iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Confidence In Media Plummets

Confidence In Media Plummets

Guido has news of a very interesting recent poll : The Coronavirus crisis has driven gains in confidence in almost all UK institutions , except for one .
A new survey from Kekst CNC ( which tracks public opinion in the UK , USA , Germany and Sweden ) has found the British public has increased confidence in Government , the health service , food retailers , and even financial services .
The media , however , is the only institution polled in the UK that saw a drop in confidence – people are losing confidence in the likes of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gaining viewers .
The joint-largest drop of all four countries… The details of the poll by Kekst is here , and below is the background to that particular chart : It tends to back up other polls in the US , which confirm record levels of support for Trump , but at the same time rock bottom confidence in the media .
In my opinion , this poll is part of a much more entrenched loss of trust in the media in the UK .
We have already seen how badly the broadcast @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , lost touch with what most of the country were thinking about Brexit and December ’ s general election .
As for the press , many now realise that newspapers are more interested in hysterical headlines than facts , and that most reporters no longer seem to have the skills required of proper journalism , to check facts , investigate and never trust what you have been told .
Instead , far too many journalists have never had the proper grounding needed to do their job properly , and are too eager to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ view .
Maybe this has ever been so , but nowadays we have the internet .
Although there is an awful lot of fake news out there , it is not difficult to get to the facts .
And far too often , these facts show just how badly the press are doing in reporting objectively .
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT

By Paul Homewood
Guido has news of a very interesting recent poll:
The Coronavirus crisis has driven gains in confidence in almost all UK institutions, except for one. A new survey from Kekst CNC (which tracks public opinion in the UK, USA, Germany and Sweden) has found the British public has increased confidence in Government, the health service, food retailers, and even financial services. The media, however, is the only institution polled in the UK that saw a drop in confidence – people are losing confidence in the likes of Peston and Piers even whilst they are gaining viewers. The joint-largest drop of all four countries…
https://order-order.com/2020/04/14/media-confidence-meltdown/
The details of the poll by Kekst is here, and below is the background to that particular chart:
It tends to back up other polls in the US, which confirm record levels of support for Trump, but at the same time rock bottom confidence in the media.
In my opinion, this poll is part of a much more entrenched loss of trust in the media in the UK. We have already seen how badly the broadcast media, trapped in their metropolitan bubble, lost touch with what most of the country were thinking about Brexit and December’s general election.
As for the press, many now realise that newspapers are more interested in hysterical headlines than facts, and that most reporters no longer seem to have the skills required of proper journalism, to check facts, investigate and never trust what you have been told. Instead, far too many journalists have never had the proper grounding needed to do their job properly, and are too eager to cut and paste whatever fits their world view.
Maybe this has ever been so, but nowadays we have the internet. Although there is an awful lot of fake news out there, it is not difficult to get to the facts. And far too often, these facts show just how badly the press are doing in reporting objectively.
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
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April 15, 2020 at 04:15PM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Amazon Fires Employee Climate Warrior Leaders

Amazon has finally lost patience with their employee climate warriors , after they extended their activism to include complaining about Amazon ’ s alleged Coronavirus shortcomings .
Amazon fires employees who spoke out about coronavirus and climate change Last Friday afternoon , Amazon fired two of its tech employees after they publicly criticized its coronavirus policies .
Those employees , Emily Cunningham and Maren Costa , both user experience designers with 21 years of service at the company between them , were among the leaders of an internal worker group formed in December 2018 with the aim of pressuring Amazon @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ambitious climate targets .
The group , Amazon Employees for Climate Justice ( AECJ ) , has recently widened its focus to embrace the struggles of frontline Amazon employees at fulfillment centers across the country .
Cunningham and Costa were fired after they wrote tweets criticizing the company for putting workers and the public at risk and offering to match up to $ 500 in donations to a fund for Amazon warehouse workers exposed to COVID-19 .
I ’ m matching donations up to $ 500 to support my Amazon warehouse worker colleagues @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sanitary working conditions ” puts them and the public at risk .
I am matching donations to $ 500 to support my Amazon warehouse colleagues and their communities , while they struggle to get consistent , sufficient protections and procedures from our employer .
DM or comment for match .
https : //t.co/sK6EKP9KHi # via @ Chuffed Amazon Employees for Climate Justice been making ridiculous demands since at least last September , pressuring Amazon apply a climate morality test to everyone Amazon engages with , so I ’ m not about to take @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Having said that , employee safety is a hot-button issue , especially so if the concerns about Coronavirus safety are genuine .
Even if the concerns are not genuine , wannabe climate warriors might use fake concerns about Coronavirus as cover for disrupting Amazon ’ s business .
Either way , I doubt we ’ ve heard the last from Amazon ’ s employee climate warriors .

Guest essay by Eric Worrall
Amazon has finally lost patience with their employee climate warriors, after they extended their activism to include complaining about Amazon’s alleged Coronavirus shortcomings.
Amazon fires employees who spoke out about coronavirus and climate change By Zoya Teirstein on Apr 14, 2020 … Last Friday afternoon, Amazon fired two of its tech employees after they publicly criticized its coronavirus policies. Those employees, Emily Cunningham and Maren Costa, both user experience designers with 21 years of service at the company between them, were among the leaders of an internal worker group formed in December 2018 with the aim of pressuring Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos to commit to more ambitious climate targets. The group, Amazon Employees for Climate Justice (AECJ), has recently widened its focus to embrace the struggles of frontline Amazon employees at fulfillment centers across the country. Cunningham and Costa were fired after they wrote tweets criticizing the company for putting workers and the public at risk and offering to match up to $500 in donations to a fund for Amazon warehouse workers exposed to COVID-19. I’m matching donations up to $500 to support my Amazon warehouse worker colleagues. “The lack of safe and sanitary working conditions” puts them and the public at risk. It’s bad ya’ll… THREAD https://t.co/bvR5mUF85H — Emily Cunningham (@emahlee) March 27, 2020 I am matching donations to $500 to support my Amazon warehouse colleagues and their communities, while they struggle to get consistent, sufficient protections and procedures from our employer. DM or comment for match. https://t.co/sK6EKP9KHi # via @Chuffed — marencosta (@marencosta) March 27, 2020 … Read more: https://grist.org/justice/amazon-fires-employees-who-spoke-out-about-coronavirus-and-climate-change/
Amazon Employees for Climate Justice been making ridiculous demands since at least last September, pressuring Amazon apply a climate morality test to everyone Amazon engages with, so I’m not about to take their Coronavirus claims at face value.
Having said that, employee safety is a hot-button issue, especially so if the concerns about Coronavirus safety are genuine. Even if the concerns are not genuine, wannabe climate warriors might use fake concerns about Coronavirus as cover for disrupting Amazon’s business.
Either way, I doubt we’ve heard the last from Amazon’s employee climate warriors.


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Canada Bends the Curve April 15 Update

Canada Bends the Curve April 15 Update

Kung Flu in Canada is reported at Coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) : Outbreak update The image presents coronavirus data as of the latest week 14 statistics complete April 14 , 2020 .
From the underlying data we can see that this covid 19 outbreak started toward the end of the annual flu season .
Here are the daily reported tests , cases , and deaths smoothed with 7 day averaging .
The graph shows that the number of cases has flattened , averaging 1287 the last 3 days after peaking at 1380 on April 8 .
( All daily @ @ @ @ @ @ @ period ending with the stated date . )
Tests also peaked at 17,800 on April 4 , and averaging 14,500 presently .
The cumulative graph shows how the proportions held during this period .
Out of a total 462,253 tests , 27,540 ( 6 % ) cases were detected , and 954 died ( 3 % of cases ) .
With coronavirus sucking all the air out of room globally , I got interested in looking at how the Canadian national flu seasons compare with the new Wuhan virus .
The analysis is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ higher latitudes that are in equilibrium relative to infectious diseases , but vulnerable to outbreaks of new viruses .
Where I live in Canada , we have winter outbreaks every year , but are protected by a combination of sanitary practices , health care system and annual vaccines , contributing to herd immunity .
For example , 2018-19 was slightly higher than a typical year , with this pattern : The various flu types are noted , all together making a total of 48,818 influenza detections during the 2018-19 season .
A total @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sentinels that season ( age = or > 16 ) .
Source : Annual Influenza Reports A total of 137 ( 14 % ) ICU admissions and 65 ( 7 % ) deaths were reported .
The seasonality is obvious , as is the social resilience , when we have the antibodies in place .
For further background , look at the latest Respiratory Virus Report for week 13 ending March 28 , 2020 .
[ In this Respiratory Virus Report , the number of detections of coronavirus reflects only seasonal human coronaviruses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SARS-CoV2 ) that causes COVID-19 .
More on Kung Flu later on . ]
For the period shown in the graph , 320560 flu tests were done , resulting in 32751 type A positives and 22683 type B positives .
That is a ratio of 17 % of tests confirming conventional flu infection cases .
Public Health Canada went on to say in reporting March 22 to 28 , 2020 ( week 13 ) : The percentage of tests positive for influenza fell below 5 % this week .
This suggests that Canada @ @ @ @ @ @ @ influenza season at the national level .
[ Keep that 5 % in mind ] Summary : It ’ s true that total cases and deaths are still rising , and everyone should practice sanitary behaviors and social distancing .
But it appears that we are weathering this storm and have the resources to beat it .
Let us hope for reasonable governance , Spring weather and a return to economic normalcy .

