principiascientificinternational--2020-03-18--The History Of Pandemics

The History Of Pandemics

As humans have spread across the world , so have infectious diseases .
Even in this modern era , outbreaks are nearly constant , though not every outbreak reaches pandemic level as the Novel Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) has .
Today ’ s visualization outlines some of history ’ s most deadly pandemics , from the Antonine Plague to the current COVID-19 event .
Disease and illnesses have plagued humanity since the earliest days , our mortal flaw .
However , it was not until the marked shift to agrarian communities that the scale and spread of these diseases increased @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for human and animal interactions that sped up such epidemics .
Malaria , tuberculosis , leprosy , influenza , smallpox , and others first appeared during these early years .
The more civilized humans became – with larger cities , more exotic trade routes , and increased contact with different populations of people , animals , and ecosystems – the more likely pandemics would occur .
Here are some of the major pandemics that have occurred over time : Note : Many of the death toll numbers listed above are best estimates based @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the Plague of Justinian , are subject to debate based on new evidence .
Despite the persistence of disease and pandemics throughout history , there ’ s one consistent trend over time – a gradual reduction in the death rate .
Healthcare improvements and understanding the factors that incubate pandemics have been powerful tools in mitigating their impact .
In many ancient societies , people believed that spirits and gods inflicted disease and destruction upon those that deserved their wrath .
This unscientific perception often led to disastrous responses that resulted in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ millions .
In the case of Justinian ’ s plague , the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea traced the origins of the plague ( the Yersinia pestis bacteria ) to China and northeast India , via land and sea trade routes to Egypt where it entered the Byzantine Empire through Mediterranean ports .
Despite his apparent knowledge of the role geography and trade played in this spread , Procopius laid blame for the outbreak on the Emperor Justinian , declaring him to be either a devil , or invoking God ’ s punishment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ found that this event could have dashed Emperor Justinian ’ s efforts to reunite the Western and Eastern remnants of the Roman Empire , and marked the beginning of the Dark Ages .
Luckily , humanity ’ s understanding of the causes of disease has improved , and this is resulting in a drastic improvement in the response to modern pandemics , albeit slow and incomplete .
The practice of quarantine began during the 14th century , in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague epidemics .
Cautious port authorities required ships @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sit at anchor for 40 days before landing — the origin of the word quarantine from the Italian “ quaranta giorni ” , or 40 days .
One of the first instances of relying on geography and statistical analysis was in mid-19th century London , during a cholera outbreak .
In 1854 , Dr. John Snow came to the conclusion that cholera was spreading via tainted water and decided to display neighborhood mortality data directly on a map .
This method revealed a cluster of cases around a specific pump from which people @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the interactions created through trade and urban life play a pivotal role , it is also the virulent nature of particular diseases that indicate the trajectory of a pandemic .
Scientists use a basic measure to track the infectiousness of a disease called the reproduction number — also known as R0 or “ R naught.
” This number tells us how many susceptible people , on average , each sick person will in turn infect .
Measles tops the list , being the most contagious with a R0 range of 12-18 .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on average , 12 to 18 people in an unvaccinated population .
While measles may be the most virulent , vaccination efforts and herd immunity can curb its spread .
The more people are immune to a disease , the less likely it is to proliferate , making vaccinations critical to prevent the resurgence of known and treatable diseases .
It ’ s hard to calculate and forecast the true impact of COVID-19 , as the outbreak is still ongoing and researchers are still learning about this new form of coronavirus .
Urbanization @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at where we began , with rising global connections and interactions as a driving force behind pandemics .
From small hunting and gathering tribes to the metropolis , humanity ’ s reliance on one another has also sparked opportunities for disease to spread .
Urbanization in the developing world is bringing more and more rural residents into denser neighborhoods , while population increases are putting greater pressure on the environment .
At the same time , passenger air traffic nearly doubled in the past decade .
These macro trends are having a profound @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
As organizations and governments around the world ask for citizens to practice social distancing to help reduce the rate of infection , the digital world is allowing people to maintain connections and commerce like never before .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

The History Of Pandemics
Written by www.visualcapitalist.com
As humans have spread across the world, so have infectious diseases. Even in this modern era, outbreaks are nearly constant, though not every outbreak reaches pandemic level as the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has.
Today’s visualization outlines some of history’s most deadly pandemics, from the Antonine Plague to the current COVID-19 event.
A Timeline Of Historical Pandemics
Disease and illnesses have plagued humanity since the earliest days, our mortal flaw. However, it was not until the marked shift to agrarian communities that the scale and spread of these diseases increased dramatically.
Widespread trade created new opportunities for human and animal interactions that sped up such epidemics. Malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, smallpox, and others first appeared during these early years.
The more civilized humans became – with larger cities, more exotic trade routes, and increased contact with different populations of people, animals, and ecosystems – the more likely pandemics would occur.
