npr--2020-08-14--Spain Cracks Down On Outdoor Drinking, Smoking In Renewed Push Against COVID-19

Spain Cracks Down On Outdoor Drinking , Smoking In Renewed Push Against COVID-19 Spanish authorities — facing a new wave of COVID-19 after tamping down the disease months ago — have ordered the closing of nightclubs , banned the consumption of alcohol and even prohibited smoking outdoors in cases where social distancing can not be guaranteed .
Health Minister Salvador Illa announced the new measures , which also include the closing of bars and restaurants by 1 a.m .
He advised against gatherings of more than 10 people and singled out for concern a popular pastime known as `` botellones @ @ @ @ @ @ @ outside to drink alcohol .
`` We can not allow uncivil behavior to put others at risk , '' Illa told a news conference .
The new measures come as Spain , which endured one of Europe 's worst coronavirus outbreaks before the virus appeared to wane in the spring , has experienced a gradual uptick in cases since early July .
More than 7,500 new infections were reported on Thursday .
Some 28,600 people in Spain have died from the disease .
The new standards would allow people to continue smoking outdoors @ @ @ @ @ @ @ approximately 6.5 feet ) of distance between people .
`` The best thing is never to smoke neither in the public space nor at home , '' Illa said .
Smoking and vaping have been identified as increasing the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 .
Further , smokers and people who vape and then become ill from COVID-19 are at greater risk from the disease .
Earlier this week , some regions of Spain , such as Galicia , in the country 's northeast , and the Canary Islands , off the coast @ @ @ @ @ @ @ curbs on smoking .
Also this week , Spanish authorities ordered the deployment of a military emergency brigade to set up a field hospital in the northeastern city of Zaragoza , describing the move as a precaution , according to The Associated Press .
Testing has shown that more of the newly infected people in Spain are proving asymptomatic and younger , meaning they are less likely to need hospitalization but potentially more likely to spread the virus .
Fernando Simón , the government 's top virus expert , said Thursday that 3,500 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ just 3 % of capacity — were taken up by COVID-19 patients .
`` I would not say that what we are seeing now is similar to what we experienced in March and April .
It is not in any way comparable , '' Simón said , according to the AP .
`` But it is true that transmission is increasing in every region , and we ca n't drop our guard .
We are still facing an important risk . ''

Spain Cracks Down On Outdoor Drinking, Smoking In Renewed Push Against COVID-19
Enlarge this image toggle caption picture alliance/dpa/picture alliance via Getty Images picture alliance/dpa/picture alliance via Getty Images
Spanish authorities — facing a new wave of COVID-19 after tamping down the disease months ago — have ordered the closing of nightclubs, banned the consumption of alcohol and even prohibited smoking outdoors in cases where social distancing cannot be guaranteed.
Health Minister Salvador Illa announced the new measures, which also include the closing of bars and restaurants by 1 a.m. He advised against gatherings of more than 10 people and singled out for concern a popular pastime known as "botellones," in which young people gather outside to drink alcohol.
"We cannot allow uncivil behavior to put others at risk," Illa told a news conference.
The new measures come as Spain, which endured one of Europe's worst coronavirus outbreaks before the virus appeared to wane in the spring, has experienced a gradual uptick in cases since early July. More than 7,500 new infections were reported on Thursday. Some 28,600 people in Spain have died from the disease.
The new standards would allow people to continue smoking outdoors if they can maintain two meters (approximately 6.5 feet) of distance between people.
"The best thing is never to smoke neither in the public space nor at home," Illa said.
Smoking and vaping have been identified as increasing the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Further, smokers and people who vape and then become ill from COVID-19 are at greater risk from the disease.
Earlier this week, some regions of Spain, such as Galicia, in the country's northwest, and the Canary Islands, off the coast of Africa, had already imposed COVID-related curbs on smoking.
Also this week, Spanish authorities ordered the deployment of a military emergency brigade to set up a field hospital in the northeastern city of Zaragoza, describing the move as a precaution, according to The Associated Press.
Testing has shown that more of the newly infected people in Spain are proving asymptomatic and younger, meaning they are less likely to need hospitalization but potentially more likely to spread the virus.
Fernando Simón, the government's top virus expert, said Thursday that 3,500 hospital beds in the country – or just 3% of capacity — were taken up by COVID-19 patients.
"I would not say that what we are seeing now is similar to what we experienced in March and April. It is not in any way comparable," Simón said, according to the AP. "But it is true that transmission is increasing in every region, and we can't drop our guard. We are still facing an important risk."


npr--2020-08-14--Sister Helen Prejean On Witnessing Executions: 'I Couldn't Let Them Die Alone'

Sister Helen Prejean On Witnessing Executions : ' I Could n't Let Them Die Alone' The Catholic nun became an opponent of the death penalty following the events in her book Dead Man Walking .
She details her spiritual journey in River of Fire .
Originally broadcast Aug. 12 , 2019 .
I 'm David Bianculli , editor of the website TV Worth Watching , sitting in for Terry Gross .
Today 's guest is Sister Helen Prejean , whose latest memoir , `` River Of Fire , '' comes out in paperback this month .
You may know her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , which was titled `` Dead Man Walking . ''
That book told how she became an activist against the death penalty .
It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1995 , starring Susan Sarandon .
In 1982 , Sister Helen became a spiritual adviser to a convicted killer on death row .
She 's since accompanied six people to their executions , and her latest memoir , `` River Of Fire , '' recounts her overall spiritual journey and her awakening to social justice movements .
She entered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ congregation of St. Joseph .
Just a few years later , beginning in 1962 , her life was opened up by the reforms of Vatican II , the 21st Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church .
It was n't until the '80s that she started to see her role as being with the poor and the imprisoned .
`` River Of Fire '' came out in 2019 , the same year Attorney General William Barr announced the resumption of federal executions after a 17-year moratorium .
Last month , three federal inmates @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Gross spoke with Sister Helen Prejean last year when `` River Of Fire '' was first published .
That book ends with Sister Helen 's letter to Pope Francis , which she personally delivered to him , in which she shares her concern about the wound she believes infects every aspect of church life - the way the church treats women .
TERRY GROSS : Sister Helen Prejean , welcome back to FRESH AIR .
You had not planned to be a social activist nun .
You had n't planned on being an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ imagine being a nun would be like when you joined the Congregation of Sisters of St. Joseph at age 18 ?
HELEN PREJEAN : Well , it was what the holy rule said and what convent life was like before Vatican II .
You joined the religious life to seek a spiritual life of perfection , of union with God , love of neighbor , which it was semi-cloistered .
You never ate with laypeople where you taught at the school .
It was a daily regimen of prayers , a lot of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
But precious in the day were two half-hour periods of silence where you could have meditation .
And so it was under this strict thing of canon law for all religious women which had come out in 1949 - strict thing of the way that you got to holiness was by obedience to superiors .
So no questioning .
It was called blind obedience .
And by being obedient , that was how you got holy .
You gave up self-will .
And in the process , as I experienced it , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lot of thinking , critical thinking , because you knew what you had to do was conform in the end to whatever was being asked of you .
And that is what I entered into .
I wanted to be a mystic .
GROSS : So did you feel that blind obedience and a lack of critical thinking were leading you closer to the mystical state that you wanted to be in , that you imagined being a nun would lead you closer to ?
PREJEAN : I just want to tell you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
But what I began to experience , just existentially inside myself , was I was giving up critical thinking .
It was whatever Mother says has got to be what it is .
And then you just follow the rule .
PREJEAN : Yeah .
No , Mother superior is right .
In religious life , you call superiors mother .
And I began to find that it was kind of a quietism .
It was kind of - well , I 'm praying , but I was n't intellectually stirred .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ confining .
Luckily , I was n't in it that long , like , just five years , before Vatican II happened in the church and opened up doors of inquiry , exploration and relating to the world .
GROSS : ... You 're talking about how nuns were treated .
Now compare nuns to priests .
You write that in the spiritual manuals of the day before Vatican II , that topping the list of womanly virtues was obedience , submission and resignation .
So that 's what you were supposed to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ like , men who were becoming priests ?
Was there an emphasis for them on obedience , submission and resignation ?
PREJEAN : They had to give obedience to a bishop , but they were much more freewheeling .
And they did n't make a vow of poverty , so they had money if their family had money .
They could have cars .
They could have a boat .
They could have a condominium .
It was just like they were much more freewheeling .
And they would make decisions and act @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was not in community the way ours was as sisters .
I found them often very lonely .
So that was a downside for them .
GROSS : Let 's talk about what you had to wear before Vatican II .
What was it like wearing the habit ?
How did it feel ?
Did you feel like it was separating you from the world or just giving you a kind of uniform that told the world who you were and that got respect ?
PREJEAN : Well , in a Catholic context @ @ @ @ @ @ @ during this time , the religious women , religious orders were the ones that made the Catholic institutions run - the whole educational system and hospitals .
So in a Catholic context , people were used to the habit .
They saw it as a object of respect , and traditional Catholics found it very hard when we took the habit off .
But the habit - because you got to get this , Terry , it was 3 1/2 yards of black , wool serge wrapped around your body , everything covered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ flowing sleeves , but you had what was called undersleeves .
You not only had a long , black flowing veil , but you had a under-veil .
And you had what was called a cornette around your neck and three other pieces of cloth on your head , so that you were - let 's just say - you were covered .
In fact , one of our sisters one time , she was in this material store cloth .
And she was standing there , and she felt somebody pulling on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to this surprised lady who thought she was a bolt of material .
PREJEAN : Well , in a way , she was .
How are you going to know she 's not a bolt of material ?
With all that black , that 's all you saw .
GROSS : And New Orleans is hot and humid .
PREJEAN : Oh , God .
You want to - I mean , we had a funny sister , Sister Gert ( ph ) .
And she got on the bus one day .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ in New Orleans - it 's July .
