npr--2020-05-29--At Least 1 Killed Amid Nationwide Protests Over George Floyd's Death

At Least 1 Killed Amid Nationwide Protests Over George Floyd 's Death Updated at 4:44 a.m .
ET Saturday Angry protests nationwide on Friday followed the death of George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis .
Clashes erupted between activists and law enforcement in many of locations .
One person was killed in Detroit , as hundreds of people gathered in the downtown area as part of the nationwide protests .
WXYZ TV , an ABC News affiliate , reported a Detroit Police Department spokesperson said , `` A grey Dodge Durango pulled up and fired into the crowd , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ shooting did not involve police .
Protesters were allowed to march in the streets until shortly before midnight when officers , outfitted in riot gear , began firing tear gas into the crowds , according to the news station .
Officials said at least nine people were arrested after the demonstrations were pronounced to be unlawful gatherings .
In Minneapolis , after a night of rioting , looting and setting a number of businesses ablaze on Thursday , the situation seemed calmer in Minneapolis early Friday .
Officials there appeared to take a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ city for much of the day , despite some instances of civil disorder .
But as the hours passed and protesters ignored a citywide 8 p.m. curfew , law enforcement reversed course .
The new strategy included deploying a column of National Guard troops , including armored vehicles , to respond to protests near the 5th Precinct .
People had set fire to the 3rd Precinct on Thursday night , forcing police to abandon the building .
On Friday night , protesters also reportedly were seen breaking into a Wells Fargo Bank , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Tim Walz and Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey urged demonstrators to go home at an early morning press conference on Saturday .
Walz said he understood the rage felt across the nation but condemned what he called `` wanton destruction . ''
`` This is not grieving , '' he said .
`` This is not making a statement .
This is life-threatening and dangerous to the most well-qualified forces out there . ''
Frey said he was `` reeling '' along with the rest of his city but emphasized that `` there @ @ @ @ @ @ @ city . ''
He highlighted local businesses and institutions many citizens depend on amid the pandemic that had been destroyed .
Major Gen. Jon Jensen announced the state 's National Guard was preparing to deploy 1,700 soldiers .
The action would be the largest deployment within Minnesota in the state 's history .
`` They are telling our stories and you are disgracing their building '' In other cities most of the demonstrations began peacefully , but as the day unfolded and night fell , they became increasingly violent .
That was true @ @ @ @ @ @ @ protesters outside of an entrance to CNN 's headquarters on Friday evening repeatedly threw rocks at officers attempting to keep them from rushing into the building .
Armed with riot gear , more than a dozen officers braced as they endured attacks from protesters with rocks , smoke grenades , and apparently BB rounds .
At one point protesters threw a flashbang that detonated in a small lobby .
In response , Georgia Gov .
Brian Kemp issued a state of emergency around midnight .
`` At the request of Mayor [ Keisha @ @ @ @ @ @ @ public safety & emergency preparedness officials , I have issued a State of Emergency for Fulton County to activate as many as 500 [ Georgia National Guard ] troops to protect people & property in Atlanta , '' Kemp announced in a tweet .
Earlier in the day a police vehicle was set on fire .
An act of vandalism reporters have cited as a turning point in the day 's activities .
Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms pleaded with those marching in the streets to stop rioting .
`` You are burning @ @ @ @ @ @ @ building .
Ted Turner started CNN in Atlanta 40 years ago because he believed in who we are as a city .
...
They are telling our stories and you are disgracing their building , '' Bottoms said in a televised interview .
Others who had surrounded CNN 's headquarters , smashed the building 's windows and sprayed graffiti on the network 's logo .
The messages scrawled on the building included insults to Trump , along with # Love and `` no cops . ''
Protesters gathered peacefully Friday evening in Portland @ @ @ @ @ @ @ led to violence .
Members of the crowd marched to the Multnomah County Justice Center , which houses the county jail and police headquarters .
Video showed several protesters breaking windows .
The police department said a small fire was lit in the building .
The Portland Police Bureau later declared a riot in the city and ordered protesters to go home .
In a tweet , PPB said people who did not comply would be `` subject to gas , projectiles , and other means necessary for dispersal . ''
Mayor Ted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , urging protesters to remain peaceful .
`` Portland , this is NOT us , '' he wrote .
`` When you destroy our city , you are destroying our community .
When you act in violence against each other , you are hurting all of us .
How does this honor the legacy of George Floyd ?
Protest , speak truth , but do n't tear your city apart in the process . ''
As the demonstrations grew more violent , Wheeler took to Twitter again , announcing that he would be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ police .
Wheeler wrote that he had to leave the city to be at the side of his dying mother .
In Los Angeles , an angry crowd rushed into the streets amid oncoming traffic .
At one point , an officer grabbed a male activist in an attempt to restrain him .
After a brief tussle , a throng of protesters pulled the officer to the ground .
They descended on the uniformed officer , kicking and hitting him with protest signs .
Eventually , a man in civilian clothing pulled the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of people later marched onto the 110 Freeway blocking all of the northbound lanes .
But as the sun set , some protesters became more destructive .
One group busted the windows of a downtown Starbucks and other local restaurants .
Others set trash cans on fire and pushed dumpsters toward lines of police officers .
At about 10:30 p.m. local time , the police department declared an unlawful assembly throughout the core downtown area .
`` This is being made following repeated acts of violence & property damage , '' officials said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ U.S. Secret Service temporarily locked down the White House , after demonstrators gathered in protest outside the gates .
Many took a knee while others chanted , `` Do n't Shoot . ''
Shortly afterward , Secret Service officials said `` personnel are currently assisting other law enforcement agencies during a demonstration '' in the park across from the White House .
Law enforcement struggled with protesters over metal barricades that form one of the layers of protection around the White House .
Protesters remained at the White House early Saturday morning , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ shields .
At one point , police appeared to attempt to disperse the crowd by using tear gas or pepper spray .
More protests broke out in New York , peacefully at first , in lower Manhattan area and then with spurts of violence at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn .
Protesters threw water bottles and chanted insults at police .
In a video captured by a local reporter , police can be seen wielding batons and beating several protesters to the ground , at one point spraying a crowd with a repellent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ police officers have been given a very clear instruction : as always , respect peaceful protest .
We in this city have a long history of respecting every kind of viewpoint , that is the essence of New York City , '' NYC mayor Bill de Blasio said in a press conference Friday .
The AP reports in Brooklyn , at least one NYPD van was set on fire by demonstrators two separate times .
At least 200 demonstrators were arrested Friday and a dozen NYPD officers injured , according to local reports @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on Thursday .
In Denver windows were smashed , fires burned late into the night Demonstrators in Denver , Colo. , gathered peacefully at noon Friday , for the second day in a row at the state Capitol and downtown , according to the local reports .
Protesters chanted , `` Say his name — George Floyd , '' and other slogans but eventually struggles broke out with police .
Protesters defaced a statue on the Capitol steps , and spray-painted `` I ca n't breathe '' and other graffiti on pillars .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ windows and threw water bottles and rocks at police officers , who threw flash bangs , shot pepper pellets and sprayed tear gas at crowds .
Tay Anderson , a Denver school board member and community organizer said in a tweet those who partook in violence Friday were asked to stop by protest organizers .
This is a developing story .
Some things reported by the media will later turn out to be wrong .
We will focus on reports from officials and other authorities , credible news outlets and reporters who are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the situation develops .

