principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--Solar Power on a National Scale is Not Economic or Practical

Solar Power on a National Scale is Not Economic or Practical Solar Photovoltaics require 3 to 4 years of their energy output to fabricate , including the frames and associated electronics systems and 29.3 billion 1 square meter solar panels are required for 100 % solar power in the U.S. based on current demand 24 hours a day , 365 days per year .
29.3 billion 1square meter panels would cover 29,333 km2 which equals 7.2 million acres , or almost all of Maryland and Delaware .
If 1 square meter PV panels were manufactured at the rate of 1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ years to manufacture 29.3 billion panels .
The cost of a solar only approach exceeds $ 15.27 trillion .
To meet all energy demands for transportation , industrial , and commercial-agriculture would require 176 billion solar panels and 5,574 years to produce .
Solar photovoltaic cells and panels have a life time of 30 years ; 50 years would be extraordinary ; thus every square meter of PV surface area would have to be replaced in less than 50 years .
Over the next 50 years , utility companies in the United States @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) of baseload generation capacity to provide electricity nationwide .
Significant electrification of the transportation segment through electric cars and trucks can potentially quadruple the amount of needed power .
This paper explores the system requirements to replace this generation capacity with a photovoltaic only generation scheme .
Topics include the definition of peak power demand , time of use issues , reserve power requirements , storage to provide power when there is no sunlight , and the various engineering challenges associated with managing a large area synchronous AC power grid .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ solar power generating plants .
To illustrate the issues involved the example considers the case for supplying the entire electric power needs of the USA from solar energy without the use of fossil fuel , nuclear or other back up .
To simplify the calculations , the example considers a single very large hypothetical solar power installation providing all the country ” s power although in practice , generation would be dispersed in a network of smaller installations throughout the country each one closer to the point of need .
Depending on the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ modifications or additions to the electricity grid distribution network may be required but these have been ignored for the purposes of this study .
In reality , such a future solar only electricity supply would most likely be generated by a mix of energy sources including several large T & D grid connected solar power installations as well as many domestic installations .
The example used for this study is a conventional solar power plant consisting of a large bank of solar panels , each made up from an array of individual photovoltaic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ electricity grid network during the day .
and charging a bank of batteries which will provide the power during the hours of darkness .
The example shown below is a grid connected PV system ( batteries not included ) which is inactive at night when power is provided by traditional “ spinning reserve ” of steam driven turbines which make up part of the grid system .
An off-grid system like the one considered here also requires a large battery bank to store energy during the day in order to maintain the supply @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) , The Department of Energy ( DOE ) , The US Energy Information Agency ( EIA ) and IndexMundi give estimates of the annual electrical energy demand or consumption in the USA in 2013 ranging from 3,633 to 4,886 TeraWattHours ( TWh ) or 12.4 to 16.7 Quads .
A quad is 1.055 X 1018 Joules or 1.016 BTU ( 1 quadrillion BTU . )
The calculations are based on current demand only and do not include future growth .
The drive towards the greater @ @ @ @ @ @ @ demand significantly over and above normal growth and , since most people recharge their batteries at night when the Sun is not shining , this will require a major restructuring of both the generation and storage capacities of the national grid to cope with the increased demand and its changed profile .
Power For convenience it is often useful to convert this energy demand into the equivalent average rate of power generation or consumption .
This measure assumes constant power generation 24 hours a day , 365 days per year .
The power @ @ @ @ @ @ @ divided by the time , in this case , 1 year or 8760 hours .
Thus the estimates given for average power consumed range from 415 to 535 GigaWatts ( GW ) .
For the purposes of this example an annual energy demand of 3854 TWh corresponding to a power usage of 440 GWaverage generation is assumed .
Demand profile But life is not so simple .
The demand is not constant , but varies during the day and also suffers seasonal variations as well as regional variations .
There are many published @ @ @ @ @ @ @ profile shown below , compiled by U.C .
Berkley , is reasonably representative and offers the possibility of simpler assumptions than some other profiles .
It shows that the demand during 12 daylight hours is approximately double the demand during the 12 hours of darkness .
This means that 2/3 of the energy is consumed during the day and 1/3 at night .
Assuming that the demand is to be exclusively satisfied by solar power alone , the night time demand would have to be generated by the solar panels during the day @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) power demand of 440GW , the daily energy demand is 24 X 440 = 10,560 GWH .
But all of this energy will have to be captured during the 12 hours of sunlight , that is , in half the time , so that the solar power generation capacity must be 880 GW .
Of the 10,560 GWH of energy produced during the day , two thirds ( 7,040 GWH ) will be used directly by consumers and one third ( 3,520 GWH ) will be used to charge the battery for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the night .
The corresponding power demand will be 586.7GW during the day and 293.3 GW during the night .
It is assumed that the daily demand profile matches the timing of the hours of sunlight , but this is not necessarily the case .
However it does not significantly affect the conclusions of this study .
In practice , the solar energy captured would be more in the summer and less in the winter so that more solar panels and larger batteries would be needed in the winter and fewer in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for this but for the purposes of this example , these variations have been ignored .
From the above we can conclude that solar generating power capability of 880 GWand a battery energy capacity of 3,520 GWH will be required to satisfy the demand .
But public utilities always need a plant margin to cover , maintenance , breakdowns , unplanned peak demands and other emergencies and this is typically 20 % .
Also there will be a 10 % efficiency loss in the inverters necessary to convert the DC solar energy generated @ @ @ @ @ @ @ supply connected to the distribution grid .
In addition there will be a further charge-discharge round trip Coulombic efficiency loss in the batteries of about 5 % .
To be generous , lets say an extra 25 % of energy must be generated to cover these two efficiency losses as well as the plant margin .
Thus the generating power will need to be at least 1,100 GWor 1.1 TW and the battery capacity will need to be 4,400 GWH to allow for the efficiency losses and the plant margin .
What does @ @ @ @ @ @ @ amount of solar energy impinging on the solar panel depends on several factors .
The solar energy reaching the Earths atmosphere , known as the irradiance , is 1,367 W/m2 normal to the Suns rays .
By the time it reaches the ground after absorption by the atmosphere it is reduced to 1,000 W/m2 normal to the Suns rays .
This corresponds to the energy impinging on a flat plate on the ground when the Sun is directly overhead .
But outside of the tropics , the Sun is never directly overhead and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ never even at its highest point as it appears to move from East to West due to the rotation of the Earth .
If the Sun is not directly over the plate , the energy intercepted by the plate will diminish with the actual amount intercepted being proportional to cosT times the “ normal ” incident energy , where T is the angle of deviation of the Sun ” s rays from the normal 90Â° incidence .
( See Solar Power – Geometry ) Then there is no Sun at all during the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Sun , as well as the number of daylight hours , decreases ( In the northern hemisphere ) during the winter months as the Earth orbits the Sun .
Taking all of these factors into account , the average of the time varying solar energy received on the ground is called the insolation and figures have been published for the actual insolation at various geographic locations by several sources .
NREL is one such source which publishes a range of charts showing the daily average solar power received during each month of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ different solar array types and configurations at various locations in the USA .
The chart below is typical and has been used , with others in the series , in the calculations which follow .
For the purposes of this study , the location chosen for the solar plant is somewhere in the South West , the sunniest part of the country , since this will require the smallest solar array .
For a tilted flat plate array , as specified below , the chart shows that the average solar energy intercepted throughout @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 6 kWh/m2/day in the South West .
If the plant were to be located in the colder northern states , the energy intercepted would drop by a third to around 4 kWh/m2/day so that the solar array would have to be about 50 % larger to capture the same amount of energy .
Other charts in this series show how the insolation decreases during winter months and increases during the summer .
Several configurations of solar panels are available .
Fixed Array The simplest and least expensive solar array is constructed from a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ facing south and tilted towards the Sun at an angle corresponding to the latitude of the site .