And the lady said , oh , look at those sisters .
They always look as crisp and fresh as daisies .
And Gert leans over and whispers to the sister next to her , kid , what is that rolling down my leg ?
You sweat .
You were in a puddle .
It was really , really hot .
But you know what ?
It 's interesting how you adapt to things .
So you expect it to be hot .
You moved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ summer , you were hot .
GROSS : Has the burqa ever seemed similar to you ... PREJEAN : You know what ?
I think of that , Terry , I - when I 'm in an airport , and I see people in burqas , I go , we were like that .
We were covered head to toe , too , with a veil over our heads .
I think of it a lot .
GROSS : And what does that say to you both about burqas and about habits ?
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ very , very similar , and they come out of a religious tradition and the way women , to be modest , were covered .
I also see there can be great respect in wearing the burqa because if it 's coming from the inner religious motives of devotion , people can dress any kind of way they want .
GROSS : Let me reintroduce you here .
If you 're just joining us , my guest is Sister Helen Prejean .
And she 's written a new spiritual memoir that 's called @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 'll talk more after we take a short break .
This is FRESH AIR .
GROSS : This is FRESH AIR .
And if you 're just joining us , my guest is Sister Helen Prejean .
She 's written a new spiritual memoir called `` River Of Fire , '' and she 's best known for her work with people on death row , her work opposing the death penalty .
She was dramatized in the film `` Dead Man Walking , '' in which she was portrayed by Susan Sarandon .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ in your late teens .
This was just a few years before Vatican II , which initiated really groundbreaking reforms in the Catholic Church .
And you write that the new insights of Vatican II helped you get your selfhood back after your futile attempts to relinquish it because part of what you were taught as a novitiate was to , as we were talking about , be obedient , be submissive and kind of turn off your critical thinking , which is , in a way , a denial of the actionable @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as you point out in the book , you were too young to really know yourself .
I mean , like , you did n't really fully know what your self was .
So what was it like to be able to assert yourself and remain a nun after Vatican II ?
And what were some of the ways you were able early on to assert yourself that - in ways that you could n't before ?
PREJEAN : I just want to say - you said when I was a novitiate .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the place .
GROSS : Novice .
Yes , right .
Thank you .
PREJEAN : No , a lot of people do that .
PREJEAN : A lot of people do it .
OK , so waking up to self .
Well , first of all , you would have to have permission .
During the days of blind obedience , Mother would have to approve any book you read .
So you 're doing this reading , and of course , we are free to read .
And we are free @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , we were always in a time of silence .
You did n't talk to each other except at recreation .
So we 'd meet in these little huddles .
Did you look at this book ?
Did you read this book ?
And we 're sharing the books with each other .
It was just a wonderful time of freedom - so first of all , what you 're reading , intellectually , how you 're challenged .
The other thing is that you could be yourself by having the freedom to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reading your mail .
I mean , when I look back on that , it could n't have been more restrictive .
You 'd write a letter .
You 'd put it on Mother 's desk , and she would check it .
She would read it .
My sister , Mary Ann , was really funny .
She 'd write to me .
She knew Mother Normie ( ph ) , our novice mistress , was reading the mail .
So she 'd be telling me news , and then she 'd @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : I know you 're reading this .
I hope you have a good day .
So anyway , you can just see to - for intellectual freedom .
And then the other thing was being able to choose or growing into what your service would be , what your ministry would be .
GROSS : You mean as opposed to being assigned it ?
PREJEAN : Absolutely being assigned it .
I mean , by assigned it , I mean we all go into chapel .
We 're all quiet .
Oh @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 'm about to be assigned .
I do n't know where .
And then you 'd hear silence in the chapel and the soft pad of shoes .
And then by your pew would be a sister who would hand you a little , white slip of paper .
Dear Sister Louis Augustine - that was my name in religion then - it is the will of God for you to go to St. Francis Cabrini to teach in middle school .
Boom .
Some of our sisters who wanted to be nurses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of paper .
You 're assigned to teaching , or if you wanted to teach , and you were a nurse .
It was just moving pieces around on a chess board because blind obedience was supposed to cover everything .
GROSS : So Vatican II is a turning point in many ways .
And one very profound turning point is that it basically said the church can change .
GROSS : Things do n't have to remain the same forever .
And , you know , it points to reading the signs @ @ @ @ @ @ @ do you feel like the church is still open to that , is still open to change ?
PREJEAN : Yes , so when you use those words , the church , you 're not talking about a monolithic body .
And you 're not mainly talking about the hierarchy .
The church , as Vatican II said , is the people .
So you have people 's experience bubbling up all over the place .
So you have people going to the border right now to be with the asylum seekers and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ That 's speaking .
And then what happens is as people awaken and as your heart is moved , as we 're moved by compassion by the suffering , then we are moved to action .
And that bubbles up .
So there are all these little bubbles coming up all over the Catholic Church .
GROSS : Another thing regarding Vatican II , you say , at last we got to reclaim our humanness , all of it , including our physical selves , our bodies , our desires , even our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sexuality ... PREJEAN : Of course you were .
PREJEAN : Of course you were .
The only ... PREJEAN : Well , of course sexuality .
You know , sexuality is present in us in a lot of ways .
It 's not just having genital sex with people .
Sexuality is part of our being , so the sexuality ...
GROSS : But I always thought that 's a part of the being you were supposed to suppress if you were a nun .
PREJEAN : Well , acting out of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ celibacy , and here you are having affairs and having sex , that 's not integral .
That 's not transparent .
That 's not true .
But so , of course , when - we never talked about sexuality .
Everything was sublimate , sublimate , sublimate , which means you just offered to God .
But sexuality is our body .
It 's our self .
It 's part of who we are .
So the challenge of celibacy is - it 's not not to love anyone or not to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that one of the levees around your river is that you will not go into full sexual expression with someone .
And one of the reasons for that is because it 's so self-absorbing .
And it closes you off because if you 're in a sexual relationship with somebody , in that intimate a relationship , that 's priority in your life .
And you can not simultaneously in your life be open to a whole lot of people .
That 's the challenge of celibacy , but not to live this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to anybody .
GROSS : So you met a priest when you were in your 20s , and you were at the time studying together .
And he fell in love with you , and I think you fell in love with him .
But , of course , you wanted to observe the vow of chastity .
And you write that this relationship was an example of what was being called the third way .
Would you describe what the third way was ?
PREJEAN : Sure .
And if you remember @ @ @ @ @ @ @ our vows , but we would be close as man and woman as friends - and then I say in the book , if you think that sounds tricky and confusing , that 's because it is .
PREJEAN : So , of course ( laughter ) , when - sister said freedom and priests , and you 'd be going away to study , as happened with me when I went to London , Ontario , it was a school of religious education .
And you had priests and nuns , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ And that 's how I met - William 's ( ph ) not his real name .
I wanted to protect him .
He has died , and I want to make sure that I protected him in every way .
That - and he was so attractive .
He was handsome .
He had a great mind .
And we were immediately drawn to each other .
But then we are going over to Dennis ' ( ph ) house , who had a piano .
And there was beer and wine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 're sipping our drinks , and we 're singing songs around the piano .
And some of them were love songs like `` Somewhere , My Love , There Will Be Songs To Sing '' ( ph ) , the theme from `` Zhivago , '' which had come out around that time .
And the next thing you know , you 're looking at each other .
And you 're going , oh , my God .
And that attraction was there , the sexual attraction .
You could n't help it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ again in prayer .
What 's going on here ?
What 's going on here ?
So I was - I knew my soul , and I knew that I was not on a path that I 'm going to fall in love with somebody and marry them .
I was clear about that .
I wanted to be able to live a lifestyle that I could be wide in the number of people or the way I could reach out to people in love and service .
That is a gift of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that you are free after Vatican II to do work you want to do .
And you can follow your deepest desires and your gifts as a self .
GROSS : Well , a problem in the relationship , too , was that he started drinking a lot - too much - and that you found that very troubling .
And you broke off the relationship .
Do you think he wanted to marry you and leave the priesthood and have you leave ... PREJEAN : No , that was clear .
And @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 'd be coming on strong to me , I mean , sometimes - thank God I was physically fit .
I mean , when he was drinking , it was not pleasant at all .
Then he 'd be so apologetic .
And I did n't know how alcohol worked .
But he was so apologetic , and he 'd say - he would call me Lou ( ph ) .
My name was Louis Augustine .
We dropped all the men 's names after Vatican II , became our baptismal name ourselves @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so sorry .
You know I want you to be free to be who you want to be .
And then he 'd be so contrite that I thought it would never happen again .
I did n't know how alcohol worked .
I also began to see how terribly lonely he was in the priesthood .
It is one of my concerns for priests that so many of them are lonely because they do n't have the same kind of community .
GROSS : So you eventually broke off your relationship with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
You did not .
He wanted to have a sexual relationship .
You wanted to keep your vow of celibacy .
So you broke it off and eventually became friends .
I 'm wondering if you - when I say eventually became friends , I mean you started your relationship on different terms .
GROSS : I 'm wondering if you think it was very helpful to you as a nun to have experienced that relationship with Will because it taught you something about relationships , something ...
GROSS : ... You @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the world around you better , the world that you are serving .
PREJEAN : Absolutely .
And I 'm going to tell you what Will gave me , the relationship , was great confidence in myself as a woman and as being attractive .
And I relate to men all over the place now that I 'm doing my work .
I love the company of men .
And Will taught me that .
BIANCULLI : Sister Helen Prejean speaking to Terry Gross last year .
Her latest memoir `` River Of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this month .
After a break , we 'll continue their conversation , and I 'll review the new HBO miniseries `` Lovecraft Country , '' whose production team includes Jordan Peele and J.J. Abrams .
I 'm David Bianculli , and this is FRESH AIR .
BIANCULLI : This is FRESH AIR .