At Least 2 Killed In Nationwide Protests Over George Floyd's Death
Enlarge this image toggle caption Julio Cortez/AP Julio Cortez/AP
Updated at 1:42 p.m. ET Saturday
Angry protests nationwide on Friday followed the death of George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis. Clashes erupted between activists and law enforcement in many locations, and at least two people were dead by Saturday morning.
Demonstrators nationwide have taken to the streets after Floyd died while being arrested in Minneapolis. A video shows a police officer kneeling on his neck for at least seven minutes; Floyd is heard begging for the police to stop and saying he cannot breathe. That police officer has been arrested and charged with third-degree murder and manslaughter. Three other officers were present but have not been charged. All four were fired earlier in the week.
One person was killed in Detroit as hundreds of people gathered in the city's downtown area as part of the nationwide protests.
As WXYZ TV, an ABC News affiliate, reported, a Detroit Police Department spokesperson said, "A grey Dodge Durango pulled up and fired into the crowd, striking a 19-year-old man." The shooting did not involve police.
Protesters were allowed to march in the streets until shortly before midnight when officers, outfitted in riot gear, began firing tear gas into the crowds, according to the news station.
Officials said at least nine people were arrested after the demonstrations were pronounced to be unlawful gatherings.
In Oakland, Calif., a contract security officer for the Federal Protective Service was killed and another injured in a shooting at the Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building on Friday night, according to a statement from the FBI. The service is part of the Department of Homeland Security.
The officers were shot after a vehicle approached the building, and "an individual inside the vehicle began firing." Authorities have not linked the shooting with the protests, though the incident is under a joint investigation by the Oakland Police Department and local FBI office.
In Minneapolis, after a night of rioting, looting and setting a number of businesses ablaze on Thursday, the situation seemed calmer early Friday.
Officials there appeared to take a nonconfrontational approach to people marching through the city for much of the day, despite some instances of civil disorder. But as the hours passed and protesters ignored a citywide 8 p.m. curfew, law enforcement reversed course.
The new strategy included deploying a column of National Guard troops, including armored vehicles, to respond to protests near the 5th Precinct. People had set fire to the 3rd Precinct on Thursday night, forcing police to abandon the building.
On Friday night, protesters also reportedly were seen breaking into a Wells Fargo Bank, which was also torched.
At an early morning press conference on Saturday, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz and Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey urged demonstrators to go home.
Walz said he understood the rage felt across the nation but condemned what he called "wanton destruction."
"This is not grieving," he said. "This is not making a statement. This is life-threatening and dangerous to the most well-qualified forces out there."
Frey said he was "reeling" along with the rest of his city over Floyd's death but emphasized that "there is no honor in burning down your city." He pointed out that local businesses and institutions that many citizens depend on amid the coronavirus pandemic that had been destroyed.
Major Gen. Jon Jensen announced the state's National Guard was preparing to deploy 1,700 soldiers. The action would be the largest deployment within Minnesota in the state's history.
"They are telling our stories, and you are disgracing their building"
In other cities, most of the demonstrations began peacefully, but as the day unfolded and night fell, they became increasingly violent.
That was true in Atlanta, where a crowd of protesters outside of an entrance to CNN's headquarters on Friday evening repeatedly threw rocks at officers attempting to keep them from rushing into the building.
Enlarge this image toggle caption Mike Stewart/AP Mike Stewart/AP
Armed with riot gear, more than a dozen officers braced as they endured attacks from protesters with rocks, smoke grenades, and apparently BB rounds. At one point, protesters threw a flashbang that detonated in a small lobby.
In response, Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp issued a state of emergency around midnight.
"At the request of Mayor [Keisha Lance Bottoms] & in consultation with public safety & emergency preparedness officials, I have issued a State of Emergency for Fulton County to activate as many as 500 [Georgia National Guard] troops to protect people & property in Atlanta," Kemp announced in a tweet.
Earlier in the day, a police vehicle was set on fire — an act of vandalism reporters have cited as a turning point in the day's activities.
Bottoms pleaded with those marching in the streets to stop rioting.
"You are burning cars, you have defaced the CNN building. Ted Turner started CNN in Atlanta 40 years ago because he believed in who we are as a city. ... They are telling our stories, and you are disgracing their building," Bottoms said in a televised interview.
Others who had surrounded CNN's headquarters, smashed the building's windows and sprayed graffiti on the network's logo.
The messages scrawled on the building included insults to President Trump, along with #Love and "no cops."
Peaceful vigil in Portland, Ore., escalates
Protesters gathered peacefully Friday evening in Portland, Ore., but the demonstration eventually led to violence.
Members of the crowd marched to the Multnomah County Justice Center, which houses the county jail and police headquarters. Video showed several protesters breaking windows. The police department said a small fire was lit in the building.
The Portland Police Bureau later declared a riot in the city and ordered protesters to go home. In a tweet, it said people who did not comply would be "subject to gas, projectiles, and other means necessary for dispersal."
Mayor Ted Wheeler responded to the incident on Twitter, urging protesters to remain peaceful.
"Portland, this is NOT us," he wrote. "When you destroy our city, you are destroying our community. When you act in violence against each other, you are hurting all of us. How does this honor the legacy of George Floyd? Protest, speak truth, but don't tear your city apart in the process."
As the demonstrations grew more violent, Wheeler took to Twitter again, announcing that he would be returning to the city to speak to police. Wheeler wrote that he had to leave the city to be at the side of his dying mother.
Los Angeles crowd descends on uniformed officer
In Los Angeles, an angry crowd rushed into the streets amid oncoming traffic.
At one point, an officer grabbed a male activist in an attempt to restrain him. After a brief tussle, a throng of protesters pulled the officer to the ground. They descended on the uniformed officer, kicking and hitting him with protest signs. Eventually, a man in civilian clothing pulled the officer out of the melee.
Dozens of people later marched onto the 110 Freeway blocking all of the northbound lanes.
But as the sun set, some protesters became more destructive.
One group busted the windows of a downtown Starbucks and other local restaurants. Others set trash cans on fire and pushed dumpsters toward lines of police officers.
At about 10:30 p.m. local time, the police department declared an unlawful assembly throughout the core downtown area.
"This is being made following repeated acts of violence & property damage," officials said on Twitter.
White House on lockdown
On Friday afternoon, the U.S. Secret Service temporarily locked down the White House after demonstrators gathered in protest outside the gates. Many took a knee while others chanted, "Don't Shoot."
Football player Colin Kaepernick became well-known for kneeling during the national anthem to protest racial injustice. The image is going viral again.
Shortly afterward, Secret Service officials said "personnel are currently assisting other law enforcement agencies during a demonstration" in the park across from the White House. Law enforcement struggled with protesters over metal barricades that form one of the layers of protection around the White House.
Protesters remained at the White House early Saturday morning, shoving police as they stood outside with shields. At one point, police appeared to attempt to disperse the crowd by using tear gas or pepper spray.
New York protests turn violent
More protests broke out in New York, also peacefully at first, in lower Manhattan area and then with spurts of violence at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. Protesters threw water bottles and chanted insults at police.
In a video captured by a local reporter, police can be seen wielding batons and beating several protesters to the ground, and at one point spraying a crowd with a repellent, and making arrests.
"Our police officers have been given a very clear instruction: As always, respect peaceful protest. We in this city have a long history of respecting every kind of viewpoint, that is the essence of New York City," Mayor Bill de Blasio said in a press conference Friday.
The Associated Press reports in Brooklyn, at least one New York Police Department van was set on fire by demonstrators twice.
At least 200 demonstrators were arrested Friday and a dozen NYPD officers injured, according to local reports. Seventy protesters were taken into custody on Thursday.
In Denver, windows were smashed, fires burned late into the night
Demonstrators in Denver gathered peacefully at noon Friday, for the second day in a row, at the state Capitol and downtown, according to local reports. Protesters chanted, "Say his name — George Floyd," and other slogans but eventually struggles broke out with police.
Protesters defaced a statue on the Capitol steps, and spray-painted "I can't breathe" and other graffiti on pillars. On the video, Floyd can be heard pleading for his life and saying he couldn't breathe.
According to local reports, demonstrators broke windows and threw water bottles and rocks at police officers, who threw flash bangs, shot pepper pellets and sprayed tear gas at crowds.
Tay Anderson, a Denver school board member and community organizer, said in a tweet that those who took part in violence Friday were asked to stop by protest organizers.
This is a developing story. Some things reported by the media will turn out to be wrong. We will focus on reports from officials and other authorities, credible news outlets and reporters who are at the scene. We will update as the situation develops.


npr--2020-05-30--European Union Leaders Urge U.S. To Remain In WHO

European Union Leaders Urge U.S. To Remain In WHO Officials with the European Union are urging President Trump to rethink his recently announced plans to pull the United States from the World Health Organization .
The president told reporters on Friday of his intentions to immediately cut ties with the international health agency .
On Saturday , European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and Josep Borrell , the EU 's top diplomat , called on Trump to reconsider his plans , saying `` actions that weaken international results '' during the coronavirus pandemic `` must be avoided . ''
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ able to lead the international response to pandemics , current and future , '' said von der Leyen and Borrell in a joint statement .
`` For this , the participation and support of all is required and very much needed . ''
The officials also note that the members of the WHO had agreed earlier this month to review lessons learned from the pandemic response .
In April , Trump temporarily halted U.S. funding for the WHO and accused it of `` mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ has too much influence over the agency .
Then on May 18 , Trump gave the United Nations agency 30 days to make substantial changes or face the U.S. funding cuts becoming permanent .
Trump 's Friday announcement happened less than two weeks after that ultimatum .
The WHO had no comment on Trump 's announcement , but health ministers and member states expressed disappointment in the retreat of the agency 's largest single donor .
`` Certainly , when faced with a serious pandemic , you want all nations in the world @ @ @ @ @ @ @ common enemy , '' Mkhize told reporters .
Quoting German media , The Associated Press reports that the country 's foreign minister said Trump 's plan sends the `` wrong signal at the wrong time . ''
`` The number of people infected worldwide is increasing and the crisis is spreading , '' Heiko Maas told the Funke media group .
`` We ca n't tear down the dike in the middle of the flood and build a new one . ''
The BBC reports a spokesperson for the United Kingdom reaffirmed that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `` Coronavirus is a global challenge and the World Health Organization has an important role to play in leading the international health response .
We have no plans to withdraw our funding , '' the spokesperson said .

