npr--2020-05-06--Understanding Nancy Pelosi: She 'Knows Exactly What Her Leverage Is'

Understanding Nancy Pelosi : She 'Knows Exactly What Her Leverage Is' This is FRESH AIR .
I 'm Dave Davies in today for Terry Gross .
When U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was first elected to Congress , there was n't a women 's bathroom near the House floor , and it would be several years before women were allowed to wear pants in the chamber .
Things have changed since then .
Pelosi has now led the Democratic Party 's House caucus for 18 years , and our guest at Time , national political correspondent Molly Ball , says @ @ @ @ @ @ @ outmaneuver President Trump repeatedly in policy battles .
Paul 's new book traces Pelosi 's political skills back to her roots in her father 's Democratic machine in Baltimore .
She describes how Pelosi outworked and outthought male rivals to ascend the leadership ladder in Congress , why she became the preferred target of Republicans in congressional elections and , somewhat surprisingly , why she found working with President Obama so difficult .
Besides her work at Time , Molly Ball is a political analyst for CNN .
Previously , she 's reported @ @ @ @ @ @ @ media organizations .
Her new book is called `` Pelosi . ''
I spoke with Molly Ball from my home in Philadelphia .
She was at her home in Arlington , Va. Well , Molly Ball , welcome to FRESH AIR .
You 're working at home - right ?
- like everybody else , with three kids and your husband .
And I 'm interested in how reporting in Washington has changed with the pandemic .
You know , this is a city that 's just full of , you know , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and all kinds of communication .
A lot of it 's digital , but now people ca n't really get together .
How does it feel different ?
MOLLY BALL : Really , I think a lot of what you refer to in Washington occurs when people circulate - right ?
- when we are around each other , the reporters and our sources and the politicians and so on .
And a lot of people find this kind of incestuous , but it is , for better or worse , a big @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that you describe is fueled .
So that is all a little bit harder , to keep in touch with people and to sort of know what the scuttlebutt is .
But also the kind of reporting I do - I 'm not mainly a Capitol Hill correspondent .
I do a lot of traveling around the country , meeting people , trying to , you know , witness the situation on the ground with my own eyes , and that 's completely stopped .
DAVIES : So let 's talk about Nancy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's image of Nancy Pelosi is that of a wealthy San Francisco liberal , which she is , but her political roots are really very different .
Tell us about her background , her family .
BALL : One of her mentors earlier in her career , Jack Murtha , used to say about her , do n't think she 's from San Francisco .
She 's from Baltimore .
And that 's both literally true and true in a deeper sense , right ?
Her father was a congressman from Baltimore and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ He came out of the machine politics of Baltimore , a Democratic city .
She was born in 1940 , when her father was already in Congress .
So literally from the day she was born , she was part of this very Catholic , very Democratic , very Italian family that was involved in the political life of the city and the nation .
And that machine politics , as you know from Philadelphia , was very much about the sort of tribes and factions of the city .
The different ethnicities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and they all had a sort of boss who could deliver their votes , often in exchange for something .
So when you see the kind of deal-maker that Nancy Pelosi is , when you see the kind of negotiating that she does on Capitol Hill , I think a lot of it does trace back to her roots in Baltimore .
DAVIES : What about Nancy Pelosi 's mother ?
Tell us about her .
BALL : Her mother 's very important to her , I think at least as important as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ things I tried to do in the book was sort of restore the significance of her mother to her life .
You know , I think inevitably because her father was a politician , her mother sort of gets erased from this narrative , but she was very much shaped by her mother .
And she talks very frankly , which I think is interesting , about how stifled her mother was .
Her mother had a lot of ambitions that she was n't able to fulfill simply because she was a woman @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
She wanted to go to law school .
She wanted to have her own business .
And all of those dreams were thwarted because she had to stay home and raise the children and keep the house and because , quite frankly , her husband would n't let her .
There was a point where she had a business .
She 'd invented and patented a beauty product , and she wanted to market it nationally .
But she needed her husband 's signature in order to do that , and he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ So I think it shaped her that her mother was stifled in that way .
But it also shaped her that her mother was a very strong and aggressive woman , a sort of - I do n't want to be stereotypical , but , you know , the sort of fiery Italian American mother who - there are family stories about how she once punched a poll worker in the face .
She was known to - she once put LBJ in his place and told off Ronald Reagan .
So this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ get in people 's faces , and I think that 's certainly a characteristic you also see in her daughter .
DAVIES : You know , and the kind of urban machine politics that her family was involved in functions - you know , it 's about loyalty and favors , but it 's also just about an awful lot of hard work - street lists and knowing where your votes are and turning them out .
And there 's a lot of hard work involved .
Nancy Pelosi , then Nancy D'Alesandro @ @ @ @ @ @ @ quite active .
Did she play a role herself ?
BALL : She did .
Her mother was responsible for a couple of things in the household as sort of the brains of the political operation .
One was the Women 's Democratic Club that operated out of the basement , and they did a lot of that hard work you 're talking about - pounding the pavement , doing the precincts and making sure everything was in the right place .
And then also the favor file , which is the other @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the sort of constituent services operation , where there was a list that was maintained in the family 's living room of all of the things - all the favors people needed from - whether it was their mayor or their congressman .
And so from the time she was about 11 , Nancy D'Alesandro was in charge of being in that living room and maintaining that favor file , telling people - answering the phone and telling them where they could go if they needed to get into city hospital or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the sort of government services .
So she was a very active part of that operation from a pretty early age .
And I think the point you make about how hard that work is is important because it 's also very individual , right ?
This is politics at a very individual level where you know every single voter , and you know what they care about , and you know where they live , and you 're turning them out precinct by precinct , block by block .
So I think @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sense of politics as well .
DAVIES : So Nancy grows up , goes to Catholic school , goes to college and actually , after college , gets a job in a senator 's office , where , ironically , Steny Hoyer , who would later be her No .
2 in Congress for so many years , was also employed .
This was sort of the dawn of the feminist wave of the '60s .
Did Nancy see her - Nancy D'Alesandro see herself as a career woman ?
BALL : I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ her mother , wanted to go to law school and never ended up doing so .
And she did take this job in the senator 's office .
But she also met the man who would become her husband while they were both in college .
And so she ended up , kind of like her mother , giving up all of those dreams in order to become a housewife .
Now , she never stopped doing her political activities , being active in the Democratic Party , being a volunteer and pushing @ @ @ @ @ @ @ she did n't immediately have a career - in fact , did n't have a career until many , many years later , and it 's a sort of interesting irony of her life that even though she saw the sort of trap that her mother had fallen into , she ended up doing almost the same thing after she graduated from college .
DAVIES : So she raised five children but stayed active in the party , held fundraisers at her house .
How did she get into formal politics , into @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : Well , her first ever real office - office with some sort of power , with some sort of vote - was the San Francisco Library Board in 1975 .
And I tell this story in the book of how the mayor at the time , Joe Alioto , called her up and asked her to take this spot on the San Francisco Library Commission .
And she turned him down .
She said , well , you know , I 'm perfectly happy being a volunteer .
I 'm happy to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kind of official position .
And even though she considered him something of a chauvinist , a sort of old-fashioned man , he reprimanded her .
He said , no .
You 're doing the work .
You should have something to show for it .
You should have the power that comes with it .
You should be able to make decisions .
And this was really a revelation for her .
And when she and I talked about it , she described it as a sort of feminist moment where she @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be able to have that kind of power if she was going to be doing all the work .
And everything sort of changed for her once she had that official position .
She realized that , particularly as a woman , if you were just sort of talking , no one might listen to you .
But if you had a vote , they had to respect you .
They had to listen to your voice .
DAVIES : She gets into Congress in 1987 .
And not many politicians make their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and win .
She , in a way , was kind of in the right place at the right time .
A congressman died .
His wife took the seat .
She got colon cancer and said that Nancy should run for the seat .
But she still had to win it .
It was a field of 14 people , including one that was quite formidable .
How 'd she pull it off ?
BALL : Well , I think there are actually quite a few people in the Congress today who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that 's sort of ( laughter ) another discussion .
But yeah , she did have to fight for it despite having the deathbed endorsement of her friend , Sala Burton , who 'd held the seat before her untimely death of colon cancer .
And she really did model her operation on the politics that she learned in Baltimore , on counting every vote , on knowing the neighborhoods block by block and precinct by precinct .
She knew the value of showing up .
She was a tireless campaigner .
She @ @ @ @ @ @ @ morning waving signs for the commuters .
And she 'd be out late at night , you know , speaking at a bingo parlor or a lady 's bridge club .