I 'm David Bianculli , in for Terry Gross , back with Terry 's interview from last year with Sister Helen Prejean .
Her latest spiritual memoir `` River Of Fire '' comes out this month in paperback .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ was titled `` Dead Man Walking '' and was about her work with death row inmates and her activism opposing the death penalty .
That book was adapted into a 1995 film of the same name , for which Susan Sarandon won an Oscar portraying Sister Helen .
`` River Of Fire '' came out in 2019 , the same year Attorney General William Barr announced the resumption of federal executions after a 17-year moratorium .
Last month three federal inmates were executed within one week .
Sister Helen 's opposition to capital @ @ @ @ @ @ @ process which she describes in her latest memoir .
Her spiritual and activist journey began when Helen Prejean entered the convent in 1957 , joining the congregation of St. Joseph .
GROSS : You describe a rift in your community between the sisters who wanted to emphasize social justice and the sisters who wanted to focus on spiritual issues , and you started off in the spiritual camp .
Why were you in the spiritual camp and not the social justice camp , which you eventually crossed over into ?
PREJEAN : Yeah @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that .
One was I was really , like , in a spiritual cocoon .
We had young girls coming over the motherhouse for retreats .
I really did think that the way you changed the world is you pray , and God takes care of the big problems of the world .
And I 'd say things like , I 'm apolitical .
I 'm spiritual .
I 'm above that .
And so this is n't just one rift .
These tensions and dialogues and debates were going on about everything @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is - now that Vatican II has opened us to the needs and sufferings of the world , what is our mission going to be ?
Before , it had always been determined in an institutional structure .
You will teach in this school .
You will be in this hospital .
Now we , as a community of sisters , are beginning to determine it for ourselves .
So we had sisters going over to Latin America and beginning to be in Nicaragua and El Salvador and those countries and coming back @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's happening to the people ?
There are these death squads .
There are these dictators .
There are these people being disappeared and tortured .
They are bringing into our meetings the suffering of what was going on in those countries .
And then the journey began .
So I came back to New Orleans .
I was still at Joseph House at our novitiate , and I would begin to volunteer with the novices , taking the bus and going into the inner city to the St. Thomas housing projects and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Hope House .
GROSS : So after you started doing work in the housing project , that eventually led to your work on death row , with people living on death row .
GROSS : And you 've done a lot of work on behalf of opposing executions .
Last month Attorney General William Barr announced that the federal government will resume the execution of death row inmates .
The last federal execution was in 2003 .
I imagine this was a pretty discouraging announcement for you .
PREJEAN : But expected .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the United States , a man who took out full-page ads in New York newspapers presuming that the young Black boys and Hispanic boys of the Central Park Five were guilty of attacking this jogger in Central Park - when he presumes their guilt - they 've since been exonerated .
He 's the president .
He 's appointed William Barr , the attorney general .
And what I 've seen with the way the death penalty works in states and the way it works in the federal government , it is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ whether or not they will prosecute for the death penalty or not .
So these are all people that have received the death sentence .
So what they want to do is they want to hasten their executions .
But the arbitrariness in which the federal system is applied is the same as the state .
And when you look at the people that have been executed in the federal system , you see that every one of them was poor , and many of them were minorities , even more so than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ state system , where you see race is in the victim .
That 's when you kill white people , overwhelmingly .
That 's when you get the death penalty .
But the same arbitrariness and capriciousness - like , right now we 're really getting clear about that there are 2 % of prosecutors in different counties in this nation - they all have the same ground rules - 2 % that are accountable for over 50 % of all the people sentenced to death .
Because it 's up to individual @ @ @ @ @ @ @ you could have the prosecutors in Manhattan that never went for the federal death penalty .
But a state like Louisiana , where you have a federal person who 's from the state and has the culture of the Deep South , you saw more federal death penalties being sought .
GROSS : You 've accompanied six people to their execution .
You 've witnessed those executions .
Do you have any sense of what the men whose executions you 've witnessed experienced in the last minutes of their lives and experienced as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anything you could read by watching them about what that must be like and how much - how long it takes , how much suffering is involved ?
PREJEAN : Of course , I 'm on the outside of them , but in a way , I 'm on the inside of them , too , because I 've gotten to know them .
Conscious , imaginative beings sentenced to death can not help but anticipate and imagine their death , which is coming .
It 's predetermined .
And they all have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ coming for me .
It 's my time , and I 'm kicking .
I 'm struggling .
No , no .
And they trying to drag me out of my cell .
And then I wake up , and it 's not - it 's a dream .
I look around my cell .
I 've known - they shared that with me and the inner anguish .
In the last moments , I was amazed that they are walking .
Sister , pray that God holds my legs up as I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ read scripture to them , hoping the words - can you hear words when you have this white forest fire of , these are my last moments on earth ?
Now I 'm going through this door .
Now they 're strapping me in .
All I knew was I could n't let them die alone .
GROSS : So you tried to be within eye contact of the men who you 've accompanied ...
GROSS : And the prison guards enable you to be in a position where the man being executed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , it varies .
In Louisiana , you 're there with the witnesses .
If you see Susan Sarandon in the movie - I mean , we worked on every line and scene of this movie .
And you see her putting her hand out toward him so she could stand out in the witnesses .
He could see where I was .
That 's just what happened .
And he looked at me , and I knew then he had seen my face .
He knew I was there - one person @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in his dignity and did not want to see him die , that love there at the end .
But , like , when I was with Joseph O'Dell in Virginia , they actually let me come in and be with him .
He was strapped down , waiting for the lethal injection .
He let me be there with him and put my hand on his shoulder and pray with him .
The warden said , look .
Do n't make the prayer too long , OK ?
We need this to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ what 's happening .
You ca n't take it in .
I 've been integrating it all these years .
I do n't know that I have it yet - that that happened .
GROSS : So when you 're with somebody as they 're being executed or when you 're in the place for witnesses , what are you trying to communicate with them , like , after the point where they can actually hear you reading the scripture ?
PREJEAN : All the words have been spoken .
PREJEAN : In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ them , they know my love and care for them and that I believe in their dignity .
It 's all presence then .
PREJEAN : It 's just pure presence like when you 're at the death of anyone .
You 're not making long speeches .
It 's - there 's nothing to say .
You look at my face .
I 'll be the face of Christ for you .
It 's pure presence , and that 's what it is .
GROSS : Let me reintroduce you here .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ my guest is Sister Helen Prejean .
She 's written a new spiritual memoir that 's called `` River Of Fire . ''
We 'll talk more after we take a short break .
This is FRESH AIR .
GROSS : This is FRESH AIR , and if you 're just joining us , my guest is Sister Helen Prejean .
She 's written a new spiritual memoir called `` River Of Fire . ''
At the end of the book , you publish a letter that you wrote to Pope Francis , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on behalf of more equality for nuns and ... PREJEAN : For women in the church , not just nuns .
GROSS : Yeah , for women in the church , including nuns .
And one of your arguments is , how can men really understand the world if women are n't their equals ?
And that applies to nuns and priests .
And you also write about how you can preach in Protestant churches but not in your own .
You can give sermons in Protestant churches against the death penalty .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ death penalty , you ca n't give the same sermon in your own Catholic Church .
PREJEAN : Women ca n't preach in the Catholic Church .
Women can not read the gospel at mass .
A young little pimply teenager who happens to be a boy could read the gospel .
You got to be male .
And seeing the million ways it plays out that women somehow can not fully image Christ - it was - what I said in the letter was that women need to be in on those @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the church because the presence of women - our consciousness , our empathy , what we bring to the table - is really important for the dialogue .
And if men in the church are always only talking to other men at the top decision-making levels - and that 's the curia in Rome .
That 's the bishops when they meet .
It 's always all males .
And that - if we do n't have full dialogue with women represented - that 's the fullness of human beings - we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ embody what the gospel of Jesus is about .
GROSS : Did n't Pope Francis recently affirm that one thing that was not going to change was women being restricted from becoming priests ?
PREJEAN : Yes , he has said that .
He has made statements on that .
GROSS : So you still think it 's going to change eventually , but not ...
GROSS : ...
In the near future , I guess .
PREJEAN : Just because that life moves in the spirit in the church .
Look how @ @ @ @ @ @ @ change the teaching of the Catholic Church on the death penalty to unequivocal opposition .
So women - it 's going to change because it has to , because it 's so against the gospel of Jesus to simply say because someone is a man or a woman , one can fully represent Christ and so represent him at the altar and the other one ca n't .
GROSS : At the end of your book , you write that you are now 80 .
Your parents died when they were 81 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ you write , death seems to be such a crapshoot .
Either it 's everything - union and love with all that is - or it 's nothing - disintegration into a puny pile of chemicals .
How has your understanding of death changed in all the years that you 've been a nun ?
PREJEAN : Well , in watching people actually go to their death , I 've seen how they summon their courage to make the walk .
They 're very afraid , but they do it .
They do @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Daddy , Mary Anne .
It 's - Mary Anne and I were really close .
And , in fact , after Mary Ann died ... PREJEAN : Yeah , my sister .
She was always the brave one .
Like , when we were doing tomboy things like jumping from a limb to catch a rope swing , I 'm the last one on the branch .
And she 's going , Helen , jump .
Do n't be such a sissy .
So the words that came up inside me after @ @ @ @ @ @ @ gone then , I could n't hear her voice physically - was , sis , death comes for everybody .
I did it .
It 's going to happen to you , too .
Do n't be a sissy .
I had what it took .
God brought me through it .
And you can - you 'll have what you need , too .
And it strengthens me .
GROSS : Do you believe in a literal heaven and hell ?
PREJEAN : What do you mean by literal ?
GROSS : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that some people would be dispatched to heaven and some people will be scorched eternally in hell .
PREJEAN : I do not believe that if we say God is a loving and merciful God that God puts people in this frying pan and zaps them in fire for all eternity , plunges them into an eternal pain .