European Union Leaders Urge U.S. To Remain In WHO
Enlarge this image toggle caption Alex Brandon/AP Alex Brandon/AP
Officials with the European Union are urging President Trump to rethink his recently announced plans to pull the United States from the World Health Organization.
The president told reporters on Friday of his intentions to immediately cut ties with the international health agency. On Saturday, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and Josep Borrell, the EU's top diplomat, called on Trump to reconsider his plans, saying "actions that weaken international results" during the coronavirus pandemic "must be avoided."
"The WHO needs to continue being able to lead the international response to pandemics, current and future," said von der Leyen and Borrell in a joint statement. "For this, the participation and support of all is required and very much needed."
The officials also note that the members of the WHO had agreed earlier this month to review lessons learned from the pandemic response.
In April, Trump temporarily halted U.S. funding for the WHO and accused it of "mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus." He's also claimed that China has too much influence over the agency.
Then on May 18, Trump gave the United Nations agency 30 days to make substantial changes or face the U.S. funding cuts becoming permanent. Trump's Friday announcement happened less than two weeks after that ultimatum.
The WHO had no comment on Trump's announcement, but health ministers and member states expressed disappointment in the retreat of the agency's largest single donor.
South African Health Minister Zweli Mkhize called the decision "unfortunate."
"Certainly, when faced with a serious pandemic, you want all nations in the world to be particularly focused ... on one common enemy," Mkhize told reporters.
Quoting German media, The Associated Press reports that the country's foreign minister said Trump's plan sends the "wrong signal at the wrong time."
"The number of people infected worldwide is increasing and the crisis is spreading," Heiko Maas told the Funke media group. "We can't tear down the dike in the middle of the flood and build a new one."
The BBC reports a spokesperson for the United Kingdom reaffirmed that country's commitment to the WHO.
"Coronavirus is a global challenge and the World Health Organization has an important role to play in leading the international health response. We have no plans to withdraw our funding," the spokesperson said.


npr--2020-05-30--Trump Takes Credit For Space Launch That Got Its Start A Decade Ago

Trump Takes Credit For Space Launch That Got Its Start A Decade Ago Shortly after NASA astronauts blasted off from U. S. soil for the first time since 2011 , President Trump painted a dire picture of what the space agency had looked like when he first came to office .
`` There was grass growing through the cracks of your concrete runways — not a pretty sight , not a pretty sight at all , '' he said at NASA 's enormous Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida , where he had come to watch two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ owned and operated by SpaceX .
`` With this launch , the decades of lost years and little action are officially over , '' he said .
`` Past leaders put the United States at the mercy of foreign nations to send our astronauts into orbit — not anymore .
Today we once again proudly launch American astronauts on American rockets — the best in the world — from right here on American soil . ''
Actually , it was two past presidents who put NASA on the path to this SpaceX launch @ @ @ @ @ @ @ know that from listening to the post-launch speeches .
`` Today is the culmination of three and a half years of renewed leadership in space , '' said Vice President Pence , who called the launch `` a tribute to the vision and leadership of a president who , from the very first days of this administration , was determined to revive NASA and American leadership in human space exploration . ''
The groundwork for sending NASA astronauts up on a commercial space vehicle , however , goes back more than a decade @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Democratic administrations .
`` This is a program that demonstrates the success when you have continuity of purpose going from one administration to the next , '' said NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine in a recent preflight briefing .
In 2006 , under President George W. Bush , the space agency started a program to get commercial companies to begin delivering cargo to the international space station .
The idea was to save money for taxpayers by having NASA buy delivery services rather than own and operate its own cargo ships .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the private sector to develop new spacecraft that could be used both by NASA and by other paying customers .
The plan worked .
In 2012 , an unoccupied , robotic SpaceX capsule successfully docked with the International Space Station — a first for a commercially owned and operated spaceship .
Having companies take astronauts to the outpost was a natural extension of this cargo program .
NASA announced its commercial crew program in 2010 , under President Barack Obama .
Companies that received initial funding for developing spaceships that could serve as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Paragon Space Development Corporation , Sierra Nevada Corporation and United Launch Alliance .
In 2014 , NASA selected SpaceX and Boeing to transport its astronauts , awarding them contracts worth $ 6.8 billion .
A year later , the agency named four astronauts who would eventually fly in these spaceships — including Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley , the two crew members assigned to the SpaceX test flight that launched on Saturday .
The shift to commercial crew transportation services in 2010 , coming just as the agency 's 30-year-old space shuttle @ @ @ @ @ @ @ real change for NASA .
Many were skeptical , especially in Congress .
Bridenstine credits former NASA administrator Charles Bolden , who served under President Obama , for his efforts to make it happen .
`` Charlie Bolden did just yeoman 's work in order to get this program off the ground , to get it going , and here we are all these years later , having this success , '' said Bridenstine in that preflight briefing .
The space program has historically united people across political divides , he noted , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for this unprecedented SpaceX launch .
`` It 's not just going to unite Republicans and Democrats , it 's going to unite the world .
The whole world is going to be watching this particular launch , and all of our international partners are very interested , '' said Bridenstine .
He also , however , gave credit to his boss .
`` President Trump has been a massive space advocate .
He promised to launch American astronauts on American rockets .
He promised to create a moon program , '' said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of those and he 's backed it up with his budget requests , not just with the words . ''
But when Bridenstine recently tweeted that `` Under President Trump 's leadership , we are once again launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil , '' one astronaut took issue with that statement , pointing out that the commercial crew program had started in 2010 , years before Trump took was elected .
`` I am thankful for the continued support from you and the Administration , but if there is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , it 's @ BarackObama , '' tweeted Garrett Reisman , a former NASA astronaut who spent years working for SpaceX and has served as a consultant for the company .
The Trump administration has told NASA to return humans to the surface of the moon by 2024 , the last year of what would be a second Trump administration if the president is reelected .
That deadline is seen as an unrealistic long shot by many in the space community .
The moon effort was being spearheaded by Douglas Loverro , the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ But last week , he was forced to resign , because of what he said was a mistake he had made earlier this year in effort to fulfill the mission .

Trump Takes Credit For Space Launch That Got Its Start A Decade Ago
toggle caption Alex Brandon/AP
Shortly after NASA astronauts blasted off from U.S. soil for the first time since 2011, President Trump painted a dire picture of what the space agency had looked like when he first came to office.
"There was grass growing through the cracks of your concrete runways — not a pretty sight, not a pretty sight at all," he said at NASA's enormous Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where he had come to watch two astronauts launch to orbit in a vehicle owned and operated by SpaceX.
"With this launch, the decades of lost years and little action are officially over," he said. "Past leaders put the United States at the mercy of foreign nations to send our astronauts into orbit — not anymore. Today we once again proudly launch American astronauts on American rockets — the best in the world — from right here on American soil."
Actually, it was two past presidents who put NASA on the path to this SpaceX launch, though it would be hard to know that from listening to the post-launch speeches.
"Today is the culmination of three and a half years of renewed leadership in space," said Vice President Pence, who called the launch "a tribute to the vision and leadership of a president who, from the very first days of this administration, was determined to revive NASA and American leadership in human space exploration."
The groundwork for sending NASA astronauts up on a commercial space vehicle, however, goes back more than a decade. It proceeded steadily under both Republican and Democratic administrations.
"This is a program that demonstrates the success when you have continuity of purpose going from one administration to the next," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in a recent preflight briefing.
In 2006, under President George W. Bush, the space agency started a program to get commercial companies to begin delivering cargo to the International Space Station.
The idea was to save money for taxpayers by having NASA buy delivery services rather than own and operate its own cargo ships. This would also provide a financial incentive for the private sector to develop new spacecraft that could be used both by NASA and by other paying customers.
The plan worked. In 2012, an unoccupied robotic SpaceX capsule successfully docked with the International Space Station — a first for a commercially owned and operated spaceship.
Having companies take astronauts to the outpost was a natural extension of this cargo program. NASA announced its commercial crew program in 2010, under President Barack Obama.
Companies that received initial funding for developing spaceships that could serve as space taxis included Blue Origin, Boeing, Paragon Space Development Corp., Sierra Nevada Corp. and United Launch Alliance.
In 2014, NASA selected SpaceX and Boeing to transport its astronauts, awarding them contracts worth $6.8 billion. A year later, the agency named the four astronauts who would eventually fly in these spaceships — including Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley, the two crew members assigned to the SpaceX test flight that launched on Saturday.
The shift to commercial crew-transportation services in 2010, coming just as the agency's 30-year-old space shuttle program was winding down, marked a real change for NASA. Many were skeptical, especially in Congress. Bridenstine credits former NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, who served under Obama, for his efforts to make it happen.
"Charlie Bolden did just yeoman's work in order to get this program off the ground, to get it going, and here we are all these years later, having this success," said Bridenstine in that preflight briefing.
The space program has historically united people across political divides, he noted, adding that the same will be true for this unprecedented SpaceX launch.
"It's not just going to unite Republicans and Democrats — it's going to unite the world. The whole world is going to be watching this particular launch, and all of our international partners are very interested," said Bridenstine.
He also, however, gave credit to his boss. "President Trump has been a massive space advocate. He promised to launch American astronauts on American rockets. He promised to create a moon program," said Bridenstine. "He's done both of those, and he's backed it up with his budget requests, not just with the words."
But when Bridenstine recently tweeted that "Under President Trump's leadership, we are once again launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil," one astronaut took issue with that statement, pointing out that the commercial crew program had started in 2010, years before Trump was elected.
"I am thankful for the continued support from you and the Administration but if there is a President to thank for this milestone, it's @BarackObama," tweeted Garrett Reisman, a former NASA astronaut who spent years working for SpaceX and has served as a consultant for the company.
The Trump administration has told NASA to return humans to the surface of the moon by 2024, the last year of what would be a second Trump administration if the president were reelected. That deadline is seen as an unrealistic long shot by many in the space community.
The moon effort was being spearheaded by Douglas Loverro, the head of human spaceflight at NASA. But last week, he was forced to resign because of what he said was a mistake he had made this year in an effort to fulfill the mission.