Here are some of the major pandemics that have occurred over time:
Name Time period Type / Pre-human host Death toll Antonine Plague 165-180 Believed to be either smallpox or measles 5M Japanese smallpox epidemic 735-737 Variola major virus 1M Plague of Justinian 541-542 Yersinia pestis bacteria / Rats, fleas 30-50M Black Death 1347-1351 Yersinia pestis bacteria / Rats, fleas 200M New World Smallpox Outbreak 1520 – onwards Variola major virus 56M Great Plague of London 1665 Yersinia pestis bacteria / Rats, fleas 100,000 Italian plague 1629-1631 Yersinia pestis bacteria / Rats, fleas 1M Cholera Pandemics 1-6 1817-1923 V. cholerae bacteria 1M+ Third Plague 1885 Yersinia pestis bacteria / Rats, fleas 12M (China and India) Yellow Fever Late 1800s Virus / Mosquitoes 100,000-150,000 (U.S.) Russian Flu 1889-1890 Believed to be H2N2 (avian origin) 1M Spanish Flu 1918-1919 H1N1 virus / Pigs 40-50M Asian Flu 1957-1958 H2N2 virus 1.1M Hong Kong Flu 1968-1970 H3N2 virus 1M HIV/AIDS 1981-present Virus / Chimpanzees 25-35M Swine Flu 2009-2010 H1N1 virus / Pigs 200,000 SARS 2002-2003 Coronavirus / Bats, Civets 770 Ebola 2014-2016 Ebolavirus / Wild animals 11,000 MERS 2015-Present Coronavirus / Bats, camels 850 COVID-19 2019-Present Coronavirus – Unknown (possibly pangolins) 6,400 (as of Mar 15, 2020)
Note: Many of the death toll numbers listed above are best estimates based on available research. Some, such as the Plague of Justinian, are subject to debate based on new evidence.
Despite the persistence of disease and pandemics throughout history, there’s one consistent trend over time – a gradual reduction in the death rate. Healthcare improvements and understanding the factors that incubate pandemics have been powerful tools in mitigating their impact.
Wrath Of The Gods
In many ancient societies, people believed that spirits and gods inflicted disease and destruction upon those that deserved their wrath. This unscientific perception often led to disastrous responses that resulted in the deaths of thousands, if not millions.
In the case of Justinian’s plague, the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea traced the origins of the plague (the Yersinia pestis bacteria) to China and northeast India, via land and sea trade routes to Egypt where it entered the Byzantine Empire through Mediterranean ports.
Despite his apparent knowledge of the role geography and trade played in this spread, Procopius laid blame for the outbreak on the Emperor Justinian, declaring him to be either a devil, or invoking God’s punishment for his evil ways. Some historians found that this event could have dashed Emperor Justinian’s efforts to reunite the Western and Eastern remnants of the Roman Empire, and marked the beginning of the Dark Ages.
Luckily, humanity’s understanding of the causes of disease has improved, and this is resulting in a drastic improvement in the response to modern pandemics, albeit slow and incomplete.
Importing Disease
The practice of quarantine began during the 14th century, in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague epidemics. Cautious port authorities required ships arriving in Venice from infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days before landing — the origin of the word quarantine from the Italian “quaranta giorni”, or 40 days.
One of the first instances of relying on geography and statistical analysis was in mid-19th century London, during a cholera outbreak. In 1854, Dr. John Snow came to the conclusion that cholera was spreading via tainted water and decided to display neighborhood mortality data directly on a map. This method revealed a cluster of cases around a specific pump from which people were drawing their water from.
While the interactions created through trade and urban life play a pivotal role, it is also the virulent nature of particular diseases that indicate the trajectory of a pandemic.
Tracking Infectiousness
Scientists use a basic measure to track the infectiousness of a disease called the reproduction number — also known as R0 or “R naught.” This number tells us how many susceptible people, on average, each sick person will in turn infect.
Measles tops the list, being the most contagious with a R0 range of 12-18. This means a single person can infect, on average, 12 to 18 people in an unvaccinated population.
While measles may be the most virulent, vaccination efforts and herd immunity can curb its spread. The more people are immune to a disease, the less likely it is to proliferate, making vaccinations critical to prevent the resurgence of known and treatable diseases.
It’s hard to calculate and forecast the true impact of COVID-19, as the outbreak is still ongoing and researchers are still learning about this new form of coronavirus.
Urbanization And The Spread Of Disease
We arrive at where we began, with rising global connections and interactions as a driving force behind pandemics. From small hunting and gathering tribes to the metropolis, humanity’s reliance on one another has also sparked opportunities for disease to spread.
Urbanization in the developing world is bringing more and more rural residents into denser neighborhoods, while population increases are putting greater pressure on the environment. At the same time, passenger air traffic nearly doubled in the past decade. These macro trends are having a profound impact on the spread of infectious disease.
As organizations and governments around the world ask for citizens to practice social distancing to help reduce the rate of infection, the digital world is allowing people to maintain connections and commerce like never before.
Read more at www.visualcapitalist.com
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-19--Chloroquine Known as Effective Against Coronavirus Since 2005

Chloroquine Known as Effective Against Coronavirus Since 2005 The world economy is collapsing because of the terror and mounting death toll caused by the Coronavirus pandemic .