What kind of God is that ?
It 's a mystery , of course .
But I know that it can not be the imposition of eternal pain .
At least it does n't @ @ @ @ @ @ @ God , the Abba that Jesus taught us , and that God is merciful .
What does it mean to say God 's merciful ?
You can keep people in a frying pan in hell for all eternity .
Heaven - a little imagination here .
What if heaven - what if Mary Ann is right here by my side , but I ca n't see her ?
Mom and Daddy , all those - it 's called the communion of saints in the Catholic Church .
Not that it 's a literal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ if they have crossed over a threshold in which they have moved into a way of being that is somehow connected in love with everything ?
And maybe that is the heart of what it all means .
GROSS : Are there any parts of life that you regret having missed out on because of the vows that you took when you became a nun and the life that you 've dedicated yourself to ?
It 's been such a rich life in so many ways , but there are some things that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
PREJEAN : You know , I was such an impetuous , spontaneous person , I guess , in a way , immature , not rounded out in relationships , like , with men and - so it 's been a slow process to awaken to the deepest dimension of the gospel , to do justice , to be in solidarity with poor people .
So I have a feeling being in that kind of cocoon of protection and a limited environment in which I lived and moved and had my being might @ @ @ @ @ @ @ think I did it exactly as I should have done it .
I do n't regret anything .
GROSS : Sister Helen Prejean , it 's been such a pleasure to talk with you .
Thank you so much .
PREJEAN : Terry , I love hearing that voice come on the radio .
It 's been a joy .
Thank you so much for getting this book out because it 's really important we get religion right because God - you know , religion is used in so many ways to hurt @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Do you feel like you 're seeing that right now ?
PREJEAN : I 'll give one example - Jeff Sessions , before him Justice Scalia , quoting Romans 13 , that if anything is the law in the United States , we obey civil authority because it has the authority of God .
And Justice Scalia quoted that to justify the death penalty .
And Jeff Sessions just quoted that because it 's the law for people to enter the country illegally , so you can separate children from their parents .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ sanction it .
And that is really , really harmful .
It is so opposite to the compassion and mercy and love that Jesus taught us that it just - I ca n't tell you what it does to see that happening over and over again by these people who claimed Christianity and then quote even the words of Jesus sometimes to hurt people , to disrespect them and to claim that the suffering we 're causing of separating children from their parents is really God 's will because it 's legal .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Trappist monk - I still make retreat with the Trappist monks at Gethsemane - who said , when the world ends , it 'll be legal .
GROSS : ( Laughter ) Sister Helen , thank you so much .
BIANCULLI : Sister Helen Prejean speaking to Terry Gross in 2019 .
Sister Helen 's latest memoir `` River Of Fire '' comes out in paperback this month .
After a short break , I review `` Lovecraft Country , '' a new HBO miniseries inspired by and aggressively reworking the stories and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is FRESH AIR .

Sister Helen Prejean On Witnessing Executions: 'I Couldn't Let Them Die Alone'
The Catholic nun became an opponent of the death penalty following the events in her book Dead Man Walking. She details her spiritual journey in River of Fire. Originally broadcast Aug. 12, 2019.
DAVID BIANCULLI, HOST:
I'm David Bianculli, editor of the website TV Worth Watching, sitting in for Terry Gross. Today's guest is Sister Helen Prejean, whose latest memoir, "River Of Fire," comes out in paperback this month.
You may know her and her story from her previous memoir, which was titled "Dead Man Walking." That book told how she became an activist against the death penalty. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1995, starring Susan Sarandon.
In 1982, Sister Helen became a spiritual adviser to a convicted killer on death row. She's since accompanied six people to their executions, and her latest memoir, "River Of Fire," recounts her overall spiritual journey and her awakening to social justice movements.
She entered the convent in 1957, joining the congregation of St. Joseph. Just a few years later, beginning in 1962, her life was opened up by the reforms of Vatican II, the 21st Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It wasn't until the '80s that she started to see her role as being with the poor and the imprisoned.
"River Of Fire" came out in 2019, the same year Attorney General William Barr announced the resumption of federal executions after a 17-year moratorium. Last month, three federal inmates were executed within one week.
Terry Gross spoke with Sister Helen Prejean last year when "River Of Fire" was first published. That book ends with Sister Helen's letter to Pope Francis, which she personally delivered to him, in which she shares her concern about the wound she believes infects every aspect of church life - the way the church treats women.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED NPR BROADCAST)
TERRY GROSS: Sister Helen Prejean, welcome back to FRESH AIR. You had not planned to be a social activist nun. You hadn't planned on being an anti-death penalty activist. What did you imagine being a nun would be like when you joined the Congregation of Sisters of St. Joseph at age 18?
HELEN PREJEAN: Well, it was what the holy rule said and what convent life was like before Vatican II. You joined the religious life to seek a spiritual life of perfection, of union with God, love of neighbor, which it was semi-cloistered. You never ate with laypeople where you taught at the school. It was a daily regimen of prayers, a lot of vocal prayers, the rosary, litanies. But precious in the day were two half-hour periods of silence where you could have meditation.
And so it was under this strict thing of canon law for all religious women which had come out in 1949 - strict thing of the way that you got to holiness was by obedience to superiors. So no questioning. It was called blind obedience. And by being obedient, that was how you got holy. You gave up self-will. And in the process, as I experienced it, you also began to give up a lot of thinking, critical thinking, because you knew what you had to do was conform in the end to whatever was being asked of you. And that is what I entered into. I wanted to be a mystic.
GROSS: So did you feel that blind obedience and a lack of critical thinking were leading you closer to the mystical state that you wanted to be in, that you imagined being a nun would lead you closer to?
PREJEAN: I just want to tell you I tried hard. I really did. But what I began to experience, just existentially inside myself, was I was giving up critical thinking. It was whatever Mother says has got to be what it is. And then you just follow the rule.
GROSS: Mother superior, not your mother.
PREJEAN: Yeah. No, Mother superior is right. In religious life, you call superiors mother. And I began to find that it was kind of a quietism. It was kind of - well, I'm praying, but I wasn't intellectually stirred. And I began to find it very confining. Luckily, I wasn't in it that long, like, just five years, before Vatican II happened in the church and opened up doors of inquiry, exploration and relating to the world.
GROSS: So...
PREJEAN: Yeah.
GROSS: ...You're talking about how nuns were treated. Now compare nuns to priests. You write that in the spiritual manuals of the day before Vatican II, that topping the list of womanly virtues was obedience, submission and resignation. So that's what you were supposed to practice. What about people who - like, men who were becoming priests? Was there an emphasis for them on obedience, submission and resignation?
PREJEAN: They had to give obedience to a bishop, but they were much more freewheeling. And they didn't make a vow of poverty, so they had money if their family had money. They could have cars. They could have a boat. They could have a condominium. It was just like they were much more freewheeling. And they would make decisions and act out of them.
But their life was not in community the way ours was as sisters. I found them often very lonely. So that was a downside for them.
GROSS: Let's talk about what you had to wear before Vatican II. What was it like wearing the habit? How did it feel? Did you feel like it was separating you from the world or just giving you a kind of uniform that told the world who you were and that got respect?
PREJEAN: Well, in a Catholic context - and you got to know that during this time, the religious women, religious orders were the ones that made the Catholic institutions run - the whole educational system and hospitals. So in a Catholic context, people were used to the habit. They saw it as a object of respect, and traditional Catholics found it very hard when we took the habit off.
But the habit - because you got to get this, Terry, it was 3 1/2 yards of black, wool serge wrapped around your body, everything covered. You not only had long, flowing sleeves, but you had what was called undersleeves. You not only had a long, black flowing veil, but you had a under-veil. And you had what was called a cornette around your neck and three other pieces of cloth on your head, so that you were - let's just say - you were covered.
In fact, one of our sisters one time, she was in this material store cloth. And she was standing there, and she felt somebody pulling on her veil. And she turned around to this surprised lady who thought she was a bolt of material.
GROSS: (Laughter).
PREJEAN: Well, in a way, she was. How are you going to know she's not a bolt of material? With all that black, that's all you saw.
GROSS: And New Orleans is hot and humid.
PREJEAN: Oh, God. You want to - I mean, we had a funny sister, Sister Gert (ph). And she got on the bus one day. One of the ladies on the bus in New Orleans - it's July. And the lady said, oh, look at those sisters. They always look as crisp and fresh as daisies. And Gert leans over and whispers to the sister next to her, kid, what is that rolling down my leg? You sweat. You were in a puddle. It was really, really hot. But you know what? It's interesting how you adapt to things. So you expect it to be hot. You moved into that. And so in the summer, you were hot.
GROSS: Has the burqa ever seemed similar to you...
PREJEAN: Absolutely.
GROSS: ...To the habit?
PREJEAN: You know what? I think of that, Terry, I - when I'm in an airport, and I see people in burqas, I go, we were like that. We were covered head to toe, too, with a veil over our heads. I think of it a lot.
GROSS: And what does that say to you both about burqas and about habits?
PREJEAN: Well, that they're very, very similar, and they come out of a religious tradition and the way women, to be modest, were covered. I also see there can be great respect in wearing the burqa because if it's coming from the inner religious motives of devotion, people can dress any kind of way they want.
GROSS: Let me reintroduce you here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Sister Helen Prejean. And she's written a new spiritual memoir that's called "River Of Fire." We'll talk more after we take a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF FLORATONE'S "FRONTIERS")
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. And if you're just joining us, my guest is Sister Helen Prejean. She's written a new spiritual memoir called "River Of Fire," and she's best known for her work with people on death row, her work opposing the death penalty. She was dramatized in the film "Dead Man Walking," in which she was portrayed by Susan Sarandon.