npr--2020-05-30--Pentagon Orders Military Police To Prepare To Deploy To Minnesota

Pentagon Orders Military Police To Prepare To Deploy To Minnesota The Pentagon has ordered military police units to prepare to deploy to Minnesota after another night of protests over the death of George Floyd roiled Minneapolis .
In a statement Saturday , the Defense Department said U.S. Northern Command had been directed to increase the `` alert status '' of several units to be deployed at the request of Minnesota Gov .
Tim Walz .
These units — which a U.S. official tells NPR number as many as 800 military police — could respond in four hours if Walz makes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ maintain a 48-hour response time , the Pentagon said , to support state authorities in natural disasters and other contingencies .
The official also told NPR the order applies to units at three Army bases — Fort Bragg , N.C. , Fort Drum , N.Y. , and Fort Riley , Kan. Walz has yet to request the deployment , according to the Pentagon .
The governor has already spoken to Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Mark A. Milley , according to both Walz and the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the days since Floyd 's death in police custody .
Bystander video shows arresting officer Derek Chauvin — who is facing manslaughter and murder charges — placing his knee on Floyd 's neck for more than seven minutes .
Floyd pleads with Chauvin to stop and says he ca n't breathe before going silent .
The incident immediately drew condemnation and inspired days of outraged protests .
At times , demonstrations turned violent leading to looting , rioting and property damage .
Protesters defied an 8 p.m. curfew on Friday returning to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cities from Detroit and Los Angeles to Washington , D.C. , demonstrations broke out , in some instances , turning violent .
On Saturday morning , Walz announced he was fully mobilizing the state 's National Guard — a force of more than 13,000 — to restore order .
`` Let 's be very clear : The situation in Minneapolis is no longer in any way about the murder of George Floyd .
It is about attacking civil society , instilling fear and disrupting our great cities , '' said Walz during a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ he would be seeking assistance from neighboring states .
The National Guard has regional state compacts for a governor to request troops from a nearby state before asking for federal help .

Pentagon Orders Military Police To Prepare To Deploy To Minnesota
Enlarge this image toggle caption Julio Cortez/AP Julio Cortez/AP
The Pentagon has ordered military police units to prepare to deploy to Minnesota after another night of protests over the death of George Floyd roiled Minneapolis.
In a statement Saturday, the Defense Department said U.S. Northern Command had been directed to increase the "alert status" of several units to be deployed at the request of Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz.
These units — which a U.S. official tells NPR number as many as 800 military police — could respond in four hours if Walz makes the request. Typically, these units maintain a 48-hour response time, the Pentagon said, to support state authorities in natural disasters and other contingencies.
The official also told NPR the order applies to units at three Army bases — Fort Bragg, N.C., Fort Drum, N.Y., and Fort Riley, Kan.
Walz has yet to request the deployment, according to the Pentagon. The governor has already spoken to Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Mark A. Milley, according to both Walz and the Pentagon.
Demonstrations have engulfed Minneapolis in the days since Floyd's death in police custody. Bystander video shows arresting officer Derek Chauvin — who is facing manslaughter and murder charges — placing his knee on Floyd's neck for more than seven minutes. Floyd pleads with Chauvin to stop and says he can't breathe before going silent.
The incident immediately drew condemnation and inspired days of outraged protests. At times, demonstrations turned violent leading to looting, rioting and property damage.
Protesters defied an 8 p.m. curfew on Friday returning to the streets for another night. Elsewhere in cities from Detroit and Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., demonstrations broke out, in some instances, turning violent.
On Saturday morning, Walz announced he was fully mobilizing the state's National Guard — a force of more than 13,000 — to restore order.
"Let's be very clear: The situation in Minneapolis is no longer in any way about the murder of George Floyd. It is about attacking civil society, instilling fear and disrupting our great cities," said Walz during a press conference.
Walz also announced that he would be seeking assistance from neighboring states. The National Guard has regional state compacts for a governor to request troops from a nearby state before asking for federal help.
NPR's Tom Bowman contributed to this report.


npr--2020-05-30--Minnesota To Deploy Record Guard Force To Contain Unrest Over Death Of George Floyd

Minnesota To Deploy Record Guard Force To Contain Unrest Over Death Of George Floyd Faced with a fourth straight night of massive protests over the death of George Floyd , Minnesota on Friday deployed its largest law enforcement operation in state history , including more than 700 members of the National Guard .
`` It was not enough , '' Maj. Gen. Jon A. Jensen said Saturday .
Now , with a fifth night of protests looming , Jensen , head of the state 's National Guard , said authorities are drastically increasing the military presence in Minneapolis .
Officials @ @ @ @ @ @ @ airmen by midday Saturday and will soon mobilize the state 's full National Guard force of more than 13,000 — `` an action that has never been taken in 164-year history of the Minnesota National Guard , '' according to Gov .
Tim Walz , who spoke at a joint news conference with Jensen .
`` We understand the work that we need to do and the generational pain that went into what happened with George Floyd and that murder , '' the governor said Saturday .
`` But at this point in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ those inequities , nothing we do to provide justice to George Floyd and his family that I spoke with last evening — none of those things matter to any of these people who are out there firing upon National Guard , burning businesses of our communities and making intent on disrupting any semblance of civil life . ''
The Pentagon has also placed as many as 800 members of the military police on prepare-to-deploy orders , a U.S. official confirmed to NPR .
The officers would be available to assist with logistics , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ governor .
Less than a week has passed since Floyd 's death in police custody .
The disturbing video of his arrest , filmed by a bystander Monday evening in Minneapolis , shows Officer Derek Chauvin with his knee on the neck of the handcuffed black man for more than seven minutes .
The white police officer — who has since been fired and charged with murder — continues to plant his weight on Floyd well after his pleas for help give way to an unresponsive silence .
A federal investigation remains underway @ @ @ @ @ @ @ possible for Chauvin and the three other officers seen in the video .
That has not satisfied protesters , whose furor over Floyd 's death has spread well beyond Minneapolis .
A slew of cities — from Detroit to Atlanta , from Los Angeles to Washington , D.C. — have seen protesters gather to voice their outrage about police treatment of African Americans .
In many of those cities , gatherings turned violent , with some protesters clashing with police and damaging buildings .
Law enforcement reported hundreds of arrests across the country @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 19-year-old man who was killed when someone fired into a crowd in Detroit , according to local police .
Several people were also injured by gunfire Thursday night in Louisville , Ky. , where crowds have gathered to protest a grievance closer to home : the death of Breonna Taylor , a 26-year-old black woman who was shot and killed by police in her own apartment earlier this year .
There were no incidents of gun violence linked to the protests Friday night in Louisville , but NPR member station WFPL reports that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Protesters shattered windows at the courthouse , and police fired tear gas to disperse the crowds , according to WFPL .
On Saturday , Kentucky Gov .
Andy Beshear announced that he , too , was calling up the National Guard , in order `` to help keep peace in Louisville . ''
`` I hope everybody knows this is a big step and a tough step , and it 's not one intended to silence any voice , because I want to hear , '' Beshear said in a statement explaining the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ make sure at the end of the day that we are all safe . ''
President Trump weighed in on the protests Saturday .
He said the best way to honor Floyd 's memory is for authorities to `` get tougher '' on the protesters who resort to violence , whom he called `` radical left , bad people [ who ] have got to be taught that you ca n't do this . ''
`` They 've got to be tough , they 've got to be smart , '' Trump said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ our military ready , willing and able if they ever want to call on our military .
But we could have troops on the ground very quickly if they ever want our military . ''
In a statement Saturday , Attorney General William Barr echoed Trump 's comments , saying that though the outrage is `` real and legitimate , '' the protests are `` being hijacked by violent radical elements . ''
`` Groups of outside radicals and agitators are exploiting the situation to pursue their own separate and violent agenda , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ places , it appears the violence is planned , organized , and driven by anarchistic and far left extremists , using Antifa-like tactics , many of whom travel from out of state to promote the violence . ''