Kung Flu in Canada is reported at Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update
The image presents coronavirus data as of the latest week 14 statistics complete April 14, 2020. From the underlying data we can see that this covid 19 outbreak started toward the end of the annual flu season. Here are the daily reported tests, cases, and deaths smoothed with 7 day averaging.
The graph shows that the number of cases has flattened, averaging 1287 the last 3 days after peaking at 1380 on April 8. ( All daily figures are averages of the 7 day period ending with the stated date.) Tests also peaked at 17,800 on April 4, and averaging 14,500 presently.
The cumulative graph shows how the proportions held during this period.
Out of a total 462,253 tests, 27,540 (6%) cases were detected, and 954 died (3% of cases).
Background from Previous Post
With coronavirus sucking all the air out of room globally, I got interested in looking at how the Canadian national flu seasons compare with the new Wuhan virus. The analysis is important since there are many nations at higher latitudes that are in equilibrium relative to infectious diseases, but vulnerable to outbreaks of new viruses. Where I live in Canada, we have winter outbreaks every year, but are protected by a combination of sanitary practices, health care system and annual vaccines, contributing to herd immunity.
For example, 2018-19 was slightly higher than a typical year, with this pattern:
The various flu types are noted, all together making a total of 48,818 influenza detections during the 2018-19 season. A total of 946 hospitalizations were reported by CIRN-SOS sentinels that season (age = or >16). Source: Annual Influenza Reports
A total of 137 (14%) ICU admissions and 65 (7%) deaths were reported. The seasonality is obvious, as is the social resilience, when we have the antibodies in place.
For further background, look at the latest Respiratory Virus Report for week 13 ending March 28, 2020. [In this Respiratory Virus Report, the number of detections of coronavirus reflects only seasonal human coronaviruses, not the novel pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) that causes COVID-19. More on Kung Flu later on.]
For the period shown in the graph, 320560 flu tests were done, resulting in 32751 type A positives and 22683 type B positives. That is a ratio of 17% of tests confirming conventional flu infection cases. Public Health Canada went on to say in reporting March 22 to 28, 2020 (week 13):
The percentage of tests positive for influenza fell below 5% this week. This suggests that Canada is nearing the end of the 2019-2020 influenza season at the national level. [Keep that 5% in mind]
Summary: It’s true that total cases and deaths are still rising, and everyone should practice sanitary behaviors and social distancing. But it appears that we are weathering this storm and have the resources to beat it. Let us hope for reasonable governance, Spring weather and a return to economic normalcy.
via Science Matters
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April 15, 2020 at 01:37PM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Record snowfall and record cold

Record snowfall and record cold

From Colorado to South Dakota to Minnesota to Wisconsin to Iowa Are we getting fake news , or no news ?
– Had you heard any of this ?
______________ The snowiest Easter on record in Eau Claire also broke the daily record .
As of the latest report , the official amount for Eau Claire is 7.7″ , while the previous daily record for April 12 was 7.0″ from 1962 .
The previous snowiest Easter on record was March 31 , 1929 at 5.5″ .
Here are some of the latest snowfall reports around Western Wisconsin : Lublin : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : 9.0″ Mondovi : 8.3″ Alma , Hudson & Loyal : 8.0″ Pepin : 7.7″ Ellsworth : 7.0″ Chippewa Falls : 6.2″ Arcadia & Neillsville : 6.0″ https : //www.weau.com/content/news/Winter-returns-Easter-snow-could-be-significant-569559421.html ….. Several Iowa cities set Easter snowfall records with more than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) Ringsted , Iowa received 11 inches , according to the National Weather Service in Des Moines .
Rock Valley received 7 inches .
Hull received 6.5 inches .
Rock Rapids received 8.3 inches .
https : //www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2020/04/13/iowa-weather-easter-snow-records-sunday-forecast/2981216001/ …..
Most snowfall on any date in South Dakota @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , South Dakota got 5.2 inches , the most snowfall on any date in the city dating back to 1893 , according to the National Weather Service in Sioux Falls .
Sioux City got 3.7 inches , an April 12 record , and the second-most snow in recorded history there on Easter .
https : //www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2020/04/13/iowa-weather-easter-snow-records-sunday-forecast/2981216001 ….. Colorado – Record cold for Denver 14 Apr 2020 – Monday morning the low was 15 for a daily record .
It was only the second time in the last 54 years the temperature in Denver @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the season .
Monday ’ s high was 25 which was a record cold high temperature for the date .
The low temperature this morning in Denver was 11 degrees for a daily record .
https : //www.wlky.com/article/belskis-blog-record-cold-for-denver-record-snow-for-boulder/32146547 # ….. Boulder Hits 134.3 Inches Of Snow For Season , Less Than 9 Inches From Snowiest Season Ever – Also record cold 14 Apr 2020 – Mother Nature hit Boulder with over a foot ( more than 30 cm ) of new snow during the most recent storm .
The city recorded 17.7 inches @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ended at 7 a.m. Monday morning .
Boulder also experienced record cold including a new record low daily high temperature of 27 degrees on April 13 .
The previous record was 38 degrees from 1945. https : //denver.cbslocal.com/2020/04/14/boulder-hits-134-3-inches-of-snow-for-season-less-than-9-inches-from-snowiest-ever/ ….. Colorado Springs sets record low temperature ahead of more snow – Snaps a mark that had stood for 87 years The mercury bottomed out at 7F ( -13.9C ) just before 4 a.m. Tuesday morning , beating the record of 8F set in 1933 , according to the National Weather Service in Pueblo .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ much of the city to more than 8 inches at the Air Force Academy .
More snow totals here .
https : //gazette.com/news/colorado-springs-sets-record-low-temperature-ahead-of-more-snow/article_02ef3150-7e4f-11ea-aae2-9f660b068e3e.html ….. Record cold in Minnesota A cold-weather record was broken at the Rochester airport early Tuesday when the mercury dropped to 17F .
That broke the previous record low for April 14 of 18F set in 1962. https : //kroc.com/rochesters-record-snow-has-been-replaced-by-record-cold-weather/ Thanks to Jack Hydrazine for these links The post Record snowfall and record cold appeared first on Ice Age Now .

From Colorado to South Dakota to Minnesota to Wisconsin to Iowa
Are we getting fake news, or no news? – Had you heard any of this?
______________
Record Easter snowfall for Eau Claire
The snowiest Easter on record in Eau Claire also broke the daily record. As of the latest report, the official amount for Eau Claire is 7.7″, while the previous daily record for April 12 was 7.0″ from 1962. The previous snowiest Easter on record was March 31, 1929 at 5.5″.
Here are some of the latest snowfall reports around Western Wisconsin:
Lublin: 11.0″
Medford: 10.0″
Weyerhaeuser & Tony: 9.0″
Mondovi: 8.3″
Alma, Hudson & Loyal: 8.0″
Pepin: 7.7″
Ellsworth: 7.0″
Chippewa Falls: 6.2″
Arcadia & Neillsville: 6.0″
https://www.weau.com/content/news/Winter-returns-Easter-snow-could-be-significant-569559421.html
…..
Several Iowa cities set Easter snowfall records with more than 6 inches (15 cm)
Ringsted, Iowa received 11 inches, according to the National Weather Service in Des Moines. Rock Valley received 7 inches. Hull received 6.5 inches. Rock Rapids received 8.3 inches.
https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2020/04/13/iowa-weather-easter-snow-records-sunday-forecast/2981216001/
…..
Most snowfall on any date in South Dakota city
13 Apr 2020 – Sioux Falls, South Dakota got 5.2 inches, the most snowfall on any date in the city dating back to 1893, according to the National Weather Service in Sioux Falls. Sioux City got 3.7 inches, an April 12 record, and the second-most snow in recorded history there on Easter.
https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2020/04/13/iowa-weather-easter-snow-records-sunday-forecast/2981216001
…..
Colorado – Record cold for Denver
14 Apr 2020 – Monday morning the low was 15 for a daily record. It was only the second time in the last 54 years the temperature in Denver was 16 or colder this late in the season.
Monday’s high was 25 which was a record cold high temperature for the date.
The low temperature this morning in Denver was 11 degrees for a daily record.
https://www.wlky.com/article/belskis-blog-record-cold-for-denver-record-snow-for-boulder/32146547#
…..
Boulder Hits 134.3 Inches Of Snow For Season, Less Than 9 Inches From Snowiest Season Ever – Also record cold
14 Apr 2020 – Mother Nature hit Boulder with over a foot (more than 30 cm) of new snow during the most recent storm. The city recorded 17.7 inches of snow in a 36-hour period that ended at 7 a.m. Monday morning.
Boulder also experienced record cold including a new record low daily high temperature of 27 degrees on April 13. The previous record was 38 degrees from 1945.
https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/04/14/boulder-hits-134-3-inches-of-snow-for-season-less-than-9-inches-from-snowiest-ever/
…..
Colorado Springs sets record low temperature ahead of more snow – Snaps a mark that had stood for 87 years
The mercury bottomed out at 7F (-13.9C) just before 4 a.m. Tuesday morning, beating the record of 8F set in 1933, according to the National Weather Service in Pueblo.
Monday saw 6 inches of snow in much of the city to more than 8 inches at the Air Force Academy.
More snow totals here.
https://gazette.com/news/colorado-springs-sets-record-low-temperature-ahead-of-more-snow/article_02ef3150-7e4f-11ea-aae2-9f660b068e3e.html
…..
Record cold in Minnesota
A cold-weather record was broken at the Rochester airport early Tuesday when the mercury dropped to 17F. That broke the previous record low for April 14 of 18F set in 1962.
https://kroc.com/rochesters-record-snow-has-been-replaced-by-record-cold-weather/
Thanks to Jack Hydrazine for these links
The post Record snowfall and record cold appeared first on Ice Age Now.
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April 15, 2020 at 01:22PM


