asiapacificresearch--2020-01-03--India’s Infringement over Nepal Border Area

As Nepal prepares to fix a date for holding talks with India to resolve the border issue , the seriousness of resolve on Indian side and depth of the issue must be realized .
The history of demarcation of India-Nepal border began on March 4th , 1816 , after the signing of the “ Sugauli Treaty ” between the then British India and the state of Nepal , which declares River Mahakali , of Nepal , as the border-line between both the countries .
The Treaty was expected to resolve the border issues , but it did not .
Even @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dispute regarding the border and the no-man ’ s land area is being ensued now and then in different areas of Nepali border .
The reason for the continuation of such dispute is that the rivers , counted on as border , diverged from their courses several times in the past .
Interestingly , around 600 Km of the border is defined by rivers .
Mechi in the East , Mahakali in the West and Naryani in the Susta area , and the unavailability of old maps and documents to revise demarcations has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Central government of India deputed its Para-military security guards of special services bureau ( Shastra Seema Bal ) along the border where as to counter guard the Nepali side of border-line , presence of Nepali security is almost nil !
.
Taking advantage of the ignorant attitude of Nepalese towards border guard , India started encroachment of the border land .
She has said to encroach over 61,000 hectares in 26 of the bordering districts , by now .
There has been a lot of hue and cry over the encroachment by Nepali @ @ @ @ @ @ @ deaf ears of the giant called India .
India surrounds Nepal from the East , West and South .
There is a 1,808 km long border ( September 2019 Wikipedia shows as 1,758 km ) between Nepal and India , where out of 75 districts adjoining Indian territory , 26 have been encroached , marking 71 areas of disputes altogether .
The major ones include Kalapani- Limpiyahura , Susta , Mechi and Tanakpur .
There is often found an opportunistic overtone in both countries regarding the ownership of such disputed border points .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ an India-Nepal Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee has been set up in motion which is still to find a reasonable solution for this false encroachment issue .
The encroachment by India started right after the Indo-Sino border war of November 1962 .
After facing defeat the Indian army set-up a camp inside Nepali ’ s territory at Kalapani to monitor the Chinese activities .
But now they claim that the area belongs to them .
However , reports prepared by Buddhi Narayan Shrestha , former director general of the Department of Survey Nepal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and 1856 prepared by the Survey of India with the participation of Nepalese authority clearly states that the river originates from Limpiyadhura , 16 km North-West of Kalapani , which proves that Kalapani belongs to Nepal .
But India refuses to accept those maps as proof .
They say that the map prepared by them in 1875 should be considered as proof which shows river Mahakali origin is beyond Kalapani .
Interestingly , the said map does not have Nepal ’ s certification .
The other disputed area situated in the East of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , which is the tensest area owing to encroachment .
Some time ago , over one thousand Indian villagers backed by Indian border police force ( SSB ) had forcibly entered the Nepali territory in Susta .
They completely destroyed sugarcane in about ten hectares of land and also manhandled men and women .
Where the locals of Susta complain such incidents are rampant in the area .
The main reason behind the dispute is the changing course of Naryani River , over the past decades .
The river has said to change @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the West .
India has encroached about 14,500 hectares of the reclaimed land because of this .
The intrusion happened in stages over a period of decades .
According to reports , lands disputes among locals are usually won by Indian nationals who have the support of the armed Indian Border Police Force – the Seema Sashastra Bal .
Considering the situation , the people of Nepal had launched a “ save Susta campaign ” .
The organizers requested students of Nepal to join them and launch a valley wide campaign from Nepal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the campaign was to inform the world about the wicked plans of her “ polite ” neighbor India .
Actually the reason to start off the border dispute at Susta side is that Susta is surrounded by Indian Territory on three sides -the North , South and East , and on the West it is the Naryani River .
Hence , cutting off Susta from its mother land becomes much easier for India to occupy it which will pave her closer to the “ Greater India ” dream of Hindus .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is Mechi .
