m not disputing the harm tobacco causes, but once you have laws which regulate what people are allowed to advertise on the basis of the nebulous climate harm the products allegedly cause, its no big stretch to abuse those laws to regulate other forms of speech, such as advocacy for political opposition to renewable energy, on the grounds that the speaker is “advertising” activities or ideas which are harmful.
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iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--Claim: Climate Change Threatens Sharks

Claim: Climate Change Threatens Sharks

Sharks survived the dinosaur killer , the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event which wiped out 80 % of Earth ’ s species , but apparently our gentle 0.1C / decade global warming is a grave threat to their continued survival .
How will sharks respond to climate change ?
It might depend on where they grew up They may have been around for hundreds of millions of years — long before trees — but today sharks and rays are are among the most threatened animals in the world , largely because of overfishing and habitat loss .
Climate change adds another overarching @ @ @ @ @ @ @ will sharks cope as the ocean heats up ?
In Australia , the grim reality of climate change is already upon us : we ’ re seeing intense marine heat waves and coral bleaching events , the disappearance of entire kelp forests , mangrove forest dieback and the continent-wide shifting of marine life .
The southeast of Australia is a global change hotspot , with water temperatures rising at three to four times the global average .
In addition to rising water temperatures , oceans are becoming more acidic and the amount of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ these factors is cause for concern , but all three may also be acting together .
One may argue sharks have been around for millions of years and survived multiple climate catastrophes , including several global mass extinctions events .
To that , we say life in the anthropocene is characterised by changes in temperature and levels of carbon dioxide on a scale not seen for more than three million years .

Guest essay by Eric Worrall
Sharks survived the dinosaur killer, the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event which wiped out 80% of Earth’s species, but apparently our gentle 0.1C / decade global warming is a grave threat to their continued survival.
How will sharks respond to climate change? It might depend on where they grew up
November 27, 2020 6.01am AEDT
Culum Brown Professor, Macquarie University
Connor Gervais Connor Gervais
They may have been around for hundreds of millions of years — long before trees — but today sharks and rays are are among the most threatened animals in the world, largely because of overfishing and habitat loss.
Climate change adds another overarching stressor to the mix. So how will sharks cope as the ocean heats up?
…
An existential threat
In Australia, the grim reality of climate change is already upon us: we’re seeing intense marine heat waves and coral bleaching events, the disappearance of entire kelp forests, mangrove forest dieback and the continent-wide shifting of marine life.
The southeast of Australia is a global change hotspot, with water temperatures rising at three to four times the global average. In addition to rising water temperatures, oceans are becoming more acidic and the amount of oxygen is declining.
Any one of these factors is cause for concern, but all three may also be acting together.
One may argue sharks have been around for millions of years and survived multiple climate catastrophes, including several global mass extinctions events.
To that, we say life in the anthropocene is characterised by changes in temperature and levels of carbon dioxide on a scale not seen for more than three million years.
…


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-11-29--“Ballparking” The Cost of Electrification

The Trudeau government has adopted the aspirational goal of reducing Canada ’ s greenhouse gas emissions to “ net zero @ @ @ @ @ now … Continue reading The post “ Ballparking ” The Cost of Electrification first appeared @ @ @ @ @ .

Contributed by Robert Lyman © 2020
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Trudeau government has adopted the aspirational goal of reducing Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions to “net zero” by 2050 and is now … Continue reading
The post “Ballparking” The Cost of Electrification first appeared on Friends of Science Calgary.
via Friends of Science Calgary
https://ift.tt/36jJ693
November 29, 2020 at 05:30PM