But the anti-malarial drug chloroquine is effective both as a prophylactic and treatment for the virus – and the medical establishment has known about this since at least the SARS coronavirus outbreak in 2005 .
What the hell is going on ?
Yesterday , I reported the existence of three studies , all claiming that chloroquine phosphate had proved effective in treating the COVID-19 .
This has since been confirmed by a more @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by Didier Raoult M.D/Ph.D et al , completed just days ago .
The sample was small but the results were convincing .
100 % of patients that received a combination of HCQ and Azithromycin tested negative and were virologically cured within 6 days of treatment .
In addition , recent guidelines from South Korea and China report that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are effective antiviral therapeutic treatments for novel coronavirus .
But the story gets more extraordinary still .
It turns out that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is effective against coronaviruses .
In 2005 , Martin J Vincent et al published a study in Virology Journal titled ‘ Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread.
’ Here are its findings :

Chloroquine Known as Effective Against Coronavirus Since 2005
Written by James Delingpole
The world economy is collapsing because of the terror and mounting death toll caused by the Coronavirus pandemic. But the anti-malarial drug chloroquine is effective both as a prophylactic and treatment for the virus – and the medical establishment has known about this since at least the SARS coronavirus outbreak in 2005. What the hell is going on?
Yesterday, I reported the existence of three studies, all claiming that chloroquine phosphate had proved effective in treating the COVID-19.
This has since been confirmed by a more recent open-label non-randomised clinical trial in France by Didier Raoult M.D/Ph.D et al, completed just days ago. The sample was small but the results were convincing.
As the summary reports:
100% of patients that received a combination of HCQ and Azithromycin tested negative and were virologically cured within 6 days of treatment. In addition, recent guidelines from South Korea and China report that hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are effective antiviral therapeutic treatments for novel coronavirus.
But the story gets more extraordinary still. It turns out that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has known since at least 2005 that chloroquine is effective against coronaviruses.
In 2005, Martin J Vincent et al published a study in Virology Journal titled ‘Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread.’
Here are its findings:
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV). No effective prophylactic or post-exposure therapy is currently available. Results We report, however, that chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS-CoV infection of primate cells. These inhibitory effects are observed when the cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage. In addition to the well-known functions of chloroquine such as elevations of endosomal pH, the drug appears to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. This may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding and abrogate the infection, with further ramifications by the elevation of vesicular pH, resulting in the inhibition of infection and spread of SARS CoV at clinically admissible concentrations. Conclusion Chloroquine is effective in preventing the spread of SARS CoV in cell culture. Favorable inhibition of virus spread was observed when the cells were either treated with chloroquine prior to or after SARS CoV infection. In addition, the indirect immunofluorescence assay described herein represents a simple and rapid method for screening SARS-CoV antiviral compounds. It ought to be no surprise that chloroquine is effective against both SARS and COVID-19. After all, they are both coronaviruses and COVID-19 has often been described in medical and research sources as SARS-2. Chloroquine works by enabling the body’s cells better to absorb zinc, which is key in preventing viral RNA transcription – and disrupting the often fatal cytokine storm. As at least one person has noticed, the implications of this are enormous. If the medical establishment – including CDC – has been aware of the efficacy of chloroquine in treating coronavirus for at least 14 years, why has it not been mass produced and made available sooner? Ian Wilson @Le_Nautonnier Given that CDC knows that Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine is an effective treatment for COVID-19 and a prophylactic against infection. There are grounds for everyone that has suffered and the families of those who have died for a Class Action Law suit against the CDC 20 Twitter Ads info and privacy 15 people are talking about this Here, you might have imagined, is the dream solution: a stop gap treatment for coronavirus which could save many lives and obviate the need for this global lockdown which is destroying our economies. Why isn’t the solution being shouted from the rooftops? One possibility, as I suggested yesterday, is that there is no money in it for Big Pharma. Chloroquine is a generic drug. That’s why Big Pharma’s lobbyists have worked hard to persuade governments that there can be no acceptable solution till a patented vaccine is brought on to the market. Even if this happens it won’t be till long after the pandemic is over – probably not till at least next year. I don’t think our businesses, our livelihoods, our sanity can wait that long. Do you? Read more at www.breitbart.com **** PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-19--Japanese flu drug ‘clearly effective’ in treating coronavirus

Shares in Fujifilm Toyama Chemical , which developed favipiravir , surged after praise by Chinese official following clinical trials .
Medical authorities in China have said a drug used in Japan to treat new strains of influenza appeared to be effective in coronavirus patients , Japanese media said on Wednesday ( March 18 , 2020 ) .
Zhang Xinmin , an official at China ’ s science and technology ministry , said favipiravir , developed by a subsidiary of Fujifilm , had produced encouraging outcomes in clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen involving 340 patients .
“ It has a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ effective in treatment , ” Zhang told reporters on Tuesday.
” Patients who were given the medicine in Shenzhen turned negative for the virus after a median of four days after becoming positive , compared with a median of 11 days for those who were not treated with the drug , public broadcaster NHK said .