Tracking Array The efficiency can be improved by 30 % or more by means of tracking systems which ensure that the solar panel is always pointing directly at the Sun .
Two axis systems track the apparent changing azimuth and elevation of the Sun as the Earth rotates during the day and continues its year long journey around the Sun .
This option is quite complicated and very expensive .
See more about Solar Tracking @ @ @ @ @ @ @ annual average insolation ( solar energy received ) in the South West of the USA is between 5 and 6 kWh/m2/day for a fixed array tilted towards the Sun and 7 to 8 kWh/m2/day for steerable two axis solar panels able to track the Sun across the sky , maintaining the Suns rays as close to normal as possible to the surface of the array .
Let us assume 6 kWh/m2/day for a fixed array and 8 kWh/m2/day for a two axis tracking array .
The current generation of mass produced commercial PV @ @ @ @ @ @ @ energy have a conversion efficiency of around 15 % .
This means that the above fixed array can generate the equivalent of a 24 hour average continuous power output of ( 6Ã·24 ) X 0.15 kW/m2 during each hour or 37.5 Watts/m2 .
Similarly a two axis tracking array can generate an average of 50 Watts/m2 during every hour .
During hot sunny days the PV cell output will increase due to the increased solar radiation , but at the same time the cell temperature will also rise causing the cell output power @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the conversion efficiency .
See ( Solar Cell Operating Characteristics ) .The PV cell output power typically reduces by about 0.5 % for every degree Celsius increase in PV cell temperature .
The precise output power achieved from the cells depends on the conditions , but to optimize the power output , water cooling is often employed to keep the cell temperature as low as possible .
The calculations in this example assume STC ( Standard Test Conditions ) PV cell ratings , that is a cell temperature of 25 Â°C without external @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to get the best out of the solar arrays and this would increase the cost and complexity of the installation .
Because of the mismatch during charging between the voltage generated by the PV array and the voltage of the battery being used to store the charge there is a potential energy loss which can be as high as 10 % of the captured energy .
This loss can normally be reduced to about 1 % by using Maximum Power Point Tracking , an electronic technique designed for this purpose .
To generate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a fixed solar array would have to have an area of 1,100,000,000,000/37.5 sq meters , made up from 29.333 billion , 1 meter square panels , covering an area of 29,333 km2 or a square with sides of 171.3 km long .
This is about the size of Belgium and 50 % bigger than Israel , just for the silicon PV cells .
Similarly , using the more expensive tracking array could reduce this area to 22,000 km2 or a square with sides of 148.3 km .
Solar Array Manufacturing Note that If @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at the rate of 1 per second , it would take 930 years to manufacture 29.3 billion panels .
It takes energy to make PV panels , especially the highly efficient , old-school crystalline silicon kind .
Even just creating the silicon crystals requires heating rock or sand to around 1650 Â°C ( 3,000 Â°F ) , and that ” s not counting the creation of the electronics that connect the silicon wafers to the grid , and the mounting hardware that holds the whole thing together .
And then there ” s @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and install them .
A study by researchers from the Netherlands and the USA ( Fthenakis , Kim and Alsema , 2008 ) , which analyses PV module production processes based on data from 2004-2006 finds that it takes 250kWh of electricity to produce 1m2 of crystalline silicon PV panel .
The solar panels considered above typically produce around 300kWh electricity per year , so it will take almost a year to “ pay back ” the energy cost of the panel .
Service Area The total area covered by the solar array @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the panels to allow for installation , maintenance access and periodic cleaning .
The space required for the batteries is in addition to this .
The example above assumes that the entire solar generating capacity is located in a region with the most advantageous solar conditions .
What if the plant were to be located in the cloudier and chillier North East ?
From the NREL solar maps , we can see that the average daily solar radiation would be reduced from 6 kWh/m2/day to 4 kWh/m2/day .
Thus the average electrical power @ @ @ @ @ @ @ same efficiency of 15 % will reduce from 37.5 W/m2 to 25 W/m2 and the number of one square meter solar panels required to produce the same electric power would consequently increase by 50 % to 44 billion covering an area of 44,000 square kilometers or a square with sides of 210 km .
Bigger than Denmark , the Netherlands or Switzerland .
On the other hand , because of the higher PV cell temperatures experienced in the South West , installations would probably require local cooling systems to optimize the power output @ @ @ @ @ @ @ would benefit since they could get by without PV cell cooling .
Cooling requires additional power to pump and chill water .
The required battery capacity would be largely unaffected by the location , but the cooling requirements could change .
In the warmer southern regions forced cooling will most likely be required , but in the milder northern conditions we could expect this requirement to be reduced though probably not eliminated .
The battery is no less complicated .
Thomas Edison is reputed to have said “ When people get into the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
That was before he got into the battery business himself .
It may not be true today but there ” s plenty of room for misunderstanding the battery specifications , particularly with modern Lithium batteries .
Let ” s just look at the capacity here .
The battery ” s capacity is the amount of energy it can hold .
Unfortunately this is not all usable energy since it is not advisable to keep the battery at its fully charged level with a 100 % state of charge , nor should a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Volts .
The most stressful operating state of a battery is when it is fully charged .
Lithium batteries in particular are at risk of damage from even slight overcharging and Battery Management Systems ( BMS ) must provide precise control of the charging process to avoid this .
Lithium batteries also suffer damage at low states of charge ( SOC ) because the active chemicals in the battery undergo irreversible changes at low voltage affecting both the battery ” s life and its safety .
See Lithium Battery Failures and SOC .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ about 20 % and 95 % state of charge so that its useful capacity will be around 75 % of its theoretical or installed “ nameplate ” capacity .
In the example that follows , the capacity is considered to be the usable capacity .
Battery manufacturers however usually specify the nameplate battery capacity as its total energy content or theoretical capacity rather than its useful energy content .
You need to know this..
Currently , Lithium ion batteries suitable for grid storage are available from several suppliers in 40 foot containers with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ MWH and costing $ 750,000 or more each .
They usually include cooling and an electronic converter unit delivering AC power at 480 Volts 60 Hertz or similar .
To store 1 MWH during a charging period of 12 hours , the average charging power must be 1MWH Ã· 12 = 83.33 kW .
Similarly the battery must be capable of delivering a power of 83.33 kW during 12 hours of discharge .
These charge – discharge rates assume the full plant margin of 25 % is being generated and used .
Under @ @ @ @ @ @ @ – discharge power without the plant margin requirement will be 66.67 kW .
However these are the average power deliveries and the peak power availability and demand could vary considerably from the averages .
To store 4,400 GWH would need 4.4 million of these 40 foot containers costing $ 3,300,000,000,000 or $ 3.3 trillion .
As a quick error check on the numbers calculated above , the total power handling capability of 4.4 million containers each supplying a power requirement 66.67 kW will be 4,400,000 X 66.67 kW = 293.3 GW , matching @ @ @ @ @ @ @ above .
The standard container exterior dimensions are 12.193 m X 2.438 m giving an area of 29.727 m2 For 4.4 million containers , the containers would cover an area of 130.8 million m2 = 130.8 km2 or a square with sides 11.44 km long ; but adequate access space must also be provided , adding substantially to the total .
There could be some cost and space savings if the batteries were installed in a purpose built building , but this could hamper the planned long term battery replacement program .
( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ If the manufacturer ” s specified 1 MWH battery capacity is the installed capacity rather than the usable capacity considered here , one third more , or a total of 5.7 million containerized batteries would be required to store the required 4,400 GWH of energy .
In warm climates , extra battery capacity ( and consequent solar generating capacity needed to provide it ) will be required to power forced cooling of the battery to slow its ageing process and thus avoid its premature failure .
All batteries suffer deterioration with age and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as being when the capacity has reduced to 80 % of what it was when it was new .