Brightest-ever supernova discovered

A supernova at least twice as bright and energetic , and likely much more massive than any yet recorded has been identified by an international team of astronomers , led by the University of Birmingham .
The team , which included experts from Harvard , Northwestern University and Ohio University , believe the supernova , dubbed SN2016aps , could be an example of an extremely rare ‘ pulsational pair-instability ’ supernova , possibly formed from two massive stars that merged before the explosion .
Their findings are published today in Nature Astronomy .
Such an event so far only exists @ @ @ @ @ @ @ through astronomical observations .
Dr Matt Nicholl , of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Birmingham , is lead author of the study .
He explains : “ We can measure supernovae using two scales – the total energy of the explosion , and the amount of that energy that is emitted as observable light , or radiation .
In order to become this bright , the explosion must have been much more energetic than usual .
By examining the light spectrum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that the explosion was powered by a collision between the supernova and a massive shell of gas , shed by the star in the years before it exploded .
“ While many supernovae are discovered every night , most are in massive galaxies , ” said Dr Peter Blanchard , from Northwestern University and a co-author on the study .
“ This one immediately stood out for further observations because it seemed to be in the middle of nowhere .
We weren ’ t able to see the galaxy where this star was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ faded.
” The team observed the explosion for two years , until it faded to 1 per cent of its peak brightness .
Using these measurements , they calculated the mass of the supernova was between 50 to 100 times greater than our sun ( solar masses ) .
Typically supernovae have masses of between 8 and 15 solar masses .
“ Stars with extremely large mass undergo violent pulsations before they die , shaking off a giant gas shell .
This can be powered by a process called the pair instability , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for physicists for the last 50 years , ” says Dr Nicholl .
“ If the supernova gets the timing right , it can catch up to this shell and release a huge amount of energy in the collision .
We think this is one of the most compelling candidates for this process yet observed , and probably the most massive.
” “ SN2016aps also contained another puzzle , ” added Dr Nicholl .
“ The gas we detected was mostly hydrogen – but such a massive star would usually have lost all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ before it started pulsating .
One explanation is that two slightly less massive stars of around , say 60 solar masses , had merged before the explosion .
The lower mass stars hold onto their hydrogen for longer , while their combined mass is high enough to trigger the pair instability.
” “ Finding this extraordinary supernova couldn ’ t have come at a better time , ” according to Professor Edo Berger , a co-author from Harvard University .
“ Now that we know such energetic explosions occur in nature , NASA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ will be able to see similar events so far away that we can look back in time to the deaths of the very first stars in the Universe.
” Supernova 2016aps was first detected in data from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System ( Pan-STARRS ) , a large-scale astronomical survey programme .
The team also used data from the Hubble Space Telescope , the Keck and Gemini Observatories , in Hawaii , and the MDM and MMT Observatories in Arizona .
Other collaborating institutions included Stockholm University , Copenhagen University @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Space Telescope Science Institute .
The research was funded through a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship , along with grants from the National Science Foundation , NASA and the Horizon 2020 European Union Framework .

A supernova at least twice as bright and energetic, and likely much more massive than any yet recorded has been identified by an international team of astronomers, led by the University of Birmingham.
Artist rendition of the event.
Image by Aaron Geller (Northwestern University)
The team, which included experts from Harvard, Northwestern University and Ohio University, believe the supernova, dubbed SN2016aps, could be an example of an extremely rare ‘pulsational pair-instability’ supernova, possibly formed from two massive stars that merged before the explosion. Their findings are published today in Nature Astronomy.
Such an event so far only exists in theory and has never been confirmed through astronomical observations.
Dr Matt Nicholl, of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Birmingham, is lead author of the study. He explains: “We can measure supernovae using two scales – the total energy of the explosion, and the amount of that energy that is emitted as observable light, or radiation.
“In a typical supernova, the radiation is less than 1 per cent of the total energy. But in SN2016aps, we found the radiation was five times the explosion energy of a normal-sized supernova. This is the most light we have ever seen emitted by a supernova.”
In order to become this bright, the explosion must have been much more energetic than usual. By examining the light spectrum, the team were able to show that the explosion was powered by a collision between the supernova and a massive shell of gas, shed by the star in the years before it exploded.
“While many supernovae are discovered every night, most are in massive galaxies,” said Dr Peter Blanchard, from Northwestern University and a co-author on the study. “This one immediately stood out for further observations because it seemed to be in the middle of nowhere. We weren’t able to see the galaxy where this star was born until after the supernova light had faded.”
The team observed the explosion for two years, until it faded to 1 per cent of its peak brightness. Using these measurements, they calculated the mass of the supernova was between 50 to 100 times greater than our sun (solar masses). Typically supernovae have masses of between 8 and 15 solar masses.
“Stars with extremely large mass undergo violent pulsations before they die, shaking off a giant gas shell. This can be powered by a process called the pair instability, which has been a topic of speculation for physicists for the last 50 years,” says Dr Nicholl. “If the supernova gets the timing right, it can catch up to this shell and release a huge amount of energy in the collision. We think this is one of the most compelling candidates for this process yet observed, and probably the most massive.” “SN2016aps also contained another puzzle,” added Dr Nicholl. “The gas we detected was mostly hydrogen – but such a massive star would usually have lost all of its hydrogen via stellar winds long before it started pulsating. One explanation is that two slightly less massive stars of around, say 60 solar masses, had merged before the explosion. The lower mass stars hold onto their hydrogen for longer, while their combined mass is high enough to trigger the pair instability.”
“Finding this extraordinary supernova couldn’t have come at a better time,” according to Professor Edo Berger, a co-author from Harvard University. “Now that we know such energetic explosions occur in nature, NASA’s new James Webb Space Telescope will be able to see similar events so far away that we can look back in time to the deaths of the very first stars in the Universe.”
Supernova 2016aps was first detected in data from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS), a large-scale astronomical survey programme. The team also used data from the Hubble Space Telescope, the Keck and Gemini Observatories, in Hawaii, and the MDM and MMT Observatories in Arizona. Other collaborating institutions included Stockholm University, Copenhagen University, California Institute of Technology, and Space Telescope Science Institute.
The research was funded through a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship, along with grants from the National Science Foundation, NASA and the Horizon 2020 European Union Framework.


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Matt McGrath Makes A Fool Of Himself–Part 94

While high temperatures were critical to the melting seen in Greenland last year , scientists say that clear blue skies also played a key role .
In a study , they found that a record number of cloud free days saw more sunlight hit the surface while snowfall was also reduced .
These conditions were due to wobbles in the fast moving jet stream air current that also trapped heat over Europe .
Current climate models don ’ t include the impact of the wandering jet stream say the authors , and may be underestimating the impact of warming .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ prevailed over Greenland for record amounts of time .
They believe this is connected to what ’ s termed the `` waviness '' in the jet stream , the giant current of air that mostly flows from west to east around the globe .
As the current becomes more wobbly , it bends north , and high pressure systems that would normally move through in a few days become `` blocked ’ over Greenland .
These systems had different impacts depending on the part of Greenland you were in .
In the southern @ @ @ @ @ @ @ say , it caused clearer skies with more sunlight hitting the surface .
The cloud-free days brought less snow , which meant that 50 billion fewer tonnes were added to the ice sheet .
The absence of snow also exposed bare , dark ice in some place which absorbed more heat – contributing to the melt .
In other parts of Greenland , the changing atmospheric patterns had different but equally damaging impacts .
In northern and western region , the swirling but stuck high pressure systems pulled in warm air from southern @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in 2019 experienced the largest drop in surface mass balance since records began in 1948 .
The term surface mass balance describes the overall state of the ice sheet after accounting for gains from snowfall and losses from surface melt-water run-off .
The authors believe their study explains why , despite the fact that 2019 was not as warm as 2012 , last year produced a record drop in surface mass balance .
The main message of the paper is that the very high melt was mostly driven by clear skies and direct @ @ @ @ @ @ @ unusually high temperatures over the ice sheet – a radiatively-driven , rather than thermally-driven , melt season as they put it , '' said Dr Ruth Mottram , a climate scientist at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen .
At no point do any of these junk scientists prove that these sort of weather events are in any way unprecedented or unnatural .
Talking of junk science , the authors can not even get their facts right .
They claim that Greenland in 2019 experienced the largest drop in surface mass balance since @ @ @ @ @ @ @ much greater ice loss occurred in 2012 .
Despite the wailing about “ worse than we thought ” , weather actually works both ways .
The summer of 2018 was particularly cold and wet , and the ice sheet added much more ice than average .
The year before saw a snowy winter , with the same result , the SMB ended up well above average : BTW – McGrath also highlights the fact that last December , researchers reported that the Greenland ice sheet was melting seven times faster than it had @ @ @ @ @ @ @ should have had a word with his colleague Jonathan Amos , who laughingly calls himself the BBC Science Correspondent .
Mr Amos might recall what he wrote in 2003 !
via NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT

By Paul Homewood
h/t Mr Grim
Climate Tales: Episode 94 – The BBC Discovers Weather
While high temperatures were critical to the melting seen in Greenland last year, scientists say that clear blue skies also played a key role.
In a study, they found that a record number of cloud free days saw more sunlight hit the surface while snowfall was also reduced.
These conditions were due to wobbles in the fast moving jet stream air current that also trapped heat over Europe.
As a result, Greenland’s ice sheet lost an estimated 600 billion tonnes.
Current climate models don’t include the impact of the wandering jet stream say the authors, and may be underestimating the impact of warming.
Researchers found that high pressure weather conditions prevailed over Greenland for record amounts of time.
They believe this is connected to what’s termed the "waviness" in the jet stream, the giant current of air that mostly flows from west to east around the globe.
As the current becomes more wobbly, it bends north, and high pressure systems that would normally move through in a few days become "blocked’ over Greenland.
These systems had different impacts depending on the part of Greenland you were in.
In the southern part of the island, the authors say, it caused clearer skies with more sunlight hitting the surface.
The cloud-free days brought less snow, which meant that 50 billion fewer tonnes were added to the ice sheet.
The absence of snow also exposed bare, dark ice in some place which absorbed more heat – contributing to the melt.
In other parts of Greenland, the changing atmospheric patterns had different but equally damaging impacts.
In northern and western region, the swirling but stuck high pressure systems pulled in warm air from southern latitudes.
Dr Tedesco explained that Greenland in 2019 experienced the largest drop in surface mass balance since records began in 1948.
The term surface mass balance describes the overall state of the ice sheet after accounting for gains from snowfall and losses from surface melt-water run-off.
The authors believe their study explains why, despite the fact that 2019 was not as warm as 2012, last year produced a record drop in surface mass balance.
The main message of the paper is that the very high melt was mostly driven by clear skies and direct melting rather than necessarily being attributable to unusually high temperatures over the ice sheet – a radiatively-driven, rather than thermally-driven, melt season as they put it," said Dr Ruth Mottram, a climate scientist at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52286165
At no point do any of these junk scientists prove that these sort of weather events are in any way unprecedented or unnatural.
Talking of junk science, the authors cannot even get their facts right. They claim that Greenland in 2019 experienced the largest drop in surface mass balance since records began in 1948. In reality much greater ice loss occurred in 2012.
http://polarportal.dk/en/greenland/surface-conditions/
Despite the wailing about “worse than we thought”, weather actually works both ways.
The summer of 2018 was particularly cold and wet, and the ice sheet added much more ice than average. The year before saw a snowy winter, with the same result, the SMB ended up well above average:
BTW – McGrath also highlights the fact that last December, researchers reported that the Greenland ice sheet was melting seven times faster than it had been during the 1990s.
Perhaps he should have had a word with his colleague Jonathan Amos, who laughingly calls himself the BBC Science Correspondent. Mr Amos might recall what he wrote in 2003!
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2840137.stm
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April 15, 2020 at 12:45PM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--BATTLE RAGES OVER 97% CONSENSUS CLAIM

BATTLE RAGES OVER 97% CONSENSUS CLAIM

Nothing sends climate skeptics into orbit faster than seeing NASA repeat the 97 % climate-consensus claim , but the effort to have the Obama-era declaration removed from the government website is suffering from a failure to launch .
NASA officials rejected the Competitive Enterprise Institute ’ s July 9 request for correction under the Information Quality Act , concluding that “ changes to the Web site are not needed at this time , ” prompting the free-market group to file an appeal Tuesday .
On its Global Climate Change page , NASA states : “ Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ more of actively publishing climate scientists agree : Climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities.
” CEI attorney Devin Watkins , who called the statement “ inaccurate , unreliable , and biased , ” said that NASA has refused to budge even though President Trump has expressed reservations about the consensus argument on anthropogenic global warming .
In 2017 , for example , Mr. Trump told The Associated that “ you have scientists on both sides of the picture.
” “ It ’ s really weird when @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to say the 97 % figure is incorrect , but an agency he is responsible for overseeing continues to say on their website that the President is wrong , ” Mr. Watkins said in an email .
In her reply to the CEI , NASA chief information officer Renee P. Wynn said that the Global Climate Change website “ presents the state of scientific knowledge about climate change and honors the role that NASA has played and plays in researching and communicating climate science.
” “ NASA also still finds this information to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not rely on results of a single peer-reviewed publication for facts , which is why a number of peer-reviewed papers are listed on the Web site to capture the robust nature of the scientific debate , ” Ms. Wynn said in the March 11 letter .
Mr. Watkins countered that the “ single sentence response says next to nothing , ” and that instead of giving a point-by-point response as required by Office of Management and Budget rules , “ her denial does not even respond to even a single point of our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ignores the requirements of reliability and lack of bias , ” said the CEI appeal .
The CEI ’ s original request for correction ran 11 pages , and included specific methodological challenges to the studies cited by NASA , but the NASA response was barely two pages .
The Washington Times has reached out to NASA for comment .
The research papers cited by NASA to bolster the 97 % claim “ don ’ t actually make the claims that NASA ’ s claiming they make , ” in some cases excluding @ @ @ @ @ @ @ don ’ t have an opinion or say they ’ re uncertain or don ’ t know , ” Mr. Watkins said .
He said the statement was posted by NASA at some point during the Obama administration .
“ I just think there was political pressure to get it added , and no one questioned NASA directly on it at the time , ” he said .
“ As the political winds shifted and the Trump administration came in , I suspect NASA didn ’ t really even look at it.
” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the scientific consensus on climate change has raged since at least 2004 , when Science magazine published an essay by now-Harvard history of science professor Naomi Oreskes , “ The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.
” She reviewed 928 study abstracts with the words “ climate change ” published in journals from 1993-2003 , concluding that 75 % implicitly or explicitly endorsed the consensus view and 25 % took no position , but “ none of the papers disagreed with the consensus position.
” The 97 % figure took off following a 2013 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an assistant research professor at the Center for Climate Change Communication at George Mason University , who reviewed peer-reviewed paper abstracts with the words “ global warming ” or “ global climate change ” from 1991-2011 .
“ The first thing we noticed was that a lot of papers don ’ t even bother to mention whether humans are causing global warming or not .
It ’ s like , you look at astronomy papers : Not many of them would bother mentioning that the earth revolves around the sun .
It ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ told Yale Climate Connections in a 2017 interview .
“ But amongst the papers that did mention it — there were about 4,000 papers amongst the 12,000 papers we looked at — 97.1 % of them endorsed human-caused global warming in their abstract , ” Mr. Cook said .
The pushback was immediate .
PopularTechnology.com interviewed a half-dozen prominent scientists who said the study mischaracterized their work , while other academics , including Richard Tol of the University of Sussex and the University of Delaware ’ s David Legates , published challenges to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ example , “ Legates ’ s peer-reviewed independent study reevaluating the 64 articles that Cook said explicitly endorsed AGW ( that more than half of the warming was caused by humans ) found that actually only 41 made such claims , ” said the CEI .
The debate has left little room for middle ground .
In 2017 , Yale Climate Communications rated the 97 % figure as “ true , ” while Mr. Tol said in 2014 that it was “ essentially pulled from thin air.
” NASA also cited statements from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Association for the Advancement of Science , which said in 2014 , “ Based on well-established evidence , about 97 % of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening.
” On the other hand , CEI noted that NASA failed to take into account documents signed by researchers rejecting the climate-catastrophe scenario , such as the Oregon Petition , which has more than 31,000 signatures of self-identified scientists , including more than 9,000 with doctoral degrees .
The SkepticalScience blog , founded by Mr. Cook , slammed the CEI challenge @ @ @ @ @ @ @ argument “ one of the most popular climate myths ” perpetrated by “ fossil fuel-funded think tanks.
” “ That so-called ‘ consensus gap ’ between public perception and the reality of expert agreement is largely due to a sustained misinformation campaign , ” said the Aug. 15 post .
At the other end of the spectrum , Climate Depot ’ s Marc Morano , author of “ The Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate Change , ” took a jab at the consensus “ myth , ” saying it was “ about time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in repeating the 97 % claim.
” “ NASA is likely to fight tooth and nail over this false 97 % claim because NASA has a vested interest in keeping up the ‘ consensus ’ myth , ” Mr. Morano said in an email .
“ Sadly , NASA has long been overrun with many scientists who are willing to bend the truth for the climate cause.
” Full story