India ’ s disapproval of “ Junge pillers ” as the main boundary pillars has sparked the Mechi border dispute .
The map published by the British India right after the Sauguli Treaty clearly indicates those pillars to be the main boundary pillars .
Even history is evident that British had erected those pillars as monuments of Nepal-India border .
But the credit goes to the Indian desire of getting control over weak and tiny neighbours which made her to incite the dispute by denying the original Sauguli Treaty signed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
According to the official records , Nepal covers a total area of 147,181 Sq Km .
But in reality , the territory of Nepal is gradually shrinking because of the increasing encroachment by India .
The Maoists Young Communist league ( YCL ) once submitted a memorandum to the Indian embassy Katmandu , demanding immediate return of the encroached land by the Indians in Susta area but later the political havoc in Nepal made everything go vanish for some time .
They demanded that scientific demarcation of the border land must be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ encroached territories should be given back to Nepal and the bilateral bordering area should be regulated .
The district level of Nepal and India earlier agreed not to allow the use of encroached land for any purpose and put the issue at the central level for the resolution of the problem .
But despite the agreement Indian farmers have been cultivating in the disputed area .
The Nepal-India joint Technical level Boundary Committee has supposed to have completed 97 % of the task of strip-mapping the border , as per 1874 Persian map @ @ @ @ @ @ @ them all the disputes , except Susta and Kalapani , have been resolved .
But when the border is traced in the field , many instances of encroachment are found .
The unwisely decision of Nepalese side of accepting the Persian map as the basis of demarcation has made them deprived of 1630 hectares of their own land , which now lies in Indian territory .
The border committee somehow , could not act the way it ought to .
It failed to take firm decisions regarding border disputes at several places , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ force in Kalapani since 1962 .
India has many interests in Nepal to fulfill which it has gradually made her strong political , diplomatic , economic and cultural influence there , all due to RAW ’ s efforts .
Her main strategy is to keep Nepal instable and always dependent towards India .
In this regard , she has supported arms to the establishment as well as anti-establishment groups in Nepal , according to the former Prime Minister BP Koirala ’ s biography .
India has a history for formulating efforts on multiple @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to facilitate its swallowing .
It is high time when all the Nepalese , currently divided among various political affiliations , should come together against the onslaught , instigated by India , in Nepalese territory and understand the game-plan of their hegemonic neighbor .
And India also should realize that the flame she has ignited in Nepal can very well extend to its own northern flank and the unstable southern part as well .
Keeping in mind the on-going protests in India on account of CAB and changed status of Kashmir and Ladakh @ @ @ @ @ @ @ near both .
Author ’ s note : This research article appeared in author ’ s blog in the year 2009 , unfortunately still stands accurate .
Updated the figures and current situation India is facing at home .
Note to readers : please click the share buttons above or below .
Forward this article to your email lists .
Crosspost on your blog site , internet forums .
etc .

As Nepal prepares to fix a date for holding talks with India to resolve the border issue, the seriousness of resolve on Indian side and depth of the issue must be realized.
The history of demarcation of India-Nepal border began on March 4th, 1816, after the signing of the “Sugauli Treaty” between the then British India and the state of Nepal, which declares River Mahakali, of Nepal, as the border-line between both the countries. The Treaty was expected to resolve the border issues, but it did not. Even after such a long time, the dispute regarding the border and the no-man’s land area is being ensued now and then in different areas of Nepali border. The reason for the continuation of such dispute is that the rivers, counted on as border, diverged from their courses several times in the past. Interestingly, around 600 Km of the border is defined by rivers. Mechi in the East, Mahakali in the West and Naryani in the Susta area, and the unavailability of old maps and documents to revise demarcations has made the situation more significant. The Central government of India deputed its Para-military security guards of special services bureau (Shastra Seema Bal) along the border where as to counter guard the Nepali side of border-line, presence of Nepali security is almost nil!. Taking advantage of the ignorant attitude of Nepalese towards border guard, India started encroachment of the border land. She has said to encroach over 61,000 hectares in 26 of the bordering districts, by now. There has been a lot of hue and cry over the encroachment by Nepali people which unfortunately never fell on the deaf ears of the giant called India.