Minnesota To Deploy Record Guard Force To Contain Unrest Over Death Of George Floyd
Enlarge this image toggle caption John Minchillo/AP John Minchillo/AP
Updated at 4:41 p.m. ET
Faced with a fourth straight night of massive protests over the death of George Floyd, Minnesota on Friday deployed its largest law enforcement operation in state history, including more than 700 members of the National Guard.
"It was not enough," Maj. Gen. Jon A. Jensen said Saturday.
Now, with a fifth night of protests looming, Jensen, head of the state's National Guard, said authorities are drastically increasing the military presence in Minneapolis.
Officials expected to deploy some 2,500 soldiers and airmen by midday Saturday and will soon mobilize the state's full National Guard force of more than 13,000 — "an action that has never been taken in 164-year history of the Minnesota National Guard," according to Gov. Tim Walz, who spoke at a joint news conference with Jensen.
"We understand the work that we need to do and the generational pain that went into what happened with George Floyd and that murder," the governor said Saturday.
"But at this point in time, nothing we do to address those inequities, nothing we do to provide justice to George Floyd and his family that I spoke with last evening — none of those things matter to any of these people who are out there firing upon National Guard, burning businesses of our communities and making intent on disrupting any semblance of civil life."
The Pentagon has also placed as many as 800 members of the military police on prepare-to-deploy orders, a U.S. official confirmed to NPR. The officers would be available to assist with logistics, analysis or surveillance if requested by the governor.
Less than a week has passed since Floyd's death in police custody. The disturbing video of his arrest, filmed by a bystander Monday evening in Minneapolis, shows Officer Derek Chauvin with his knee on the neck of the handcuffed black man for more than seven minutes. The white police officer — who has since been fired and charged with murder — continues to plant his weight on Floyd well after his pleas for help give way to an unresponsive silence.
A federal investigation remains underway into the incident, with more charges possible for Chauvin and the three other officers seen in the video.
That has not satisfied protesters, whose furor over Floyd's death has spread well beyond Minneapolis. A slew of cities — from Detroit to Atlanta, from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. — have seen protesters gather to voice their outrage about police treatment of African Americans.
In many of those cities, gatherings turned violent, with some protesters clashing with police and damaging buildings. Law enforcement reported hundreds of arrests across the country and at least one death — a 19-year-old man who was killed when someone fired into a crowd in Detroit, according to local police.
Several people were also injured by gunfire Thursday night in Louisville, Ky., where crowds have gathered to protest a grievance closer to home: the death of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old black woman who was shot and killed by police in her own apartment earlier this year.
There were no incidents of gun violence linked to the protests Friday night in Louisville, but NPR member station WFPL reports that clashes erupted between protesters and police. Protesters shattered windows at the courthouse, and police fired tear gas to disperse the crowds, according to WFPL.
On Saturday, Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear announced that he, too, was calling up the National Guard, in order "to help keep peace in Louisville."
"I hope everybody knows this is a big step and a tough step, and it's not one intended to silence any voice, because I want to hear," Beshear said in a statement explaining the move. "But I want to make sure at the end of the day that we are all safe."
President Trump weighed in on the protests Saturday. He said the best way to honor Floyd's memory is for authorities to "get tougher" on the protesters who resort to violence, whom he called "radical left, bad people [who] have got to be taught that you can't do this."
"They've got to be tough, they've got to be smart," Trump said of state officials. "We have our military ready, willing and able if they ever want to call on our military. But we could have troops on the ground very quickly if they ever want our military."
In a statement Saturday, Attorney General William Barr echoed Trump's comments, saying that though the outrage is "real and legitimate," the protests are "being hijacked by violent radical elements."
"Groups of outside radicals and agitators are exploiting the situation to pursue their own separate and violent agenda," Barr said. "In many places, it appears the violence is planned, organized, and driven by anarchistic and far left extremists, using Antifa-like tactics, many of whom travel from out of state to promote the violence."
NPR's Tom Bowman contributed to this report.


npr--2020-05-30--As Trump Targets Twitter's Legal Shield, Experts Have A Warning

President Trump has a new rallying cry in his escalating crusade against Twitter .
As he put it in a tweet Friday : `` REVOKE 230 ! ''
It 's a reference to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act , a law passed by Congress in 1996 .
It says online platforms are not legally responsible for what users post .
Many say this protection enabled the creation of the modern Internet .
But critics — on both the left and right — say it gives tech companies too much power at a time when they are essential to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on the once-obscure legal provision after wrangling with Twitter this week .
The social media platform put fact-checking labels on some of his tweets that claimed , without evidence , that mail-in ballots were fraudulent .
Trump then signed an executive order seeking to peel away the sweeping legal immunity social media companies and other online sites have long used as a shield against an avalanche of lawsuits .
The movement to revoke those safeguards is increasingly becoming a bipartisan consensus , with presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden even saying Section 230 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that eliminating the legal protections may have unintended consequences for Internet users that extend far beyond Facebook and Twitter .
Left and right criticize Section 230 — for different reasons Some Republicans , including Trump , accuse social media sites of muzzling conservative voices .
They say undoing Section 230 would let people who claim they have been slighted sue the companies .
Sen. Josh Hawley , R-Mo.
, introduced a bill last year aimed at ending the legal protections for tech companies unless they agreed to an independent audit to ensure they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Following Twitter 's actions this week , Hawley promised to introduce new legislation to end the legal immunity for tech companies .
`` It 's pretty simple : if Twitter and Google and the rest are going to editorialize and censor and act like traditional publishers , they should be treated like traditional publishers and stop receiving the special carve out from the federal government in Section 230 , '' Hawley wrote on Twitter .
Democratic skeptics of the law , including House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , have other complaints .
They say @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for the rampant spread of online misinformation , harassment and abuse .
They argue , if Section 230 is jettisoned , tech platforms like Google , Facebook and Twitter would have to do more to curb problematic content .
`` Section 230 is in extremely precarious straits right now , '' said Eric Goldman , a professor at Santa Clara University Law School and co-director of the High Tech Law Institute .
`` But both parties do n't agree on why it should be repealed , which may become tricky for both parties @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a proposal for a flat repeal , though , maybe both parties will just agree . ''
Goldman and other experts interviewed for this story say the most likely outcome of a repeal of Section 230 is one that neither the left nor the right want to see : more censorship by major tech companies and potentially paralyzing other websites .
`` We do n't think about things like Wikipedia , the Internet Archive and all these other public goods that exist and have a public-interest component that would not exist in a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mackey , staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation , a digital civil liberties nonprofit .
Without Section 230 , experts argue , sites would have less tolerance for people posting their opinions on YouTube , Reddit , Yelp , Amazon and many other corners of the Internet .
Back in the 1990s , when now-quaint-sounding companies like CompuServe , Prodigy and GeoCities were household names , the Communications Decency Act was passed to address what Mackey calls `` the moderator 's dilemma . ''
At the time , if online service providers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ posted — no matter how offensive or potentially illegal — they were in a better position legally than if they chose to remove content that was abusive or harmful , because doing so would make the companies look like publishers and open to the door to a wave of defamation lawsuits .
Critics said online platforms had an incentive to ignore any obscene or illegal content posted to their pages .
`` Section 230 was designed to remove that dilemma , so a platform can choose to do nothing or actively engage and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ said .
The law enshrined websites in a special legal category by considering them distributors , rather than publishers .
That gave them immunity from lawsuits over online content , while letting them establish terms of services for what is permissible or not .
There are some exceptions , however .
Websites can still be held responsible for child pornography and the violation of federal criminal laws .
In 2018 , another exception was added to the law to hold websites like Backpage.com responsible for promoting sex trafficking and prostitution .
Since President @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1996 , countless people have gone to court over inflammatory comments or videos found on Facebook , Twitter , Google and other sites .
But courts overwhelmingly have sided with the Internet companies .
`` If those lawsuits had a chance to succeed , we 'd see thousands times those lawsuits , '' Goldman said .
`` Every time someone was aggrieved with Internet services , they potentially would have a claim and take it to court .
Section 230 had kept that tsunami of complaints from hitting the courts . ''
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hard to preserve Section 230 , said Jeff Kosseff , the author of a book about Section 230 , The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet .
`` The major platforms came into existence because of 230 , '' Kosseff said .
`` Without 230 , their operations would have to be substantially changed . ''
In particular , Facebook , Twitter and Google would likely become aggressive about removing content and may side more often with complaining users , Kosseff said .
`` It could create a prescreening of every piece of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an exceptional amount of moderation and prevention , '' Mackey said .
`` What every platform would be concerned about is : 'Do I risk anything to have this content posted to my site ? '
'' Another possible ripple effect of repealing , Kosseff said , is making it more difficult for whatever company is hoping to emerge as the next big social media company .
`` It will be harder for them because they will face more liability at the outset , '' Kosseff said .
Goldman with Santa Clara University @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reduce the number of online platforms that welcome open dialogue .
Section 230 is `` a statement by Congress that we can do a better job if we add in some additional protections for free speech . ''
Goldman said .
`` Without it , a lot of things online we take for granted today will not work the way they currently work , and some things will no longer be available at all . ''