And so her principal opponent was a man named Harry Britt , who was sort of the successor of the famous Harvey Milk , the tragically assassinated member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors .
And this was at a time when the AIDS crisis was really coming on the national radar .
And if elected , Harry Britt , her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ openly gay man elected to Congress .
So a lot of the campaign was about who could better represent the gay community .
And Nancy Pelosi talked about all the connections she had , her ability to be effective in Washington .
But her principal opponent 's argument was , we need to be represented by one of our own in Congress .
And she won pretty narrowly .
She won - there was - it was sort of two rounds of voting .
And she won that first round by just a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other big part of it was money , right ?
She raised a lot of money .
And she , at this point , had family wealth to contribute , too .
BALL : That 's right .
Her husband was a banker and financier .
They lived in New York for a few years before moving to his hometown in San Francisco .
And he became quite successful .
So even at that time in 1987 , they were quite well-off .
And yes , she put quite a lot of her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to being able to raise funds .
Because she had this background as a fundraiser , because she 'd spent so much time raising money for other politicians , she was then able to call in a lot of those favors .
And she outspent the entire rest of the field combined to win that race .
DAVIES : You write that when she got to Congress , she already knew 200 representatives and senators personally and that many owed her a favor .
That 's pretty remarkable for a freshman .
Why @ @ @ @ @ @ @ very unusual for a freshman member of Congress .
But she had helped so many people get to Congress .
She had held all of these fundraisers in her home .
Her house in San Francisco had become a sort of well-known stop on the fundraising circuit .
So not just San Francisco politicians , but politicians from all over the country who were coming through California to raise money would stop at their home .
She also spent a term as the finance chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , basically @ @ @ @ @ @ @ candidates in tough races in 1986 .
So that meant that she got to know a lot of senators and helped a lot of them .
And a lot of them grew to respect her through that and also , perhaps , owed her a favor .
So - and this was exactly what she ran on .
Her slogan when she ran for office that first time was , a voice that will be heard .
And it was all about her connections and her ability to be effective in Washington , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , is pretty odd for someone who 's never actually been in office before .
In fact , one of her campaign consultants looked at this proposed slogan and said , wait a minute .
We 're going to run a first-time candidate on this idea that they 're effective and accomplished ?
And the answer was , yes .
That 's what we 're going to do .
And it ended up working .
DAVIES : Molly Ball is the national political correspondent for Time .
Her new book is `` Pelosi @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a break .
This is FRESH AIR .
DAVIES : This is FRESH AIR .
And we 're speaking with Molly Ball .
She is the national political correspondent for Time and a political analyst on CNN .
Her new book is called `` Pelosi . ''
You know , a lot of people serve in Congress for decades but never become leaders .
They are active on their committees .
Nancy Pelosi decided , first , in 1988 , she would run for one of these leadership posts , a whip .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ elected the whip .
She became the leader of the caucus in 2002 .
They were in the minority .
So she told the post of minority leader and then eventually became speaker in 2007 after the Democrats won the majority in Congress in 2006 .
But running for these leadership posts is a little different from just serving in Congress .
Tell us how you do it .
How did she manage to win these internal battles for leadership ?
BALL : It requires building a lot of support among your colleagues @ @ @ @ @ @ @ your colleagues , campaigning for your colleagues , helping them get elected and stay elected .
It means proving that you have the sort of chops to do the job , proving that you know the ins and outs of the policy , you know the way the House works and functions .
But it 's a lot of just building those relationships .
And interestingly , although she came from the liberal wing of the caucus , from a pretty early point in her career , she was building relationships with the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ House .
And she became friends with a sort of crusty , old chauvinist from Pennsylvania , Jack Murtha , who was known for his work on defense spending .
And because he saw something in her that made him take her seriously , he became a sort of crucial validator for her .
You have to remember , when she got to the House in 1987 , out of 435 members of the House , there were only 23 women .
So she was n't really going to get anywhere by getting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vote for her .
There just were n't that many .
She needed to get all the men to take her seriously .
She needed to get them to see her as someone who could do this job and was n't just a sort of dilettante , as she was often caricatured .
So getting those older and more conservative and male members to take her seriously and to see her as a force to be reckoned with was really crucial to her being able to win that position .
DAVIES : Right @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mentioned that in the 2000 congressional election cycle , she donated 3.9 million to other Democratic candidates .
That 's certainly a way to win a lot of friends .
The other thing was just the sheer level of work and the stamina she showed .
What were her days like ?
BALL : She has always had a really remarkable amount of energy .
She does n't need a lot of sleep .
I 've never seen her eat an entire meal ( laughter ) .
She seems to - she does @ @ @ @ @ @ @ drink alcohol .
She seems to live mostly on dark chocolate and chocolate ice cream , which she eats every day .
But she has this incredible level of energy .
And she traces a lot of it to being a mother .
And as a mother myself , I identify with this a little bit .
I think you find , when you become a mother for the first time - much less when you have five children - that the amount of capacity that you thought you had just increases exponentially @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so much work to take care of small children .
And so a lot of her energy derived from having been - having had five children in the space of six years , and having to raise this large family .
That sort of makes you the leader of a caucus , in a way .
And I think some of it is just natural .
I think some of it has just got to be the way that she is naturally .
I 've actually asked her this question .
I 'm @ @ @ @ @ @ @ well , where do you get all this energy ?
How do you do it ?
And she 'll just give you this sort of blank look and say , well , I 'm Italian .
We have great stamina .
And I think she really believes that she 's just genetically superior for being Italian .
DAVIES : You know , the other interesting thing is about having - raising a large family and , like , being a leader in a congressional caucus is , you know , you end up @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with your time and get things done and yet have enormous patience to deal with people who think they 're important and can throw tantrums and need to be taken care of .
BALL : That 's right .
When you think about it , politicians and toddlers have a lot in common , right ?
BALL : They 're egomaniacs .
They 're self-centered .
They 're unreasonable .
They want everything and they want it now .
And they 're not really interested in hearing why you need to get - @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
So I do think that managing a caucus is a lot like managing a large family .
And I think she did learn a lot from that .
And , you know , a friend of Nancy Pelosi 's , when she was still a youngish mother , said she knew she was destined for success in politics when she saw all five children folding their own laundry .
And the way she ran the house was disciplined .
It was efficient .
It was , you know , her - she @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time believing this .
But her children say she hardly ever had to scold them because she would just give them that cold glare of disappointment .
And the shame that they would feel for disappointing her was enough to make them behave .
And so I think you see that in the way she manages the House Democratic Caucus as well , that she does n't often have to bring the hammer down and really punish people because they 're just so afraid of disappointing her .
DAVIES : Molly Ball is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for CNN .
Her new book is `` Pelosi . ''
She 'll be back to talk more about House Speaker Nancy Pelosi 's career after a break .
And Kevin Whitehead reviews a new album by saxophonist Dayna Stephens ' trio .
I 'm Dave Davies , and this is FRESH AIR .
DAVIES : This is FRESH AIR .
I 'm Dave Davies in for Terry Gross .
We 're speaking with Time national political correspondent Molly Ball , who 's written a book about U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ skill and negotiating talents to outmaneuver President Trump in several policy battles .
Ball 's book is called `` Pelosi . ''
You know , for the first several years that Nancy Pelosi was the leader of the Democratic caucus , she was there when the Democrats were in a minority , and so it was a matter of getting the most she could with Republicans who were in charge .
And you tell a number of stories .
One that comes to mind is when Tom DeLay , the congressman from Texas @ @ @ @ @ @ @ had to reduce the number of Democrats on one of the committees after this had all been agreed to .
And she really showed some spine .
How did she respond to him ?
BALL : I love this answer .
I love what she said to him when he told her that he was going to go back on this agreement she 'd made with the Republican speaker at the time .
She said , life on this planet as you know it will not be the same if you persist in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ much laying down a marker that said - and they tried to argue with her .
They said , oh , we 'll go out and badmouth you in the media if you do this .
She said , I do n't care .
They said , well , actually , no , this is better for you .
You get a larger percentage of the seats if the committee is smaller .
She said , I do n't care .
We had an agreement .
We 're sticking to the agreement .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ not be the same if you persist in this notion .
So from the very beginning , she was a very tough leader .
She was a very strong leader .
I think she viewed the leaders who 'd come before her as being a little bit weak-willed and letting people get away with too much .
And so at various points as minority leader before becoming speaker , a lot of what she was doing was trying to instill a sense of party discipline and wake up the Democratic caucus to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a unit if they were going to have any kind of leverage in negotiations with the majority .
And it is still , I think , the No .
1 thing that she says to and about her caucus today .
She says , our diversity is our strength .