India surrounds Nepal from the East, West and South. There is a 1,808 km long border (September 2019 Wikipedia shows as 1,758 km) between Nepal and India, where out of 75 districts adjoining Indian territory, 26 have been encroached, marking 71 areas of disputes altogether. The major ones include Kalapani- Limpiyahura, Susta, Mechi and Tanakpur. There is often found an opportunistic overtone in both countries regarding the ownership of such disputed border points. Hence, to resolve the issue, an India-Nepal Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee has been set up in motion which is still to find a reasonable solution for this false encroachment issue.
The encroachment by India started right after the Indo-Sino border war of November 1962. After facing defeat the Indian army set-up a camp inside Nepali’s territory at Kalapani to monitor the Chinese activities. But now they claim that the area belongs to them. However, reports prepared by Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, former director general of the Department of Survey Nepal, corroborates that the maps of 1850 and 1856 prepared by the Survey of India with the participation of Nepalese authority clearly states that the river originates from Limpiyadhura, 16 km North-West of Kalapani, which proves that Kalapani belongs to Nepal. But India refuses to accept those maps as proof. They say that the map prepared by them in 1875 should be considered as proof which shows river Mahakali origin is beyond Kalapani. Interestingly, the said map does not have Nepal’s certification.
The other disputed area situated in the East of Naryani River, is the Susta area, which is the tensest area owing to encroachment. Some time ago, over one thousand Indian villagers backed by Indian border police force (SSB) had forcibly entered the Nepali territory in Susta. They completely destroyed sugarcane in about ten hectares of land and also manhandled men and women. Where the locals of Susta complain such incidents are rampant in the area. The main reason behind the dispute is the changing course of Naryani River, over the past decades. The river has said to change its course towards the Nepalese side in the West. India has encroached about 14,500 hectares of the reclaimed land because of this. The intrusion happened in stages over a period of decades. According to reports, lands disputes among locals are usually won by Indian nationals who have the support of the armed Indian Border Police Force – the Seema Sashastra Bal. Considering the situation, the people of Nepal had launched a “save Susta campaign”. The organizers requested students of Nepal to join them and launch a valley wide campaign from Nepal’s capital Katmandu. The purpose of the campaign was to inform the world about the wicked plans of her “polite” neighbor India. Actually the reason to start off the border dispute at Susta side is that Susta is surrounded by Indian Territory on three sides -the North, South and East, and on the West it is the Naryani River. Hence, cutting off Susta from its mother land becomes much easier for India to occupy it which will pave her closer to the “Greater India” dream of Hindus.
The other most talked about point of dispute is Mechi. India’s disapproval of “Junge pillers” as the main boundary pillars has sparked the Mechi border dispute. The map published by the British India right after the Sauguli Treaty clearly indicates those pillars to be the main boundary pillars. Even history is evident that British had erected those pillars as monuments of Nepal-India border. But the credit goes to the Indian desire of getting control over weak and tiny neighbours which made her to incite the dispute by denying the original Sauguli Treaty signed by the British and the Nepal Kingdom.
According to the official records, Nepal covers a total area of 147,181 Sq Km. But in reality, the territory of Nepal is gradually shrinking because of the increasing encroachment by India. The Maoists Young Communist league (YCL) once submitted a memorandum to the Indian embassy Katmandu, demanding immediate return of the encroached land by the Indians in Susta area but later the political havoc in Nepal made everything go vanish for some time. They demanded that scientific demarcation of the border land must be done as per historical maps, the encroached territories should be given back to Nepal and the bilateral bordering area should be regulated. The district level of Nepal and India earlier agreed not to allow the use of encroached land for any purpose and put the issue at the central level for the resolution of the problem. But despite the agreement Indian farmers have been cultivating in the disputed area.