Valerie Richardson
Nothing sends climate skeptics into orbit faster than seeing NASA repeat the 97% climate-consensus claim, but the effort to have the Obama-era declaration removed from the government website is suffering from a failure to launch.
NASA officials rejected the Competitive Enterprise Institute’s July 9 request for correction under the Information Quality Act, concluding that “changes to the Web site are not needed at this time,” prompting the free-market group to file an appeal Tuesday.
On its Global Climate Change page, NASA states: “Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that 97 percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities.”
CEI attorney Devin Watkins, who called the statement “inaccurate, unreliable, and biased,” said that NASA has refused to budge even though President Trump has expressed reservations about the consensus argument on anthropogenic global warming.
In 2017, for example, Mr. Trump told The Associated that “you have scientists on both sides of the picture.”
“It’s really weird when the President of the United States seems to say the 97% figure is incorrect, but an agency he is responsible for overseeing continues to say on their website that the President is wrong,” Mr. Watkins said in an email.
In her reply to the CEI, NASA chief information officer Renee P. Wynn said that the Global Climate Change website “presents the state of scientific knowledge about climate change and honors the role that NASA has played and plays in researching and communicating climate science.”
“NASA also still finds this information to be accurate and clear as it does not rely on results of a single peer-reviewed publication for facts, which is why a number of peer-reviewed papers are listed on the Web site to capture the robust nature of the scientific debate,” Ms. Wynn said in the March 11 letter.
Mr. Watkins countered that the “single sentence response says next to nothing,” and that instead of giving a point-by-point response as required by Office of Management and Budget rules, “her denial does not even respond to even a single point of our request.”
“Ms. Wynn totally ignores the requirements of reliability and lack of bias,” said the CEI appeal.
The CEI’s original request for correction ran 11 pages, and included specific methodological challenges to the studies cited by NASA, but the NASA response was barely two pages.
The Washington Times has reached out to NASA for comment.
The research papers cited by NASA to bolster the 97% claim “don’t actually make the claims that NASA’s claiming they make,” in some cases excluding — or including — scientists “who don’t have an opinion or say they’re uncertain or don’t know,” Mr. Watkins said.
He said the statement was posted by NASA at some point during the Obama administration.
“I just think there was political pressure to get it added, and no one questioned NASA directly on it at the time,” he said. “As the political winds shifted and the Trump administration came in, I suspect NASA didn’t really even look at it.”
Consensus gap or myth?
Debate over the scientific consensus on climate change has raged since at least 2004, when Science magazine published an essay by now-Harvard history of science professor Naomi Oreskes, “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.”
She reviewed 928 study abstracts with the words “climate change” published in journals from 1993-2003, concluding that 75% implicitly or explicitly endorsed the consensus view and 25% took no position, but “none of the papers disagreed with the consensus position.”
The 97% figure took off following a 2013 study led by John Cook, now an assistant research professor at the Center for Climate Change Communication at George Mason University, who reviewed peer-reviewed paper abstracts with the words “global warming” or “global climate change” from 1991-2011.
“The first thing we noticed was that a lot of papers don’t even bother to mention whether humans are causing global warming or not. It’s like, you look at astronomy papers: Not many of them would bother mentioning that the earth revolves around the sun. It’s established consensus,” Mr. Cook told Yale Climate Connections in a 2017 interview.
“But amongst the papers that did mention it — there were about 4,000 papers amongst the 12,000 papers we looked at — 97.1% of them endorsed human-caused global warming in their abstract,” Mr. Cook said.
The pushback was immediate.
PopularTechnology.com interviewed a half-dozen prominent scientists who said the study mischaracterized their work, while other academics, including Richard Tol of the University of Sussex and the University of Delaware’s David Legates, published challenges to the study’s methodology.
For example, “Legates’s peer-reviewed independent study reevaluating the 64 articles that Cook said explicitly endorsed AGW (that more than half of the warming was caused by humans) found that actually only 41 made such claims,” said the CEI.
The debate has left little room for middle ground. In 2017, Yale Climate Communications rated the 97% figure as “true,” while Mr. Tol said in 2014 that it was “essentially pulled from thin air.”
NASA also cited statements from 18 scientific organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which said in 2014, “Based on well-established evidence, about 97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening.”
On the other hand, CEI noted that NASA failed to take into account documents signed by researchers rejecting the climate-catastrophe scenario, such as the Oregon Petition, which has more than 31,000 signatures of self-identified scientists, including more than 9,000 with doctoral degrees.
The SkepticalScience blog, founded by Mr. Cook, slammed the CEI challenge, calling the “no consensus” argument “one of the most popular climate myths” perpetrated by “fossil fuel-funded think tanks.”
“That so-called ‘consensus gap’ between public perception and the reality of expert agreement is largely due to a sustained misinformation campaign,” said the Aug. 15 post.
At the other end of the spectrum, Climate Depot’s Marc Morano, author of “The Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate Change,” took a jab at the consensus “myth,” saying it was “about time NASA is forced to confront its part in repeating the 97% claim.”
“NASA is likely to fight tooth and nail over this false 97% claim because NASA has a vested interest in keeping up the ‘consensus’ myth,” Mr. Morano said in an email. “Sadly, NASA has long been overrun with many scientists who are willing to bend the truth for the climate cause.”
Full story


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Almost half of UK drivers ‘consider EV switch in the wake of Covid-19’

How many were aware of the likely costs compared to fuel powered vehicles , before answering the questions ?
Improving urban air quality is no doubt a sound idea , but attempting to link EVs to climate – not so much .
– – – A quarter of people say they will become an EV driver in the next five years , according to a new survey , reports Energy Live News .
Coronavirus is convincing people to buy electric vehicles ( EVs ) with 45 % of UK drivers claiming they would consider swapping their current car for an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
That ’ s according to a new poll conducted by Venson Automotive Solutions , which reports the current lockdowns around the world and the radical improvement on air pollution as a result of the demobilisation of transport have a positive impact on people ’ s awareness of the benefits to the environment .
As a result 17 % of the respondents said that their interest in buying an EV had been reinforced by the new scientific data , 26 % confirmed they intend to become an EV driver in the next five @ @ @ @ @ @ @ noted their next car would be battery powered .
The survey also reveals that the public would like to see more done by government and businesses to expedite the take up of EVs once the UK has recovered from the Covid-19 crisis .
The majority , 62 % of them would like to see further investment in the charging infrastructure , while the 38 % of them supports the introduction of more Clean Air Zones in cities and new legislation that encourages businesses to move to fully electric company car or commercial vehicle @ @ @ @ @ @ @

How many were aware of the likely costs compared to fuel powered vehicles, before answering the questions? Improving urban air quality is no doubt a sound idea, but attempting to link EVs to climate – not so much.
– – –
A quarter of people say they will become an EV driver in the next five years, according to a new survey, reports Energy Live News.
Coronavirus is convincing people to buy electric vehicles (EVs) with 45% of UK drivers claiming they would consider swapping their current car for an EV in the wake of the pandemic.
That’s according to a new poll conducted by Venson Automotive Solutions, which reports the current lockdowns around the world and the radical improvement on air pollution as a result of the demobilisation of transport have a positive impact on people’s awareness of the benefits to the environment.
As a result 17% of the respondents said that their interest in buying an EV had been reinforced by the new scientific data, 26% confirmed they intend to become an EV driver in the next five years and nearly 20% of those noted their next car would be battery powered.
The survey also reveals that the public would like to see more done by government and businesses to expedite the take up of EVs once the UK has recovered from the Covid-19 crisis.
The majority, 62% of them would like to see further investment in the charging infrastructure, while the 38% of them supports the introduction of more Clean Air Zones in cities and new legislation that encourages businesses to move to fully electric company car or commercial vehicle fleets in the next five years.
Full report here.
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April 15, 2020 at 10:48AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Record Low CO2 Emissions Causes Immediate Cooling

People are locked up in their homes , and not able to create as much CO2 as normal .
This @ @ @ @ @ the planet .