Our unity is our power .
DAVIES : And we got to work as a team .
It really is interesting because when you 're in the minority , you have to know how far you can push , right ?
I mean @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the circumstances in which the Republican leaders will need some Democratic votes because their own caucus was restive and some of them would n't go along with leadership .
And so it 's one thing to be tough and show steel , but to do it well , you really have to have done the homework and know exactly where you stand , where the votes are , right ?
BALL : That 's right .
And I think the other sort of favorite word in Nancy Pelosi 's vocabulary is leverage .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ are , knows exactly what her leverage is .
Sometimes it 's that , as you say , the opposition is divided , and that means that if the Democrats are unified , they have a lot of leverage because the majority needs their votes .
Another thing is just knowing what the priorities are .
So in many of the negotiations with the Republican majority in the last few years , she knew that they wanted to increase military spending .
So in order to get that , she was going to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or to protect some domestic spending that the Democrats cared about .
So knowing those pressure points , knowing what it is your opponent values in the negotiation , enables her to to maximize that leverage .
And then just the fact that she is so effective - it becomes a sort of virtuous cycle , I guess you would say , that because she 's so successful at keeping the Democratic caucus united , it gives her a lot of credibility in that negotiation to say , I can bring along all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that ?
Because I have n't seen you do that , but you 've seen me do that a lot .
DAVIES : In 2006 , the Democrats get the majority in Congress .
She then becomes speaker the following January .
And then in 2008 , Barack Obama wins the White House .
And Pelosi is speaker at a time when the Democrats control the White House and both houses of Congress .
And you have a president with an ambitious policy agenda .
And there were things they took on like @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's interesting that you write that one of the toughest things for her was dealing with President Obama .
What was hard about that ?
BALL : I do n't think she would say that he was hard to deal with .
I think she - they - the two of them became very close .
And she cherished that relationship very much .
And I think he came to respect her as well .
But this was a common refrain during the Obama administration from Democrats in the House and Senate .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ fully engaged with the Congress and knew his way around the Congress .
Having only been a senator for a few years , never having been in the House and , you know , not being the sort of schmoozer who is always having people over to the White House and wining and dining representatives and so on , many of the House Democrats were often frustrated with President Obama 's negotiating abilities , felt that he was giving away too much on the front end and was n't maximizing leverage .
So @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 're someone like Nancy Pelosi who values leverage , that 's going to be extremely frustrating .
DAVIES : Right .
Well , and she was frustrated , as many in Congress were , that the Obama administration would want Congress to actually draft some of these really critical pieces of legislation , almost as if - I think you write - the Democrats in Congress felt that the Obama team wanted to get credit for these policy initiatives but not get their hands dirty in actually doing the work of making things @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other thing was that Obama tended to think he was going to get Republican support .
And she would tell him , no , they will string you along and then vote against you and then blame Democrats for everything that goes wrong .
BALL : That 's right .
She had had a lot of experience watching how the Republicans did business and had become , I think , pretty appropriately cynical about their willingness to work in a bipartisan fashion .
So pretty much from the beginning , you know , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ this ambitious policy agenda .
He also , of course , came in with a crashing economy .
And so the first order of business was to try to do something about that .
And Obama really did think that because the situation was so dire and because he had run on this message of sort of uniting the country and because he came in with this very strong popularity , he thought that he could get some Republican support .
But the Republicans pretty much decided at the outset that that was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
And Nancy Pelosi became a useful foil for them , in part because Obama was so popular , right ?
And they could always say , well , you know , we like Obama fine , but Nancy Pelosi and the Washington Democrats , they are the problem here .
They 're the ones getting in the way .
They 're the ones who wo n't work with us .
And it was n't true .
She would 've been willing to work across the aisle if she believed that they were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ But she also was n't naive enough to think that they were totally sincere in all of their protestations .
DAVIES : What was Nancy Pelosi 's role in getting the Affordable Care Act passed ?
BALL : She was really instrumental to its passage , and I do n't think that her role has been fully appreciated .
A lot of the histories of the Affordable Care Act have centered on President Obama or have centered on the challenge of getting it through the Senate .
But she was key to getting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ only that - when the Democrats lost their 60-vote majority in the Senate and had to essentially start from scratch , there were a lot of people in the White House in the Obama administration who wanted to give up , who thought that this just was n't going to be possible .
It was too large a hill to climb , and it was looking politically toxic as well , and maybe they should toggle back their ambitions and try for something a little bit smaller , something that would n't be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the number of children with health insurance .
And Nancy Pelosi was the one who in that meeting turned to President Obama and said , Mr. President , I know there are people urging you to take what she called the namby-pamby approach , and she was the one who stiffened his spine .
Now , the president and his people will tell you that he never went wobbly , although there 's some evidence that perhaps he did , but she was the one who said , I will help you make @ @ @ @ @ @ @ down .
We 've come too far .
Trying to get some form of universal access to health care was something that the Democrats had been trying to do for the better part of a century , and they were so close , and she was not going to let him give up at that moment .
DAVIES : Molly Ball is national political correspondent for Time .
Her new book is called `` Pelosi . ''
We 'll continue our conversation after this short break .
This is FRESH AIR .
DAVIES @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 're speaking with Molly Ball .
She 's national political correspondent for Time and a political analyst for CNN .
Her new biography of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is called `` Pelosi . ''
So the Democrats lost control of Congress in 2010 .
That made Nancy Pelosi now minority leader .
And then in 2016 , Donald Trump surprises everyone by winning the presidential election .
She 's got a new president she 'll have to deal with .
So how did she manage dealing with him ?
What approach did she @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have to remember that , first of all , nobody , including Donald Trump , expected him to win that election in 2016 .
So it was quite a jolt to everybody in politics , Nancy Pelosi included .
And , also , nobody knew what to expect from him as president because he had said so many conflicting things in order to get elected , had had so many different personas from sort of conservative Republican to liberal New York Democrat .
And he 'd sold himself simultaneously as this fighter for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
And , in fact , people - a lot of people who voted for him saw him as more moderate than Hillary Clinton , someone who would be able to work across the aisle .
So being the results-oriented , operational person that she is , Nancy Pelosi did not spend a lot of time recovering from the shock of Donald Trump 's election .
She immediately started to think about , how can I deal with him ?
And they got on the phone , and he said some very nice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ first thought , though , was , I have to protect the Affordable Care Act , because she knew that with Republicans , the only thing that had stopped Republicans from repealing the Affordable Care Act before was that President Obama would 've vetoed it .
But now that they had the majority in both houses of Congress and the presidency , it was a very real possibility .
So she immediately kicked into high gear trying to ensure that the Affordable Care Act would not be repealed .
And that was her @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2018 , the Democrats retook Congress with a new wave of enthusiasm and a new wave of women running for office and being elected to Congress .
This presented a challenge for Nancy Pelosi .
I mean , there were a lot of new people in Congress who did n't know her as well , and she and the other two top leaders in Congress were all in their 70s and there was a rebellion of sorts .
What convinced her she should stay on ?
How did she deal with this ?
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ election that if Hillary Clinton had won , she might have stepped down , she might have retired because there would be a woman at the table .
Being the only woman leader - top leader of either party in Congress or the White House , she has spent most of her career being the only woman at the table when the president meets with the top leaders of Congress , and she believes that that 's really important .
So some people do n't believe she actually would 've stepped down .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ refusing to step down , even after a loss .
But she did say that she would 've considered that and that she stayed in large part because she believed there needed to be a woman at that negotiating table .
And then also , just her capabilities as a negotiator , seeing what the Democrats were going to be up against with the Republicans in power in both houses of Congress and the White House , believing that they needed the most capable person in those negotiations and believing that that was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ took control of the House in 2018 and then Pelosi would soon be speaker again , she had real leverage in dealing with Donald Trump , which did n't happen in the first two years of his term .
How did things change ?
There was an early meeting at which she made quite a statement .
BALL : That 's right .
Shortly after that 2018 election , you remember there was this high-stakes budget negotiation going on between the two parties that ended in a government shutdown .
And before that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to the White House to meet with the president .
And Trump , as he 's done in a few of these settings , decided to invite the press to stay and film this negotiation that they thought was going to be private .
And at one point , they 're going back and forth about things like the border wall and whether the government 's going to shut down .
And Trump , sort of almost as an aside , says , well , you know , Nancy 's got a hard @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have a lot of support in her own party .
He 's referring to the leadership battle that she was in to regain the speakership .
And she immediately cuts him off , does n't let him finish and says , Mr. President , please do n't characterize the strength that I bring to this meeting as the leader of the House Democrats .
So she was interrupting him .
She was putting him in his place .