As Trump Targets Twitter's Legal Shield, Experts Have A Warning
Enlarge this image toggle caption Matt Rourke/AP Matt Rourke/AP
President Trump has a new rallying cry in his escalating crusade against Twitter. As he put it in a tweet Friday: "REVOKE 230!"
It's a reference to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a law passed by Congress in 1996. It says online platforms are not legally responsible for what users post. Many say this protection enabled the creation of the modern Internet. But critics — on both the left and right — say it gives tech companies too much power at a time when they are essential to many peoples' lives.
Trump seized on the once-obscure legal provision after wrangling with Twitter this week. The social media platform put fact-checking labels on some of his tweets that claimed, without evidence, that mail-in ballots were fraudulent. Trump then signed an executive order seeking to peel away the sweeping legal immunity social media companies and other online sites have long used as a shield against an avalanche of lawsuits.
The movement to revoke those safeguards is increasingly becoming a bipartisan consensus, with presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden even saying Section 230 should be scrapped.
But experts caution that eliminating the legal protections may have unintended consequences for Internet users that extend far beyond Facebook and Twitter.
Left and right criticize Section 230 — for different reasons
Some Republicans, including Trump, accuse social media sites of muzzling conservative voices. They say undoing Section 230 would let people who claim they have been slighted sue the companies.
Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., introduced a bill last year aimed at ending the legal protections for tech companies unless they agreed to an independent audit to ensure they were moderating content without political bias. Following Twitter's actions this week, Hawley promised to introduce new legislation to end the legal immunity for tech companies.
"It's pretty simple: if Twitter and Google and the rest are going to editorialize and censor and act like traditional publishers, they should be treated like traditional publishers and stop receiving the special carve out from the federal government in Section 230," Hawley wrote on Twitter.
Democratic skeptics of the law, including House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, have other complaints. They say Section 230 has created a fertile environment for the rampant spread of online misinformation, harassment and abuse. They argue, if Section 230 is jettisoned, tech platforms like Google, Facebook and Twitter would have to do more to curb problematic content.
"Section 230 is in extremely precarious straits right now," said Eric Goldman, a professor at Santa Clara University Law School and co-director of the High Tech Law Institute. "But both parties don't agree on why it should be repealed, which may become tricky for both parties to find consensus. If there is a proposal for a flat repeal, though, maybe both parties will just agree."
Goldman and other experts interviewed for this story say the most likely outcome of a repeal of Section 230 is one that neither the left nor the right want to see: more censorship by major tech companies and potentially paralyzing other websites.
"We don't think about things like Wikipedia, the Internet Archive and all these other public goods that exist and have a public-interest component that would not exist in a world without 230," said Aaron Mackey, staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital civil liberties nonprofit.
Without Section 230, experts argue, sites would have less tolerance for people posting their opinions on YouTube, Reddit, Yelp, Amazon and many other corners of the Internet.
Law created to eliminate 'the moderator's dilemma'
Back in the 1990s, when now-quaint-sounding companies like CompuServe, Prodigy and GeoCities were household names, the Communications Decency Act was passed to address what Mackey calls "the moderator's dilemma."
At the time, if online service providers took a hands-off approach to what users posted — no matter how offensive or potentially illegal — they were in a better position legally than if they chose to remove content that was abusive or harmful, because doing so would make the companies look like publishers and open to the door to a wave of defamation lawsuits.
Critics said online platforms had an incentive to ignore any obscene or illegal content posted to their pages.
"Section 230 was designed to remove that dilemma, so a platform can choose to do nothing or actively engage and set their own rules," Mackey said.
The law enshrined websites in a special legal category by considering them distributors, rather than publishers. That gave them immunity from lawsuits over online content, while letting them establish terms of services for what is permissible or not.
There are some exceptions, however. Websites can still be held responsible for child pornography and the violation of federal criminal laws. In 2018, another exception was added to the law to hold websites like Backpage.com responsible for promoting sex trafficking and prostitution.
More responsibility online, or greater censorship?
Since President Bill Clinton signed the original law in 1996, countless people have gone to court over inflammatory comments or videos found on Facebook, Twitter, Google and other sites. But courts overwhelmingly have sided with the Internet companies.
"If those lawsuits had a chance to succeed, we'd see thousands times those lawsuits," Goldman said. "Every time someone was aggrieved with Internet services, they potentially would have a claim and take it to court. Section 230 had kept that tsunami of complaints from hitting the courts."
The tech industry, unsurprisingly, is fighting hard to preserve Section 230, said Jeff Kosseff, the author of a book about Section 230, The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet.
"The major platforms came into existence because of 230," Kosseff said. "Without 230, their operations would have to be substantially changed."
In particular, Facebook, Twitter and Google would likely become aggressive about removing content and may side more often with complaining users, Kosseff said.
Mackey with the Electronic Frontier Foundation agrees.
"It could create a prescreening of every piece of material every person posts and lead to an exceptional amount of moderation and prevention," Mackey said. "What every platform would be concerned about is: 'Do I risk anything to have this content posted to my site?'"
Another possible ripple effect of repealing, Kosseff said, is making it more difficult for whatever company is hoping to emerge as the next big social media company.
"It will be harder for them because they will face more liability at the outset," Kosseff said.
Goldman with Santa Clara University Law School said rescinding Section 230 could reduce the number of online platforms that welcome open dialogue.
Section 230 is "a statement by Congress that we can do a better job if we add in some additional protections for free speech." Goldman said. "Without it, a lot of things online we take for granted today will not work the way they currently work, and some things will no longer be available at all."


npr--2020-05-30--Supreme Court Rejects Church's Challenge To California's Coronavirus Rules

The Supreme Court has rejected a California church 's attempt to overturn the state 's coronavirus restrictions on in-person religious services .
In a 5-4 decision issued late Friday , Chief Justice John Roberts sided with the court 's liberal bloc in upholding the state 's right to impose limits on congregations in order to slow the spread of COVID-19 .
`` Although California 's guidelines place restrictions on places of worship , those restrictions appear consistent with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment , '' Roberts said , in an opinion that denied a request by the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from the rules .
The Chula Vista-based house of worship sued Gov .
Gavin Newsom , a Democrat , over an order limiting congregations to 25 % capacity or 100 attendees , whichever is lower .
The plaintiffs told the court its services typically attract 200 to 300 congregants .
Worship services and nonessential retail were halted for more than two months in California , which has recorded nearly 107,000 confirmed cases of the coronavirus and more than 4,000 deaths .
During the lawsuit 's path through the lower courts , the state @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a limited reopening — but that did not satisfy the plaintiffs , who felt the eased restrictions remained unconstitutional .
In rejecting that challenge , Roberts wrote that the Constitution generally grants broad leeway to state leaders in circumstances of medical uncertainty .
In particular , the chief justice found that Newsom 's order was consistent in limiting not just religious services , but also various kinds of activities `` where large groups of people gather in close proximity for extended periods of time . ''
`` The notion that it is 'indisputably @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are unconstitutional seems quite improbable , '' wrote Roberts .
The court 's four reliably conservative justices — Samuel Alito Jr. , Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh and Clarence Thomas — dissented .
Kavanaugh said the guidelines violate the First Amendment because they `` discriminate against places of worship and in favor of comparable secular businesses . ''
Unlike Roberts , who said church services were on par with sporting events , concerts and other large secular gatherings also limited by the order , Kavanaugh compared the church with secular spaces that were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ supermarkets .
The court 's newest justice argued that , in this sense , the limits single out religious services .
`` The State also has substantial room to draw lines , especially in an emergency , '' he said in the dissent .
`` But as relevant here , the Constitution imposes one key restriction on that line-drawing : The State may not discriminate against religion . ''
In a separate case , the court also rejected a lawsuit from two churches in Illinois seeking to block Gov .
J.B. Pritzker 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ worshipers .
Pritzker later modified the order to allow for up to 100 people at services , and the court denied the churches ' request for relief without a noted dissent .
The limits on church services have been a flashpoint in the national conversation surrounding the coronavirus , with President Trump wading into the controversy earlier this month to push for churches ' right to reopen .
Even as many states — such as California and Illinois — have moved to loosen their restrictions in recent weeks , critics continue to argue @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are discriminatory .
Earlier this week , California , officials said they plan to reevaluate the reopening order based on where matters stand with the coronavirus in mid-June .