In addition , X-rays confirmed improvements in lung condition in about 91 % of the patients who were treated with favipiravir , compared to 62 % or those without the drug .
Fujifilm Toyama Chemical , which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Avigan – in 2014 , has declined to comment on the claims .
Shares in the firm surged on Wednesday following Zhang ’ s comments , closing the morning up 14.7 % at 5,207 yen , having briefly hit their daily limit high of 5,238 yen .
Doctors in Japan are using the same drug in clinical studies on coronavirus patients with mild to moderate symptoms , hoping it will prevent the virus from multiplying in patients .
But a Japanese health ministry source suggested the drug was not as effective in people @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ ve given Avigan to 70 to 80 people , but it doesn ’ t seem to work that well when the virus has already multiplied , ” the source told the Mainichi Shimbun .
The same limitations had been identified in studies involving coronavirus patients using a combination of the HIV antiretrovirals lopinavir and ritonavir , the source added .
In 2016 , the Japanese government supplied favipiravir as an emergency aid to counter the Ebola virus outbreak in Guinea .
Favipiravir would need government approval for full-scale use on Covid-19 patients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ treat flu .
A health official told the Mainichi the drug could be approved as early as May .
“ But if the results of clinical research are delayed , approval could also be delayed.
” PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Japanese flu drug ‘clearly effective’ in treating coronavirus
Written by www.theguardian.com
Shares in Fujifilm Toyama Chemical, which developed favipiravir, surged after praise by Chinese official following clinical trials.
Medical authorities in China have said a drug used in Japan to treat new strains of influenza appeared to be effective in coronavirus patients, Japanese media said on Wednesday (March 18, 2020).
Zhang Xinmin, an official at China’s science and technology ministry, said favipiravir, developed by a subsidiary of Fujifilm, had produced encouraging outcomes in clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen involving 340 patients.
“It has a high degree of safety and is clearly effective in treatment,” Zhang told reporters on Tuesday.”
Patients who were given the medicine in Shenzhen turned negative for the virus after a median of four days after becoming positive, compared with a median of 11 days for those who were not treated with the drug, public broadcaster NHK said.
In addition, X-rays confirmed improvements in lung condition in about 91{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the patients who were treated with favipiravir, compared to 62{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} or those without the drug.
Fujifilm Toyama Chemical, which developed the drug – also known as Avigan – in 2014, has declined to comment on the claims.
Shares in the firm surged on Wednesday following Zhang’s comments, closing the morning up 14.7{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} at 5,207 yen, having briefly hit their daily limit high of 5,238 yen.
Doctors in Japan are using the same drug in clinical studies on coronavirus patients with mild to moderate symptoms, hoping it will prevent the virus from multiplying in patients.
But a Japanese health ministry source suggested the drug was not as effective in people with more severe symptoms. “We’ve given Avigan to 70 to 80 people, but it doesn’t seem to work that well when the virus has already multiplied,” the source told the Mainichi Shimbun.
The same limitations had been identified in studies involving coronavirus patients using a combination of the HIV antiretrovirals lopinavir and ritonavir, the source added.
In 2016, the Japanese government supplied favipiravir as an emergency aid to counter the Ebola virus outbreak in Guinea.
Favipiravir would need government approval for full-scale use on Covid-19 patients, since it was originally intended to treat flu.
A health official told the Mainichi the drug could be approved as early as May. “But if the results of clinical research are delayed, approval could also be delayed.”
Read more at www.theguardian.com
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-19--Scandal: Media Hiding News Of ‘Coronavirus Cure’ From Australia

The mainstream media , which is focused on promoting the development of experimental vaccines to stop the spread of coronavirus , is virtually silent about a team of Australian researchers who say they ’ ve found a cure for the novel coronavirus and hope to have patients enrolled in a nationwide trial by the end of the month : University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research director Professor David Paterson told news.com.au today they have seen two drugs used to treat other conditions wipe out the virus in test tubes .
He said one of the medications , given to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ positive for COVID-19 in Australia , had already resulted in “ disappearance of the virus ” and complete recovery from the infection .
Prof Paterson , who is also an infectious disease physician at the Royal Brisbane and Women ’ s Hospital , said it wasn ’ t a stretch to label the drugs “ a treatment or a cure ” .
“ Patients would end up with no viable coronavirus in their system at all after the end of therapy.
” The drugs are both already registered and available in Australia .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the moment is a large clinical trial across Australia , looking at 50 hospitals , and what we ’ re going to compare is one drug , versus another drug , versus the combination of the two drugs , ” Prof Paterson said .
Given their history , researchers have a “ long experience of them being very well tolerated ” and there are no unexpected side effects .
“ We ’ re not on a flat foot , we can sort of move ahead very rapidly with enrolling Australians in this trial @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It ’ s the question we all have – we know it ’ s coming now , what is the best way to treat it ?
” Prof Paterson said positive experiences in the fight against coronavirus have already been recorded overseas , citing China and Singapore .