She was refusing to be sort of insulted in that way .
And I think @ @ @ @ @ @ @ what made an even bigger impression was when she and Senator Schumer walked out of that meeting , walked out the doors of the White House .
And she put on that reddish-orange coat and those round tortoiseshell sunglasses and just grinned a big grin .
And there 's an - that image of that moment sort of instantly became iconic as the epitome of the woman who could put Trump in his place .
And because there was this wave of women 's political activism that started with Trump 's election and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's so much anger on the left toward Trump and the Trump administration , I think that image immediately caught fire as sort of the fighter that Democrats needed , the figure who they felt could finally really stand up for them and stand up to Trump .
And that 's been her position ever since .
DAVIES : You know , it 's interesting .
You make the point a lot in the book of how results-oriented she is , you know ?
It is n't - does n't matter whether you @ @ @ @ @ @ @ make fun of me in public if we get important things done for the American people - and just tries not to get involved in all the emotional stuff that can get in the way .
That said , did you ever see her lose her temper ?
BALL : There 's a little-known incident that 's a perfect illustration of this from 2014 .
So she 's minority leader at this time .
The Republicans are in control of the House .
And there 's some speeches going on , as they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the House .
And a Republican member of Congress , Tom Marino , starts sort of taunting her .
He 's saying , you know , you could 've fixed immigration when you were in control , Madam Speaker .
But you did n't do it .
And he 's insulting her intelligence .
He 's insulting her capacity .
So he gets done speaking .
And you can actually see , in a partial way , on , like , the C-SPAN recording of this , you can see her marching across @ @ @ @ @ @ @ wagging her finger at him .
And what she 's saying is , you are an insignificant person .
You 're an insignificant person .
And he recounted this later sort of shocked that she - and her colleagues almost had to pull her away from him because she was so incensed by what he 'd accused her of .
DAVIES : I 'm wondering if you can tell us a bit about how she 's going to deal with the challenges presented by the coronavirus pandemic .
I mean , there are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ function ?
How can you exercise oversight over the executive branch without public hearings and staff being on sight ?
How do you vote ?
What do you see ?
BALL : Yeah .
Obviously , it 's a massive public policy challenge .
And it 's also a massive logistical challenge .
And I do n't think the Congress has figured out either part of that yet .
She 's been involved in the negotiations toward these four massive bills that have already been passed , spending nearly $ 3 trillion to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ workers and businesses and the health care system afloat .
And the work there is not finished .
I think she regards that as a partial success .
She still thinks that more needs to be done .
And in terms of the logistics , you know , the House is a very old-fashioned place .
And there were some efforts to try to figure out a way for them to meet remotely or do something else .
And that kind of got poleaxed bipartisanship , you could say , where the Republicans @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it 's become this whole highly charged political battle , as absolutely everything is these days .
So we 'll see .
We have , you know , the Senate coming back this week .
The House is supposed to come back in some fashion next week .
And it will be a real challenge to see whether they can manage these two simultaneous problems , both the policy problem - this is a Congress that was n't functioning particularly well before they had to stay home and wear masks - and also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
DAVIES : Molly Ball , thank you so much for spending some time with us .
BALL : Thank you so much for having me .
DAVIES : Molly Ball is national political correspondent for Time and an analyst for CNN .
Her new book is `` Pelosi . ''
Coming up , Kevin Whitehead reviews a new album by saxophonist Dayna Stephens ' trio .
He says their improvised grace seems oddly relevant now .
This is FRESH AIR .

Understanding Nancy Pelosi: She 'Knows Exactly What Her Leverage Is'
DAVE DAVIES, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Dave Davies in today for Terry Gross.
When U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was first elected to Congress, there wasn't a women's bathroom near the House floor, and it would be several years before women were allowed to wear pants in the chamber. Things have changed since then. Pelosi has now led the Democratic Party's House caucus for 18 years, and our guest at Time, national political correspondent Molly Ball, says she's used her negotiating talents to outmaneuver President Trump repeatedly in policy battles.
Paul's new book traces Pelosi's political skills back to her roots in her father's Democratic machine in Baltimore. She describes how Pelosi outworked and outthought male rivals to ascend the leadership ladder in Congress, why she became the preferred target of Republicans in congressional elections and, somewhat surprisingly, why she found working with President Obama so difficult. Besides her work at Time, Molly Ball is a political analyst for CNN. Previously, she's reported for The Atlantic, Politico and other media organizations. Her new book is called "Pelosi." I spoke with Molly Ball from my home in Philadelphia. She was at her home in Arlington, Va.
Well, Molly Ball, welcome to FRESH AIR. You're working at home - right? - like everybody else, with three kids and your husband. And I'm interested in how reporting in Washington has changed with the pandemic. You know, this is a city that's just full of, you know, tips and rumors and gossip and stories and all kinds of communication. A lot of it's digital, but now people can't really get together. How does it feel different?
MOLLY BALL: Really, I think a lot of what you refer to in Washington occurs when people circulate - right? - when we are around each other, the reporters and our sources and the politicians and so on. And a lot of people find this kind of incestuous, but it is, for better or worse, a big way that that sort of gossip network that you describe is fueled. So that is all a little bit harder, to keep in touch with people and to sort of know what the scuttlebutt is. But also the kind of reporting I do - I'm not mainly a Capitol Hill correspondent. I do a lot of traveling around the country, meeting people, trying to, you know, witness the situation on the ground with my own eyes, and that's completely stopped.
DAVIES: So let's talk about Nancy Pelosi. You know, many people's image of Nancy Pelosi is that of a wealthy San Francisco liberal, which she is, but her political roots are really very different. Tell us about her background, her family.
BALL: One of her mentors earlier in her career, Jack Murtha, used to say about her, don't think she's from San Francisco. She's from Baltimore. And that's both literally true and true in a deeper sense, right? Her father was a congressman from Baltimore and then became the mayor of Baltimore. He came out of the machine politics of Baltimore, a Democratic city. She was born in 1940, when her father was already in Congress. So literally from the day she was born, she was part of this very Catholic, very Democratic, very Italian family that was involved in the political life of the city and the nation.
And that machine politics, as you know from Philadelphia, was very much about the sort of tribes and factions of the city. The different ethnicities all had their own little neighborhoods, and they all had a sort of boss who could deliver their votes, often in exchange for something. So when you see the kind of deal-maker that Nancy Pelosi is, when you see the kind of negotiating that she does on Capitol Hill, I think a lot of it does trace back to her roots in Baltimore.
DAVIES: What about Nancy Pelosi's mother? Tell us about her.
BALL: Her mother's very important to her, I think at least as important as her father. And one of the things I tried to do in the book was sort of restore the significance of her mother to her life. You know, I think inevitably because her father was a politician, her mother sort of gets erased from this narrative, but she was very much shaped by her mother. And she talks very frankly, which I think is interesting, about how stifled her mother was. Her mother had a lot of ambitions that she wasn't able to fulfill simply because she was a woman. She wanted to be an auctioneer. She wanted to go to law school. She wanted to have her own business. And all of those dreams were thwarted because she had to stay home and raise the children and keep the house and because, quite frankly, her husband wouldn't let her.
There was a point where she had a business. She'd invented and patented a beauty product, and she wanted to market it nationally. But she needed her husband's signature in order to do that, and he wouldn't give it to her. So I think it shaped her that her mother was stifled in that way. But it also shaped her that her mother was a very strong and aggressive woman, a sort of - I don't want to be stereotypical, but, you know, the sort of fiery Italian American mother who - there are family stories about how she once punched a poll worker in the face. She was known to - she once put LBJ in his place and told off Ronald Reagan. So this was not someone who was afraid to get in people's faces, and I think that's certainly a characteristic you also see in her daughter.
DAVIES: You know, and the kind of urban machine politics that her family was involved in functions - you know, it's about loyalty and favors, but it's also just about an awful lot of hard work - street lists and knowing where your votes are and turning them out. And there's a lot of hard work involved. Nancy Pelosi, then Nancy D'Alesandro, grew up when the machine was quite active. Did she play a role herself?
BALL: She did. Her mother was responsible for a couple of things in the household as sort of the brains of the political operation. One was the Women's Democratic Club that operated out of the basement, and they did a lot of that hard work you're talking about - pounding the pavement, doing the precincts and making sure everything was in the right place. And then also the favor file, which is the other side of what you're talking about, the sort of constituent services operation, where there was a list that was maintained in the family's living room of all of the things - all the favors people needed from - whether it was their mayor or their congressman.