People are locked up in their homes, and not able to create as much CO2 as normal. This is producing immediate benefits for the planet.
“Arctic April” grips North America Breaking Hundreds of All-Time Cold Records – Electroverse


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-15--Cooling Continent? Northern Europe Early Spring Now Coming Later, March Data Show

March mean temperatures over Northern Europe showed an overall cooling trend and so with it a later start to spring , the data from the Japanese Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) show .
Europe saw a very mild winter – one of the mildest on record – and so people living here believe it ’ s warming and that every year spring is arriving earlier .
Yet mean the temperature data from the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) going back 2 decades and more tell us the opposite is in fact the case in northern Europe and elsewhere : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ look at the mean March temperatures at 14 stations across the United Kingdom .
Most stations plotted above show a cooling trend for the month of March .
Obviously CO2 is not the driving factor , rather likely it has to do with the North Atlantic oceanic cycles .
The story is the same across the Netherlands when we look at data going back to the time the Kyoto Protocol was adopted , 1977 .
The northern European country of Finland shows no climate change , at least in march , over the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Scandinavian country of Sweden , the home of teen activist Greta Thunberg , we see a trend that is more in line with United Kingdom , possibly being influenced by the North Atlantic cycles as well : The six Swedish stations examined show cooling in March over the past 30 years .
Why everyone is still speaking about warming even though the planet is showing more a mixed bag remains a mystery .
It probably has a lot to do with the global warming obsessed media .
Summary : Northern Europe early Spring @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and is in fact cooling modestly , when we look at the untampered data from the JMA .
Plotted in this post were the stations for which the JMA had complete or almost complete data sets .

March mean temperatures over Northern Europe showed an overall cooling trend and so with it a later start to spring, the data from the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) show.
By Kirye
and Pierre Gosselin
Europe saw a very mild winter – one of the mildest on record – and so people living here believe it’s warming and that every year spring is arriving earlier.
Yet mean the temperature data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) going back 2 decades and more tell us the opposite is in fact the case in northern Europe and elsewhere: March has been cooling.
First we look at the mean March temperatures at 14 stations across the United Kingdom.
Data Source: JMA
Most stations plotted above show a cooling trend for the month of March. Obviously CO2 is not the driving factor, rather likely it has to do with the North Atlantic oceanic cycles.
The story is the same across the Netherlands when we look at data going back to the time the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, 1977.
Data source: JMA.
The northern European country of Finland shows no climate change, at least in march, over the past 30 years:
Data source: JMA.
Moving to the Scandinavian country of Sweden, the home of teen activist Greta Thunberg, we see a trend that is more in line with United Kingdom, possibly being influenced by the North Atlantic cycles as well:
Data source: JMA.
The six Swedish stations examined show cooling in March over the past 30 years.
Why everyone is still speaking about warming even though the planet is showing more a mixed bag remains a mystery. It probably has a lot to do with the global warming obsessed media.
Summary: Northern Europe early Spring (March) is not getting warmer, and is in fact cooling modestly, when we look at the untampered data from the JMA.
Plotted in this post were the stations for which the JMA had complete or almost complete data sets.
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April 15, 2020 at 09:59AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--New Paper: 2019 Floods “Nothing Out Of The Ordinary”

Review of UK weather statistics fails to find major changes in UK climate London , 16 April : The floods that affected northern England in the autumn of 2019 were nothing out of the ordinary .
That ’ s according to a new review of the UK ’ s 2019 weather .
Author Paul Homewood says that although rainfall in the region was high , it has been exceeded several times in the past , right back to the 19th century .
Homewood points out that the Met Office ’ s own data support his case .
Homewood ’ s @ @ @ @ @ @ @ s weather has just been published by the Global Warming Policy Foundation .
* After a rising trend between the 1980s and early 2000s , temperature trends have stabilised in the UK .
* Heatwaves are not becoming more intense , but extremely cold weather has become much less common .
* There is little in the way of long-term trends in rainfall in England and Wales .
* Sea-level rise around British coasts is not accelerating .
The UK ’ s Weather in 2019 : More of the same , again ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2019 Floods “ Nothing Out Of The Ordinary ” appeared first on The Global Warming Policy Forum ( GWPF ) .

Review of UK weather statistics fails to find major changes in UK climate
London, 16 April: The floods that affected northern England in the autumn of 2019 were nothing out of the ordinary. That’s according to a new review of the UK’s 2019 weather.
Author Paul Homewood says that although rainfall in the region was high, it has been exceeded several times in the past, right back to the 19th century.
It’s easy for people to reach for the climate change bogeyman when there is an extreme weather event”, says Homewood, “but we are seeing very little that we haven’t seen before”.
Homewood points out that the Met Office’s own data support his case.
If you look at Met Office data extreme rainfall, extreme drought or storms, there is very little to write home about. Winters are a bit milder, and in Scotland a bit wetter, but that’s about it”.
Homewood’s third annual review of the UK’s weather has just been published by the Global Warming Policy Foundation.
Key findings
* After a rising trend between the 1980s and early 2000s, temperature trends have stabilised in the UK.
* Heatwaves are not becoming more intense, but extremely cold weather has become much less common.
* There is little in the way of long-term trends in rainfall in England and Wales.
* Sea-level rise around British coasts is not accelerating.
The UK’s Weather in 2019: More of the same, again (PDF)
The post New Paper: 2019 Floods “Nothing Out Of The Ordinary” appeared first on The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF).
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April 16, 2020 at 05:26AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--An update on Comet ATLAS…it is breaking apart

This photograph was taken in Switzerland a few days and it shows three fragments of Comet ATLAS confirming what other amateur astronomers have witnessed…the breaking apart of this once-promising comet .
Photo courtesy Jose de Queiroz , spaceweather.com There was a chance that Comet ATLAS was going to put on a dazzling show during the month of May , but as has been the experience with many comets in recent history , those hopes vanished as we approached event time .
In fact , there is no longer any doubt that Comet ATLAS ( officially named C/2019 Y4 ) is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ATLAS coincides with a sharp decline in its brightness .
The Comet Observation Database shows a drop of two full magnitudes ( a factor of more than 6 ) .
Plot courtesy spaceweather.com Numerous amateur astronomers are actually witnessing the breakup of Comet ATLAS and providing images of individual fragments .
One such photograph from Switzerland on April 11 ( above ) shows three pieces of the once-promising comet .
The breakup of the comet coincides with a sharp decline in its brightness in recent days as there has been a drop of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The trend is not good and suggests the comet could actually completely fall apart before its close approach to the sun at the end of May .
Move over Comet Kohoutek ( 1974 ) …you have some company .

Guest post by Paul Dorian
This photograph was taken in Switzerland a few days and it shows three fragments of Comet ATLAS confirming what other amateur astronomers have witnessed…the breaking apart of this once-promising comet. Photo courtesy Jose de Queiroz, spaceweather.com
Overview
There was a chance that Comet ATLAS was going to put on a dazzling show during the month of May, but as has been the experience with many comets in recent history, those hopes vanished as we approached event time. In fact, there is no longer any doubt that Comet ATLAS (officially named C/2019 Y4) is falling apart.
The breakup of Comet ATLAS coincides with a sharp decline in its brightness. The Comet Observation Database shows a drop of two full magnitudes (a factor of more than 6). Plot courtesy spaceweather.com
Discussion
Numerous amateur astronomers are actually witnessing the breakup of Comet ATLAS and providing images of individual fragments. One such photograph from Switzerland on April 11 (above) shows three pieces of the once-promising comet. The breakup of the comet coincides with a sharp decline in its brightness in recent days as there has been a drop of two full magnitudes as reported by spaceweather.com. The trend is not good and suggests the comet could actually completely fall apart before its close approach to the sun at the end of May.
Move over Comet Kohoutek (1974)…you have some company.
Meteorologist Paul Dorian
Perspecta, Inc.
perspectaweather.com
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iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--COULD OIL HAVE A NEGATIVE PRICE?

COULD OIL HAVE A NEGATIVE PRICE?

While U.S. crude futures have shed half of their value this year , prices for actual barrels of oil in some places have fallen even further .
Storage around the globe is rapidly filling and , in areas where crude is hard to transport , producers could soon be forced to pay consumers to take it off their hands—effectively pushing prices below zero .
The collapse is upending the energy industry and even the math used in trading energy derivatives .
CME Group , the world ’ s largest exchange by market capitalization for trading futures and options , now @ @ @ @ @ @ @ order to process negative prices for energy-related financial instruments .
Part of the problem , traders say , is the industry ’ s limited capacity to store excess oil .
Efforts to curb the spread of the virus have driven demand to record lows .
Factories have shut .
Cars and airplanes are sitting immobile .
So refineries are slashing activity while stores of crude rapidly accumulate .
U.S. crude inventories surged by a record 15.2 million barrels during the week ended April 3 , according to data from the Energy Information Administration @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by 10.5 million barrels , while refining activity hit its lowest level since September 2008 .
The buildup of crude is overwhelming storage space and clogging pipelines .
And in areas where tanker-ship storage isn ’ t readily available , producers could need to go to extremes to get rid of the excess , said Jeffrey Currie , head of commodities research at Goldman Sachs .
Those might include paying for it to be taken away .
“ It ’ s like traffic on a freeway , ” he said .
“ It @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of cars.
” Crude comes in many varieties , used for a range of purposes , and different grades are priced based on several factors , including their density , sulfur content and ease of transportation to trading hubs and refineries .
Heavier , higher-sulfur crudes generally trade at a discount to lighter , sweet crudes such as West Texas Intermediate because they tend to require more processing .
Crudes that depend on pipeline transportation are trading at a discount right now because there is nowhere to put them and the pipelines that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ jammed up , analysts and traders say .
The price of some regional crudes recently dipped into single digits .
The spot price of Western Canadian Select at Hardisty—a heavy grade of Canadian crude typically transported by pipeline or rail to the U.S. Gulf and Midwest for refining—fell to just over $ 8 a barrel on April 1 , according to an assessment from S & P Global Platts .
The spot price of West Texas Intermediate at Midland fell to just above $ 10 a barrel on March 30 , while West @ @ @ @ @ @ @ around $ 7 a barrel .
And one commodities trading house recently bid less than zero dollars for Wyoming Asphalt Sour crude .
It isn ’ t just the traders of so-called physical oil who are bracing themselves for the possibility of negative pricing .
Traders of energy derivatives are preparing , too .
Mark Benigno , co-director of energy trading at INTL FCStone , said he has never seen oil derivatives trade below zero but began several weeks ago to assess what might happen if they do .