The Nepal-India joint Technical level Boundary Committee has supposed to have completed 97% of the task of strip-mapping the border, as per 1874 Persian map adopted by the committee. According to them all the disputes, except Susta and Kalapani, have been resolved. But when the border is traced in the field, many instances of encroachment are found. The unwisely decision of Nepalese side of accepting the Persian map as the basis of demarcation has made them deprived of 1630 hectares of their own land, which now lies in Indian territory. The border committee somehow, could not act the way it ought to. It failed to take firm decisions regarding border disputes at several places, such as the presence of Indian Paramilitary force in Kalapani since 1962.
India has many interests in Nepal to fulfill which it has gradually made her strong political, diplomatic, economic and cultural influence there, all due to RAW’s efforts. Her main strategy is to keep Nepal instable and always dependent towards India. In this regard, she has supported arms to the establishment as well as anti-establishment groups in Nepal, according to the former Prime Minister BP Koirala’s biography. India has a history for formulating efforts on multiple fronts to weaken the already fragile country to facilitate its swallowing. It is high time when all the Nepalese, currently divided among various political affiliations, should come together against the onslaught, instigated by India, in Nepalese territory and understand the game-plan of their hegemonic neighbor. And India also should realize that the flame she has ignited in Nepal can very well extend to its own northern flank and the unstable southern part as well. Keeping in mind the on-going protests in India on account of CAB and changed status of Kashmir and Ladakh, this possibility is too real and near both.
Author’s note: This research article appeared in author’s blog in the year 2009, unfortunately still stands accurate. Updated the figures and current situation India is facing at home.
*
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asiapacificresearch--2020-01-02--Australia Burns: Fireworks, Bush Fires and Denial

As 2020 approached , the sense that the barbarians were not only at the gates but had breached the walls of indifference had come to the fore .
But these were not conventional human forms ; rather , they were the agents of conflagration , driving people to the sea , forcing them from homes and consuming territories the size of small countries .
Australia was burning .
Then it became clear that the barbarians might have been among us all along , the dedicated wreckers of the biosphere , the climate change denialists who cling to a tradition highlighted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : that the non-human world is there for the conquest of humanity .
Unfortunately for the smug scribblers of the Bible , the earth has not been too compliant in this regard .
As the continent scorched , the annual , exorbitant display of Sydney ’ s fireworks that mark the opening of the new year seemed a touch vulgar .
This was not a time to be solemn or mournful ; the bread and circuses had to continue coming .
The presenters of the ABC ’ s New Year ’ s Eve @ @ @ @ @ @ @ face , turning it to a donations run for those who had suffered loss in the bush fires .
Even as they did , a floating haze was evident ; Sydney could not escape from the reality that it was surrounded by flames .
Australian towns are starting to sound like besieged forts and desperate holdouts .
The Victorian seaside town of Mallacoota has been elevated to something like a First World War Verdun against the onslaught of fire .
Thousands had gathered on Tuesday at the boat ramp .
Pictures of a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ most notably that of Allison Marion ’ s picture of her son , Finn .
But will the flames pass ?
The question is never far away from those engaged .
For those directly fighting the flames , deaths are accumulating .
Men like Sam McPaul of the Morven Rural Fire Brigade have become the fallen warriors of hoses and salvation .
The Morrison government , despite the calamities , would not let up in its boastful assertions on environmental soundness .
Energy minister Angus Taylor , who is Australia ’ s de @ @ @ @ @ @ @ little relevance in Australia , except for granting mining approvals ) took to The Australian to claim that the country had a record that should make people proud .
“ Australia meets and beats its emissions-reduction targets , every time.
” The Kyoto targets were outdone by 129 million tonnes ; the 2020 targets will be met by 411 million tonnes .
But the technique of such praise is always slanted ; Australia was positively virtuous in climate change policy , yet was only “ responsible for only 1.3 % of global emissions @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have a meaningful impact without the co-operation of the largest emitters such as China and the US.