His research team are confident they can start getting the drugs to patients in a very safe way on home soil .
“ We want to give Australians the absolute best treatment rather than just someone ’ s guesses or someone ’ s anecdotal experiences @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Paterson told news.com.au .
He said they hope to be enrolling patients by the end of March .
“ And that way , if we can test it in this first wave of patients , we do fully expect that there are going to be ongoing infections for months and months ahead , and therefore we ’ ll have the best possible information to treat subsequent patients , ” Prof Paterson said… .
One of the two medications is a HIV drug , which has been superseded by “ newer generation ” HIV @ @ @ @ @ @ @ anti-malaria drug called chloroquine which is rarely used and “ kept on the shelf now ” due to resistance to malaria .
He said the researchers want to study them in a “ very meaningful way ” against the coronavirus to “ try and alleviate that anxiety of Australians ” .
“ There have already been patients treated with these in Australia and there ’ s been successful outcomes but it hasn ’ t been done in a controlled or a comparative way , ” Prof Paterson said .
The drugs would be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Paterson said patients would be asked to participate “ as soon as they ’ re admitted ” to hospital with the aim of beginning treatment “ very early on in their illness ” .
He said the research was sparked by Chinese patients , who were first given the drug in Australia , showing their doctors information on the internet about the treatment used overseas .
“ Our doctors were very , very surprised that a HIV drug could actually work against the novel coronavirus and there was a bit of skepticism , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ wave of Chinese patients we had ( in Australia ) , they all did very , very well when they were treated with the HIV drug .
“ That ’ s reassuring … that we ’ re onto something really good here.
” PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
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Scandal: Media Hiding News Of ‘Coronavirus Cure’ From Australia
Written by christiansfortruth.com
The mainstream media, which is focused on promoting the development of experimental vaccines to stop the spread of coronavirus, is virtually silent about a team of Australian researchers who say they’ve found a cure for the novel coronavirus and hope to have patients enrolled in a nationwide trial by the end of the month:
University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research director Professor David Paterson told news.com.au today they have seen two drugs used to treat other conditions wipe out the virus in test tubes.
He said one of the medications, given to some of the first people to test positive for COVID-19 in Australia, had already resulted in “disappearance of the virus” and complete recovery from the infection.
Prof Paterson, who is also an infectious disease physician at the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, said it wasn’t a stretch to label the drugs “a treatment or a cure”.
“It’s a potentially effective treatment,” he said.
“Patients would end up with no viable coronavirus in their system at all after the end of therapy.”
The drugs are both already registered and available in Australia.
“What we want to do at the moment is a large clinical trial across Australia, looking at 50 hospitals, and what we’re going to compare is one drug, versus another drug, versus the combination of the two drugs,” Prof Paterson said.
Given their history, researchers have a “long experience of them being very well tolerated” and there are no unexpected side effects.
“We’re not on a flat foot, we can sort of move ahead very rapidly with enrolling Australians in this trial,” Prof Paterson said.
“It’s the question we all have – we know it’s coming now, what is the best way to treat it?”
Prof Paterson said positive experiences in the fight against coronavirus have already been recorded overseas, citing China and Singapore. His research team are confident they can start getting the drugs to patients in a very safe way on home soil.
“We want to give Australians the absolute best treatment rather than just someone’s guesses or someone’s anecdotal experiences from a few people,” Prof Paterson told news.com.au.
He said they hope to be enrolling patients by the end of March.
“And that way, if we can test it in this first wave of patients, we do fully expect that there are going to be ongoing infections for months and months ahead, and therefore we’ll have the best possible information to treat subsequent patients,” Prof Paterson said….
One of the two medications is a HIV drug, which has been superseded by “newer generation” HIV drugs, and the other is an anti-malaria drug called chloroquine which is rarely used and “kept on the shelf now” due to resistance to malaria.
He said the researchers want to study them in a “very meaningful way” against the coronavirus to “try and alleviate that anxiety of Australians”.
“There have already been patients treated with these in Australia and there’s been successful outcomes but it hasn’t been done in a controlled or a comparative way,” Prof Paterson said.
The drugs would be given orally, as tablets.
Prof Paterson said patients would be asked to participate “as soon as they’re admitted” to hospital with the aim of beginning treatment “very early on in their illness”.
He said the research was sparked by Chinese patients, who were first given the drug in Australia, showing their doctors information on the internet about the treatment used overseas.
“Our doctors were very, very surprised that a HIV drug could actually work against the novel coronavirus and there was a bit of skepticism,” he said.
“That first wave of Chinese patients we had (in Australia), they all did very, very well when they were treated with the HIV drug.
“That’s reassuring … that we’re onto something really good here.”
Read more at christiansfortruth.com
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--Study: 99% of Patients Killed by Coronavirus in Italy Had Existing Illnesses

Study : 99 % of Patients Killed by Coronavirus in Italy Had Existing Illnesses This chart shows how most Italian coronavirus victims had pre-existing health conditions , with almost half of them suffering from three or even more illnesses before they were infected 99 per cent of coronavirus deaths in Italy are patients with existing medical problems , a study by the country ’ s health service has found .