Supreme Court Rejects Church's Challenge To California's Coronavirus Rules
Enlarge this image toggle caption Damian Dovarganes/AP Damian Dovarganes/AP
The Supreme Court has rejected a California church's attempt to overturn the state's coronavirus restrictions on in-person religious services.
In a 5-4 decision issued late Friday, Chief Justice John Roberts sided with the court's liberal bloc in upholding the state's right to impose limits on congregations in order to slow the spread of COVID-19.
"Although California's guidelines place restrictions on places of worship, those restrictions appear consistent with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment," Roberts said, in an opinion that denied a request by the South Bay United Pentecostal Church for relief from the rules.
The Chula Vista-based house of worship sued Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, over an order limiting congregations to 25% capacity or 100 attendees, whichever is lower. The plaintiffs told the court its services typically attract 200 to 300 congregants.
Worship services and nonessential retail were halted for more than two months in California, which has recorded nearly 107,000 confirmed cases of the coronavirus and more than 4,000 deaths.
During the lawsuit's path through the lower courts, the state issued guidelines earlier this week allowing for a limited reopening — but that did not satisfy the plaintiffs, who felt the eased restrictions remained unconstitutional.
In rejecting that challenge, Roberts wrote that the Constitution generally grants broad leeway to state leaders in circumstances of medical uncertainty. In particular, the chief justice found that Newsom's order was consistent in limiting not just religious services, but also various kinds of activities "where large groups of people gather in close proximity for extended periods of time."
"The notion that it is 'indisputably clear' that the Government's limitations are unconstitutional seems quite improbable," wrote Roberts.
The court's four reliably conservative justices — Samuel Alito Jr., Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Clarence Thomas — dissented. Kavanaugh said the guidelines violate the First Amendment because they "discriminate against places of worship and in favor of comparable secular businesses."
Unlike Roberts, who said church services were on par with sporting events, concerts and other large secular gatherings also limited by the order, Kavanaugh compared the church with secular spaces that were excepted from the restrictions, such as supermarkets. The court's newest justice argued that, in this sense, the limits single out religious services.
"The State also has substantial room to draw lines, especially in an emergency," he said in the dissent. "But as relevant here, the Constitution imposes one key restriction on that line-drawing: The State may not discriminate against religion."
In a separate case, the court also rejected a lawsuit from two churches in Illinois seeking to block Gov. J.B. Pritzker's rule limiting religious services to just 10 worshipers. Pritzker later modified the order to allow for up to 100 people at services, and the court denied the churches' request for relief without a noted dissent.
The limits on church services have been a flashpoint in the national conversation surrounding the coronavirus, with President Trump wading into the controversy earlier this month to push for churches' right to reopen. Even as many states — such as California and Illinois — have moved to loosen their restrictions in recent weeks, critics continue to argue that the rules on houses of worship are discriminatory.
Earlier this week, California, officials said they plan to reevaluate the reopening order based on where matters stand with the coronavirus in mid-June.


npr--2020-05-30--Tracking The Pandemic: How Quickly Is The Coronavirus Spreading State By State?

Tracking The Pandemic : How Quickly Is The Coronavirus Spreading State By State ?
Since the first coronavirus case was confirmed in the United States on Jan. 21 , more than 1 million people in the U.S. have confirmed cases of COVID-19 .
On April 12 , the U.S. became the nation with the most deaths globally , but there are early signs that the U.S. case and death counts may be leveling off , as the growth of new cases and deaths plateaus .
The pattern is n't consistent across the country , as new hot spots emerge and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ your state 's case count is growing , click here .
Click here to see a global map of confirmed cases and deaths .
In response to mounting cases , state and federal authorities have emphasized a social distancing strategy , widely seen as the best available means to slow the spread of the virus .
Most states have put in place measures such as closing schools and nonessential businesses and ordering citizens to stay home as much as possible .
It 's not clear how long such measures need to be in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In Wuhan , the city in China where the virus originated , a strictly enforced lockdown and widespread testing have slowed the outbreak dramatically , enough to bring an end to the 76-day lockdown .
A large portion of U.S. cases are centered on New York City .
Since March 20 , New York state , Connecticut and New Jersey have accounted for about 50 % of all U.S. cases .
As of April 9 , nearly 60 % of all deaths from COVID-19 have been in these three states .
While New @ @ @ @ @ @ @ plateau , as seen below , it notched between 8,000 and 10,000 new cases each day between March 31 and April 12 .
To understand how one state 's outbreak compares with another 's , it 's helpful to look at not just the daily counts but the rate of change day over day .
In the following chart , we display cases on a logarithmic scale , meaning that every axis line is 10 times greater than the previous one .
This type of scale emphasizes the rate of change .
When @ @ @ @ @ @ @ state 's curve trends sharply upward , as New York 's does over the first 15 days past 100 cases .
Generally , this is evidence of unbridled community transmission of the disease .
As new cases slow , the curve bends toward horizontal , showing that the state 's outbreak may be leveling off .
This does n't mean the number of cases has stopped growing , but the rate of growth has slowed , which could signify that social distancing measures are having an effect .
In some areas , there @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with the earliest outbreaks — such as California and Washington — seem to be having success at suppressing the disease .
The outlook in Washington has improved to the point that the state has returned unused Army hospital beds it had received in preparation for a peak in cases .
Elsewhere , limited access to testing may make the number of cases look smaller than it really is .
As testing becomes more readily available , we are likely to see the number of confirmed cases continue to grow , even if not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ data used here are compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources , including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; the World Health Organization ; national , state and local government health departments ; 1point3acres ; and local media reports .
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies .
State-by-state testing and hospitalization data are still being assessed for reliability .
State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time .
There may be discrepancies between what you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ your local health department 's website .
Stephanie Adeline , Alyson Hurt , Connie Hanzhang Jin , Ruth Talbot and Thomas Wilburn contributed to this story .

Tracking the coronavirus around the U.S.: See how your state is doing
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Note: This page was last updated on Feb. 1, 2023. It will no longer be updated. For current data on COVID cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
As of Feb. 1, there have been more than 101 million confirmed coronavirus infections in the U.S. and more than 1 million people have died of COVID-19. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.
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The above charts show average new cases per 100,000 people for each state over the last 12 months.
Note: Actual cases may be substantially higher, since many who test positive with at-home tests don't report their cases.
For additional data about COVID-19 in the U.S, including cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.
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Methodology
The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; 1point3acres; and local media reports.
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department's website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.
Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases, process testing backlogs or update their methodologies. The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.
This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version. Sean McMinn and Audrey Carlsen contributed to this story. Carmel Wroth edited this story.


npr--2020-05-30--Coronavirus World Map: Tracking The Spread Of The Outbreak

Coronavirus World Map : Tracking The Spread Of The Outbreak Since the new coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan , China , in December , the infectious respiratory disease COVID-19 has spread rapidly within China and to neighboring countries and beyond .
The first confirmed coronavirus cases outside China occurred on Jan. 20 , in Japan , Thailand and South Korea .
On Jan. 21 , the first case in the U.S. was identified in Washington state .
On Jan. 24 , the first two European cases were confirmed in France .
By Feb. 1 , eight European nations had @ @ @ @ @ @ @ month later that count had risen to 24 countries with at least 2,200 cases , most of them in Italy .
On March 11 , Italy eclipsed 10,000 cases and the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic — the first since H1N1 in 2009 .
That 's also when China , the original epicenter , began seeing drops in daily counts of new cases .
March also saw exponential spread of the virus throughout the U.S. , with all 50 states reporting cases by March 17 .
This particular virus , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the third strain of coronavirus known to frequently cause severe symptoms in humans .
The other two strains cause Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome .
Click here to see the state-by-state breakdown of cases in the United States .
This story was originally published on March 30 , 2020 .

