principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--Scientific Proofs for CV-19 ‘Trump Cure’ from January – April 20, 2020

Below is the full , up to date list of Sequential CQ / HCQ Research Papers and Reports ( April 20 , 2020 ) for the ‘ Trump Cure ’ AKA chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin from respected scientific and medical professionals .
Executive Summary Interpretation of the Data In This Report The HCQ-AZ combination , when started immediately after diagnosis , appears to be a safe and efficient treatment for COVID-19 , with a mortality rate of 0.5 % , in elderly patients .
It avoids worsening and clears virus persistence and contagious infectivity in most cases .
ST Nichole @ @ @ @ @ @ @ SARS coronavirus infection and spread .
Virology Journal .
( 2005 ) 2 : 69 Chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS CoV infection of primate cells in tissue culture .
These inhibitory effects are observed when cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus , suggesting both prophylactic preventative and treatment use .
The paper describes three mechanisms by which the drug might work and suggest it may have both a prophylactic and therapeutic role in Coronavirus infections .
LETTER TO THE EDITOR Cell Research Remdesivir @ @ @ @ @ @ @ novel coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) in vitro .
Cell Research ( 2020 ) 0:1–3 ; https : //doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 Tested Remdesivir and Chloroquine in addition to five other drugs were tested in tissue culture against a clinical sample of virus from a COVID-19 patient , Remdesivir and Chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro .
Since these compounds have been used in human patients with a safety track record and shown to be effective against various ailments , we suggest that they should be assessed in human patients suffering @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Korean COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force , held the sixth video conference and agreed on treatment principles for patients with COVID-19 .
• Young with mild symptoms without underlying conditions , doctors can observe them without antiviral treatment .
• If 10 days have passed since the onset of the illness and the symptoms are mild , physicians do not have to start an antiviral medication .
• If patients are old or have underlying conditions with serious symptoms , physicians should consider an antiviral treatment as soon as possible .
lopinavir 400mg/ritonavir @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a day ) or chloroquine 500mg orally per day .
Alternate is hydroxychloroquine 400mg orally per day .
Jianjun Gao , Zhenxue Tian , Xu Yang Breakthrough : Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies .
BioScience Trends Advance Publication , DOI : 10.5582/bst.2020.0104 Thus far , results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia , improving lung imaging findings , promoting a virus negative conversion , and shortening the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ chloroquine phosphate were not noted in the aforementioned patients .
Given these findings , a conference was held on February 15 , 2020 ; participants including experts from government and regulatory authorities and organizers of clinical trials reached an agreement that chloroquine phosphate has potent activity against COVID-19 .
Philippe Colson , Jean-Marc Rolain , Jean-Christophe Lagier , Philippe Brouqui , Didier Raoult , Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to ﬁght COVID-19 , International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents Feb ( 2020 ) , doi : https : //doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag .
2020.105932 following the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in vitro activity of chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 , data have been reported on the efficacy of this drug in patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia ( named COVID-19 ) at different levels of severity .
Following the in vitro results , 20 clinical studies were launched in several Chinese hospitals .
The first results obtained from more than 100 patients showed the superiority of chloroquine compared with treatment of the control group in terms of reduction of exacerbation of pneumonia , duration of symptoms and delay of viral clearance , all in the absence of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in China to include chloroquine in the recommendations regarding the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia .
Chinese teams showed that Chloroquine could reduce the length of hospital stay and improve the evolution of COVID-19 pneumonia , leading to recommend the administration of 500 mg of chloroquine twice a day in patients with mild , moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia .
Philippe Colson , a , b Jean-Marc Rolain , a , b Jean-Christophe Lagier , a , b Philippe Brouqui , a , b and Didier Raoult , Chloroquine and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Int J Antimicrob Agents .
2020 Mar 4 : 105932. doi : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932 [ Epub ahead of print ] PMCID : PMC7135139 IPMID : 32145363 A review of the safety and efficiency of CQ and HCQ reviewing more than 20 clinical studies in several Chinese hospitals .
Although only available in letter form , this data caused China to recommend Chloroquine in the National Guidelines for the Treatment of COVID-19 .