You entered the convent when you were in your late teens. This was just a few years before Vatican II, which initiated really groundbreaking reforms in the Catholic Church. And you write that the new insights of Vatican II helped you get your selfhood back after your futile attempts to relinquish it because part of what you were taught as a novitiate was to, as we were talking about, be obedient, be submissive and kind of turn off your critical thinking, which is, in a way, a denial of the actionable self.
PREJEAN: Absolutely.
GROSS: But also, as you point out in the book, you were too young to really know yourself. I mean, like, you didn't really fully know what your self was. So what was it like to be able to assert yourself and remain a nun after Vatican II? And what were some of the ways you were able early on to assert yourself that - in ways that you couldn't before?
PREJEAN: I just want to say - you said when I was a novitiate. It's not - the novitiate is the place.
GROSS: Oh.
PREJEAN: I was a novice.
GROSS: Novice. Yes, right. Thank you.
PREJEAN: No, a lot of people do that.
GROSS: Right.
PREJEAN: A lot of people do it. OK, so waking up to self. Well, first of all, you would have to have permission. During the days of blind obedience, Mother would have to approve any book you read. So you're doing this reading, and of course, we are free to read. And we are free to talk to each other. Before, we were always in a time of silence. You didn't talk to each other except at recreation.
So we'd meet in these little huddles. Did you look at this book? Did you read this book? And we're sharing the books with each other. It was just a wonderful time of freedom - so first of all, what you're reading, intellectually, how you're challenged. The other thing is that you could be yourself by having the freedom to write letters and receive mail without Mother reading your mail. I mean, when I look back on that, it couldn't have been more restrictive. You'd write a letter. You'd put it on Mother's desk, and she would check it. She would read it.
My sister, Mary Ann, was really funny. She'd write to me. She knew Mother Normie (ph), our novice mistress, was reading the mail. So she'd be telling me news, and then she'd say hi, Mother Normie.
GROSS: (Laughter).
PREJEAN: I know you're reading this. I hope you have a good day. So anyway, you can just see to - for intellectual freedom. And then the other thing was being able to choose or growing into what your service would be, what your ministry would be.
GROSS: You mean as opposed to being assigned it?
PREJEAN: Absolutely being assigned it. I mean, by assigned it, I mean we all go into chapel. We're all quiet. Oh, God, help me. I'm about to be assigned. I don't know where. And then you'd hear silence in the chapel and the soft pad of shoes. And then by your pew would be a sister who would hand you a little, white slip of paper. Dear Sister Louis Augustine - that was my name in religion then - it is the will of God for you to go to St. Francis Cabrini to teach in middle school. Boom.
Some of our sisters who wanted to be nurses, they would get the little slip of paper. You're assigned to teaching, or if you wanted to teach, and you were a nurse. It was just moving pieces around on a chess board because blind obedience was supposed to cover everything.
GROSS: So Vatican II is a turning point in many ways. And one very profound turning point is that it basically said the church can change.
PREJEAN: Absolutely.
GROSS: Things don't have to remain the same forever. And, you know, it points to reading the signs of the times.
PREJEAN: Right.
GROSS: And do you feel like the church is still open to that, is still open to change?
PREJEAN: Yes, so when you use those words, the church, you're not talking about a monolithic body. And you're not mainly talking about the hierarchy. The church, as Vatican II said, is the people. So you have people's experience bubbling up all over the place. So you have people going to the border right now to be with the asylum seekers and the ones separated from their children. That's speaking. And then what happens is as people awaken and as your heart is moved, as we're moved by compassion by the suffering, then we are moved to action. And that bubbles up. So there are all these little bubbles coming up all over the Catholic Church.
GROSS: Another thing regarding Vatican II, you say, at last we got to reclaim our humanness, all of it, including our physical selves, our bodies, our desires, even our sexuality. I was surprised to see sexuality...
PREJEAN: Of course you were.
GROSS: ...In that sentence.
PREJEAN: Of course you were. The only...
GROSS: Coming from a nun, yeah.
PREJEAN: Well, of course sexuality. You know, sexuality is present in us in a lot of ways. It's not just having genital sex with people. Sexuality is part of our being, so the sexuality...
GROSS: But I always thought that's a part of the being you were supposed to suppress if you were a nun.
PREJEAN: Well, acting out of sexuality where you made a vow of celibacy, and here you are having affairs and having sex, that's not integral. That's not transparent. That's not true. But so, of course, when - we never talked about sexuality. Everything was sublimate, sublimate, sublimate, which means you just offered to God. But sexuality is our body. It's our self. It's part of who we are. So the challenge of celibacy is - it's not not to love anyone or not to love in friendship. But you know that one of the levees around your river is that you will not go into full sexual expression with someone.
And one of the reasons for that is because it's so self-absorbing. And it closes you off because if you're in a sexual relationship with somebody, in that intimate a relationship, that's priority in your life. And you cannot simultaneously in your life be open to a whole lot of people. That's the challenge of celibacy, but not to live this shriveled-up life where you're not close to anybody.
GROSS: So you met a priest when you were in your 20s, and you were at the time studying together. And he fell in love with you, and I think you fell in love with him. But, of course, you wanted to observe the vow of chastity. And you write that this relationship was an example of what was being called the third way. Would you describe what the third way was?
PREJEAN: Sure. And if you remember my description - that we would live our vows, but we would be close as man and woman as friends - and then I say in the book, if you think that sounds tricky and confusing, that's because it is.
GROSS: (Laughter).
PREJEAN: So, of course (laughter), when - sister said freedom and priests, and you'd be going away to study, as happened with me when I went to London, Ontario, it was a school of religious education. And you had priests and nuns, a few laypeople going to school together. And that's how I met - William's (ph) not his real name. I wanted to protect him. He has died, and I want to make sure that I protected him in every way. That - and he was so attractive. He was handsome. He had a great mind. And we were immediately drawn to each other.
But then we are going over to Dennis' (ph) house, who had a piano. And there was beer and wine and hard liquor. And so we're sipping our drinks, and we're singing songs around the piano. And some of them were love songs like "Somewhere, My Love, There Will Be Songs To Sing" (ph), the theme from "Zhivago," which had come out around that time. And the next thing you know, you're looking at each other. And you're going, oh, my God. And that attraction was there, the sexual attraction. You couldn't help it.
So then there's that discernment again in prayer. What's going on here? What's going on here? So I was - I knew my soul, and I knew that I was not on a path that I'm going to fall in love with somebody and marry them. I was clear about that. I wanted to be able to live a lifestyle that I could be wide in the number of people or the way I could reach out to people in love and service. That is a gift of the sisterhood, by the way - that you are free after Vatican II to do work you want to do. And you can follow your deepest desires and your gifts as a self.
GROSS: Well, a problem in the relationship, too, was that he started drinking a lot - too much - and that you found that very troubling. And you broke off the relationship. Do you think he wanted to marry you and leave the priesthood and have you leave...
PREJEAN: Absolutely.
GROSS: ...The order?
PREJEAN: No, that was clear. And especially when we're together and he'd be coming on strong to me, I mean, sometimes - thank God I was physically fit. I mean, when he was drinking, it was not pleasant at all. Then he'd be so apologetic. And I didn't know how alcohol worked. But he was so apologetic, and he'd say - he would call me Lou (ph). My name was Louis Augustine. We dropped all the men's names after Vatican II, became our baptismal name ourselves. Oh, Lou, I'm so sorry. You know I want you to be free to be who you want to be. And then he'd be so contrite that I thought it would never happen again. I didn't know how alcohol worked. I also began to see how terribly lonely he was in the priesthood. It is one of my concerns for priests that so many of them are lonely because they don't have the same kind of community.
GROSS: So you eventually broke off your relationship with Will because he wanted to get married. You did not. He wanted to have a sexual relationship. You wanted to keep your vow of celibacy. So you broke it off and eventually became friends. I'm wondering if you - when I say eventually became friends, I mean you started your relationship on different terms.
PREJEAN: Absolutely, yeah.
GROSS: I'm wondering if you think it was very helpful to you as a nun to have experienced that relationship with Will because it taught you something about relationships, something...
PREJEAN: Absolutely.
GROSS: ...You could bring into the world and understand the world around you better, the world that you are serving.
PREJEAN: Absolutely. And I'm going to tell you what Will gave me, the relationship, was great confidence in myself as a woman and as being attractive. And I relate to men all over the place now that I'm doing my work. I love the company of men. And Will taught me that.
BIANCULLI: Sister Helen Prejean speaking to Terry Gross last year. Her latest memoir "River Of Fire" will be published in paperback this month. After a break, we'll continue their conversation, and I'll review the new HBO miniseries "Lovecraft Country," whose production team includes Jordan Peele and J.J. Abrams. I'm David Bianculli, and this is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF AARON DIEHL'S "PIANO ETUDE NO. 16")
BIANCULLI: This is FRESH AIR. I'm David Bianculli, in for Terry Gross, back with Terry's interview from last year with Sister Helen Prejean. Her latest spiritual memoir "River Of Fire" comes out this month in paperback. One of Sister Helen's earlier memoirs was titled "Dead Man Walking" and was about her work with death row inmates and her activism opposing the death penalty. That book was adapted into a 1995 film of the same name, for which Susan Sarandon won an Oscar portraying Sister Helen. "River Of Fire" came out in 2019, the same year Attorney General William Barr announced the resumption of federal executions after a 17-year moratorium. Last month three federal inmates were executed within one week.
Sister Helen's opposition to capital punishment was the result of a long process which she describes in her latest memoir. Her spiritual and activist journey began when Helen Prejean entered the convent in 1957, joining the congregation of St. Joseph.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED NPR BROADCAST)
GROSS: You describe a rift in your community between the sisters who wanted to emphasize social justice and the sisters who wanted to focus on spiritual issues, and you started off in the spiritual camp. Why were you in the spiritual camp and not the social justice camp, which you eventually crossed over into?