Research into 355 deaths found that only three of the victims , 0.8 per cent , had been clear of illnesses before they were infected .
Nearly half of them @ @ @ @ @ @ @ three or even more health conditions before they were diagnosed with Covid-19 .
Another 25.6 per cent had two other ‘ pathologies ’ , while 25.1 per cent had one .
The research by Italy ’ s National Institute of Health is consistent with previous findings that people with existing illnesses are more likely to die from coronavirus .
According to the study , the most common of these problems in Italy include high blood pressure , heart disease and diabetes .
Some 76.1 per cent of the patients who died of Covid-19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ blood pressure , the study found .
More than a third – 35.5 per cent – had diabetes , while 33.0 per cent had suffered from ischemic heart disease .
Nearly a quarter , 24.5 per cent , had suffered from atrial fibrillation .
Less common examples included dementia and liver disease .
Scientists have not yet established why people with high blood pressure are more vulnerable to the coronavirus .
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. says it needs ‘ more data to become available ’ to investigate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
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Study: 99% of Patients Killed by Coronavirus in Italy Had Existing Illnesses
Written by Daily Mail
This chart shows how most Italian coronavirus victims had pre-existing health conditions, with almost half of them suffering from three or even more illnesses before they were infected
99 per cent of coronavirus deaths in Italy are patients with existing medical problems, a study by the country’s health service has found.
Research into 355 deaths found that only three of the victims, 0.8 per cent, had been clear of illnesses before they were infected.
Nearly half of them – 48.5 per cent – already had three or even more health conditions before they were diagnosed with Covid-19.
Another 25.6 per cent had two other ‘pathologies’, while 25.1 per cent had one.
The research by Italy’s National Institute of Health is consistent with previous findings that people with existing illnesses are more likely to die from coronavirus.
According to the study, the most common of these problems in Italy include high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes.
Some 76.1 per cent of the patients who died of Covid-19 had previously had problems with high arterial blood pressure, the study found.
More than a third – 35.5 per cent – had diabetes, while 33.0 per cent had suffered from ischemic heart disease.
Nearly a quarter, 24.5 per cent, had suffered from atrial fibrillation. Less common examples included dementia and liver disease.
Scientists have not yet established why people with high blood pressure are more vulnerable to the coronavirus.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the U.S. says it needs ‘more data to become available’ to investigate the link properly.
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--More polio cases now caused by vaccine than by wild virus

More polio cases now caused by vaccine than by wild virus Four African countries have reported new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine , as global health numbers show there are now more children being paralyzed by viruses originating in vaccines than in the wild .
In a report late last week , the World Health Organization and partners noted nine new polio cases caused by the vaccine in Nigeria , Congo , Central African Republic and Angola .
Seven countries elsewhere in Africa have similar outbreaks and cases have been reported in Asia .
Of the two @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Pakistan , vaccine-linked cases have been identified in Pakistan .
In rare cases , the live virus in oral polio vaccine can mutate into a form capable of sparking new outbreaks .
All the current vaccine-derived polio cases have been sparked by a Type 2 virus contained in the vaccine .
Type 2 wild virus was eliminated years ago .
Polio is a highly infectious disease that spreads in contaminated water or food and usually strikes children under 5 .
About one in 200 infections results in paralysis .
Among those , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ muscles are crippled .
Donors last week pledged $ 2.6 billion to combat polio as part of an eradication initiative that began in 1988 and hoped to wipe out polio by 2000 .
Since then , numerous such deadlines have been missed .
To eradicate polio , more than 95 % of a population needs to be immunized .
WHO and partners have long relied on oral polio vaccines because they are cheap and can be easily administered , requiring only two drops per dose .
Western countries use a more expensive injectable @ @ @ @ @ @ @ incapable of causing polio .
The Independent Monitoring Board , a group set up by WHO to assess polio eradication , warned in a report this month that vaccine-derived polio virus is “ spreading uncontrolled in West Africa , bursting geographical boundaries and raising fundamental questions and challenges for the whole eradication process.
” The group said officials were already “ failing badly ” to meet a recently approved polio goal of stopping all vaccine-derived outbreaks within 120 days of detection .
It described the initial attitude of WHO and its partners to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ relaxed ” and said “ new thinking ” on how to tackle the problem was needed .
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More polio cases now caused by vaccine than by wild virus
Written by medicalxpress.com
Four African countries have reported new cases of polio linked to the oral vaccine, as global health numbers show there are now more children being paralyzed by viruses originating in vaccines than in the wild.
In a report late last week, the World Health Organization and partners noted nine new polio cases caused by the vaccine in Nigeria, Congo, Central African Republic and Angola. Seven countries elsewhere in Africa have similar outbreaks and cases have been reported in Asia. Of the two countries where polio remains endemic, Afghanistan and Pakistan, vaccine-linked cases have been identified in Pakistan.