X.Yao , F/ Ye2 , M. Zhang , C.Cui , R. Lu , H. Li , W. Tan , D. Liu @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) .
2020.. Clin Infect Dis .
2020 Mar 9. pii : ciaa237 .
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciaa237 .
Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro .
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 400 mg given twice daily for 1 day , followed by 200 mg twice daily for 4 more days is recommended to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection .
Expert Chinese consensus on Chloroquine Phosphate for New Coronavirus Pneumonia .
Diagnosis and Treatment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Respiratory Diseases .
2020 , 43 : A Multicenter Collaboration Group was formed to guide and standardize the use of Chloroquine in Coronavirus pneumonia , standardizing Chloroquine treatment at 500mg 2x day for 10 days .
Use of azithromycin was contraindicated .
Gautret P , Lagier JC , Parola P , Hoang VT , Meddeb L , Mailhe M , Doudier B , Giordanengo V , Vieira VE , La Scola B , Rolain JM , Brouqui P , Raoult D. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19 : results of an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Antimicrob Agents .
2020 Mar 20:105949. doi : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 .
Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a protocol from early March to March 16th , to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting .
Untreated patients from another center were included as negative controls .
20 cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral levels at D6-post inclusion compared to controls , and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ significantly more efficient for virus elimination .
Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin , Mount Sinai health system treatment guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 infection ( COVID-19 ) https : //www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov Last accessed on 20th March 2020 .
Mount Sinai Heath System establishes protocols for dosing and treatment of COVID-19 patients using Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine .
• Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin Treatment for COVID-19 Shown to be Effective in an 80-Patient Study In 80 patients receiving @ @ @ @ @ @ @ improvement in all but one 86 year-old patient who died , and one 74 year still in ICU .
A rapid fall of nasopharyngeal viral load tested by qPCR was noted , with Virus cultures from patient respiratory samples turning negative in 97.5 % patients at Day 5 .
This allowed patients to rapidly be discharged from highly contagious wards with a mean length of stay of five days .
Cortegiani A. , Ingoglia G. , Ippolito M. , Giarratano A. , Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ J Crit Care .
2020 Mar 10 ; ( 20 ) :30390–30397 .
A review was made of six articles ( one narrative letter , one in-vitro study , one editorial , expert consensus paper , two national guideline documents ) and these clinical trials done in China .
• Chloroquine seems to be effective in limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro .
• There is rationale , evidence of effectiveness and evidence of safety from long-time clinical use for other indications to justify clinical research on chloroquine in patients with COVID-19 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ high-quality clinical trials are urgently needed .
Duan YJ , Liu Q , Zhao SQ , Huang F , Ren L , Liu L , Zhou YW .
The Trial of Chloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19 and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology .
2020 Mar 25 ; 36 ( 2 ) .
doi : 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.02.001 .
[ Epub ahead of print ] Chloroquine is a long-established prescription drug that is often used clinically to treat malaria and connective tissue diseases .
The antimalarial drug Chloroquine phosphate which has already been approved @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and has been included in diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines .
However , awareness of the risk of chloroquine phosphate causing acute poisoning or even death should be strengthened .
The dosage used according to current clinical recommended dosage and course of treatment are larger than that of previous treatment of malaria .
Many provinces have required close clinical monitoring of adverse reactions .
This paper reviews the pharmacological effects , poisoning and toxicological mechanisms , in vivo metabolism and distribution , and forensic issues of chloroquine drugs , in order to provide help @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Li , Zhiwei Xie , Weiyin Lin , Weiping Cai , et.al , An exploratory randomized , controlled study on the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol treating adult patients hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19 According to investigators , adding hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) , on top of conventional therapy didn ’ t shorten the time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance in a 30-patient trial .
No significant differences were observed across the two arms in terms of the time it took to bring body temperature to normal or the number of patients with disease @ @ @ @ @ @ @ However , a careful examination of the study reveals a more complicated situation .
Most patients in the study ’ s control group were actually treated with other antiviral drugs at the same time , including the HIV combo med Kaletra and the Russian flu drug Arbidol .
Most , but not all , patients in the hydroxychloroquine group were also treated with Arbidol .