PREJEAN: Yeah, there were two main things driving that. One was I was really, like, in a spiritual cocoon. We had young girls coming over the motherhouse for retreats. I really did think that the way you changed the world is you pray, and God takes care of the big problems of the world. And I'd say things like, I'm apolitical. I'm spiritual. I'm above that. And so this isn't just one rift. These tensions and dialogues and debates were going on about everything.
One of them was, what is - now that Vatican II has opened us to the needs and sufferings of the world, what is our mission going to be? Before, it had always been determined in an institutional structure. You will teach in this school. You will be in this hospital. Now we, as a community of sisters, are beginning to determine it for ourselves. So we had sisters going over to Latin America and beginning to be in Nicaragua and El Salvador and those countries and coming back and say, do you know what's happening to the people? There are these death squads. There are these dictators. There are these people being disappeared and tortured. They are bringing into our meetings the suffering of what was going on in those countries.
And then the journey began. So I came back to New Orleans. I was still at Joseph House at our novitiate, and I would begin to volunteer with the novices, taking the bus and going into the inner city to the St. Thomas housing projects and beginning to volunteer at a place called Hope House.
GROSS: So after you started doing work in the housing project, that eventually led to your work on death row, with people living on death row.
PREJEAN: Yeah, big surprise.
GROSS: And you've done a lot of work on behalf of opposing executions. Last month Attorney General William Barr announced that the federal government will resume the execution of death row inmates. The last federal execution was in 2003. I imagine this was a pretty discouraging announcement for you.
PREJEAN: But expected. When you have, as the president of the United States, a man who took out full-page ads in New York newspapers presuming that the young Black boys and Hispanic boys of the Central Park Five were guilty of attacking this jogger in Central Park - when he presumes their guilt - they've since been exonerated. He's the president. He's appointed William Barr, the attorney general. And what I've seen with the way the death penalty works in states and the way it works in the federal government, it is up to individual attorney generals or prosecutors whether or not they will prosecute for the death penalty or not.
So these are all people that have received the death sentence. So what they want to do is they want to hasten their executions. But the arbitrariness in which the federal system is applied is the same as the state. And when you look at the people that have been executed in the federal system, you see that every one of them was poor, and many of them were minorities, even more so than in the state system. In the state system, where you see race is in the victim. That's when you kill white people, overwhelmingly. That's when you get the death penalty.
But the same arbitrariness and capriciousness - like, right now we're really getting clear about that there are 2% of prosecutors in different counties in this nation - they all have the same ground rules - 2% that are accountable for over 50% of all the people sentenced to death. Because it's up to individual discretion with the federal death penalty, you could have the prosecutors in Manhattan that never went for the federal death penalty. But a state like Louisiana, where you have a federal person who's from the state and has the culture of the Deep South, you saw more federal death penalties being sought.
GROSS: You've accompanied six people to their execution. You've witnessed those executions. Do you have any sense of what the men whose executions you've witnessed experienced in the last minutes of their lives and experienced as they were being executed? Is there anything you could read by watching them about what that must be like and how much - how long it takes, how much suffering is involved?
PREJEAN: Of course, I'm on the outside of them, but in a way, I'm on the inside of them, too, because I've gotten to know them. Conscious, imaginative beings sentenced to death cannot help but anticipate and imagine their death, which is coming. It's predetermined. And they all have the same nightmare. The guards are coming for me. It's my time, and I'm kicking. I'm struggling. No, no. And they trying to drag me out of my cell. And then I wake up, and it's not - it's a dream. I look around my cell. I've known - they shared that with me and the inner anguish.
In the last moments, I was amazed that they are walking. Sister, pray that God holds my legs up as I walk. They take steps. I read scripture to them, hoping the words - can you hear words when you have this white forest fire of, these are my last moments on earth? Now I'm going through this door. Now they're strapping me in. All I knew was I couldn't let them die alone.
GROSS: So you tried to be within eye contact of the men who you've accompanied...
PREJEAN: Yes.
GROSS: ...On their execution.
PREJEAN: Yes.
GROSS: And the prison guards enable you to be in a position where the man being executed can see you?
PREJEAN: Well, it varies. In Louisiana, you're there with the witnesses. If you see Susan Sarandon in the movie - I mean, we worked on every line and scene of this movie. And you see her putting her hand out toward him so she could stand out in the witnesses. He could see where I was. That's just what happened. And he looked at me, and I knew then he had seen my face. He knew I was there - one person in that crowd of people that believed in his dignity and did not want to see him die, that love there at the end.
But, like, when I was with Joseph O'Dell in Virginia, they actually let me come in and be with him. He was strapped down, waiting for the lethal injection. He let me be there with him and put my hand on his shoulder and pray with him. The warden said, look. Don't make the prayer too long, OK? We need this to be over. It's so unbelievable what's happening. You can't take it in. I've been integrating it all these years. I don't know that I have it yet - that that happened.
GROSS: So when you're with somebody as they're being executed or when you're in the place for witnesses, what are you trying to communicate with them, like, after the point where they can actually hear you reading the scripture?
PREJEAN: All the words have been spoken.
GROSS: Yeah.
PREJEAN: In my faithfulness to them and in visiting them, they know my love and care for them and that I believe in their dignity. It's all presence then.
GROSS: Right.
PREJEAN: It's just pure presence like when you're at the death of anyone. You're not making long speeches. It's - there's nothing to say. You look at my face. I'll be the face of Christ for you. It's pure presence, and that's what it is.
GROSS: Let me reintroduce you here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Sister Helen Prejean. She's written a new spiritual memoir that's called "River Of Fire." We'll talk more after we take a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF WES MONTGOMERY'S "FOUR ON SIX")
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR, and if you're just joining us, my guest is Sister Helen Prejean. She's written a new spiritual memoir called "River Of Fire."
At the end of the book, you publish a letter that you wrote to Pope Francis, and you made a very stirring argument on behalf of more equality for nuns and...
PREJEAN: For women in the church, not just nuns.
GROSS: Yeah, for women in the church, including nuns. And one of your arguments is, how can men really understand the world if women aren't their equals? And that applies to nuns and priests. And you also write about how you can preach in Protestant churches but not in your own. You can give sermons in Protestant churches against the death penalty. And even though the pope opposes the death penalty, you can't give the same sermon in your own Catholic Church.
PREJEAN: Women can't preach in the Catholic Church. Women cannot read the gospel at mass. A young little pimply teenager who happens to be a boy could read the gospel. You got to be male. And seeing the million ways it plays out that women somehow cannot fully image Christ - it was - what I said in the letter was that women need to be in on those decision-making councils when policies are being decided in the church because the presence of women - our consciousness, our empathy, what we bring to the table - is really important for the dialogue.
And if men in the church are always only talking to other men at the top decision-making levels - and that's the curia in Rome. That's the bishops when they meet. It's always all males. And that - if we don't have full dialogue with women represented - that's the fullness of human beings - we are never going to be able to embody what the gospel of Jesus is about.
GROSS: Didn't Pope Francis recently affirm that one thing that was not going to change was women being restricted from becoming priests?
PREJEAN: Yes, he has said that. He has made statements on that.
GROSS: So you still think it's going to change eventually, but not...
PREJEAN: Yeah.
GROSS: ...In the near future, I guess.
PREJEAN: Just because that life moves in the spirit in the church. Look how long it took - 1,600 years to change the teaching of the Catholic Church on the death penalty to unequivocal opposition. So women - it's going to change because it has to, because it's so against the gospel of Jesus to simply say because someone is a man or a woman, one can fully represent Christ and so represent him at the altar and the other one can't.
GROSS: At the end of your book, you write that you are now 80. Your parents died when they were 81. Your older sister is dead. And you write, death seems to be such a crapshoot. Either it's everything - union and love with all that is - or it's nothing - disintegration into a puny pile of chemicals. How has your understanding of death changed in all the years that you've been a nun?
PREJEAN: Well, in watching people actually go to their death, I've seen how they summon their courage to make the walk. They're very afraid, but they do it. They do it. I've watched Mama, Daddy, Mary Anne. It's - Mary Anne and I were really close. And, in fact, after Mary Ann died...
GROSS: Your sister.
PREJEAN: Yeah, my sister. She was always the brave one. Like, when we were doing tomboy things like jumping from a limb to catch a rope swing, I'm the last one on the branch. And she's going, Helen, jump. Don't be such a sissy. So the words that came up inside me after she had died - because she was gone then, I couldn't hear her voice physically - was, sis, death comes for everybody. I did it. It's going to happen to you, too. Don't be a sissy. I had what it took. God brought me through it. And you can - you'll have what you need, too. And it strengthens me.
GROSS: Do you believe in a literal heaven and hell?
PREJEAN: What do you mean by literal?
GROSS: That there actually is a heaven and that some people would be dispatched to heaven and some people will be scorched eternally in hell.
PREJEAN: I do not believe that if we say God is a loving and merciful God that God puts people in this frying pan and zaps them in fire for all eternity, plunges them into an eternal pain. What kind of God is that? It's a mystery, of course. But I know that it cannot be the imposition of eternal pain. At least it doesn't jibe with anything I know about the God, the Abba that Jesus taught us, and that God is merciful. What does it mean to say God's merciful? You can keep people in a frying pan in hell for all eternity.
Heaven - a little imagination here. What if heaven - what if Mary Ann is right here by my side, but I can't see her? Mom and Daddy, all those - it's called the communion of saints in the Catholic Church. Not that it's a literal place, of course, but what if they have crossed over a threshold in which they have moved into a way of being that is somehow connected in love with everything? And maybe that is the heart of what it all means.
GROSS: Are there any parts of life that you regret having missed out on because of the vows that you took when you became a nun and the life that you've dedicated yourself to? It's been such a rich life in so many ways, but there are some things that you actually were pledged to deny yourself.