The
is turning oil markets upside down.
While U.S. crude futures have shed half of their value this year, prices for actual barrels of oil in some places have fallen even further. Storage around the globe is rapidly filling and, in areas where crude is hard to transport, producers could soon be forced to pay consumers to take it off their hands—effectively pushing prices below zero.
The collapse is upending the energy industry and even the math used in trading energy derivatives. CME Group, the world’s largest exchange by market capitalization for trading futures and options, now says it is reprogramming its software in order to process negative prices for energy-related financial instruments.
Part of the problem, traders say, is the industry’s limited capacity to store excess oil. Efforts to curb the spread of the virus have driven demand to record lows.
Factories have shut. Cars and airplanes are sitting immobile. So refineries are slashing activity while stores of crude rapidly accumulate.
U.S. crude inventories surged by a record 15.2 million barrels during the week ended April 3, according to data from the Energy Information Administration. Gasoline stockpiles also jumped, climbing by 10.5 million barrels, while refining activity hit its lowest level since September 2008.
The buildup of crude is overwhelming storage space and clogging pipelines. And in areas where tanker-ship storage isn’t readily available, producers could need to go to extremes to get rid of the excess, said Jeffrey Currie, head of commodities research at Goldman Sachs. Those might include paying for it to be taken away.
“It’s like traffic on a freeway,” he said. “It gets congested when there are a lot of cars.”
Crude comes in many varieties, used for a range of purposes, and different grades are priced based on several factors, including their density, sulfur content and ease of transportation to trading hubs and refineries. Heavier, higher-sulfur crudes generally trade at a discount to lighter, sweet crudes such as West Texas Intermediate because they tend to require more processing. Crudes that depend on pipeline transportation are trading at a discount right now because there is nowhere to put them and the pipelines that would normally take them away are getting jammed up, analysts and traders say.
The price of some regional crudes recently dipped into single digits. The spot price of Western Canadian Select at Hardisty—a heavy grade of Canadian crude typically transported by pipeline or rail to the U.S. Gulf and Midwest for refining—fell to just over $8 a barrel on April 1, according to an assessment from S&P Global Platts. The spot price of West Texas Intermediate at Midland fell to just above $10 a barrel on March 30, while West Texas Sour at Midland—its harder-to-refine counterpart—fell to around $7 a barrel. And one commodities trading house recently bid less than zero dollars for Wyoming Asphalt Sour crude.
It isn’t just the traders of so-called physical oil who are bracing themselves for the possibility of negative pricing. Traders of energy derivatives are preparing, too. Mark Benigno, co-director of energy trading at INTL FCStone, said he has never seen oil derivatives trade below zero but began several weeks ago to assess what might happen if they do.


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--Power Deficit: Wind Power’s Hopeless Intermittency Leaves Germans Scrambling For Reliable Generation

What seemed like a good idea at the time , has turned into an unmitigated disaster .
Germany threw more @ @ @ @ @ any other country on earth ; its government has done everything in its power to @ @ @ @ @ ’ s still at it .
Except there ’ s a couple of things that @ @ @ @ @ [ … ]

What seemed like a good idea at the time, has turned into an unmitigated disaster. Germany threw more at wind and solar than any other country on earth; its government has done everything in its power to make it work. It’s still at it. Except there’s a couple of things that it can never control: […]
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April 16, 2020 at 02:34AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--Leaked Document Reveals EU To Delay Green Deal Initiatives

The European Commission is reviewing its 2020 work programme in light of the coronavirus crisis .
Although climate policies remain broadly on track , other initiatives under the European Green Deal are being delayed because they are considered “ less essential ” .
The coronavirus crisis is putting Commission staff under unprecedented pressure to deal with “ urgent , new and existing COVID-19 related files , ” according to a draft document seen by EURACTIV .
In order “ to free up capacity , ” the EU executive is preparing an updated work programme for 2020 which is expected to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Given the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic , the Commission is currently reviewing its work programme for 2020 , ” an EU spokesperson confirmed .
“ A new programme will be published in the coming weeks , ” the spokesperson told EURACTIV .
As part of the review , the Commission ’ s secretariat general is assessing whether new policy initiatives can afford to be postponed because they are neither directly related to COVID-19 or are considered “ less essential for delivery on the absolute key priorities ” .
The European Commission @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the face of the coronavirus crisis , with “ non-essential ” initiatives like the biodiversity strategy and the farm-to-fork strategy likely to be delayed by several weeks , EURACTIV understands .
Among the “ absolute key priorities ” that will remain unchanged , the document mentions “ in particular targeted priority files related under the ecological and digital transitions ” .
Those are marked in green in the document and should go ahead as planned .
In yellow are initiatives that can afford to be delayed until later in 2020 .
Finally , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that will be delayed to 2021 .
The post Leaked Document Reveals EU To Delay Green Deal Initiatives appeared first on The Global Warming Policy Forum ( GWPF ) .

The European Commission is reviewing its 2020 work programme in light of the coronavirus crisis. Although climate policies remain broadly on track, other initiatives under the European Green Deal are being delayed because they are considered “less essential”.
European Commission President-elect Ursula von der Leyen (L) and Commission First Vice-President Frans Timmermans (R) take their seats before a vote by Members of the European Parliament on her college of commissioners, in Strasbourg, France, 27 November 2019. [EPA-EFE/PATRICK SEEGER]
The coronavirus crisis is putting Commission staff under unprecedented pressure to deal with “urgent, new and existing COVID-19 related files,” according to a draft document seen by EURACTIV.
In order “to free up capacity,” the EU executive is preparing an updated work programme for 2020 which is expected to be published on 29 April.
“Given the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic, the Commission is currently reviewing its work programme for 2020,” an EU spokesperson confirmed. “A new programme will be published in the coming weeks,” the spokesperson told EURACTIV.
As part of the review, the Commission’s secretariat general is assessing whether new policy initiatives can afford to be postponed because they are neither directly related to COVID-19 or are considered “less essential for delivery on the absolute key priorities”.
The European Commission is having to re-order its priorities in the face of the coronavirus crisis, with “non-essential” initiatives like the biodiversity strategy and the farm-to-fork strategy likely to be delayed by several weeks, EURACTIV understands.
Among the “absolute key priorities” that will remain unchanged, the document mentions “in particular targeted priority files related under the ecological and digital transitions”.
Those are marked in green in the document and should go ahead as planned. In yellow are initiatives that can afford to be delayed until later in 2020. Finally, the document marks in red the initiatives that will be delayed to 2021.
The post Leaked Document Reveals EU To Delay Green Deal Initiatives appeared first on The Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF).
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April 16, 2020 at 01:53AM


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--How to re-open the country and control COVID-19 #coronavirus