All patients also received interferon-alpha , thereby completely invalidating any assessment of Chloroquine effects .
Pagliano P , Piazza O , De Caro F , Ascione T , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ post-exposure prophylaxis drug to limit the transmission to health care workers exposed to COVID19 ?
Clin Infect Dis .
2020 Mar 24. https : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211764 Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine are able to inhibit replication at early stages of viral infection .
No similar effect on early phases of Coronavirus infection has been reported for other drugs proposed for SARS-CoV-2 treatment , which are able to interfere only after cell infection .
We believe that hydroxychloroquine can be effective in preventing respiratory tract invasion in HCW and that hydroxychloroquine administration as prophylactic agent could be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ risk procedures on respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients .
Hydroxychloroquine effectiveness profile , its ability to inhibit lung viral replication for a 10-day period after only a 5- day cycle of therapy , and the large amounts of knowledge in term of safety deriving from its use for malaria prophylaxis and rheumatologic diseases permit to recommend its pre-exposure or post-exposure use for those performing procedures at high risk of viral diffusion in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia .
A.K .
Singh , , A. Singh , A. Shaikh , R. Singh , and A.
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes : A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries .
Diabetes Metab Syndr .
Published online 2020 Mar26 .
doi : 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011 Belgium Task Force Interim clinical guidelines for patients suspected of / confirmed with COVID-19 infection .
Based on pharmacokinetic simulations , the recommended dosing of hydroxychloroquine sulphate is 400mg BID on day 1 , followed by 200mg BID on day 2-5 .
Because of the long elimination half-life of the drug ( 32–50 days ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exceed 5 days to avoid accumulation of hydroxychloroquine concentrations in plasma and tissues , and associated increased risk of toxicity , and because there is no in vitro evidence that longer courses improve drug activity on SARS-CoV-2 .
10 April 2020 Zhaowei Chen , VJijia Hu , Zongwei Zhang , Shan Jiang , Shoumeng Han , Dandan Yan , Ruhong Zhuang , Ben Hu , Zhan Zhang Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19 : results of a randomized clinical trial doi : https : //doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758 Evidence regarding the in-vivo use of Hydroxychloroquine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This study evaluated the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine ( HCQ ) in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 .
From February 4 to February 28 , 2020 , 62 patients suffering from COVID-19 were diagnosed and admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University .
All participants were randomized in a parallel-group trial , 31 patients were assigned to receive an additional 5-day HCQ ( 400 mg/d ) treatment , Time to clinical recovery ( TTCR ) , clinical characteristics , and radiological results were assessed at baseline and 5 days after treatment to evaluate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 62 COVID-19 patients , 46.8 % ( 29 of 62 ) were male and 53.2 % ( 33 of 62 ) were female , the mean age was 44.7 ( 15.3 ) years .
No difference in the age and sex distribution between the control group and the HCQ group .
But for TTCR , the body temperature recovery time and the cough remission time were significantly shortened in the HCQ treatment group .
Besides , a larger proportion of patients with improved pneumonia in the HCQ treatment group ( 80.6 % , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ control group ( 54.8 % , 17 of 31 ) .
Notably , all 4 patients progressed to severe illness that occurred in the control group .
However , there were 2 patients with mild adverse reactions in the HCQ treatment group .
Significance : Among patients with COVID-19 , the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia .
Clinical Trial ChiCTR2000029559 This data is supportive of preliminary evidence suggesting a significant reduction in the average length of hospital stay ( ALOS ) in COVID-19 patients administered @ @ @ @ @ @ @ crude data was generated by a multi-center data collection effort conducted by Agilum Healthcare Intelligence Inc. based in Brentwood , Tennessee and analyzed with respect to the COVID length of hospital stay under various investigational treatments .
The unpublished data was generated from a bell-curve of patient severities encompassing all levels of severity .
Hence , it only provides a gross estimation of a Hydroxychloroquine effect in COVID-19 patients .
However it is supportive of the French Data released on 12 April 2020 as an Abstract .
Raoult , D. Cohort of 1061 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 9 day follow-up .