Coronavirus world map: We've now passed the 600 million mark for infections
Editor's note: This page is no longer being updated. The last update was Sept. 5, 2022. For current data about COVID-19 cases and deaths around the world, Johns Hopkins University and Our World in Data are useful resources.
In late January 2020 only a few dozen COVID-19 infections had been identified outside of China. A year later, the world tallied its first 100 million cases. It took the globe just 7 more months to pass the 200 million mark— then another 5 months to hit 300 million, according to researchers at Johns Hopkins University. Now the virus has spread to every corner of the globe and has been blamed for more than 6 million deaths.
The United States, India and Brazil in that order have had the most COVID cases and the three nations collectively account for almost half of all recorded infections so far in the pandemic.
Explore the chart below to find a country-by-country breakdown of new and total cases since January 2020.
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Explore how the number of coronavirus cases have shifted in different parts of the world over time. The first chart compares each continent to each other, while the next charts highlight the number of cases in select countries by region.
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This story was originally published on March 30, 2020.


npr--2020-05-30--NASA And SpaceX Launch First Astronauts To Orbit From U.S. Since 2011

NASA And SpaceX Launch First Astronauts To Orbit From U.S .
Since 2011 NASA astronauts are heading to space from U.S. soil for the first time in nine years , aboard SpaceX 's Dragon capsule , the maiden crewed flight of the innovative spacecraft .
The mission , which is sending Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to the International Space Station , is a bold new venture for the space agency 's plan to allow commercial companies to take its astronauts into low-Earth orbit .
`` Let 's light this candle , '' Hurley said moments before ignition , borrowing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Alan Shepard , in 1961 .
The duo left a fiery plume behind at Kennedy Space Center 's Pad 39A at 3:22 p.m .
ET as they rode SpaceX 's Falcon 9 rocket toward a rendezvous with the station , which will take about 19 hours .
On Wednesday , storms and a tornado warning upended a launch attempt , with the veteran space shuttle astronauts suited up and strapped into the Dragon before the mission was scrubbed .
Similar weather concerns dogged Saturday 's launch and nearly forced a second delay @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Saturday that conditions were trending in the right direction .
As the countdown narrowed , the weather continued to improve .
The Falcon 9 booster separated and guided itself to a successful landing on a drone ship stationed in the Atlantic .
Crew Dragon separated from the rocket at 3:35 p.m .
ET and entered orbit .
`` It was incredible .
Appreciate the great ride to space , '' Hurley told flight controllers as the spacecraft reached orbit .
The mission marks the first time NASA has sent astronauts into space from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ shuttle program in 2011 .
For nearly a decade , it has been relying on Russian Soyuz rockets to get them there .
It is also a first for SpaceX , which has ambitions of someday taking paying customers zooming around the Earth .
`` It 's incredible , the power , the technology , '' said President Trump , who was at Kennedy Space Center in Florida for the launch .
`` That was a beautiful sight to see and I hope you all enjoyed it , '' the president said .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Saturday , NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said : `` What a great day for NASA .
What a great day for SpaceX .
What a great day for the United States . ''
`` I 'm really quite overcome with emotion on this day , so it 's kind of hard to talk , frankly , '' he said .
Elon Musk , the billionaire founder and CEO of SpaceX , called it `` a day that I think everyone can be proud of . ''
`` This event is something that all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' he said .
Hurley , 53 , and Behnken , 49 , will put the bell-shaped Dragon through its paces on the way to the station .
Dragon , which on the surface resembles an updated Apollo-era command module , sports a sleek interior and oversized touchscreen controls .
Its SpaceX Falcon 9 booster has been used successfully dozens of times to put satellites and space-station cargo into orbit .
The Dragon-Falcon 9 configuration is a far cry from the winged space shuttle , but the SpaceX capsule has considerable safety advantages @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on top of the rocket , therefore avoiding debris that can fall off during launch and potentially damage the spacecraft — a problem that doomed the space shuttle Columbia in 2003 .
The position also makes it easy to eject the capsule if the rocket itself runs into trouble .
That 's not to say that SpaceX has n't had safety issues over the years .
In 2015 , one of its uncrewed rockets exploded on the way to the space station .
But overall , SpaceX has enjoyed a good track record @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the space station .

NASA And SpaceX Launch 1st Astronauts To Orbit From U.S. Since 2011
Enlarge this image toggle caption David J. Phillip/AP David J. Phillip/AP
Updated at 6:55 p.m. ET
NASA astronauts are heading to space from U.S. soil for the first time in nine years, aboard SpaceX's Dragon capsule, the maiden crewed flight of the innovative spacecraft.
The mission, which is sending Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to the International Space Station, is a bold new venture for the space agency's plan to allow commercial companies to take its astronauts into low-Earth orbit.
YouTube
"Let's light this candle," Hurley said moments before ignition, borrowing words uttered by America's first astronaut, Alan Shepard, in 1961.
The duo left a fiery plume behind at Kennedy Space Center's Pad 39A at 3:22 p.m. ET as they rode SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket toward a rendezvous with the station, which will take about 19 hours. On Wednesday, storms and a tornado warning upended a launch attempt, with the veteran space shuttle astronauts suited up and strapped into the Dragon before the mission was scrubbed.
Similar weather concerns dogged Saturday's launch and nearly forced a second delay, but NASA and SpaceX decided early Saturday that conditions were trending in the right direction. As the countdown narrowed, the weather continued to improve.
Crew Dragon has separated from Falcon 9’s second stage and is on its way to the International Space Station with @Astro_Behnken and @AstroDoug! Autonomous docking at the @Space_Station will occur at ~10:30 a.m. EDT tomorrow, May 31 pic.twitter.com/bSZ6yZP2bD — SpaceX (@SpaceX) May 30, 2020
The Falcon 9 booster separated and guided itself to a successful landing on a drone ship stationed in the Atlantic. Crew Dragon separated from the rocket at 3:35 p.m. ET and entered orbit.
"It was incredible. Appreciate the great ride to space," Hurley told flight controllers as the spacecraft reached orbit.
We have liftoff. History is made as @NASA_Astronauts launch from @NASAKennedy for the first time in nine years on the @SpaceX Crew Dragon: pic.twitter.com/alX1t1JBAt — NASA (@NASA) May 30, 2020
The mission marks the first time NASA has sent astronauts into space from U.S. soil since the end of the shuttle program in 2011. For nearly a decade, it has been relying on Russian Soyuz rockets to get them there. It is also a first for SpaceX, which has ambitions of someday taking paying customers zooming around the Earth.
"It's incredible, the power, the technology," said President Trump, who was at Kennedy Space Center in Florida for the launch.
"That was a beautiful sight to see and I hope you all enjoyed it," the president said.
Speaking at a post-launch news conference on Saturday, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said: "What a great day for NASA. What a great day for SpaceX. What a great day for the United States."
"I'm really quite overcome with emotion on this day, so it's kind of hard to talk, frankly," he said.
Elon Musk, the billionaire founder and CEO of SpaceX, called it "a day that I think everyone can be proud of."
"This event is something that all of humanity can get excited about," he said.
Hurley, 53, and Behnken, 49, will put the bell-shaped Dragon through its paces on the way to the station. Dragon, which on the surface resembles an updated Apollo-era command module, sports a sleek interior and oversized touchscreen controls. Its SpaceX Falcon 9 booster has been used successfully dozens of times to put satellites and space-station cargo into orbit.
The Dragon-Falcon 9 configuration is a far cry from the winged space shuttle, but the SpaceX capsule has considerable safety advantages. Unlike the shuttle, it sits on top of the rocket, therefore avoiding debris that can fall off during launch and potentially damage the spacecraft — a problem that doomed the space shuttle Columbia in 2003. The position also makes it easy to eject the capsule if the rocket itself runs into trouble.
That's not to say that SpaceX hasn't had safety issues over the years. In 2015, one of its uncrewed rockets exploded on the way to the space station. But overall, SpaceX has enjoyed a good track record in its eight years of flying cargo to the space station.


npr--2020-05-31--What's It Like To Be Black In America Right Now?

What 's It Like To Be Black In America Right Now ?
There have been several high-profile stories recently involving @ @ @ @ @ — George Floyd , Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor — or caught up in racist @ @ @ @ @ in Central Park or the man police in Texas held at gunpoint for allegedly running @ @ @ @ @ incidents have sparked widespread protests across the nation as Americans express their grief and anger @ @ @ @ @ hear about your reaction to these stories and the ongoing demonstrations as well as your @ @ @ @ @ person in America .
Please fill out the form below , and a reporter may @ @ @ @ @ .
Your submission will be governed by our general Terms of Use and Privacy Policy @ @ @ @ @ says , we want you to be aware that there may be circumstances in which @ @ @ @ @ for journalistic activities or freedom of expression may override privacy rights you might otherwise have @

Being Black In America Today: Share Your Experience
Enlarge this image toggle caption Eze Amos/Getty Images Eze Amos/Getty Images
Across the country, a national reckoning with race has sparked wide-ranging debates on defunding police, racial profiling, public monuments and systemic racism. This comes as protests continue nationwide, sparked by high-profile deaths of African Americans. Many of them have become household names: George Floyd, Elijah McClain, Rayshard Brooks, Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor, to name a few.
Meanwhile, polls show a majority of Americans support the Black Lives Matter movement. But divisions are emerging among politicians. President Trump has been accused of stoking racial tensions, calling the Black Lives Matter slogan a "symbol of hate." And former Vice President Joe Biden, the Democratic challenger, has called the protests a wake-up call but stopped short of supporting defunding police.
NPR would like to hear about your personal experience as a black person in America. Please share your story, and a reporter might contact you.
Your submission will be governed by our general Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. As the Privacy Policy says, we want you to be aware that there may be circumstances in which the exemptions provided under law for journalistic activities or freedom of expression may override privacy rights you might otherwise have.
This page was first published May 31, 2020.