For lithium batteries the lifetime is typically between eight and ten years but depends on the usage conditions .
Higher temperatures accelerate battery ageing and thus reduce battery life .
For high power applications , the required battery capacity is usually specified as sufficient to cover the end of life performance .
This means that the capacity when new must be 25 % higher in order to meet the end of life requirements .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ plant margin factor , there is some leeway here , but in any case it would be prudent to adopt another 10 % margin to avoid end of life failures .
See more about Battery Life ( and Death ) The biggest problem however comes from the finite life of the battery , since the entire installation will have to be replaced every 8 to 10 years .
Unlike the situation with lead acid batteries , there are currently very few recycling plants able to recycle Lithium batteries to extract the useful chemicals @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Lithium Cobalt cell as an example , the Lithium content in the LiCoO cathode material is only 7 % by weight .
Lithium is between 20 and 100 times more abundant in the Earth ” s crust in terms of the number of atoms than Lead and Nickel , so that the demand for recycling is less .
See Battery Chemistries .
Note that if these 44 million containerized batteries were manufactured in China , it would take 587 round trips of twenty days each way on the largest container ships to deliver @ @ @ @ @ @ @ address the concept that has acquired a central role in evaluating our energy future .
This is energy return on energy invested , or EROEI .
Adapted from “ The Energy Trap ” by Thomas Murphy , Ph.D , UCSD In order to utilize energy , we must exert some energy to secure the source and prepare it for use .
In order to burn wood in our fireplace , we ( or someone ) must chop down a tree , cut it into logs , and split the large logs .
To @ @ @ @ @ @ @ expend energy finding the oil , drilling and possibly pumping the oil , then refining and distributing the gasoline .
To collect solar energy , we must invest energy to fabricate the solar panels and associated electronics .
The result is expressed as a ratio of energy-out : energy-in .
Anything less than the break-even ratio of 1:1 means that the source provides no net energy ( a drain , in fact ) , and is not worth pursuing for energy purposesâunless the form/convenience of that specific energy is otherwise unavailable .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an EROEI in excess of 100:1 , meaning that 1 % or less of the energy contained in a barrel of oil had to be expended to deliver that barrel of oil .
Not a bad bargain .
Oil production today more typically has an EROEI around 20:1 , while tar sands and oil shale tend to be about 5:1 and 3:1 , respectively .
By contrast , it is debatable whether corn ethanol exceeds break-even : it may optimistically be as high as 1.4:1 .
Switching from conventional oil to corn ethanol @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of bacon , eggs , and butter to a desperate survival diet of shoe leather and tree bark .
Other approaches to biofuels , like sugar cane ethanol , can have EROEI as high as 8:1 .
To round out the introduction , coal typically has an EROEI around 85:1 , and natural gas tends to come in around 40:1 , though falling below the lower end of this range as the easy fields are depleted .
Meanwhile , solar photovoltaics are estimated to require 4 years worth of energy output to fabricate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ systems .
Assuming a 30 or 40 year lifetime , this translates into an EROEI around 10:1 .
This does not include batteries and/or other storage components .
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Solar Power on a National Scale is Not Economic or Practical
Written by greatclimatedebate.com
The numbers for mass use of solar power do not stack up. By 2060 88% of current on-line utility scale generation capacity will be retired due to plant age and life cycle considerations.
Solar Photovoltaics require 3 to 4 years of their energy output to fabricate, including the frames and associated electronics systems and 29.3 billion 1 square meter solar panels are required for 100% solar power in the U.S. based on current demand 24 hours a day, 365 days per year.
29.3 billion 1square meter panels would cover 29,333 km2 which equals 7.2 million acres, or almost all of Maryland and Delaware.
If 1 square meter PV panels were manufactured at the rate of 1 per second, it would take 929 years to manufacture 29.3 billion panels. The cost of a solar only approach exceeds $15.27 trillion.
To meet all energy demands for transportation, industrial, and commercial-agriculture would require 176 billion solar panels and 5,574 years to produce.
Solar photovoltaic cells and panels have a life time of 30 years; 50 years would be extraordinary; thus every square meter of PV surface area would have to be replaced in less than 50 years.
Over the next 50 years, utility companies in the United States must replace approximately 440 Gigawatts (GW) of baseload generation capacity to provide electricity nationwide. Significant electrification of the transportation segment through electric cars and trucks can potentially quadruple the amount of needed power.
This paper explores the system requirements to replace this generation capacity with a photovoltaic only generation scheme. Topics include the definition of peak power demand, time of use issues, reserve power requirements, storage to provide power when there is no sunlight, and the various engineering challenges associated with managing a large area synchronous AC power grid.
This analysis considers the factors involved in dimensioning solar power generating plants. To illustrate the issues involved the example considers the case for supplying the entire electric power needs of the USA from solar energy without the use of fossil fuel, nuclear or other back up.
To simplify the calculations, the example considers a single very large hypothetical solar power installation providing all the country”s power although in practice, generation would be dispersed in a network of smaller installations throughout the country each one closer to the point of need.
Depending on the location of the solar arrays, some modifications or additions to the electricity grid distribution network may be required but these have been ignored for the purposes of this study.
In reality, such a future solar only electricity supply would most likely be generated by a mix of energy sources including several large T&D grid connected solar power installations as well as many domestic installations.
The example used for this study is a conventional solar power plant consisting of a large bank of solar panels, each made up from an array of individual photovoltaic (PV) cells, feeding the electricity grid network during the day. and charging a bank of batteries which will provide the power during the hours of darkness.
The example shown below is a grid connected PV system (batteries not included) which is inactive at night when power is provided by traditional “spinning reserve” of steam driven turbines which make up part of the grid system. An off-grid system like the one considered here also requires a large battery bank to store energy during the day in order to maintain the supply during the night.
Lieberose 71 MegaWatt (electric) Solar Power Plant near Berlin in Germany
Demand Assumptions
Capacity
Sources including the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), The Department of Energy (DOE), The US Energy Information Agency (EIA) and IndexMundi give estimates of the annual electrical energy demand or consumption in the USA in 2013 ranging from 3,633 to 4,886 TeraWattHours (TWh) or 12.4 to 16.7 Quads. A quad is 1.055 X 1018 Joules or 1.016 BTU (1 quadrillion BTU.)
The calculations are based on current demand only and do not include future growth. The drive towards the greater use of electric vehicles will increase this demand significantly over and above normal growth and, since most people recharge their batteries at night when the Sun is not shining, this will require a major restructuring of both the generation and storage capacities of the national grid to cope with the increased demand and its changed profile.
Power
For convenience it is often useful to convert this energy demand into the equivalent average rate of power generation or consumption. This measure assumes constant power generation 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. The power delivered is given by the energy consumed divided by the time, in this case, 1 year or 8760 hours. Thus the estimates given for average power consumed range from 415 to 535 GigaWatts (GW).
For the purposes of this example an annual energy demand of 3854 TWh corresponding to a power usage of 440 GWaverage generation is assumed.
Demand profile
But life is not so simple. The demand is not constant, but varies during the day and also suffers seasonal variations as well as regional variations. There are many published demand profiles reflecting these variations. The profile shown below, compiled by U.C. Berkley, is reasonably representative and offers the possibility of simpler assumptions than some other profiles. It shows that the demand during 12 daylight hours is approximately double the demand during the 12 hours of darkness. This means that 2/3 of the energy is consumed during the day and 1/3 at night.
Source UC Berkley
Assuming that the demand is to be exclusively satisfied by solar power alone, the night time demand would have to be generated by the solar panels during the day.
So with an average (continuous) power demand of 440GW, the daily energy demand is 24 X 440 = 10,560 GWH. But all of this energy will have to be captured during the 12 hours of sunlight, that is, in half the time, so that the solar power generation capacity must be 880 GW.