IHU Méditerranée Infection , Marseille .
http : //covexit.com/professor-didier-raoult-releases-the-results-of-a-new-hydroxychloroquine-treatment-study-on-1061-patients/ A cohort of 1061 COVID-19 patients , treated for at least 3 days with the HCQ-AZ combination and a follow-up of at least 9 days was investigated .
Endpoints were death , worsening and viral shedding persistence .
From March 3rd to April 9th , 2020 , 59,655 specimens from 38,617 patients were tested for COVID-19 by PCR .
Of the 3,165 positive patients placed in the care of our institute , 1061 previously unpublished patients met the inclusion criteria @ @ @ @ @ @ @ age was 43.6 years old and 492 were male ( 46.4 % ) , As in other studies , no cardiac toxicity was observed in this study .
• A good clinical outcome and virological cure was obtained in 973 patients out of a total pf 1061 patients within 10 days ( 91.7 % ) .
• Mortality was significantly lower in patients who had received > 3 days of HCQ-AZ than in patients treated with other regimens both at IHU and in all Marseille public hospitals ( p < 10-2 ) .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ patients ( 4.3 % ) ; –10 were transferred to intensive care units , 5 patients died ( 0.47 % ) ( 74-95 years old ) , 31 required 10 days of hospitalization or more .
Among this group , 25 patients are now cured and 16 are still hospitalized ( 98 % of patients cured so far ) .
Table 1 .
Baseline characteristics according to clinical and virological outcome of 1061 patients treated with HCQ + AZ ≥ 3 days at IHU Méditerranée infection Marseille , France with Day 0 between @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Prolonged viral carriage at completion of treatment was observed in 47 patients ( 4.4 % ) and was associated with a higher viral load and more advanced disease at diagnosis ( p < 10-2 ) but viral culture was negative at day 10 and all but one were PCR-cleared at day 15 .
Poor clinical outcome was significantly associated to older age ( OR 1.11 ) , initial higher severity ( OR 10.05 ) and low Hydroxychloroquine serum concentration .
In addition , both poor clinical and virological outcomes were associated with patients @ @ @ @ @ @ @ receptor blockers ( P < 0.05 ) for Hypertension .
• Gao , Hu , S. , Update on use of Hydroxychloroquine to TREAT coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) .
Increasing evidence from completed clinical studies indicates the prospects for the treatment of COVID-19 by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine ( indications Hydroxychloroquine is more effective ) .
• Chloroquine has indicated its efficacy in mild and moderate COVID-19 cases .
• Chloroquine is superior to Lopinavir/ritonavir in improving COVID-19 lung lesions .
• Chloroquine has demonstrated significant efficacy in returning body temperature to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ than Chloroquine in a French study on reducing the amount of virus in the body .
• Hydroxychloroquine helps reduce the duration of cough , reduce the amount of virus in the body and improve negative lung lesions on X-ray .
• None We have already commented on the single paper involving 15 patients subjected simultaneously to Interferon-Alpha , arbidol , and lopinavir/ritonavir in the control group .
In general , completed clinical studies have yielded promising results regarding the safety and effectiveness of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the TREATMENT of COVID-19 Dependent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ data presented in 1,061 COVID-19 patients , treated for at least 3 days with the HCQ-AZ combination in the French Abstract released 12 April 2020 , by D. Raoult of the IHU Méditerranée Infection and a successful review of the 10 April 2020 paper by Zhaowei Chen et.al , …… ………….the use of HCQ-AZ combination when started immediately after diagnosis , appears to be a safe an efficient treatment for COVID-19 .
It appears to halt respiratory disease progression and length of hospital stay in many cases .
Within the context of an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to propose the EARLY use of Hydroxychloroquine in attempt to reduce the number of COVID patient hospitalization days , and hence provide an increased rate of patient turnover and a more efficient use of limited hospital ventilators .
The finding in the gross data study done on 10 April 2020 showing a slightly prolonged Average Length of Hospital Stay ( ALOS ) in the population group given HCQ/CQ/Azithromycin , requires further investigation .
Azithromycin can show the same cardiac conduction effects as Chloroquine in humans , but there has not been a widespread @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 4,000 individuals have now been given what are considered to be COVID doses of Hydroxychloroquine , and not one cardiac conduction problem has been noted .