” Australia had been fighting climate change as dedicated troopers against the odds .
Pity that the odds were themselves compounded by his government ’ s own scepticism at the very idea that disastrous burning events might be an effect of climate change .
Selective accounting is the panacea sought in this regard , and Taylor does so by picking figures that exclude , for instance , emissions from the fossil fuels Australia digs and exports @ @ @ @ @ @ @ amoral compass and a mind for the selective , the claim here is that Australia can not be responsible for what others do with the earth ’ s loot , despite actually providing them in the first place .
Those actually versed with export and production figures tend to raise their eyebrows when Taylor takes to the podium of praise .
Frank Jotzo , director of the Centre for Climate and Energy Policy at the ANU Crawford School of Public Policy , was politely damning .
“ I would characterise [ Taylor ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of statistics that make Australia ’ s emissions trajectory look good , when in reality it does not look good at all.
” A study by Climate Analytics published in July 2019 does much to shred the Taylor worldview in this regard .
As the authors note with severity , “ Australia is the world ’ s largest coal ( thermal + metallurgical ) exporter , accounting for 29 % of traded coal globally in 2016 and will soon be the world ’ s largest natural gas ( LNG ) exporter .
As @ @ @ @ @ @ @ carbon footprint is very significant , with exported fossil fuel emissions currently representing around 3.6 % of global emissions.
” Hardly insignificant , and even more damnable considering that Australia is in the big league when it comes to per capita emissions of carbon , including exports .
China , for instance , is surpassed by a factor of 9 ; the US by 4 , India by 37 .
The prime minister is proving unconvincing in his efforts to fight the storm .
A tweeted statement from Scott Morrison gave the impression @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to complete , the fires manageable interruptions to the perfect Australian life .
“ Federal Government , especially our Defence Forces , are working together with the Victorian Government to respond to Victorian bushfires .
VIC CFA are leading the response.
” He noted how both he and the Victorian premier had been in “ regular contact ” admitting that , “ Reports of persons unaccounted for are very distressing.
” His new year address sank like an unprized lead balloon .
He conceded that 2019 had not been without difficulties .
“ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ celebrate in Australia is that we live in the most amazing country on earth and the wonderful Aussie spirit that means we always overcome whatever challenges that we face that we always look optimistically into your future.
” Australia remained exemplary as a “ place to raise kids ” .
The disasters , on the other hand , have not been singular .
“ Whatever our trials , whatever disasters have befallen us , we have never succumbed to panic.
” A true man of advertising , to the last .
Note to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ above or below .
Forward this article to your email lists .
Crosspost on your blog site , internet forums .
etc .
Dr. Binoy Kampmark was a Commonwealth Scholar at Selwyn College , Cambridge .
He lectures at RMIT University , Melbourne .
He is a frequent contributor to Global Research and Asia-Pacific Research .
Email : [ email protected ]

As 2020 approached, the sense that the barbarians were not only at the gates but had breached the walls of indifference had come to the fore. But these were not conventional human forms; rather, they were the agents of conflagration, driving people to the sea, forcing them from homes and consuming territories the size of small countries. Australia was burning.
Then it became clear that the barbarians might have been among us all along, the dedicated wreckers of the biosphere, the climate change denialists who cling to a tradition highlighted by the smug authors of Genesis 1:26: that the non-human world is there for the conquest of humanity. Unfortunately for the smug scribblers of the Bible, the earth has not been too compliant in this regard.
As the continent scorched, the annual, exorbitant display of Sydney’s fireworks that mark the opening of the new year seemed a touch vulgar. This was not a time to be solemn or mournful; the bread and circuses had to continue coming. The presenters of the ABC’s New Year’s Eve show attempted to put on a brave face, turning it to a donations run for those who had suffered loss in the bush fires. Even as they did, a floating haze was evident; Sydney could not escape from the reality that it was surrounded by flames.