In rare cases, the live virus in oral polio vaccine can mutate into a form capable of sparking new outbreaks. All the current vaccine-derived polio cases have been sparked by a Type 2 virus contained in the vaccine. Type 2 wild virus was eliminated years ago.
Polio is a highly infectious disease that spreads in contaminated water or food and usually strikes children under 5. About one in 200 infections results in paralysis. Among those, a small percentage die when their breathing muscles are crippled.
Donors last week pledged $2.6 billion to combat polio as part of an eradication initiative that began in 1988 and hoped to wipe out polio by 2000. Since then, numerous such deadlines have been missed.
To eradicate polio, more than 95{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of a population needs to be immunized. WHO and partners have long relied on oral polio vaccines because they are cheap and can be easily administered, requiring only two drops per dose. Western countries use a more expensive injectable polio vaccine that contains an inactivated virus incapable of causing polio.
The Independent Monitoring Board, a group set up by WHO to assess polio eradication, warned in a report this month that vaccine-derived polio virus is “spreading uncontrolled in West Africa, bursting geographical boundaries and raising fundamental questions and challenges for the whole eradication process.”
The group said officials were already “failing badly” to meet a recently approved polio goal of stopping all vaccine-derived outbreaks within 120 days of detection. It described the initial attitude of WHO and its partners to stopping such vaccine-linked polio cases as “relaxed” and said “new thinking” on how to tackle the problem was needed.
Read more at medicalxpress.com
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--Now UK Scientists Find Antibody Treatment for Coronavirus

Researchers studying blood of those who fought off Sars to see how they did so make potentially crucial find .
A powerful antibody which could neutralise coronavirus has been discovered by British scientists in the blood of a patient who recovered from Sars , offering hope of a treatment .
Researchers at the Diamond Light Source , a super-powerful x-ray machine in Harwell , Oxfordshire , have been studying the blood of those who fought off Sars to see if they could find how they had done so .
Coronavirus is a type of Sars and shares many of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which caused an epidemic between 2002 and 2004 .
In one recovered patient , scientists found a potent antibody – a small molecule which attaches to a foreign invader such as a virus and flags it up to the immune system so it can be destroyed .
Further tests showed it is even better at attaching to coronavirus than to Sars .
[ PSI Editor ’ s note : The above can be added to the four other medically backed treatments as shown here : principia-scientific.org/these-are-the-drugs-being-tested-in-fight-against-coronavirus/ ] PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for charitable purposes .
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Now UK Scientists Find Antibody Treatment for Coronavirus
Written by Sarah Knapton
Researchers studying blood of those who fought off Sars to see how they did so make potentially crucial find.
A powerful antibody which could neutralise coronavirus has been discovered by British scientists in the blood of a patient who recovered from Sars, offering hope of a treatment.
Researchers at the Diamond Light Source, a super-powerful x-ray machine in Harwell, Oxfordshire, have been studying the blood of those who fought off Sars to see if they could find how they had done so.
Coronavirus is a type of Sars and shares many of the same features as the older virus, which caused an epidemic between 2002 and 2004.
In one recovered patient, scientists found a potent antibody – a small molecule which attaches to a foreign invader such as a virus and flags it up to the immune system so it can be destroyed.
Further tests showed it is even better at attaching to coronavirus than to Sars.
Read more at www.telegraph.co.uk
[PSI Editor’s note: The above can be added to the four other medically backed treatments as shown here: principia-scientific.org/these-are-the-drugs-being-tested-in-fight-against-coronavirus/]
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principiascientificinternational--2020-03-20--U.S. President Backs Chloroquine As a COVID-19 Treatment

President Donald Trump and the Food and Drug Administration commissioner appeared to exchange conflicting statements about how a decades-old antimalaria drug is being used to treat COVID-19 .
The drug in question is chloroquine .
It is sold under the brand name Aralen and in generic form .
It is also available in a different formulation as hydroxychloroquine under the brand name Plaquenil .
In both its chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine formulations , it is approved as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis .
At a news conference on Thursday , Trump said the drug had been approved as a treatment for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ through the approval process.
” He later said the FDA is “ continuing to study the drug.
” FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn said that while chloroquine has been approved for other indications , it would still need to go through clinical trials .
“ That ’ s a drug that the president has directed us to take a closer look at as to whether an expanded use approach to that could be done to actually see if that benefits patients , ” Hahn said .
The term “ expanded access , ” which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is a FDA regulatory pathway for people to use investigational treatments if there are no other approved options available in some life-threatening circumstances .
There are currently no FDA-approved treatments or vaccines for the novel coronavirus , which was first detected in December in Wuhan , China .
The virus has since sickened more than 234,000 people worldwide , including at least 10,000 people in the U.S. , and killed at least 9,700 people .
A number of companies have announced that they plan to or are already conducting clinical trials to evaluate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for COVID-19 .
Gilead Sciences Inc. ’ s GILD , 2.648 % remdesivir , for example , hasn ’ t been approved for any indication in the U.S .
However , at least three clinical trials are under way to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug in the treatment of people with COVID-19 , including one in partnership with the National Institutes of Health .