Historical controls are used in many previous studies in medicine .
In this respect , the safety of Hydroxychloroquine is well documented .
When the safe use of this drug is projected against its apparent effect of decreasing the progression of early cases to ventilator use , it is difficult to understand the reluctance of the authorities in charge of U.S. pandemic management to recommend its use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the chloroquines were first outlined 15 years ago by the CDC ’ s own Special Pathogens Unit .
The full document is found at docs.google.com PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Scientific Proofs for CV-19 ‘Trump Cure’ from January – April 20, 2020
Written by docs.google.com
Below is the full, up to date list of Sequential CQ / HCQ Research Papers and Reports (April 20, 2020) for the ‘Trump Cure’ AKA chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin from respected scientific and medical professionals.
Executive Summary Interpretation of the Data In This Report
The HCQ-AZ combination, when started immediately after diagnosis, appears to be a safe and efficient treatment for COVID-19, with a mortality rate of 0.5{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}, in elderly patients. It avoids worsening and clears virus persistence and contagious infectivity in most cases.
Sequential CQ / HCQ Research Papers and Reports
January to April 12, 2020
22 August 2005
CDC Special Pathogens Branch
MJ VIncet, E.Bergon, S. Benjannet, BR Erickson, Pierre Rollin, T.G. Ksiazek, NG Seidah,
ST Nichole. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology Journal. (2005) 2: 69
Chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS CoV infection of primate cells in tissue culture. These inhibitory effects are observed when cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic preventative and treatment use. The paper describes three mechanisms by which the drug might work and suggest it may have both a prophylactic and therapeutic role in Coronavirus infections.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
28 January 2020
Wang, R. Cao, L. Zhang, X. Yang, J. Liu, M. Xu, Z. Shi, Z. Hu, W. Zhong, G. Xiao
LETTER TO THE EDITOR Cell Research Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research (2020) 0:1–3; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
Tested Remdesivir and Chloroquine in addition to five other drugs were tested in tissue culture against a clinical sample of virus from a COVID-19 patient, Remdesivir and Chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro. Since these compounds have been used in human patients with a safety track record and shown to be effective against various ailments, we suggest that they should be assessed in human patients suffering from the novel coronavirus disease.
February 13, 2020
Physicians work out treatment guidelines for coronavirus, Korea Biomedical Review http://www.koreabiomed.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=7428
The Korean COVID-19 Central Clinical Task Force, held the sixth video conference and agreed on treatment principles for patients with COVID-19.
Young with mild symptoms without underlying conditions, doctors can observe them without antiviral treatment.
If 10 days have passed since the onset of the illness and the symptoms are mild, physicians do not have to start an antiviral medication.
If patients are old or have underlying conditions with serious symptoms, physicians should consider an antiviral treatment as soon as possible. lopinavir 400mg/ritonavir 100mg (Kaletra two tablets, twice a day) or chloroquine 500mg orally per day. Alternate is hydroxychloroquine 400mg orally per day.
February 18, 2020.
Jianjun Gao, Zhenxue Tian, Xu Yang Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. BioScience Trends Advance Publication, DOI: 10.5582/bst.2020.0104
Thus far, results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course.
Severe adverse reactions to chloroquine phosphate were not noted in the aforementioned patients. Given these findings, a conference was held on February 15, 2020; participants including experts from government and regulatory authorities and organizers of clinical trials reached an agreement that chloroquine phosphate has potent activity against COVID-19.
27 February 2020
Philippe Colson , Jean-Marc Rolain , Jean-Christophe Lagier , Philippe Brouqui , Didier Raoult , Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to ﬁght COVID-19, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents Feb (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag. 2020.105932
following the very recent publication of results showing the in vitro activity of chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2, data have been reported on the efficacy of this drug in patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia (named COVID-19) at different levels of severity.
Following the in vitro results, 20 clinical studies were launched in several Chinese hospitals.
The first results obtained from more than 100 patients showed the superiority of chloroquine compared with treatment of the control group in terms of reduction of exacerbation of pneumonia, duration of symptoms and delay of viral clearance, all in the absence of severe side effects. This has led in China to include chloroquine in the recommendations regarding the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia.