And so from the time she was about 11, Nancy D'Alesandro was in charge of being in that living room and maintaining that favor file, telling people - answering the phone and telling them where they could go if they needed to get into city hospital or needed help getting housing or any of the sort of government services. So she was a very active part of that operation from a pretty early age.
And I think the point you make about how hard that work is is important because it's also very individual, right? This is politics at a very individual level where you know every single voter, and you know what they care about, and you know where they live, and you're turning them out precinct by precinct, block by block. So I think that that's really important to her sense of politics as well.
DAVIES: So Nancy grows up, goes to Catholic school, goes to college and actually, after college, gets a job in a senator's office, where, ironically, Steny Hoyer, who would later be her No. 2 in Congress for so many years, was also employed. This was sort of the dawn of the feminist wave of the '60s. Did Nancy see her - Nancy D'Alesandro see herself as a career woman?
BALL: I think she did. She, like her mother, wanted to go to law school and never ended up doing so. And she did take this job in the senator's office. But she also met the man who would become her husband while they were both in college. And so she ended up, kind of like her mother, giving up all of those dreams in order to become a housewife.
Now, she never stopped doing her political activities, being active in the Democratic Party, being a volunteer and pushing the stroller while distributing leaflets, but she didn't immediately have a career - in fact, didn't have a career until many, many years later, and it's a sort of interesting irony of her life that even though she saw the sort of trap that her mother had fallen into, she ended up doing almost the same thing after she graduated from college.
DAVIES: So she raised five children but stayed active in the party, held fundraisers at her house. How did she get into formal politics, into the Democratic Party in California?
BALL: Well, her first ever real office - office with some sort of power, with some sort of vote - was the San Francisco Library Board in 1975. And I tell this story in the book of how the mayor at the time, Joe Alioto, called her up and asked her to take this spot on the San Francisco Library Commission. And she turned him down. She said, well, you know, I'm perfectly happy being a volunteer. I'm happy to help. I don't need that kind of official position. And even though she considered him something of a chauvinist, a sort of old-fashioned man, he reprimanded her.
He said, no. You're doing the work. You should have something to show for it. You should have the power that comes with it. You should be able to make decisions. And this was really a revelation for her. And when she and I talked about it, she described it as a sort of feminist moment where she realized that, yes, she should be able to have that kind of power if she was going to be doing all the work. And everything sort of changed for her once she had that official position. She realized that, particularly as a woman, if you were just sort of talking, no one might listen to you. But if you had a vote, they had to respect you. They had to listen to your voice.
DAVIES: She gets into Congress in 1987. And not many politicians make their first run at elected office for Congress and win. She, in a way, was kind of in the right place at the right time. A congressman died. His wife took the seat. She got colon cancer and said that Nancy should run for the seat. But she still had to win it. It was a field of 14 people, including one that was quite formidable. How'd she pull it off?
BALL: Well, I think there are actually quite a few people in the Congress today who that's their first office. But that's sort of (laughter) another discussion. But yeah, she did have to fight for it despite having the deathbed endorsement of her friend, Sala Burton, who'd held the seat before her untimely death of colon cancer. And she really did model her operation on the politics that she learned in Baltimore, on counting every vote, on knowing the neighborhoods block by block and precinct by precinct.
She knew the value of showing up. She was a tireless campaigner. She'd be up at 5 in the morning waving signs for the commuters. And she'd be out late at night, you know, speaking at a bingo parlor or a lady's bridge club. And so her principal opponent was a man named Harry Britt, who was sort of the successor of the famous Harvey Milk, the tragically assassinated member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. And this was at a time when the AIDS crisis was really coming on the national radar.
And if elected, Harry Britt, her opponent, would have been the first openly gay man elected to Congress. So a lot of the campaign was about who could better represent the gay community. And Nancy Pelosi talked about all the connections she had, her ability to be effective in Washington. But her principal opponent's argument was, we need to be represented by one of our own in Congress. And she won pretty narrowly. She won - there was - it was sort of two rounds of voting. And she won that first round by just a few thousand votes.
DAVIES: The other big part of it was money, right? She raised a lot of money. And she, at this point, had family wealth to contribute, too.
BALL: That's right. Her husband was a banker and financier. They lived in New York for a few years before moving to his hometown in San Francisco. And he became quite successful. So even at that time in 1987, they were quite well-off. And yes, she put quite a lot of her own money into the race in addition to being able to raise funds. Because she had this background as a fundraiser, because she'd spent so much time raising money for other politicians, she was then able to call in a lot of those favors. And she outspent the entire rest of the field combined to win that race.
DAVIES: You write that when she got to Congress, she already knew 200 representatives and senators personally and that many owed her a favor. That's pretty remarkable for a freshman. Why was that?
BALL: It's very unusual for a freshman member of Congress. But she had helped so many people get to Congress. She had held all of these fundraisers in her home. Her house in San Francisco had become a sort of well-known stop on the fundraising circuit. So not just San Francisco politicians, but politicians from all over the country who were coming through California to raise money would stop at their home.
She also spent a term as the finance chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, basically raising money for all of the Senate candidates in tough races in 1986. So that meant that she got to know a lot of senators and helped a lot of them. And a lot of them grew to respect her through that and also, perhaps, owed her a favor. So - and this was exactly what she ran on.
Her slogan when she ran for office that first time was, a voice that will be heard. And it was all about her connections and her ability to be effective in Washington, which, if you think about it, is pretty odd for someone who's never actually been in office before. In fact, one of her campaign consultants looked at this proposed slogan and said, wait a minute. We're going to run a first-time candidate on this idea that they're effective and accomplished? And the answer was, yes. That's what we're going to do. And it ended up working.
DAVIES: Molly Ball is the national political correspondent for Time. Her new book is "Pelosi." We'll talk more after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF SLOWBERN'S "WHEN WAR WAS KING")
DAVIES: This is FRESH AIR. And we're speaking with Molly Ball. She is the national political correspondent for Time and a political analyst on CNN. Her new book is called "Pelosi."
You know, a lot of people serve in Congress for decades but never become leaders. They are active on their committees. Nancy Pelosi decided, first, in 1988, she would run for one of these leadership posts, a whip. She stayed at it, eventually was elected the whip. She became the leader of the caucus in 2002. They were in the minority. So she told the post of minority leader and then eventually became speaker in 2007 after the Democrats won the majority in Congress in 2006. But running for these leadership posts is a little different from just serving in Congress. Tell us how you do it. How did she manage to win these internal battles for leadership?
BALL: It requires building a lot of support among your colleagues. So that means raising money for your colleagues, campaigning for your colleagues, helping them get elected and stay elected. It means proving that you have the sort of chops to do the job, proving that you know the ins and outs of the policy, you know the way the House works and functions. But it's a lot of just building those relationships.
And interestingly, although she came from the liberal wing of the caucus, from a pretty early point in her career, she was building relationships with the more moderate and conservative Democrats in the House. And she became friends with a sort of crusty, old chauvinist from Pennsylvania, Jack Murtha, who was known for his work on defense spending. And because he saw something in her that made him take her seriously, he became a sort of crucial validator for her.
You have to remember, when she got to the House in 1987, out of 435 members of the House, there were only 23 women. So she wasn't really going to get anywhere by getting all the women in the House to vote for her. There just weren't that many. She needed to get all the men to take her seriously. She needed to get them to see her as someone who could do this job and wasn't just a sort of dilettante, as she was often caricatured. So getting those older and more conservative and male members to take her seriously and to see her as a force to be reckoned with was really crucial to her being able to win that position.
DAVIES: Right. And, you know, you mentioned that in the 2000 congressional election cycle, she donated 3.9 million to other Democratic candidates. That's certainly a way to win a lot of friends. The other thing was just the sheer level of work and the stamina she showed. What were her days like?
BALL: She has always had a really remarkable amount of energy. She doesn't need a lot of sleep. I've never seen her eat an entire meal (laughter). She seems to - she doesn't drink coffee. She doesn't drink alcohol. She seems to live mostly on dark chocolate and chocolate ice cream, which she eats every day. But she has this incredible level of energy. And she traces a lot of it to being a mother. And as a mother myself, I identify with this a little bit. I think you find, when you become a mother for the first time - much less when you have five children - that the amount of capacity that you thought you had just increases exponentially when you - just because it's so much work to take care of small children.
And so a lot of her energy derived from having been - having had five children in the space of six years, and having to raise this large family. That sort of makes you the leader of a caucus, in a way. And I think some of it is just natural. I think some of it has just got to be the way that she is naturally. I've actually asked her this question. I'm certainly not the first to ask, well, where do you get all this energy? How do you do it? And she'll just give you this sort of blank look and say, well, I'm Italian. We have great stamina. And I think she really believes that she's just genetically superior for being Italian.