PREJEAN: You know, I was such an impetuous, spontaneous person, I guess, in a way, immature, not rounded out in relationships, like, with men and - so it's been a slow process to awaken to the deepest dimension of the gospel, to do justice, to be in solidarity with poor people. So I have a feeling being in that kind of cocoon of protection and a limited environment in which I lived and moved and had my being might have been good for me. I think I did it exactly as I should have done it. I don't regret anything.
GROSS: Sister Helen Prejean, it's been such a pleasure to talk with you. Thank you so much.
PREJEAN: Terry, I love hearing that voice come on the radio. It's been a joy. Thank you so much for getting this book out because it's really important we get religion right because God - you know, religion is used in so many ways to hurt people, especially Christianity.
GROSS: Do you feel like you're seeing that right now?
PREJEAN: I'll give one example - Jeff Sessions, before him Justice Scalia, quoting Romans 13, that if anything is the law in the United States, we obey civil authority because it has the authority of God. And Justice Scalia quoted that to justify the death penalty. And Jeff Sessions just quoted that because it's the law for people to enter the country illegally, so you can separate children from their parents. And he brought in divine authority to sanction it.
And that is really, really harmful. It is so opposite to the compassion and mercy and love that Jesus taught us that it just - I can't tell you what it does to see that happening over and over again by these people who claimed Christianity and then quote even the words of Jesus sometimes to hurt people, to disrespect them and to claim that the suffering we're causing of separating children from their parents is really God's will because it's legal. And I quote Thomas Merton, the Trappist monk - I still make retreat with the Trappist monks at Gethsemane - who said, when the world ends, it'll be legal.
GROSS: (Laughter) Sister Helen, thank you so much.
PREJEAN: Thank you, Terry.
BIANCULLI: Sister Helen Prejean speaking to Terry Gross in 2019. Sister Helen's latest memoir "River Of Fire" comes out in paperback this month. After a short break, I review "Lovecraft Country," a new HBO miniseries inspired by and aggressively reworking the stories and ideas of H.P. Lovecraft. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF AARON PARKS' "SMALL PLANET")
Copyright © 2020 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.


npr--2020-08-14--Government Watchdog Says Homeland Security Leaders Were Not Legitimately Appointed

Government Watchdog Says Homeland Security Leaders Were Not Legitimately Appointed The Government Accountability Office says that the acting leaders of the Department of Homeland Security , who have been serving in their roles without Senate confirmation , were not appointed through a valid process .
Since November , Chad Wolf has been acting secretary of DHS and Ken Cuccinelli the senior official performing the duties of deputy secretary .
Neither of those appointments is legitimate , the GAO found , because they depended on the actions of an earlier official who himself was improperly placed in charge of the department @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The opinion could prompt judges to dismiss some DHS actions as illegal , and it also suggests it is not clear who has the legal authority to run the department .
`` We are referring the question as to who should be serving as the Acting Secretary and the Senior Official Performing the Duties of Deputy Secretary to the DHS Office of Inspector General for its review , '' Thomas H. Armstrong , general counsel for the GAO , wrote .
A DHS spokesman told NPR , `` We wholeheartedly disagree with the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ issue a formal response to this shortly . ''
The Trump administration has relied heavily on temporary appointments rather than permanently filling key posts .
President Trump has said he prefers acting appointments for the speed and flexibility they offer .
Because they do not require Senate confirmation , such postings bypass a layer of legislative oversight over the executive branch .
But even for the Trump administration , the lack of permanent leadership at the Department of Homeland Security has been unusual .
`` Next Friday is the 500th day that we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ homeland security , '' said Steve Vladeck , a law professor at the University of Texas .
`` That 's a record for a Cabinet vacancy . ''
The last Senate-confirmed secretary , Kirstjen Nielsen , resigned in 2019 .
NPR reported last fall that Trump wanted Cuccinelli , an immigration hard-liner , to be secretary , but worried the Senate would not confirm him .
So instead the president has relied on acting leaders , including Cuccinelli 's role as acting deputy .
But the GAO said the acting assignments have been @ @ @ @ @ @ @ tried to change the rules governing temporary appointments to ensure that Trump 's preferred choice , Kevin McAleenan , would lead the department after her .
But , the GAO found , she bungled the paperwork .
( Technically , she amended the annexes to an executive order , instead of amending the executive order . )
McAleenan did not have a valid appointment to his role , so when he changed the rules of succession to pave Wolf 's path to the acting post , it lacked legitimacy , and when Wolf @ @ @ @ @ @ @ either .
`` The big question is , so what ? ''
asked Anne Joseph O'Connell , a law professor at Stanford University .
She noted the GAO 's opinion is not binding on DHS or on the court system .
However , under the leadership of Wolf and Cuccinelli , the Department of Homeland Security has attracted intense scrutiny for such actions as deploying federal agents to protests in Portland , Ore. , over the opposition of local and state leaders .
And new restrictions on asylum-seekers and Deferred Action for Childhood @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prompted lawsuits from immigration advocates .
Some of those lawsuits seek to throw out DHS actions on the grounds that the department 's leadership is not legitimately in power .
And now a government body has endorsed that legal argument , which , O'Connell said , `` could be very persuasive in the courts . ''
As a result , some of Wolf 's and Cuccinelli 's actions could be undone in court rulings .
The GAO said its review only focused on the legality of the appointments — and not on what @ @ @ @ @ @ @ officials .
That matter is being referred to another government watchdog for review .

Government Watchdog Says Homeland Security Leaders Were Not Legitimately Appointed
Enlarge this image toggle caption Alex Wong/Getty Images Alex Wong/Getty Images
Updated Aug. 18: The Department of Homeland Security has responded to the GAO's report with an eight-page letter calling the watchdog group's conclusions "baseless and baffling." The department says that the last secretary of Homeland Security clearly designated her successor not only through paperwork, but by swearing him in, and that her decision must be respected.
The letter suggests that the GAO's finding may be motivated by political partisanship and alleges that the document was drafted by an inexperienced junior staffer. "The [GAO] Report takes the reader on a march through a marsh," the letter states. "At each refusal to rely on key evidence, the morass thickens and the water deepens ... As the reader reaches the Report's conclusion, he is left with the sinking and inescapable feeling that something is afoot in the swamp. "
The DHS letter is signed by Chad Mizelle, above the title "Senior Official Performing the Duties of the General Counsel." The position of general counsel at DHS is a Senate-confirmed position, which has been vacant for 11 months.
Our original story:
The Government Accountability Office says that the acting leaders of the Department of Homeland Security, who have been serving in their roles without Senate confirmation, were not appointed through a valid process.
Since November, Chad Wolf has been acting secretary of DHS and Ken Cuccinelli the senior official performing the duties of deputy secretary.
Neither of those appointments is legitimate, the GAO found, because they depended on the actions of an earlier official who himself was improperly placed in charge of the department due to an error in paperwork.
The opinion could prompt judges to dismiss some DHS actions as illegal, and it also suggests it is not clear who has the legal authority to run the department.
"We are referring the question as to who should be serving as the Acting Secretary and the Senior Official Performing the Duties of Deputy Secretary to the DHS Office of Inspector General for its review," Thomas H. Armstrong, general counsel for the GAO, wrote.
A DHS spokesman told NPR, "We wholeheartedly disagree with the GAO's baseless report and plan to issue a formal response to this shortly."
The Trump administration has relied heavily on temporary appointments rather than permanently filling key posts. President Trump has said he prefers acting appointments for the speed and flexibility they offer. Because they do not require Senate confirmation, such postings bypass a layer of legislative oversight over the executive branch.
But even for the Trump administration, the lack of permanent leadership at the Department of Homeland Security has been unusual.
"Next Friday is the 500th day that we have not had a Senate-confirmed secretary of homeland security," said Steve Vladeck, a law professor at the University of Texas. "That's a record for a Cabinet vacancy."
The last Senate-confirmed secretary, Kirstjen Nielsen, resigned in 2019.
NPR reported last fall that Trump wanted Cuccinelli, an immigration hard-liner, to be secretary, but worried the Senate would not confirm him. So instead the president has relied on acting leaders, including Cuccinelli's role as acting deputy.
But the GAO said the acting assignments have been invalid since Nielsen's departure. Nielsen tried to change the rules governing temporary appointments to ensure that Trump's preferred choice, Kevin McAleenan, would lead the department after her. But, the GAO found, she bungled the paperwork. (Technically, she amended the annexes to an executive order, instead of amending the executive order.)
McAleenan did not have a valid appointment to his role, so when he changed the rules of succession to pave Wolf's path to the acting post, it lacked legitimacy, and when Wolf appointed Cuccinelli it wasn't valid, either.
"The big question is, so what?" asked Anne Joseph O'Connell, a law professor at Stanford University.
She noted the GAO's opinion is not binding on DHS or on the court system.
However, under the leadership of Wolf and Cuccinelli, the Department of Homeland Security has attracted intense scrutiny for such actions as deploying federal agents to protests in Portland, Ore., over the opposition of local and state leaders. And new restrictions on asylum-seekers and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA, applicants have prompted lawsuits from immigration advocates.
Some of those lawsuits seek to throw out DHS actions on the grounds that the department's leadership is not legitimately in power. And now a government body has endorsed that legal argument, which, O'Connell said, "could be very persuasive in the courts."
As a result, some of Wolf's and Cuccinelli's actions could be undone in court rulings.
The GAO said its review only focused on the legality of the appointments — and not on what it means for actions taken by DHS officials. That matter is being referred to another government watchdog for review.


npr--2020-08-14--U.S. Seizes Iranian Fuel From 4 Tankers Bound For Venezuela

U.S. Seizes Iranian Fuel From 4 Tankers Bound For Venezuela The U.S. has seized Iranian petroleum bound for Venezuela aboard four tankers near the Strait of Hormuz , enforcing a forfeiture order aimed at both Iran 's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Caracas government , the Justice Department announced Friday .