Chinese teams showed that Chloroquine could reduce the length of hospital stay and improve the evolution of COVID-19 pneumonia, leading to recommend the administration of 500 mg of chloroquine twice a day in patients with mild, moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia.
4 March 2929
Philippe Colson,a,b Jean-Marc Rolain,a,b Jean-Christophe Lagier,a,b Philippe Brouqui,a,b and Didier Raoult, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 4 : 105932. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932 [Epub ahead of print] PMCID: PMC7135139 IPMID: 32145363
A review of the safety and efficiency of CQ and HCQ reviewing more than 20 clinical studies in several Chinese hospitals.
Although only available in letter form, this data caused China to recommend Chloroquine in the National Guidelines for the Treatment of COVID-19.
9 March 2020
X.Yao, F/ Ye2, M. Zhang, C.Cui, R. Lu, H. Li, W. Tan, D. Liu. In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2020.. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 9. pii: ciaa237. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa237.
Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 400 mg given twice daily for 1 day, followed by 200 mg twice daily for 4 more days is recommended to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
9 March 2020
Expert Chinese consensus on Chloroquine Phosphate for New Coronavirus Pneumonia. Diagnosis and Treatment Plan. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. 2020, 43:
A Multicenter Collaboration Group was formed to guide and standardize the use of Chloroquine in Coronavirus pneumonia, standardizing Chloroquine treatment at 500mg 2x day for 10 days. Use of azithromycin was contraindicated.
20 March 2020
Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, Giordanengo V, Vieira VE, La Scola B, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 20:105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting.
Untreated patients from another center were included as negative controls.
20 cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral levels at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.
Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is
significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin,
20 March 2020
Mount Sinai health system treatment guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov Last accessed on 20th March 2020.
Mount Sinai Heath System establishes protocols for dosing and treatment of COVID-19 patients using Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.
27 March 2020
In 80 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin we noted a clinical improvement in all but one 86 year-old patient who died, and one 74 year still in ICU. A rapid fall of nasopharyngeal viral load tested by qPCR was noted, with Virus cultures from patient respiratory samples turning negative in 97.5{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} patients at Day 5.
This allowed patients to rapidly be discharged from highly contagious wards with a mean length of stay of five days.
10 March 2020
Cortegiani A., Ingoglia G., Ippolito M., Giarratano A., Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020 Mar 10;(20):30390–30397.
A review was made of six articles (one narrative letter, one in-vitro study, one editorial, expert consensus paper, two national guideline documents) and these clinical trials done in China.
Chloroquine seems to be effective in limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
There is rationale, evidence of effectiveness and evidence of safety from long-time clinical use for other indications to justify clinical research on chloroquine in patients with COVID-19.
Safety data and data from high-quality clinical trials are urgently needed.
21 March 2020
Duan YJ, Liu Q, Zhao SQ, Huang F, Ren L, Liu L, Zhou YW. The Trial of Chloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19 and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology. 2020 Mar 25;36(2). doi: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.02.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Chloroquine is a long-established prescription drug that is often used clinically to treat malaria and connective tissue diseases. The antimalarial drug Chloroquine phosphate which has already been approved is confirmed to have an anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect and has been included in diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. However, awareness of the risk of chloroquine phosphate causing acute poisoning or even death should be strengthened. The dosage used according to current clinical recommended dosage and course of treatment are larger than that of previous treatment of malaria. Many provinces have required close clinical monitoring of adverse reactions. This paper reviews the pharmacological effects, poisoning and toxicological mechanisms, in vivo metabolism and distribution, and forensic issues of chloroquine drugs, in order to provide help to forensic practice and clinical work
21 March 2020
Chloroquine US prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/009768s037s045s047lbl.pdf (Last accessed March 21, 2020)
23 March 2020
Yueping Li, Zhiwei Xie, Weiyin Lin, Weiping Cai, et.al, An exploratory randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol treating adult patients hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.20038984
According to investigators, adding hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), on top of conventional therapy didn’t shorten the time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance in a 30-patient trial. No significant differences were observed across the two arms in terms of the time it took to bring body temperature to normal or the number of patients with disease progression as shown in CT scans.