DAVIES: You know, the other interesting thing is about having - raising a large family and, like, being a leader in a congressional caucus is, you know, you end up having to be very, very efficient with your time and get things done and yet have enormous patience to deal with people who think they're important and can throw tantrums and need to be taken care of.
BALL: That's right. When you think about it, politicians and toddlers have a lot in common, right?
DAVIES: (Laughter).
BALL: They're egomaniacs. They're self-centered. They're unreasonable. They want everything and they want it now. And they're not really interested in hearing why you need to get - you need them to do something else. So I do think that managing a caucus is a lot like managing a large family. And I think she did learn a lot from that. And, you know, a friend of Nancy Pelosi's, when she was still a youngish mother, said she knew she was destined for success in politics when she saw all five children folding their own laundry.
And the way she ran the house was disciplined. It was efficient. It was, you know, her - she hardly ever - I have a hard time believing this. But her children say she hardly ever had to scold them because she would just give them that cold glare of disappointment. And the shame that they would feel for disappointing her was enough to make them behave. And so I think you see that in the way she manages the House Democratic Caucus as well, that she doesn't often have to bring the hammer down and really punish people because they're just so afraid of disappointing her.
DAVIES: Molly Ball is political correspondent for Time and an analyst for CNN. Her new book is "Pelosi." She'll be back to talk more about House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's career after a break. And Kevin Whitehead reviews a new album by saxophonist Dayna Stephens' trio. I'm Dave Davies, and this is FRESH AIR.
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DAVIES: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Dave Davies in for Terry Gross. We're speaking with Time national political correspondent Molly Ball, who's written a book about U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Ball says Pelosi has used her political skill and negotiating talents to outmaneuver President Trump in several policy battles. Ball's book is called "Pelosi."
You know, for the first several years that Nancy Pelosi was the leader of the Democratic caucus, she was there when the Democrats were in a minority, and so it was a matter of getting the most she could with Republicans who were in charge. And you tell a number of stories. One that comes to mind is when Tom DeLay, the congressman from Texas, called her to say that they had to reduce the number of Democrats on one of the committees after this had all been agreed to. And she really showed some spine. How did she respond to him?
BALL: I love this answer. I love what she said to him when he told her that he was going to go back on this agreement she'd made with the Republican speaker at the time. She said, life on this planet as you know it will not be the same if you persist in this notion. So she was very much laying down a marker that said - and they tried to argue with her. They said, oh, we'll go out and badmouth you in the media if you do this. She said, I don't care. They said, well, actually, no, this is better for you. You get a larger percentage of the seats if the committee is smaller. She said, I don't care. We had an agreement. We're sticking to the agreement. And life as you know it will not be the same if you persist in this notion.
So from the very beginning, she was a very tough leader. She was a very strong leader. I think she viewed the leaders who'd come before her as being a little bit weak-willed and letting people get away with too much. And so at various points as minority leader before becoming speaker, a lot of what she was doing was trying to instill a sense of party discipline and wake up the Democratic caucus to the idea that they needed to work as a unit if they were going to have any kind of leverage in negotiations with the majority. And it is still, I think, the No. 1 thing that she says to and about her caucus today. She says, our diversity is our strength. Our unity is our power.
DAVIES: And we got to work as a team. It really is interesting because when you're in the minority, you have to know how far you can push, right? I mean, and part of that involves knowing the circumstances in which the Republican leaders will need some Democratic votes because their own caucus was restive and some of them wouldn't go along with leadership. And so it's one thing to be tough and show steel, but to do it well, you really have to have done the homework and know exactly where you stand, where the votes are, right?
BALL: That's right. And I think the other sort of favorite word in Nancy Pelosi's vocabulary is leverage. She always knows where those pressure points are, knows exactly what her leverage is. Sometimes it's that, as you say, the opposition is divided, and that means that if the Democrats are unified, they have a lot of leverage because the majority needs their votes. Another thing is just knowing what the priorities are. So in many of the negotiations with the Republican majority in the last few years, she knew that they wanted to increase military spending. So in order to get that, she was going to require them to increase some domestic spending or to protect some domestic spending that the Democrats cared about. So knowing those pressure points, knowing what it is your opponent values in the negotiation, enables her to to maximize that leverage.
And then just the fact that she is so effective - it becomes a sort of virtuous cycle, I guess you would say, that because she's so successful at keeping the Democratic caucus united, it gives her a lot of credibility in that negotiation to say, I can bring along all of my votes. Can you do that? Because I haven't seen you do that, but you've seen me do that a lot.
DAVIES: In 2006, the Democrats get the majority in Congress. She then becomes speaker the following January. And then in 2008, Barack Obama wins the White House. And Pelosi is speaker at a time when the Democrats control the White House and both houses of Congress. And you have a president with an ambitious policy agenda. And there were things they took on like the Affordable Care Act. But it's interesting that you write that one of the toughest things for her was dealing with President Obama. What was hard about that?
BALL: I don't think she would say that he was hard to deal with. I think she - they - the two of them became very close. And she cherished that relationship very much. And I think he came to respect her as well. But this was a common refrain during the Obama administration from Democrats in the House and Senate. They just never felt that Obama was fully engaged with the Congress and knew his way around the Congress. Having only been a senator for a few years, never having been in the House and, you know, not being the sort of schmoozer who is always having people over to the White House and wining and dining representatives and so on, many of the House Democrats were often frustrated with President Obama's negotiating abilities, felt that he was giving away too much on the front end and wasn't maximizing leverage. So if you can imagine, if you're someone like Nancy Pelosi who values leverage, that's going to be extremely frustrating.
DAVIES: Right. Well, and she was frustrated, as many in Congress were, that the Obama administration would want Congress to actually draft some of these really critical pieces of legislation, almost as if - I think you write - the Democrats in Congress felt that the Obama team wanted to get credit for these policy initiatives but not get their hands dirty in actually doing the work of making things happen. And then I guess the other thing was that Obama tended to think he was going to get Republican support. And she would tell him, no, they will string you along and then vote against you and then blame Democrats for everything that goes wrong.
BALL: That's right. She had had a lot of experience watching how the Republicans did business and had become, I think, pretty appropriately cynical about their willingness to work in a bipartisan fashion. So pretty much from the beginning, you know, you mentioned that Obama came in with this ambitious policy agenda. He also, of course, came in with a crashing economy. And so the first order of business was to try to do something about that. And Obama really did think that because the situation was so dire and because he had run on this message of sort of uniting the country and because he came in with this very strong popularity, he thought that he could get some Republican support.
But the Republicans pretty much decided at the outset that that was something they were not going to do. And Nancy Pelosi became a useful foil for them, in part because Obama was so popular, right? And they could always say, well, you know, we like Obama fine, but Nancy Pelosi and the Washington Democrats, they are the problem here. They're the ones getting in the way. They're the ones who won't work with us. And it wasn't true. She would've been willing to work across the aisle if she believed that they were really going to deal with her. But she also wasn't naive enough to think that they were totally sincere in all of their protestations.
DAVIES: What was Nancy Pelosi's role in getting the Affordable Care Act passed?
BALL: She was really instrumental to its passage, and I don't think that her role has been fully appreciated. A lot of the histories of the Affordable Care Act have centered on President Obama or have centered on the challenge of getting it through the Senate. But she was key to getting it through the House. And not only that - when the Democrats lost their 60-vote majority in the Senate and had to essentially start from scratch, there were a lot of people in the White House in the Obama administration who wanted to give up, who thought that this just wasn't going to be possible. It was too large a hill to climb, and it was looking politically toxic as well, and maybe they should toggle back their ambitions and try for something a little bit smaller, something that wouldn't be truly universal but would maybe just increase the number of children with health insurance. And Nancy Pelosi was the one who in that meeting turned to President Obama and said, Mr. President, I know there are people urging you to take what she called the namby-pamby approach, and she was the one who stiffened his spine. Now, the president and his people will tell you that he never went wobbly, although there's some evidence that perhaps he did, but she was the one who said, I will help you make this happen. Let's not back down. We've come too far. Trying to get some form of universal access to health care was something that the Democrats had been trying to do for the better part of a century, and they were so close, and she was not going to let him give up at that moment.
DAVIES: Molly Ball is national political correspondent for Time. Her new book is called "Pelosi." We'll continue our conversation after this short break. This is FRESH AIR.
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DAVIES: This is FRESH AIR. We're speaking with Molly Ball. She's national political correspondent for Time and a political analyst for CNN. Her new biography of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is called "Pelosi."