Of the 10,560 GWH of energy produced during the day, two thirds (7,040 GWH) will be used directly by consumers and one third (3,520 GWH) will be used to charge the battery for subsequent discharge to satisfy the consumers during the night.
The corresponding power demand will be 586.7GW during the day and 293.3 GW during the night.
It is assumed that the daily demand profile matches the timing of the hours of sunlight, but this is not necessarily the case. However it does not significantly affect the conclusions of this study.
In practice, the solar energy captured would be more in the summer and less in the winter so that more solar panels and larger batteries would be needed in the winter and fewer in the summer. An allowance can be made for this but for the purposes of this example, these variations have been ignored.
System Requirements From the above we can conclude that solar generating power capability of 880 GWand a battery energy capacity of 3,520 GWH will be required to satisfy the demand. But public utilities always need a plant margin to cover, maintenance, breakdowns, unplanned peak demands and other emergencies and this is typically 20%. Also there will be a 10% efficiency loss in the inverters necessary to convert the DC solar energy generated by the PV arrays to the AC supply connected to the distribution grid. In addition there will be a further charge-discharge round trip Coulombic efficiency loss in the batteries of about 5%. To be generous, lets say an extra 25% of energy must be generated to cover these two efficiency losses as well as the plant margin. Thus the generating power will need to be at least 1,100 GWor 1.1 TW and the battery capacity will need to be 4,400 GWH to allow for the efficiency losses and the plant margin. What does this mean in practice? The Available Solar Energy The actual amount of solar energy impinging on the solar panel depends on several factors. The solar energy reaching the Earths atmosphere, known as the irradiance, is 1,367 W/m2 normal to the Suns rays. By the time it reaches the ground after absorption by the atmosphere it is reduced to 1,000 W/m2 normal to the Suns rays. This corresponds to the energy impinging on a flat plate on the ground when the Sun is directly overhead. But outside of the tropics, the Sun is never directly overhead and, apart from mid-day, it is never even at its highest point as it appears to move from East to West due to the rotation of the Earth. If the Sun is not directly over the plate, the energy intercepted by the plate will diminish with the actual amount intercepted being proportional to cosT times the “normal” incident energy, where T is the angle of deviation of the Sun”s rays from the normal 90Â° incidence. (See Solar Power – Geometry) Then there is no Sun at all during the night. Finally the angle to the Sun, as well as the number of daylight hours, decreases (In the northern hemisphere) during the winter months as the Earth orbits the Sun. Taking all of these factors into account, the average of the time varying solar energy received on the ground is called the insolation and figures have been published for the actual insolation at various geographic locations by several sources. NREL is one such source which publishes a range of charts showing the daily average solar power received during each month of the year, plus yearly averages, for different solar array types and configurations at various locations in the USA. The chart below is typical and has been used, with others in the series, in the calculations which follow.
Source NREL For the purposes of this study, the location chosen for the solar plant is somewhere in the South West, the sunniest part of the country, since this will require the smallest solar array. For a tilted flat plate array, as specified below, the chart shows that the average solar energy intercepted throughout the year by the array is around 6 kWh/m2/day in the South West. If the plant were to be located in the colder northern states, the energy intercepted would drop by a third to around 4 kWh/m2/day so that the solar array would have to be about 50% larger to capture the same amount of energy. Other charts in this series show how the insolation decreases during winter months and increases during the summer. The Solar Array Configuration Several configurations of solar panels are available. Fixed Array
The simplest and least expensive solar array is constructed from a series of fixed flat plate collectors all facing south and tilted towards the Sun at an angle corresponding to the latitude of the site. Tracking Array
The efficiency can be improved by 30% or more by means of tracking systems which ensure that the solar panel is always pointing directly at the Sun. Two axis systems track the apparent changing azimuth and elevation of the Sun as the Earth rotates during the day and continues its year long journey around the Sun. This option is quite complicated and very expensive. See more about Solar Tracking. The Electrical Energy Captured From the NREL charts, the annual average insolation (solar energy received) in the South West of the USA is between 5 and 6 kWh/m2/day for a fixed array tilted towards the Sun and 7 to 8 kWh/m2/day for steerable two axis solar panels able to track the Sun across the sky, maintaining the Suns rays as close to normal as possible to the surface of the array. Let us assume 6 kWh/m2/day for a fixed array and 8 kWh/m2/day for a two axis tracking array. Conversion Efficiency The current generation of mass produced commercial PV cells for converting solar energy into electrical energy have a conversion efficiency of around 15%. This means that the above fixed array can generate the equivalent of a 24 hour average continuous power output of (6Ã·24) X 0.15 kW/m2 during each hour or 37.5 Watts/m2. Similarly a two axis tracking array can generate an average of 50 Watts/m2 during every hour. During hot sunny days the PV cell output will increase due to the increased solar radiation, but at the same time the cell temperature will also rise causing the cell output power to fall due to the decrease in the conversion efficiency. See (Solar Cell Operating Characteristics).The PV cell output power typically reduces by about 0.5% for every degree Celsius increase in PV cell temperature. The precise output power achieved from the cells depends on the conditions, but to optimize the power output, water cooling is often employed to keep the cell temperature as low as possible. The calculations in this example assume STC (Standard Test Conditions) PV cell ratings, that is a cell temperature of 25 Â°C without external cooling. Local conditions may necessitate cooling to get the best out of the solar arrays and this would increase the cost and complexity of the installation. Energy Lost During Charging Because of the mismatch during charging between the voltage generated by the PV array and the voltage of the battery being used to store the charge there is a potential energy loss which can be as high as 10% of the captured energy. This loss can normally be reduced to about 1% by using Maximum Power Point Tracking, an electronic technique designed for this purpose. The Solar Array Dimensions To generate the system requirements of 1,100 GW, a fixed solar array would have to have an area of 1,100,000,000,000/37.5 sq meters, made up from 29.333 billion, 1 meter square panels, covering an area of 29,333 km2 or a square with sides of 171.3 km long. This is about the size of Belgium and 50% bigger than Israel, just for the silicon PV cells. Similarly, using the more expensive tracking array could reduce this area to 22,000 km2 or a square with sides of 148.3 km. Solar Array Manufacturing
Note that If 1 square metre PV panels were manufactured at the rate of 1 per second, it would take 930 years to manufacture 29.3 billion panels. It takes energy to make PV panels, especially the highly efficient, old-school crystalline silicon kind. Even just creating the silicon crystals requires heating rock or sand to around 1650 Â°C (3,000 Â°F), and that”s not counting the creation of the electronics that connect the silicon wafers to the grid, and the mounting hardware that holds the whole thing together. And then there”s the energy used to ship the panels and install them. A study by researchers from the Netherlands and the USA (Fthenakis, Kim and Alsema, 2008), which analyses PV module production processes based on data from 2004-2006 finds that it takes 250kWh of electricity to produce 1m2 of crystalline silicon PV panel. The solar panels considered above typically produce around 300kWh electricity per year, so it will take almost a year to “pay back” the energy cost of the panel. Service Area