Australian towns are starting to sound like besieged forts and desperate holdouts. The Victorian seaside town of Mallacoota has been elevated to something like a First World War Verdun against the onslaught of fire. Thousands had gathered on Tuesday at the boat ramp. Pictures of a blood red sky have been taken, most notably that of Allison Marion’s picture of her son, Finn. But will the flames pass? The question is never far away from those engaged. For those directly fighting the flames, deaths are accumulating. Men like Sam McPaul of the Morven Rural Fire Brigade have become the fallen warriors of hoses and salvation.
The Morrison government, despite the calamities, would not let up in its boastful assertions on environmental soundness. Energy minister Angus Taylor, who is Australia’s de facto environment minister (that portfolio has little relevance in Australia, except for granting mining approvals) took to The Australian to claim that the country had a record that should make people proud. “Australia meets and beats its emissions-reduction targets, every time.” The Kyoto targets were outdone by 129 million tonnes; the 2020 targets will be met by 411 million tonnes.
But the technique of such praise is always slanted; Australia was positively virtuous in climate change policy, yet was only “responsible for only 1.3% of global emissions, so we can’t single-handedly have a meaningful impact without the co-operation of the largest emitters such as China and the US.”
Australia had been fighting climate change as dedicated troopers against the odds. Pity that the odds were themselves compounded by his government’s own scepticism at the very idea that disastrous burning events might be an effect of climate change. Selective accounting is the panacea sought in this regard, and Taylor does so by picking figures that exclude, for instance, emissions from the fossil fuels Australia digs and exports. Like an arms exporter with an amoral compass and a mind for the selective, the claim here is that Australia cannot be responsible for what others do with the earth’s loot, despite actually providing them in the first place.
Those actually versed with export and production figures tend to raise their eyebrows when Taylor takes to the podium of praise. Frank Jotzo, director of the Centre for Climate and Energy Policy at the ANU Crawford School of Public Policy, was politely damning. “I would characterise [Taylor’s article] as a selective use of statistics that make Australia’s emissions trajectory look good, when in reality it does not look good at all.”
A study by Climate Analytics published in July 2019 does much to shred the Taylor worldview in this regard. As the authors note with severity, “Australia is the world’s largest coal (thermal + metallurgical) exporter, accounting for 29% of traded coal globally in 2016 and will soon be the world’s largest natural gas (LNG) exporter. As a consequence, Australia’s global carbon footprint is very significant, with exported fossil fuel emissions currently representing around 3.6% of global emissions.”
Hardly insignificant, and even more damnable considering that Australia is in the big league when it comes to per capita emissions of carbon, including exports. China, for instance, is surpassed by a factor of 9; the US by 4, India by 37.
The prime minister is proving unconvincing in his efforts to fight the storm. A tweeted statement from Scott Morrison gave the impression that this was merely another housekeeping exercise to complete, the fires manageable interruptions to the perfect Australian life. “Federal Government, especially our Defence Forces, are working together with the Victorian Government to respond to Victorian bushfires. VIC CFA are leading the response.” He noted how both he and the Victorian premier had been in “regular contact” admitting that, “Reports of persons unaccounted for are very distressing.”
His new year address sank like an unprized lead balloon. He conceded that 2019 had not been without difficulties. “But the one thing we an always celebrate in Australia is that we live in the most amazing country on earth and the wonderful Aussie spirit that means we always overcome whatever challenges that we face that we always look optimistically into your future.” Australia remained exemplary as a “place to raise kids”. The disasters, on the other hand, have not been singular. “Whatever our trials, whatever disasters have befallen us, we have never succumbed to panic.” A true man of advertising, to the last.
*
Note to readers: please click the share buttons above or below. Forward this article to your email lists. Crosspost on your blog site, internet forums. etc.
Dr. Binoy Kampmark was a Commonwealth Scholar at Selwyn College, Cambridge. He lectures at RMIT University, Melbourne. He is a frequent contributor to Global Research and Asia-Pacific Research. Email: [email protected]
Featured image is from Wikimedia Commons