So the Democrats lost control of Congress in 2010. That made Nancy Pelosi now minority leader. And then in 2016, Donald Trump surprises everyone by winning the presidential election. She's got a new president she'll have to deal with. So how did she manage dealing with him? What approach did she take?
BALL: Well, you have to remember that, first of all, nobody, including Donald Trump, expected him to win that election in 2016. So it was quite a jolt to everybody in politics, Nancy Pelosi included. And, also, nobody knew what to expect from him as president because he had said so many conflicting things in order to get elected, had had so many different personas from sort of conservative Republican to liberal New York Democrat. And he'd sold himself simultaneously as this fighter for the right and also as this deal-maker. And, in fact, people - a lot of people who voted for him saw him as more moderate than Hillary Clinton, someone who would be able to work across the aisle.
So being the results-oriented, operational person that she is, Nancy Pelosi did not spend a lot of time recovering from the shock of Donald Trump's election. She immediately started to think about, how can I deal with him? And they got on the phone, and he said some very nice things to her. And her very first thought, though, was, I have to protect the Affordable Care Act, because she knew that with Republicans, the only thing that had stopped Republicans from repealing the Affordable Care Act before was that President Obama would've vetoed it. But now that they had the majority in both houses of Congress and the presidency, it was a very real possibility. So she immediately kicked into high gear trying to ensure that the Affordable Care Act would not be repealed. And that was her very first priority.
DAVIES: In 2018, the Democrats retook Congress with a new wave of enthusiasm and a new wave of women running for office and being elected to Congress. This presented a challenge for Nancy Pelosi. I mean, there were a lot of new people in Congress who didn't know her as well, and she and the other two top leaders in Congress were all in their 70s and there was a rebellion of sorts. What convinced her she should stay on? How did she deal with this?
BALL: She said after the 2016 election that if Hillary Clinton had won, she might have stepped down, she might have retired because there would be a woman at the table. Being the only woman leader - top leader of either party in Congress or the White House, she has spent most of her career being the only woman at the table when the president meets with the top leaders of Congress, and she believes that that's really important. So some people don't believe she actually would've stepped down. She certainly has a long record of refusing to step down, even after a loss. But she did say that she would've considered that and that she stayed in large part because she believed there needed to be a woman at that negotiating table.
And then also, just her capabilities as a negotiator, seeing what the Democrats were going to be up against with the Republicans in power in both houses of Congress and the White House, believing that they needed the most capable person in those negotiations and believing that that was her.
DAVIES: After the Democrats took control of the House in 2018 and then Pelosi would soon be speaker again, she had real leverage in dealing with Donald Trump, which didn't happen in the first two years of his term. How did things change? There was an early meeting at which she made quite a statement.
BALL: That's right. Shortly after that 2018 election, you remember there was this high-stakes budget negotiation going on between the two parties that ended in a government shutdown. And before that, Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer went to the White House to meet with the president. And Trump, as he's done in a few of these settings, decided to invite the press to stay and film this negotiation that they thought was going to be private. And at one point, they're going back and forth about things like the border wall and whether the government's going to shut down.
And Trump, sort of almost as an aside, says, well, you know, Nancy's got a hard time right now because she doesn't have a lot of support in her own party. He's referring to the leadership battle that she was in to regain the speakership. And she immediately cuts him off, doesn't let him finish and says, Mr. President, please don't characterize the strength that I bring to this meeting as the leader of the House Democrats.
So she was interrupting him. She was putting him in his place. She was refusing to be sort of insulted in that way. And I think that made a big impression. But what made an even bigger impression was when she and Senator Schumer walked out of that meeting, walked out the doors of the White House. And she put on that reddish-orange coat and those round tortoiseshell sunglasses and just grinned a big grin.
And there's an - that image of that moment sort of instantly became iconic as the epitome of the woman who could put Trump in his place. And because there was this wave of women's political activism that started with Trump's election and has continued ever since, because there's so much anger on the left toward Trump and the Trump administration, I think that image immediately caught fire as sort of the fighter that Democrats needed, the figure who they felt could finally really stand up for them and stand up to Trump. And that's been her position ever since.
DAVIES: You know, it's interesting. You make the point a lot in the book of how results-oriented she is, you know? It isn't - doesn't matter whether you don't like me or whether you make fun of me in public if we get important things done for the American people - and just tries not to get involved in all the emotional stuff that can get in the way. That said, did you ever see her lose her temper?
BALL: There's a little-known incident that's a perfect illustration of this from 2014. So she's minority leader at this time. The Republicans are in control of the House. And there's some speeches going on, as they often are, on the floor of the House. And a Republican member of Congress, Tom Marino, starts sort of taunting her. He's saying, you know, you could've fixed immigration when you were in control, Madam Speaker. But you didn't do it. And he's insulting her intelligence. He's insulting her capacity.
So he gets done speaking. And you can actually see, in a partial way, on, like, the C-SPAN recording of this, you can see her marching across the floor, chasing him down and wagging her finger at him. And what she's saying is, you are an insignificant person. You're an insignificant person. And he recounted this later sort of shocked that she - and her colleagues almost had to pull her away from him because she was so incensed by what he'd accused her of.
DAVIES: I'm wondering if you can tell us a bit about how she's going to deal with the challenges presented by the coronavirus pandemic. I mean, there are practical challenges. How does the House function? How can you exercise oversight over the executive branch without public hearings and staff being on sight? How do you vote? What do you see?
BALL: Yeah. Obviously, it's a massive public policy challenge. And it's also a massive logistical challenge. And I don't think the Congress has figured out either part of that yet. She's been involved in the negotiations toward these four massive bills that have already been passed, spending nearly $3 trillion to try to keep, you know, workers and businesses and the health care system afloat. And the work there is not finished. I think she regards that as a partial success. She still thinks that more needs to be done.
And in terms of the logistics, you know, the House is a very old-fashioned place. And there were some efforts to try to figure out a way for them to meet remotely or do something else. And that kind of got poleaxed bipartisanship, you could say, where the Republicans wouldn't agree to it. And it's become this whole highly charged political battle, as absolutely everything is these days.
So we'll see. We have, you know, the Senate coming back this week. The House is supposed to come back in some fashion next week. And it will be a real challenge to see whether they can manage these two simultaneous problems, both the policy problem - this is a Congress that wasn't functioning particularly well before they had to stay home and wear masks - and also the unique logistical problems of the virus.
DAVIES: Molly Ball, thank you so much for spending some time with us.
BALL: Thank you so much for having me.
DAVIES: Molly Ball is national political correspondent for Time and an analyst for CNN. Her new book is "Pelosi." Coming up, Kevin Whitehead reviews a new album by saxophonist Dayna Stephens' trio. He says their improvised grace seems oddly relevant now. This is FRESH AIR.
(ROBBEN FORD AND BILL EVANS' "PIXIES")
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npr--2020-05-07--Tracking The Pandemic: How Quickly Is The Coronavirus Spreading State By State?

Tracking The Pandemic : How Quickly Is The Coronavirus Spreading State By State ?
Since the first coronavirus case was confirmed in the United States on Jan. 21 , over one million people in the U.S. have confirmed cases of COVID-19 .
On April 12 , the U.S. became the nation with the most deaths globally , but there are early signs that the U.S. case and death counts may be leveling off , as the growth of new cases and deaths plateaus .
The pattern is n't consistent across the country , as new hot spots emerge and others @ @ @ @ @ @ @ state 's case count is growing , click here .
Click here to see a global map of confirmed cases and deaths .
In response to mounting cases , state and federal authorities have emphasized a social distancing strategy , widely seen as the best available means to slow the spread of the virus .
Most states have put in place measures such as closing schools and nonessential businesses and ordering citizens to stay home as much as possible .
It 's not clear how long such measures need to be in place @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Wuhan , the city in China where the virus originated , a strictly enforced lockdown and widespread testing have slowed the outbreak dramatically , enough to bring an end to the 76-day lockdown .
A large portion of U.S. cases are centered on New York City .
Since March 20 , New York state , Connecticut and New Jersey have accounted for around 50 % of all U.S. cases .
As of April 9 , nearly 60 % of all deaths from COVID-19 have been in these three states .
While New York @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , as seen below , it notched between 8,000 and 10,000 new cases each day between March 31 and April 12 .
To understand how one state 's outbreak compares with another 's , it 's helpful to look at not just the daily counts but the rate of change day over day .
In the following chart , we display cases on a logarithmic scale , meaning that every axis line is 10 times greater than the previous one .
This type of scale emphasizes the rate of change .
When case @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 's curve trends sharply upward , as New York 's does over the first 15 days past 100 cases .
Generally , this is evidence of unbridled community transmission of the disease .