The total area covered by the solar array will significantly larger than the area of the panels to allow for installation, maintenance access and periodic cleaning. The space required for the batteries is in addition to this. Site Location The example above assumes that the entire solar generating capacity is located in a region with the most advantageous solar conditions. What if the plant were to be located in the cloudier and chillier North East? From the NREL solar maps, we can see that the average daily solar radiation would be reduced from 6 kWh/m2/day to 4 kWh/m2/day. Thus the average electrical power produced by the PV cells with the same efficiency of 15% will reduce from 37.5 W/m2 to 25 W/m2 and the number of one square meter solar panels required to produce the same electric power would consequently increase by 50% to 44 billion covering an area of 44,000 square kilometers or a square with sides of 210 km. Bigger than Denmark, the Netherlands or Switzerland. On the other hand, because of the higher PV cell temperatures experienced in the South West, installations would probably require local cooling systems to optimize the power output, whereas installations in the North East would benefit since they could get by without PV cell cooling. Cooling requires additional power to pump and chill water. The required battery capacity would be largely unaffected by the location, but the cooling requirements could change. In the warmer southern regions forced cooling will most likely be required, but in the milder northern conditions we could expect this requirement to be reduced though probably not eliminated. The Battery Storage Requirements and AC Power Grid Engineering Challenges The battery is no less complicated. Thomas Edison is reputed to have said “When people get into the battery business they automatically become liars”. That was before he got into the battery business himself. It may not be true today but there”s plenty of room for misunderstanding the battery specifications, particularly with modern Lithium batteries. Let”s just look at the capacity here. The battery”s capacity is the amount of energy it can hold. Unfortunately this is not all usable energy since it is not advisable to keep the battery at its fully charged level with a 100% state of charge, nor should a Lithium battery be discharged to below 2 Volts. The most stressful operating state of a battery is when it is fully charged. Lithium batteries in particular are at risk of damage from even slight overcharging and Battery Management Systems (BMS) must provide precise control of the charging process to avoid this. Lithium batteries also suffer damage at low states of charge (SOC) because the active chemicals in the battery undergo irreversible changes at low voltage affecting both the battery”s life and its safety. See Lithium Battery Failures and SOC. Thus a Lithium battery should operate between about 20% and 95% state of charge so that its useful capacity will be around 75% of its theoretical or installed “nameplate” capacity. In the example that follows, the capacity is considered to be the usable capacity. Battery manufacturers however usually specify the nameplate battery capacity as its total energy content or theoretical capacity rather than its useful energy content. You need to know this.. Currently, Lithium ion batteries suitable for grid storage are available from several suppliers in 40 foot containers with various energy storage capacities of around 1 MWH and costing $750,000 or more each. They usually include cooling and an electronic converter unit delivering AC power at 480 Volts 60 Hertz or similar. To store 1 MWH during a charging period of 12 hours, the average charging power must be 1MWH Ã· 12 = 83.33 kW. Similarly the battery must be capable of delivering a power of 83.33 kW during 12 hours of discharge. These charge – discharge rates assume the full plant margin of 25% is being generated and used. Under normal circumstances the actual base load charge – discharge power without the plant margin requirement will be 66.67 kW. However these are the average power deliveries and the peak power availability and demand could vary considerably from the averages. Ai23 Energy Storage System Container To store 4,400 GWH would need 4.4 million of these 40 foot containers costing $3,300,000,000,000 or $3.3 trillion. As a quick error check on the numbers calculated above, the total power handling capability of 4.4 million containers each supplying a power requirement 66.67 kW will be 4,400,000 X 66.67 kW = 293.3 GW, matching the requirement outlined in the Demand Profile above. The standard container exterior dimensions are 12.193 m X 2.438 m giving an area of 29.727 m2 For 4.4 million containers, the containers would cover an area of 130.8 million m2 = 130.8 km2 or a square with sides 11.44 km long; but adequate access space must also be provided, adding substantially to the total. There could be some cost and space savings if the batteries were installed in a purpose built building, but this could hamper the planned long term battery replacement program. (See Battery Ageing next) Note: If the manufacturer”s specified 1 MWH battery capacity is the installed capacity rather than the usable capacity considered here, one third more, or a total of 5.7 million containerized batteries would be required to store the required 4,400 GWH of energy. In warm climates, extra battery capacity (and consequent solar generating capacity needed to provide it) will be required to power forced cooling of the battery to slow its ageing process and thus avoid its premature failure. Battery Ageing All batteries suffer deterioration with age and their end of life is generally specified as being when the capacity has reduced to 80% of what it was when it was new. For lithium batteries the lifetime is typically between eight and ten years but depends on the usage conditions. Higher temperatures accelerate battery ageing and thus reduce battery life. For high power applications, the required battery capacity is usually specified as sufficient to cover the end of life performance. This means that the capacity when new must be 25% higher in order to meet the end of life requirements. Since the calculation above already includes a plant margin factor, there is some leeway here, but in any case it would be prudent to adopt another 10% margin to avoid end of life failures. See more about Battery Life (and Death) The biggest problem however comes from the finite life of the battery, since the entire installation will have to be replaced every 8 to 10 years. Battery Recycling Unlike the situation with lead acid batteries, there are currently very few recycling plants able to recycle Lithium batteries to extract the useful chemicals. In any case, taking a Lithium Cobalt cell as an example, the Lithium content in the LiCoO 2 cathode material is only 7% by weight. Lithium is between 20 and 100 times more abundant in the Earth”s crust in terms of the number of atoms than Lead and Nickel, so that the demand for recycling is less. See Battery Chemistries. Note that if these 44 million containerized batteries were manufactured in China, it would take 587 round trips of twenty days each way on the largest container ships to deliver them to the USA.
Energy Return on Energy Invested We must address the concept that has acquired a central role in evaluating our energy future. This is energy return on energy invested, or EROEI.
Adapted from “The Energy Trap” by Thomas Murphy, Ph.D, UCSD In order to utilize energy, we must exert some energy to secure the source and prepare it for use. In order to burn wood in our fireplace, we (or someone) must chop down a tree, cut it into logs, and split the large logs. To drive our gasoline-powered car, we must expend energy finding the oil, drilling and possibly pumping the oil, then refining and distributing the gasoline. To collect solar energy, we must invest energy to fabricate the solar panels and associated electronics. The result is expressed as a ratio of energy-out:energy-in. Anything less than the break-even ratio of 1:1 means that the source provides no net energy (a drain, in fact), and is not worth pursuing for energy purposesâunless the form/convenience of that specific energy is otherwise unavailable. In its early days, oil frequently yielded an EROEI in excess of 100:1, meaning that 1% or less of the energy contained in a barrel of oil had to be expended to deliver that barrel of oil. Not a bad bargain. Oil production today more typically has an EROEI around 20:1, while tar sands and oil shale tend to be about 5:1 and 3:1, respectively. By contrast, it is debatable whether corn ethanol exceeds break-even: it may optimistically be as high as 1.4:1. Switching from conventional oil to corn ethanol would be like switching from a diet of bacon, eggs, and butter to a desperate survival diet of shoe leather and tree bark. Other approaches to biofuels, like sugar cane ethanol, can have EROEI as high as 8:1. To round out the introduction, coal typically has an EROEI around 85:1, and natural gas tends to come in around 40:1, though falling below the lower end of this range as the easy fields are depleted. Meanwhile, solar photovoltaics are estimated to require 4 years worth of energy output to fabricate, including the frames and associated electronics systems. Assuming a 30 or 40 year lifetime, this translates into an EROEI around 10:1. This does not include batteries and/or other storage components. Download this article as a PDF Read more at greatclimatedebate.com **** PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--These are the drugs being tested in fight against coronavirus

These are the drugs being tested in fight against coronavirus President Trump announced Thursday that he ’ s fast-tracking the testing and possible use of existing drugs in the fight against the coronavirus .
“ Nothing will stand in our way as we pursue any avenue to find what best works against this horrible virus , ” Trump told reporters , as cases across the country soared past 11,00 with more than 150 deaths .
Trump specifically highlighted an anti-malaria drug called chloroquine and remdesivir — an antiviral developed to treat Ebola — as promising prospects .
“ Clinical trials @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and we ’ re working on scaling these to allow many more Americans to access different drugs that are showing really good promise , ” Trump said .
Here is a look at these and other drugs being looked at as possible panaceas : Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine ( sold under the brand name Plaquenil and others ) : Referring to chloroquine and a related drug , hydroxychloroquine , Trump said : “ We ’ re going to be able to make that drug available almost immediately , and that ’ s where the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compounds are already widely available , as they ’ re used to treat existing ailments like malaria and arthritis — but FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Hahn cautioned that they haven ’ t yet been approved as treatment for coronavirus .