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. REGN , -1.158 % , Sanofi SNY , -0.665 % and Roche Holding ROG , -3.262 % have said this week that they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rheumatoid arthritis drugs as potential treatments .
Regeneron and Sanofi ’ s Kevzara was first approved by the FDA in 2017 , while Roche ’ s Actemra received FDA approval in 2010 .
In Hahn ’ s comments on Thursday , he talked about the need to consider already approved drugs as potential treatments because they have a proven safety profile , unlike those that haven ’ t yet been evaluated in clinical trials .
Those therapies may serve as a “ bridge ” during the pandemic , he said .
Bayer AG @ @ @ @ @ @ @ announced that it had donated three million tablets of Resochin , a chloroquine product .
The German drugmaker said that it is seeking an emergency use authorization for the drug in the U.S. , where it is not approved .
Mylan MYL , 9.348 % also said Thursday that it had restarted production of hydroxychloroquine-sulfate tablets , and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. TEVA , 9.876 % said it will donate more than 6 million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets this month in the U.S. A kind of early-days review of available medical reports @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rationale and evidence regarding the effectiveness of chloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 , ” according to a corrected proof published this month in the Journal of Critical Care by researchers in Israel and Italy .
A corrected proof is not a peer-reviewed medical study , which is considered the gold standard of medical research .
However , given the speed at which the coronavirus outbreak in China ’ s Hubei Province has turned into a global pandemic , there has not enough time so far for research to go through the peer-review process @ @ @ @ @ @ @ chloroquine advocates like Tesla Inc. TSLA , 6.826 % founder Elon Musk have tweeted that chloroquine is “ worth considering ” as a treatment for COVID-19 , citing his own experience with the drug after contracting malaria .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Written by Jaimy Lee
President Donald Trump and the Food and Drug Administration commissioner appeared to exchange conflicting statements about how a decades-old antimalaria drug is being used to treat COVID-19.
The drug in question is chloroquine. It is sold under the brand name Aralen and in generic form. It is also available in a different formulation as hydroxychloroquine under the brand name Plaquenil. In both its chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine formulations, it is approved as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
At a news conference on Thursday, Trump said the drug had been approved as a treatment for COVID-19 and that it had “gone through the approval process.” He later said the FDA is “continuing to study the drug.” FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn said that while chloroquine has been approved for other indications, it would still need to go through clinical trials.
“That’s a drug that the president has directed us to take a closer look at as to whether an expanded use approach to that could be done to actually see if that benefits patients,” Hahn said.
The term “expanded access,” which is interchangeably used with compassionate use, is a FDA regulatory pathway for people to use investigational treatments if there are no other approved options available in some life-threatening circumstances.
There are currently no FDA-approved treatments or vaccines for the novel coronavirus, which was first detected in December in Wuhan, China. The virus has since sickened more than 234,000 people worldwide, including at least 10,000 people in the U.S., and killed at least 9,700 people.
A number of companies have announced that they plan to or are already conducting clinical trials to evaluate investigational or FDA-approved drugs as potential treatments for COVID-19. Gilead Sciences Inc.’s GILD, 2.648% remdesivir, for example, hasn’t been approved for any indication in the U.S. However, at least three clinical trials are under way to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug in the treatment of people with COVID-19, including one in partnership with the National Institutes of Health.
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. REGN, -1.158%, Sanofi SNY, -0.665% and Roche Holding ROG, -3.262% have said this week that they plan to conduct clinical trials testing their rheumatoid arthritis drugs as potential treatments. Regeneron and Sanofi’s Kevzara was first approved by the FDA in 2017, while Roche’s Actemra received FDA approval in 2010.
In Hahn’s comments on Thursday, he talked about the need to consider already approved drugs as potential treatments because they have a proven safety profile, unlike those that haven’t yet been evaluated in clinical trials. Those therapies may serve as a “bridge” during the pandemic, he said.
Bayer AG BAYRY, 0.962% on Thursday afternoon announced that it had donated three million tablets of Resochin, a chloroquine product. The German drugmaker said that it is seeking an emergency use authorization for the drug in the U.S., where it is not approved. Mylan MYL, 9.348% also said Thursday that it had restarted production of hydroxychloroquine-sulfate tablets, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. TEVA, 9.876% said it will donate more than 6 million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets this month in the U.S.
A kind of early-days review of available medical reports argues that “there is sufficient preclinical rationale and evidence regarding the effectiveness of chloroquine for treatment of COVID-19,” according to a corrected proof published this month in the Journal of Critical Care by researchers in Israel and Italy.
A corrected proof is not a peer-reviewed medical study, which is considered the gold standard of medical research. However, given the speed at which the coronavirus outbreak in China’s Hubei Province has turned into a global pandemic, there has not enough time so far for research to go through the peer-review process.
Outside of medical research circles, chloroquine advocates like Tesla Inc. TSLA, 6.826% founder Elon Musk have tweeted that chloroquine is “worth considering” as a treatment for COVID-19, citing his own experience with the drug after contracting malaria.
Read more at www.marketwatch.com
****
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