This article assumes that federal , state , county , and city governments , having jurisdiction over a particular location , act in coordination and agreement .
This agreement is referred to here as the government ’ s decision .
Any such decision would likely comprise actions by the government and reasonable and easy to follow recommendations to public .
“ If you can ’ t measure it , you can ’ t manage it ” is applicable here .
To control COVID-19 , we need to measure the percentage of infected , immune , and naïve individuals in each @ @ @ @ @ @ @ popular metrics – the number of tested positively and the number of deaths – are not very useful .
The best way to measure the spread of COVID-19 is to perform random testing of the population .
500 random tests in a location with the population of 1-10 million would provide a sufficiently accurate picture , while only using a small fraction of available test kits .
Such testing can be performed daily using a small fraction of available test kits .
The local government can accomplish that by offering free COVID-19 tests @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , students on campuses , children in schools , passengers in airports and other public transportation .
Like in surveys , the raw results should be normalized to reflect the whole population .
A good technique for re-opening the country ( state , city , or county ) is to temporarily lift most restrictions for a three-day-period – from the nearest Monday to Wednesday .
People will enjoy a short week , after a long period of forced idleness .
More importantly , this would allow the government to closely observe the situation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The median incubation period of COVID-19 is 5 days , so about half of the symptomatic cases , exposed in the Monday-Wednesday period will appear before the next Monday .
The number of cases that would appear later can be calculated .
Unless there is an unexpected rise in hospitalizations or new patterns of symptoms , the same restrictions are lifted permanently , per location .
The “ location ” means a county , a city , a metro , or a small New England state .
Large states , like California , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ multiple locations with different conditions .
This Go-Stop-Go approach to lifting restrictions is preferable to their gradual relaxation , in which case we would always be a few days behind the actual developments .
Obviously , there are differences between locations depending on the infection levels , population density , transportation modes etc .
The most heavily infected areas might benefit from continued stay-at-home recommendations .
The COVID-19 death rates sharply vary depending on age .
Only a small percentage of deaths occur in people below 50 ( see CDC data on COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Most of those individuals had known pre-existing conditions , mostly hypertension and diabetes .
See the New York ’ s dashboard .
It seems that in most areas , people below 50 and without the described pre-existing conditions , can return to their ordinary lives , except for some high-risk activities .
On the other hand , additional caution and help can be recommended for those who are 65+ .
They might even need isolation from family members who go to work .
Measures to actively protect the elderly and vulnerable might include @ @ @ @ @ @ @ necessities to their homes , rather than requiring them to go out in public .
• Encouraging their employers to provide them paid vacations .
• Giving free lodging , if anybody in their household is symptomatic or has tested positive for COVID-19 .
The CDC should stop using the phrase ‘ community spread ’ .
COVID-19 transmission can not be traced , which is the definition of community spread .
However , COVID-19 is not a plague , as is the implied connotation and sense of panic when using the term “ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , when the country goes back to work , the priority should be to ramp up preparedness for any dangerous mutations of CoV2 .
This would also be a useful step in preparing for future pandemics .
For example , we need to quickly increase the surge capacity of the health care system , rather than to try bending the curve to meet its limits .
The surge capacity might be free of most regulations and even be of lower grade than the regular capacity .
Another surprisingly ignored measure is to arrange @ @ @ @ @ @ @ keeping other hospitals safe from the infection .
Stephen McIntyre tweeted a week ago : We need to hear more from real doctors ( who see patients ) , rather from the Swamp dwellers like the AMA , other entities blindly following climate cult , the fake news media , and the UN bodies .
The government has some emergency powers for use in emergencies .
However , the current COVID-19 situation falls far from the emergency , possibly except for the New York metro area .
Thus , state governments , with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ New Jersey , don ’ t have emergency powers .
No level of government has the constitutional right to decide what we , the people , do .
Whether we go out , stay at home , work or don ’ t work , these are OUR decisions .
They can not order us to stay home to save statistical lives , even if those statistics are correct – which isn ’ t usually the case , when a government tries to overstep its authority .

Thoughts of a Mathematician
This article assumes that federal, state, county, and city governments, having jurisdiction over a particular location, act in coordination and agreement. This agreement is referred to here as the government’s decision. Any such decision would likely comprise actions by the government and reasonable and easy to follow recommendations to public.
1. Metrics
“If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it” is applicable here. To control COVID-19, we need to measure the percentage of infected, immune, and naïve individuals in each location and age group. The most popular metrics – the number of tested positively and the number of deaths – are not very useful.
The best way to measure the spread of COVID-19 is to perform random testing of the population. 500 random tests in a location with the population of 1-10 million would provide a sufficiently accurate picture, while only using a small fraction of available test kits. Such testing can be performed daily using a small fraction of available test kits.
The local government can accomplish that by offering free COVID-19 tests to randomly chosen drivers on the roads, students on campuses, children in schools, passengers in airports and other public transportation. Like in surveys, the raw results should be normalized to reflect the whole population.
2. Lifting Restrictions: Go-Stop-Go
A good technique for re-opening the country (state, city, or county) is to temporarily lift most restrictions for a three-day-period – from the nearest Monday to Wednesday. People will enjoy a short week, after a long period of forced idleness. More importantly, this would allow the government to closely observe the situation for the rest of the week. The median incubation period of COVID-19 is 5 days, so about half of the symptomatic cases, exposed in the Monday-Wednesday period will appear before the next Monday. The number of cases that would appear later can be calculated. Unless there is an unexpected rise in hospitalizations or new patterns of symptoms, the same restrictions are lifted permanently, per location. The “location” means a county, a city, a metro, or a small New England state. Large states, like California, Washington, and even New York comprise multiple locations with different conditions.
This Go-Stop-Go approach to lifting restrictions is preferable to their gradual relaxation, in which case we would always be a few days behind the actual developments.
3. Differentiation
Obviously, there are differences between locations depending on the infection levels, population density, transportation modes etc. The most heavily infected areas might benefit from continued stay-at-home recommendations.
The COVID-19 death rates sharply vary depending on age. Only a small percentage of deaths occur in people below 50 (see CDC data on COVID-19 statistics page on April 15), Most of those individuals had known pre-existing conditions, mostly hypertension and diabetes. See the New York’s dashboard.
It seems that in most areas, people below 50 and without the described pre-existing conditions, can return to their ordinary lives, except for some high-risk activities.
On the other hand, additional caution and help can be recommended for those who are 65+. They might even need isolation from family members who go to work. Measures to actively protect the elderly and vulnerable might include:
Delivery of groceries & other necessities to their homes, rather than requiring them to go out in public.
Encouraging their employers to provide them paid vacations.
Giving free lodging, if anybody in their household is symptomatic or has tested positive for COVID-19.
The CDC should stop using the phrase ‘community spread’. COVID-19 transmission cannot be traced, which is the definition of community spread. However, COVID-19 is not a plague, as is the implied connotation and sense of panic when using the term “community spread”.
4. Immediate Priorities
In my opinion, when the country goes back to work, the priority should be to ramp up preparedness for any dangerous mutations of CoV2. This would also be a useful step in preparing for future pandemics. For example, we need to quickly increase the surge capacity of the health care system, rather than to try bending the curve to meet its limits. The surge capacity might be free of most regulations and even be of lower grade than the regular capacity.
Another surprisingly ignored measure is to arrange separate hospitals for epidemic victims, while keeping other hospitals safe from the infection. Stephen McIntyre tweeted a week ago:
I saw an interview with an experienced US doctor on epidemics in the Third World. They set up field hospitals for epidemic patients so that ordinary hospitals can continue without getting infected. Domestically, US did exact opposite. Allowed epidemic patients to disrupt [the whole health care system]. Worse than the Third World.
5. Remarks
We need to hear more from real doctors (who see patients), rather from the Swamp dwellers like the AMA, other entities blindly following climate cult, the fake news media, and the UN bodies.
The government has some emergency powers for use in emergencies. However, the current COVID-19 situation falls far from the emergency, possibly except for the New York metro area. Thus, state governments, with possible exception of the New York and New Jersey, don’t have emergency powers. No level of government has the constitutional right to decide what we, the people, do. Whether we go out, stay at home, work or don’t work, these are OUR decisions. They cannot order us to stay home to save statistical lives, even if those statistics are correct – which isn’t usually the case, when a government tries to overstep its authority.


iowaclimatescienceeducation--2020-04-16--Record-breaking April snowfall – Up to 4 ft (1.25 m) engulfs parts of Finland

15 Apr 2020 – Parts of Northern and Central Finland received record-breaking snowfall during the past two days , the @ @ @ @ @ ) reported .
At Sodonkayla , the Tahtela weather station saw 1.25 m ( 4.1 @ @ @ @ @ , breaking the previous record of 1.19 m ( 3.9 feet ) set on April @ @ @ @ @ was the second record-breaking amount at the station for the second day in a row @ @ @ @ @ highest snow water equivalent in the entire northern hemisphere , according to Mika Rantanen , @ @ @ @ @ Institute and a meteorology Ph.D. student at the University of Helsinki .
More than 250 @ @ @ @ @ widely and 300 mm ( 11.8 inches ) locally were recorded .
Thanks to Argiris @ @ @ @ @ post Record-breaking April snowfall – Up to 4 ft ( 1.25 m ) engulfs parts @ @ @ @ @ Ice Age Now .

15 Apr 2020 – Parts of Northern and Central Finland received record-breaking snowfall during the past two days, the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) reported.
At Sodonkayla, the Tahtela weather station saw 1.25 m (4.1 feet) on April 14, breaking the previous record of 1.19 m (3.9 feet) set on April 6, 2000. It was the second record-breaking amount at the station for the second day in a row.
On April 13, Tahtela recorded a record 1.22 m (4 feet).
Lapland also holds the highest snow water equivalent in the entire northern hemisphere, according to Mika Rantanen, a researcher in Finnish Meteorological Institute and a meteorology Ph.D. student at the University of Helsinki. More than 250 mm (9.8 inches) widely and 300 mm (11.8 inches) locally were recorded.
https://watchers.news/2020/04/15/record-breaking-april-snowfall-finland/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fh5NTKlqitI&feature=emb_logo
Thanks to Argiris Diamantis for this link
The post Record-breaking April snowfall – Up to 4 ft (1.25 m) engulfs parts of Finland appeared first on Ice Age Now.
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April 15, 2020 at 08:05PM