“ That ’ s a drug that the president has directed us to take a closer look at as to whether an expanded use approach to that could be done , to actually see if that benefits patients , ” Hahn said .
“ We want to do that in the setting of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ medicines have been used for centuries to treat malaria , which is caused by a parasite , unlike the coronavirus .
Some studies have found it can still be effective in treating and preventing SARS , a close relative of COVID-19 .
One of those studies was conducted in primate cells in 2005 amid the SARS outbreak , but never used as treatment as the disease was contained , Dr. Len Horovitz , a pulmonologist and internist at Lenox Hill Hospital told The Post .
“ There was no reason to use it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ there was a feeling it could be used to reduce the possibility of being infected or as treatment , ” for coronavirus , especially since “ we know that its tolerated in people , ” Horovitz said A recent French study of hydroxychloroquine , sold under the brand name Plaquenil , was also promising — reporting that after 24 patients were treated for six days with the drug , the virus had disappeared in all but a quarter of them .
But the research hasn ’ t yet been peer reviewed or published @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ t been approved as treatment for coronavirus .
“ If you decide you ’ re going to take chloroquine , it doesn ’ t mean you should abandon all the prevention methods — it doesn ’ t take the place of social distancing , ” he said .
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are also among four treatments being tested in an international clinical trial announced Wednesday by the World Health Organization .
Originally tested as an Ebola treatment , Gilead Sciences ’ experimental antiviral drug Remdesivir has been found to work against SARS @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The drug works by shutting off the virus ’ ability to replicate inside cells .
Multiple trials are underway to evaluate the drug in China and other countries , and in the US , last month the National Institutes of Health began a randomized trial for the treatment of COVID-19 using the antiviral .
“ There are promising therapies produced by Gilead and that ’ s Remdesivir , ” Trump said Thursday .
“ It seems to have a very good result , having to do with this virus.
” The Japanese anti-flu @ @ @ @ @ @ @ — yes , the photography company — has had encouraging outcomes in clinical trials in China .
Patients who were given the drug in Shenzhen tested negative for the virus after a median of four days after becoming positive .
That was compared with a median of 11 days for those who were not given the medicine , Japanese public broadcaster NHK said .
Chest scans supported the findings , revealing less damage in those who took the drug .
But some officials said it may not be effective in people who are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ suggested that the HIV drug Kaletra — which is a combination of antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir — could be effective in treating COVID-19 .
The meds belong to a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors , which block a key enzyme that helps viruses replicate .
Previous studies found the mixture was helpful in preventing SARS from maturing and replicating .
Doctors in Thailand and Japan have reported using lopinavir and ritonavir to successfully treat the coronavirus — but a recent study in China of 200 seriously ill patients found that it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ included in the WHO study launched this week .
Hahn on Thursday said a vaccine will likely take 12 months .
Scientists at the Kaiser Permanente Washington Research Institute in Seattle on Tuesday began the first stage of a potential COVID-19 vaccine by administering shots to volunteers .
Forty-five healthy volunteers , ages 18 to 55 , have signed up to receive two doses of the possible vaccine — code-named mRNA-1273 — a month apart .
Some of the participants will receive higher dosages than others to determine how strong the shots should @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for any side effects and will test blood samples to see if it ’ s impacting the immune system .
Meanwhile , another candidate developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals announced that human clinical trials would begin in April .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

These are the drugs being tested in fight against coronavirus
Written by nypost.com
President Trump announced Thursday that he’s fast-tracking the testing and possible use of existing drugs in the fight against the coronavirus.
“Nothing will stand in our way as we pursue any avenue to find what best works against this horrible virus,” Trump told reporters, as cases across the country soared past 11,00 with more than 150 deaths.
Trump specifically highlighted an anti-malaria drug called chloroquine and remdesivir — an antiviral developed to treat Ebola — as promising prospects.
“Clinical trials are already underway for many new therapies and we’re working on scaling these to allow many more Americans to access different drugs that are showing really good promise,” Trump said.
Here is a look at these and other drugs being looked at as possible panaceas:
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (sold under the brand name Plaquenil and others):
Referring to chloroquine and a related drug, hydroxychloroquine, Trump said: “We’re going to be able to make that drug available almost immediately, and that’s where the FDA has been so great.”
The compounds are already widely available, as they’re used to treat existing ailments like malaria and arthritis — but FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Hahn cautioned that they haven’t yet been approved as treatment for coronavirus.
“That’s a drug that the president has directed us to take a closer look at as to whether an expanded use approach to that could be done, to actually see if that benefits patients,” Hahn said. “We want to do that in the setting of a clinical trial.”
Both of the medicines have been used for centuries to treat malaria, which is caused by a parasite, unlike the coronavirus.
Some studies have found it can still be effective in treating and preventing SARS, a close relative of COVID-19.
One of those studies was conducted in primate cells in 2005 amid the SARS outbreak, but never used as treatment as the disease was contained, Dr. Len Horovitz, a pulmonologist and internist at Lenox Hill Hospital told The Post.
“There was no reason to use it at that time but looking back, there was a feeling it could be used to reduce the possibility of being infected or as treatment,” for coronavirus, especially since “we know that its tolerated in people,” Horovitz said
A recent French study of hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil, was also promising — reporting that after 24 patients were treated for six days with the drug, the virus had disappeared in all but a quarter of them. But the research hasn’t yet been peer reviewed or published.
Horovitz warned that the drug hasn’t been approved as treatment for coronavirus.
“If you decide you’re going to take chloroquine, it doesn’t mean you should abandon all the prevention methods — it doesn’t take the place of social distancing,” he said.
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are also among four treatments being tested in an international clinical trial announced Wednesday by the World Health Organization.
Remdesivir
Originally tested as an Ebola treatment, Gilead Sciences’ experimental antiviral drug Remdesivir has been found to work against SARS and MERS, two other coronaviruses.
The drug works by shutting off the virus’ ability to replicate inside cells.
Multiple trials are underway to evaluate the drug in China and other countries, and in the US, last month the National Institutes of Health began a randomized trial for the treatment of COVID-19 using the antiviral.
“There are promising therapies produced by Gilead and that’s Remdesivir,” Trump said Thursday. “It seems to have a very good result, having to do with this virus.”
Favipiravir (Avigan)
The Japanese anti-flu drug developed by a subsidiary of Fujifilm — yes, the photography company — has had encouraging outcomes in clinical trials in China.
Patients who were given the drug in Shenzhen tested negative for the virus after a median of four days after becoming positive. That was compared with a median of 11 days for those who were not given the medicine, Japanese public broadcaster NHK said.
Chest scans supported the findings, revealing less damage in those who took the drug. But some officials said it may not be effective in people who are already severely ill.
lLpinavir and Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Lab studies have suggested that the HIV drug Kaletra — which is a combination of antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir — could be effective in treating COVID-19.
The meds belong to a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors, which block a key enzyme that helps viruses replicate. Previous studies found the mixture was helpful in preventing SARS from maturing and replicating.
Doctors in Thailand and Japan have reported using lopinavir and ritonavir to successfully treat the coronavirus — but a recent study in China of 200 seriously ill patients found that it had no benefit.
Kaletra is being included in the WHO study launched this week.
Vaccines
Hahn on Thursday said a vaccine will likely take 12 months.
Scientists at the Kaiser Permanente Washington Research Institute in Seattle on Tuesday began the first stage of a potential COVID-19 vaccine by administering shots to volunteers.
Forty-five healthy volunteers, ages 18 to 55, have signed up to receive two doses of the possible vaccine — code-named mRNA-1273 — a month apart.
Some of the participants will receive higher dosages than others to determine how strong the shots should be.