As new cases slow , the curve bends toward horizontal , showing that the state 's outbreak may be leveling off .
This does n't mean the number of cases has stopped growing , but the rate of growth has slowed , which could signify that social distancing measures are having an effect .
In some areas , there are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the earliest outbreaks — such as California and Washington — seem to be having success at suppressing the disease .
The outlook in Washington has improved to the point that the state has returned unused Army hospital beds it had received in preparation for a peak in cases .
Elsewhere , limited access to testing may make the number of cases look smaller than it really is .
As testing becomes more readily available , we are likely to see the number of confirmed cases continue to grow , even if not at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ used here are compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources , including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; the World Health Organization ; national , state and local government health departments ; 1point3acres ; and local media reports .
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies .
State-by-state testing and hospitalization data are still being assessed for reliability .
State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time .
There may be discrepancies between what you see @ @ @ @ @ @ @ local health department 's website .
Stephanie Adeline , Alyson Hurt , Connie Hanzhang Jin , Ruth Talbot and Thomas Wilburn contributed to this story .

Tracking the coronavirus around the U.S.: See how your state is doing
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Note: This page was last updated on Feb. 1, 2023. It will no longer be updated. For current data on COVID cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
As of Feb. 1, there have been more than 101 million confirmed coronavirus infections in the U.S. and more than 1 million people have died of COVID-19. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.
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The above charts show average new cases per 100,000 people for each state over the last 12 months.
Note: Actual cases may be substantially higher, since many who test positive with at-home tests don't report their cases.
For additional data about COVID-19 in the U.S, including cases and deaths, demographics, and hospitalizations, consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.
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Methodology
The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; 1point3acres; and local media reports.
The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department's website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.
Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases, process testing backlogs or update their methodologies. The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.
This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version. Sean McMinn and Audrey Carlsen contributed to this story. Carmel Wroth edited this story.


npr--2020-05-07--Coronavirus World Map: Tracking The Spread Of The Outbreak

Coronavirus World Map : Tracking The Spread Of The Outbreak Since the new coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan , China , in December , the infectious respiratory disease COVID-19 has spread rapidly within China and to neighboring countries and beyond .
The first confirmed coronavirus cases outside China occurred on Jan. 20 , in Japan , Thailand and South Korea .
On Jan. 21 , the first case in the U.S. was identified in Washington state .
On Jan. 24 , the first two European cases were confirmed in France .
By Feb. 1 , eight European nations had @ @ @ @ @ @ @ month later that count had risen to 24 countries with at least 2,200 cases , most of them in Italy .
On March 11 , Italy eclipsed 10,000 cases and the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic — the first since H1N1 in 2009 .
That 's also when China , the original epicenter , began seeing drops in daily counts of new cases .
March also saw exponential spread of the virus throughout the U.S. , with all 50 states reporting cases by March 17 .
This particular virus , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the third strain of coronavirus known to frequently cause severe symptoms in humans .
The other two strains cause Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome .
Click here to see the state-by-state breakdown of cases in the United States .
This story was originally published on March 30 , 2020 .

Coronavirus world map: We've now passed the 600 million mark for infections
Editor's note: This page is no longer being updated. The last update was Sept. 5, 2022. For current data about COVID-19 cases and deaths around the world, Johns Hopkins University and Our World in Data are useful resources.
In late January 2020 only a few dozen COVID-19 infections had been identified outside of China. A year later, the world tallied its first 100 million cases. It took the globe just 7 more months to pass the 200 million mark— then another 5 months to hit 300 million, according to researchers at Johns Hopkins University. Now the virus has spread to every corner of the globe and has been blamed for more than 6 million deaths.
The United States, India and Brazil in that order have had the most COVID cases and the three nations collectively account for almost half of all recorded infections so far in the pandemic.
Explore the chart below to find a country-by-country breakdown of new and total cases since January 2020.
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Explore how the number of coronavirus cases have shifted in different parts of the world over time. The first chart compares each continent to each other, while the next charts highlight the number of cases in select countries by region.
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This story was originally published on March 30, 2020.


npr--2020-05-07--Iraq's Former Spy Chief Voted Prime Minister After 6 Months Of Caretaker Government

Iraq 's Former Spy Chief Voted Prime Minister After 6 Months Of Caretaker Government Iraq finally has a new government .
More than five months after the country 's caretaker prime minister announced he would resign amid anti-government protests , parliament early Thursday approved intelligence chief Mustafa al-Kadhimi and most of his cabinet .
Kadhimi , 53 , has the backing of both the U.S. and Iran .
He has struggled in recent weeks to win support from influential Iran-backed Shiite political factions .
In the end Kathimi won enough support from parliament without the backing of at least one @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , who opposed his nomination .
Amid a coronavirus lockdown , government planes headed south to Basra and north to the Kurdish capitol Erbil to bring members of parliament to Baghdad for a session that began late Wednesday and continued into early morning .
The proceedings were closed to the press .
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo immediately called Kadhimi to congratulate him on forming the new government and offered a reward of sorts – extending a waiver of U.S. sanctions against Iran by allowing Iraq to import Iranian fuel for four @ @ @ @ @ @ @ returned from exile in London to Iraq after the U.S. toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003 and worked as a journalist before becoming intelligence chief .
Parliament voted to approve 15 of his proposed cabinet ministers while rejecting another five and postponing a vote on two others .
One of Kadhimi 's main tasks will be overseeing early elections .
But he will have a lot to tackle before then .
`` First and foremost is dealing with the COVID consequences and how to treat this crisis in terms of the health side of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , '' Iraqi political analyst Farhad Alaaldin tells NPR .
`` And due to the oil price fall Iraq is facing a large revenue shortage that makes it difficult to pay salaries and expenses , '' says Alaaldin .
`` Then you have political instability still there ... and you have the Iran-U.S .
conflict . ''
The U.S. is sending a high-level State Dept .
delegation to Iraq next month to discuss the future of U.S. forces in the country .
There has been growing opposition to the U.S. military presence — @ @ @ @ @ @ @ parties — after the United States killed Iranian commander Qassim Soleimani and a senior Iraqi official in a drone strike in Baghdad in January .
Kadhimi has also met with Iraqi protest leaders and pledged to battle government corruption – a key demand of the young protesters .
The previous prime minister , Adel Abdil Mehdi was forced to resign after hundreds of unarmed protesters were killed by security forces .

Iraq's Former Spy Chief Voted Prime Minister After 6 Months Of Caretaker Government
Enlarge this image toggle caption Iraqi Parliament Media Office/AP Iraqi Parliament Media Office/AP
Iraq finally has a new government. More than five months after the country's caretaker prime minister announced he would resign amid anti-government protests, Parliament early Thursday approved intelligence chief Mustafa al-Kadhimi and most of his Cabinet.
Kadhimi, 53, has the backing of both the U.S. and Iran. He has struggled in recent weeks to win support from influential Iran-backed Shiite political factions. In the end, Kathimi won enough support from Parliament without the backing of at least one key former prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, who opposed his nomination.
Amid a coronavirus lockdown, government planes headed south to Basra and north to the Kurdish capital, Irbil, to bring members of Parliament to Baghdad for a session that began late Wednesday and continued into early morning. The proceedings were closed to the press.
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo immediately called Kadhimi to congratulate him on forming the new government and offered a reward of sorts — extending a waiver of U.S. sanctions against Iran by allowing Iraq to import Iranian fuel for four months instead of 30 days.
Kadhimi returned from exile in London to Iraq after the U.S. toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003 and worked as a journalist before becoming intelligence chief.
Parliament voted to approve 15 of his proposed Cabinet ministers while rejecting another five and postponing a vote on two others. One of Kadhimi's main tasks will be overseeing early elections.
But he will have a lot to tackle before then.
"First and foremost is dealing with the COVID consequences and how to treat this crisis in terms of the health side of it and the financial aspect of it," Iraqi political analyst Farhad Alaaldin tells NPR.
"And due to the oil price fall Iraq is facing a large revenue shortage that makes it difficult to pay salaries and expenses," says Alaaldin. "Then you have political instability still there ... and you have the Iran-U.S. conflict."
The U.S. is sending a high-level State Department delegation to Iraq next month to discuss the future of U.S. forces in the country. There has been growing opposition to the U.S. military presence — mostly organized by Iran-backed militias and political parties — after the United States killed Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani and a senior Iraqi official in a drone strike in Baghdad in January.
Kadhimi has also met with Iraqi protest leaders and pledged to battle government corruption — a key demand of the young protesters. The previous prime minister, Adel Abdil Mehdi, was forced to resign after hundreds of unarmed protesters were killed by security forces.