Roughly 1.116 million barrels of fuel was confiscated from the foreign-flagged vessels M/T Bella , M/T Bering , M/T Pandi and M/T Luna , a Justice Department statement said , adding that the seizure took place `` with the assistance of foreign partners . ''
The cargo was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ issued by a U.S. District Court over a July 2 complaint seeking the forfeiture of all petroleum products aboard the vessels .
The property is now in U.S. custody , the Justice Department said .
According to The Associated Press , quoting unnamed U.S. officials , no military force was used in the seizure of the cargo , and none of the ships was physically impounded .
Instead , U.S. officials threatened ship owners , insurers and captains with sanctions to force them to hand over their cargo , the AP reported .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ spokesperson Morgan Ortagus described the cargo as gasoline and said if the forfeiture is successful in U.S. courts , the proceeds could `` support the U.S. Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund instead of those engaging in terrorism , like the [ Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ] . ''
It was n't clear where the vessels , all four Liberian-flagged , are currently located , as none appears to have transmitted collision-avoidance beacons in several weeks , according to the site MarineTraffic.com .
Last year , the Trump administration declared Iran 's Islamic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ organization .
It has also stepped up pressure on the government of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro .
Although Venezuela controls one of the world 's largest crude reserves , its production of refined gasoline falls short of even its domestic needs .
Amid stiff U.S. sanctions , commercial traders have also increasingly shunned Venezuela , prompting it to turn to Iran , which is also the subject of sanctions from Washington .
`` We are seeing more and more global shipping fleets avoiding the Iran-Venezuela trade due to our sanctions implementation and enforcement @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Ortagus said .
`` The United States remains committed to our maximum pressure campaigns against the Iranian and Maduro regimes . ''
In a tweet , Hojat Soltani , Iran 's ambassador to Venezuela , rejected the U.S. claim of seizing the four tankers .
`` Yet another lie and psychological warfare by the US propaganda machine .
The tankers are neither Iranians , nor their owners or flags have anything to do with Iran .
The terrorist Trump just wants to cover up the humiliation of his failure against the great nation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ '' the ambassador wrote .
The U.S. and several international powers , including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom , banded together to protect international shipping in and around the Gulf of Oman last year following alleged Iranian attacks on oil tankers there .
It was not immediately clear which `` foreign partners '' may have been involved in the U.S. seizure .
The action represents the U.S. government 's largest seizure of fuel shipments from Iran , the Justice Department said .
`` After enforcement @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's navy forcibly boarded an unrelated ship in an apparent attempt to recover the seized petroleum , but was unsuccessful , '' according to U.S. Central Command , which posted a video on Thursday of what the United States is calling a failed Iranian operation .
Later Friday , the U.S. suffered a setback in its efforts to get international support for part of its campaign to isolate Iran .
The U.N. Security Council voted down a U.S. proposal to extend an embargo on weapons sales to Iran that has been in place @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the council , only the Dominican Republic voted with the U.S..
The embargo is set to expire in October .
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said the U.S. would move now to have the U.N. reimpose sanctions on Iran that were lifted in the 2015 nuclear deal .
But the U.S. has withdrawn from that deal and Russia and China , along with U.S. allies like France and Germany , seek to maintain it .

U.S. Seizes Iranian Fuel From 4 Tankers Bound For Venezuela
Enlarge this image toggle caption Department of Justice Department of Justice
Updated at 8:09 p.m. ET
The U.S. has seized Iranian petroleum bound for Venezuela aboard four tankers near the Strait of Hormuz, enforcing a forfeiture order aimed at both Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Caracas government, the Justice Department announced Friday.
Roughly 1.116 million barrels of fuel was confiscated from the foreign-flagged vessels M/T Bella, M/T Bering, M/T Pandi and M/T Luna, a Justice Department statement said, adding that the seizure took place "with the assistance of foreign partners."
The cargo was intercepted on Wednesday, under a warrant issued by a U.S. District Court over a July 2 complaint seeking the forfeiture of all petroleum products aboard the vessels. The property is now in U.S. custody, the Justice Department said.
According to The Associated Press, quoting unnamed U.S. officials, no military force was used in the seizure of the cargo, and none of the ships was physically impounded. Instead, U.S. officials threatened ship owners, insurers and captains with sanctions to force them to hand over their cargo, the AP reported.
In a statement Friday, State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus described the cargo as gasoline and said if the forfeiture is successful in U.S. courts, the proceeds could "support the U.S. Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund instead of those engaging in terrorism, like the [Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]."
It wasn't clear where the vessels, all four Liberian-flagged, are currently located, as none appears to have transmitted collision-avoidance beacons in several weeks, according to the site MarineTraffic.com.
Last year, the Trump administration declared Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps to be a terrorist organization. It has also stepped up pressure on the government of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro.
Although Venezuela controls one of the world's largest crude reserves, its production of refined gasoline falls short of even its domestic needs. Amid stiff U.S. sanctions, commercial traders have also increasingly shunned Venezuela, prompting it to turn to Iran, which is also the subject of sanctions from Washington.
"We are seeing more and more global shipping fleets avoiding the Iran-Venezuela trade due to our sanctions implementation and enforcement efforts," the State Department's Ortagus said. "The United States remains committed to our maximum pressure campaigns against the Iranian and Maduro regimes."
In a tweet, Hojat Soltani, Iran's ambassador to Venezuela, rejected the U.S. claim of seizing the four tankers.
"Yet another lie and psychological warfare by the US propaganda machine. The tankers are neither Iranians, nor their owners or flags have anything to do with Iran. The terrorist Trump just wants to cover up the humiliation of his failure against the great nation of Iran by scattering false propaganda," the ambassador wrote.
The U.S. and several international powers, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom, banded together to protect international shipping in and around the Gulf of Oman last year following alleged Iranian attacks on oil tankers there. It was not immediately clear which "foreign partners" may have been involved in the U.S. seizure.
toggle caption Department of Justice
The action represents the U.S. government's largest seizure of fuel shipments from Iran, the Justice Department said.
"After enforcement of the U.S. forfeiture order, Iran's navy forcibly boarded an unrelated ship in an apparent attempt to recover the seized petroleum, but was unsuccessful," according to U.S. Central Command, which posted a video on Thursday of what the United States is calling a failed Iranian operation.
Later Friday, the U.S. suffered a setback in its efforts to get international support for part of its campaign to isolate Iran. The U.N. Security Council voted down a U.S. proposal to extend an embargo on weapons sales to Iran that has been in place since 2007. Among the 15 members of the council, only the Dominican Republic voted with the U.S.. The embargo is set to expire in October.
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said the U.S. would move now to have the U.N. reimpose sanctions on Iran that were lifted in the 2015 nuclear deal. But the U.S. has withdrawn from that deal and Russia and China, along with U.S. allies like France and Germany, seek to maintain it.


npr--2020-08-15--Coronavirus Maps: How Severe Is Your State's Outbreak?

Coronavirus Maps : How Severe Is Your State 's Outbreak ?
More than 5 million people in the U.S. have tested positive for the coronavirus and more than 160,000 have died .
Tens of thousands of new cases are confirmed daily .
State by state , the picture is varied .
In the graphics below , explore the trends in your state .
View the data via a heat map ( immediately below ) , curve charts , a table of state-by-state trends over four weeks , or a map of total cases and deaths .
The map above shows @ @ @ @ @ @ @ based on new daily cases per capita .
These color-coded risk levels were developed by a consortium of researchers and public health experts .
The group advises states in the red category to issue stay-home orders .
Orange states may need to consider stay-home orders , along with increased testing and contact tracing .
Yellow states need to keep up social distancing and mask usage , and both yellow and green states should continue testing and contact tracing .
To compare state outbreaks , the chart above graphs trend lines for average new @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's totals to date .
This type of visualization highlights a state 's daily growth or decline relative to the overall size of its outbreak .
When both new and total case and death counts grow quickly , the curves bend upward .
As new cases and deaths slow , the curves level or bend down .
In New York , the curve rose sharply before reaching over 170,000 total cases in April .
Since then , new cases have fallen from about 10,000 per day in mid-April to under 600 per day @ @ @ @ @ @ @ above to see totals and per capita figures around the country for both new confirmed cases and reported deaths from COVID-19 .
New York was the original epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. As of mid August , California , Florida and Texas have surpassed New York for total cases to date , though New York still has the highest death total .
Click here to see a global map of confirmed cases and deaths .
To show trends state by state , the table below shows the change in average new @ @ @ @ @ @ @ week over week for the last 28 days .
States marked in shades of red are showing growth , those in shades of green , are showing declines .
The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources , including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; the World Health Organization ; national , state and local government health departments ; 1point3acres ; and local media reports .
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly @ @ @ @ @ @ @ result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds .
State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time .
There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department 's website .
Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships .
In early June , Michigan health authorities started including probable cases in its totals .
This resulted in a brief spike in the state 's daily numbers until the JHU team was able to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 25 , New Jersey included 1,854 previously-unreported probable deaths in its totals , resulting in a spike in the state 's daily death numbers .
This story was originally published on March 16 , 2020 .
Elena Renken was a co-author on that version .
Sean McMinn contributed to and Carmel Wroth edited this story .

Tracking the coronavirus around the U.S.: See how your state is doing
Loading...
Note: This page was last updated on Feb. 1, 2023. It will no longer be updated. For current data on COVID cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
As of Feb. 1, there have been more than 101 million confirmed coronavirus infections in the U.S. and more than 1 million people have died of COVID-19. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.
Loading...
The above charts show average new cases per 100,000 people for each state over the last 12 months.
Note: Actual cases may be substantially higher, since many who test positive with at-home tests don't report their cases.
For additional data about COVID-19 in the U.S, including cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.
Loading...
Methodology
The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; 1point3acres; and local media reports.
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department's website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.
Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases, process testing backlogs or update their methodologies. The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.
This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version. Sean McMinn and Audrey Carlsen contributed to this story. Carmel Wroth edited this story.