The researchers are also looking for any side effects and will test blood samples to see if it’s impacting the immune system.
Meanwhile, another candidate developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals announced that human clinical trials would begin in April.
Read more at nypost.com
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-21--Take Sambucol-Coronovirus Self-Assistance – Part 1

As a good starting point , I would suggest Sambucol .
This alternative health food product has been around for decades and is available in extract , liquid , tab and pill forms and has been used as an old folk remedy in Europe and Africa going back centuries .
It is an extract of Elderberry and its quite drinkable .
Many studies have been conducted on it and found it to be beneficial against many different types of flu viruses , none have been conducted on Coronavirus of course , but seeing as Coronavirus is a flu type virus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cheap , easily available product which assists against one type also be of benefit against another type .
It can ’ t hurt and it tastes great too , so why not ?
What is Sambucol ?
“ Sambucol is a food supplement that is made of black elderberries .
Not only does it taste delicious , it also contains naturally occurring flavonoids and is packed with vitamins C and Zinc were are known for building the immune system ” ( Chemist Direct 2020 ) If the link is to believed , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it , it helps against the flu .
But I know , the doubters , will be saying Chemist Direct sell it , they would say that .
People got interested in these berries , way back in the days of old , because they worked , no other reason .
Let ’ s look at some specific research as well .
This is what they concluded .
“ What our study has shown is that the common elderberry has a potent direct antiviral effect against the flu virus , ” said Dr @ @ @ @ @ @ @ early stages of an infection by blocking key viral proteins responsible for both the viral attachment and entry into the host cells.
” Or how about this study , which used it as treatment on a flu outbreak in the Panama in 1995 .
“ Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract ( Sambucus nigra L. ) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama.
” https : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395631 ?
ordinalpos=2 & itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum What they found was “ Convalescent phase serologies showed higher mean @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) titers to influenza B in the group treated with SAM than in the control group.
” Hemagglutination is when the virus interacts with other viral infected blood cells , so they interlink with each other in order to assist in their spread .
So by getting a blood sample and putting it into a cone shaped well you can see from the side and above you get a different shape and so can tell if the virus is being inhibited or not .
As this picture below demonstrates .
A third study @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.
” https : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080016 Here what they did is “ sixty patients ( aged 18-54 years ) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway .
Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days , and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale .
Symptoms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo.
” There ’ s plenty of research out there about this product , it ’ s just not so widely publicised , when I was studying way back when , I remember reading about this product quite a lot , interest seems to have died down a bit since , but you know what I think interest in it might spark up a little given the current coronavirus crisis has hit town .
So , what are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hands & hope for the best or are you going to do whatever you can to protect yourself & your family and get the things the things you need that will give you the best fighting chance that you possibly can .
Toilet roll shelves empty ?
So what I strongly suggest instead of worrying about that , you go get the Sambucol instead and stock up on that , it is far more important .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Take Sambucol-Coronovirus Self-Assistance – Part 1
Written by Geraint Hughes
As a good starting point, I would suggest Sambucol. This alternative health food product has been around for decades and is available in extract, liquid, tab and pill forms and has been used as an old folk remedy in Europe and Africa going back centuries. It is an extract of Elderberry and its quite drinkable.
Many studies have been conducted on it and found it to be beneficial against many different types of flu viruses, none have been conducted on Coronavirus of course, but seeing as Coronavirus is a flu type virus, it seems perfectly reasonable that a cheap, easily available product which assists against one type may also be of benefit against another type. It can’t hurt and it tastes great too, so why not?
What is Sambucol? “Sambucol is a food supplement that is made of black elderberries. Not only does it taste delicious, it also contains naturally occurring flavonoids and is packed with vitamins C and Zinc were are known for building the immune system” (Chemist Direct 2020)
https://www.chemistdirect.co.uk/sambucol-health-benefits-of-the-elderberry
If the link is to believed, and I have no valid reason to doubt it, it helps against the flu. But I know, the doubters, will be saying Chemist Direct sell it, they would say that. People got interested in these berries, way back in the days of old, because they worked, no other reason.
Let’s look at some specific research as well.
“Elderberry compounds could help minimize flu symptoms, study suggests” https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190423133644.htm
This is what they concluded.
“What our study has shown is that the common elderberry has a potent direct antiviral effect against the flu virus,” said Dr Golnoosh Torabian.
“It inhibits the early stages of an infection by blocking key viral proteins responsible for both the viral attachment and entry into the host cells.”
Or how about this study, which used it as treatment on a flu outbreak in the Panama in 1995.
“Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395631?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
What they found was “Convalescent phase serologies showed higher mean and mean geometric hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers to influenza B in the group treated with SAM than in the control group.”
Hemagglutination is when the virus interacts with other viral infected blood cells, so they interlink with each other in order to assist in their spread. So by getting a blood sample and putting it into a cone shaped well you can see from the side and above you get a different shape and so can tell if the virus is being inhibited or not. As this picture below demonstrates.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/hemagglutination
A third study? Sure why not.
“Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080016
Here what they did is “sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway.
Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo.”
There’s plenty of research out there about this product, it’s just not so widely publicised, when I was studying way back when, I remember reading about this product quite a lot, interest seems to have died down a bit since, but you know what I think interest in it might spark up a little given the current coronavirus crisis has hit town.
So, what are you going to do? Wash your hands & hope for the best or are you going to do whatever you can to protect yourself & your family and get the things the things you need that will give you the best fighting chance that you possibly can.
Toilet roll shelves empty? So what I strongly suggest instead of worrying about that, you go get the Sambucol instead and stock up on that, it is far more important.
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-21--NY Hospital: ‘Amazing Results’ Using Chloroquine in Severe Coronavirus Cases

Laura Ingraham interviews doctor from New York ’ s Lenox Hill hospital who explains that they are already using Hydroxychloroquine to treat acute coronavirus patients and are seeing tremendous results .
Dr. William Grace told Ingraham that they have 100 patients and have had zero deaths after the use of Hydroxychloroquine .
Hydroxychloroquine is the less toxic version of Chloroquine .
Grace said that a big reason older people die from the coronavirus is that their lungs fill up with fluid as part of an immune response to the virus .
Hydroxychloroquine works , Grace notes , in both inhibiting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the virus .
This is really great news and affirms what we are hearing is happening in other countries , as Ingraham points out .
Hopefully it will serve as both a cure for the virus and perhaps even a vaccine .
Below is a current list of links offering reassuring news on the ‘ pandemic ’ .
( H/TThomas Aquinas ) .
Please share on FB or wherever .
The media is stalling in reporting on these positive stories : • NY Doctor says his hospital already using Chloroquine for coronavirus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Has Australia found a coronavirus cure ?
Patients in secret trials are successfully treated with HIV and malaria medication – and now it will be rolled out nationwide https : //www.dailymail.co.uk… • The incidence of COVID-19 is dramatically lower in malarial countries than in non-malarial countries , according to one researcher .
https : //www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/03/20/delingpole-chloroquine-malaria-coronavirus-stunning-correlation-claimed/ • Dr. Manny Alvarez says he ’ s ‘ bullish ’ on anti-malaria drug to effectively treat coronavirus https : //www.foxnews.com/med… • “ Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ its effect is reinforced by azithromycin , ” the study said.https : //www.youtube.com/wat… • Novartis , Mylan and Teva to supply tens of millions of chloroquine tablets to fight COVID-19 https : //www.fiercepharma.co… PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

NY Hospital: ‘Amazing Results’ Using Chloroquine in Severe Coronavirus Cases
Written by therightscoop.com
Laura Ingraham interviews doctor from New York’s Lenox Hill hospital who explains that they are already using Hydroxychloroquine to treat acute coronavirus patients and are seeing tremendous results.
Watch:
Dr. William Grace told Ingraham that they have 100 patients and have had zero deaths after the use of Hydroxychloroquine.
Hydroxychloroquine is the less toxic version of Chloroquine.
Grace said that a big reason older people die from the coronavirus is that their lungs fill up with fluid as part of an immune response to the virus. Hydroxychloroquine works, Grace notes, in both inhibiting the immune response and inhibiting the replication of the virus.
This is really great news and affirms what we are hearing is happening in other countries, as Ingraham points out. Hopefully it will serve as both a cure for the virus and perhaps even a vaccine.
More at therightscoop.com
Below is a current list of links offering reassuring news on the ‘pandemic’. (H/TThomas Aquinas). Please share on FB or wherever. The media is stalling in reporting on these positive stories:
NY Doctor says his hospital already using Chloroquine for coronavirus patients and have had ZERO deaths https://therightscoop.com/w…
Malaria drug sees promising signs as future coronavirus treatment
https://www.washingtonexami…
https://www.washingtonexami… Has Australia found a coronavirus cure? Patients in secret trials are successfully treated with HIV and malaria medication – and now it will be rolled out nationwide
https://www.dailymail.co.uk…
https://www.dailymail.co.uk… Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate shows efficacy in COVID-19 associated pneumonia
https://medicaldialogues.in…
https://medicaldialogues.in… Chloroquine/Malaria/Coronavirus – ‘Stunning’ Correlation Claimed
https://www.breitbart.com/p…
https://www.breitbart.com/p… The incidence of COVID-19 is dramatically lower in malarial countries than in non-malarial countries, according to one researcher. https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/03/20/delingpole-chloroquine-malaria-coronavirus-stunning-correlation-claimed/
Dr. Manny Alvarez says he’s ‘bullish’ on anti-malaria drug to effectively treat coronavirus
https://www.foxnews.com/med…
https://www.foxnews.com/med… “Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin,” the study said.https://www.youtube.com/wat…
Novartis, Mylan and Teva to supply tens of millions of chloroquine tablets to fight COVID-19
https://www.fiercepharma.co…
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-21--Latest: Chloroquine Phosphate Proving ‘Effective’ Against COVID-19

BioScience Trends is now reporting Chloroquine has shown apparent efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies .
The coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) virus is spreading rapidly , and scientists are endeavouring to discover drugs for its efficacious treatment in China .
Rapidly sharing scientific information is an effective way to reduce public panic about COVID-19 , and doing so is the key to providing real-time guidance to epidemiologists working to contain the outbreak , clinicians managing patients , and modellers helping to understand future developments and the possible efficacy of various interventions .
Chloroquine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment of malaria , is shown to have apparent efficacy and acceptable safety against COVID-19 associated pneumonia in multicenter clinical trials conducted in China .
In the early in vitro studies , chloroquine was found to block COVID-19 infection at low-micromolar concentration , with a half-maximal effective concentration of 1.13 μM and a half-cytotoxic concentration ( CC50 ) greater than 100 μM .
A number of subsequent clinical trials have been quickly conducted in China to test the efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Jingzhou , Guangzhou , Beijing , Shanghai , Chongqing , and Ningbo .
Thus far , results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia , improving lung imaging findings , promoting a virus-negative conversion , and shortening the disease course according to the news briefing .
Severe adverse reactions to chloroquine phosphate were not noted in the aforementioned patients .
Given these findings , a conference was held on February 15 , 2020 ; participants including experts from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ clinical trials reached an agreement that chloroquine phosphate has potent activity against COVID-19 .
The drug is recommended for inclusion in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention , Diagnosis , and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People ’ s Republic of China .
Chloroquine is a cheap and safe drug that has been used for more than 70 years .
It is used to prevent and treat malaria and is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it also has potential broad-spectrum antiviral activities by increasing endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion , as well as interfering with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV .
The anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activities of chloroquine may account for its potent efficacy in treating patients with COVID-19 pneumonia .
In light of the urgent clinical demand , chloroquine phosphate is recommended to treat COVID-19 associated pneumonia in larger populations in the future .
The drug is recommended to be included in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention , Diagnosis , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ issued by the National Health Commission of the People ’ s Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19 infection in larger populations in the future .
In addition to this , a new cellular drug called CAStem supposed to cure COVID-19 was created , and it has already made major progress in the experiment about the treatment of the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) previously .
The research team has applied for an emergency approval from the China National Medical Products Administration , and it is cooperating with relevant medical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to : www.jstage.jst.go.jp For further reference log on to : doi.org About the author : Dr Kamal Kant Kohli-MBBS , DTCD is a chest specialist with more than 30 years of practice and a flair for writing clinical articles , Dr Kamal Kant Kohli joined Medical Dialogues as an Editor-in-Chief for the Speciality Medical Dialogues section .
Before Joining Medical Dialogues , he has served at important positions in the medical industry in India including as the Hony .
Secretary of the Delhi Medical Association as well as the chairman of Anti-Quackery Committee @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Councils in India .
Email : editorial @ medicaldialogues.in .
Contact no .
011-43720751 PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Latest: Chloroquine Phosphate Proving ‘Effective’ Against COVID-19
Written by Dr. Kamal Kant Kohli
BioScience Trends is now reporting Chloroquine has shown apparent efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is spreading rapidly, and scientists are endeavouring to discover drugs for its efficacious treatment in China.
Rapidly sharing scientific information is an effective way to reduce public panic about COVID-19, and doing so is the key to providing real-time guidance to epidemiologists working to contain the outbreak, clinicians managing patients, and modellers helping to understand future developments and the possible efficacy of various interventions.
Chloroquine phosphate, an old drug for the treatment of malaria, is shown to have apparent efficacy and acceptable safety against COVID-19 associated pneumonia in multicenter clinical trials conducted in China.
In the early in vitro studies, chloroquine was found to block COVID-19 infection at low-micromolar concentration, with a half-maximal effective concentration of 1.13 μM and a half-cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 μM. A number of subsequent clinical trials have been quickly conducted in China to test the efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in more than 10 hospitals in Wuhan, Jingzhou, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Ningbo.
Thus far, results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease course according to the news briefing.
Severe adverse reactions to chloroquine phosphate were not noted in the aforementioned patients. Given these findings, a conference was held on February 15, 2020; participants including experts from government and regulatory authorities and organizers of clinical trials reached an agreement that chloroquine phosphate has potent activity against COVID-19.
The drug is recommended for inclusion in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.
Chloroquine is a cheap and safe drug that has been used for more than 70 years. It is used to prevent and treat malaria and is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus.
Studies revealed that it also has potential broad-spectrum antiviral activities by increasing endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, as well as interfering with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV. The anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activities of chloroquine may account for its potent efficacy in treating patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
In light of the urgent clinical demand, chloroquine phosphate is recommended to treat COVID-19 associated pneumonia in larger populations in the future.
The drug is recommended to be included in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19 infection in larger populations in the future.
In addition to this, a new cellular drug called CAStem supposed to cure COVID-19 was created, and it has already made major progress in the experiment about the treatment of the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) previously. The research team has applied for an emergency approval from the China National Medical Products Administration, and it is cooperating with relevant medical institutions.
For further reference log on to: www.jstage.jst.go.jp
For further reference log on to :doi.org
Read more at medicaldialogues.in
About the author: Dr Kamal Kant Kohli-MBBS, DTCD is a chest specialist with more than 30 years of practice and a flair for writing clinical articles, Dr Kamal Kant Kohli joined Medical Dialogues as an Editor-in-Chief for the Speciality Medical Dialogues section. Before Joining Medical Dialogues, he has served at important positions in the medical industry in India including as the Hony. Secretary of the Delhi Medical Association as well as the chairman of Anti-Quackery Committee in Delhi and worked with other Medical Councils in India. Email: editorial@medicaldialogues.in. Contact no. 011-43720751
****
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
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