However, a careful examination of the study reveals a more complicated situation.
Most patients in the study’s control group were actually treated with other antiviral drugs at the same time, including the HIV combo med Kaletra and the Russian flu drug Arbidol. Most, but not all, patients in the hydroxychloroquine group were also treated with Arbidol. All patients also received interferon-alpha, thereby completely invalidating any assessment of Chloroquine effects.
24 March 2020
Pagliano P, Piazza O, De Caro F, Ascione T, Filippelli A. Is Hydroxychloroquine a possible post-exposure prophylaxis drug to limit the transmission to health care workers exposed to COVID19? Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211764
PMID: 32211764 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa320
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine are able to inhibit replication at early stages of viral
infection. No similar effect on early phases of Coronavirus infection has been reported for other drugs proposed for SARS-CoV-2 treatment, which are able to interfere only after cell infection.
We believe that hydroxychloroquine can be effective in preventing respiratory tract invasion in HCW and that hydroxychloroquine administration as prophylactic agent could be particularly useful for HCW attending to high risk procedures on respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients.
Hydroxychloroquine effectiveness profile, its ability to inhibit lung viral replication for a 10-day period after only a 5- day cycle of therapy, and the large amounts of knowledge in term of safety deriving from its use for malaria prophylaxis and rheumatologic diseases permit to recommend its pre-exposure or post-exposure use for those performing procedures at high risk of viral diffusion in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
26 March 2020
A.K. Singh,, A. Singh, A. Shaikh, R. Singh, and A. Misra. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr. Published online 2020 Mar26. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011
PMCID: PMC7102587 PMID: 32247211
A systematic review of Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19
7 April 2020
Belgium Task Force Interim clinical guidelines for patients suspected of / confirmed with COVID-19 infection.
https://epidemio.wivisp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdf
Based on pharmacokinetic simulations, the recommended dosing of hydroxychloroquine sulphate is 400mg BID on day 1, followed by 200mg BID on day 2-5.
Because of the long elimination half-life of the drug (32–50 days), the duration of treatment should not exceed 5 days to avoid accumulation of hydroxychloroquine concentrations in plasma and tissues, and associated increased risk of toxicity, and because there is no in vitro evidence that longer courses improve drug activity on SARS-CoV-2.
10 April 2020 Zhaowei Chen, VJijia Hu, Zongwei Zhang, Shan Jiang, Shoumeng Han, Dandan Yan, Ruhong Zhuang, Ben Hu, Zhan Zhang Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758
Evidence regarding the in-vivo use of Hydroxychloroquine is limited. In COVID-19 infection. This study evaluated the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. From February 4 to February 28, 2020, 62 patients suffering from COVID-19 were diagnosed and admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. All participants were randomized in a parallel-group trial, 31 patients were assigned to receive an additional 5-day HCQ (400 mg/d) treatment, Time to clinical recovery (TTCR), clinical characteristics, and radiological results were assessed at baseline and 5 days after treatment to evaluate the effect of HCQ.
For the 62 COVID-19 patients, 46.8{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} (29 of 62) were male and 53.2{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} (33 of 62) were female, the mean age was 44.7 (15.3) years. No difference in the age and sex distribution between the control group and the HCQ group. But for TTCR, the body temperature recovery time and the cough remission time were significantly shortened in the HCQ treatment group. Besides, a larger proportion of patients with improved pneumonia in the HCQ treatment group (80.6{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}, 25 of 31) compared with the control group (54.8{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}, 17 of 31). Notably, all 4 patients progressed to severe illness that occurred in the control group. However, there were 2 patients with mild adverse reactions in the HCQ treatment group. Significance: Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia. Clinical Trial ChiCTR2000029559
10 April 2020
This data is supportive of preliminary evidence suggesting a significant reduction in the average length of hospital stay (ALOS) in COVID-19 patients administered hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alone.
This crude data was generated by a multi-center data collection effort conducted by Agilum Healthcare Intelligence Inc. based in Brentwood, Tennessee and analyzed with respect to the COVID length of hospital stay under various investigational treatments.
The unpublished data was generated from a bell-curve of patient severities encompassing all levels of severity. Hence, it only provides a gross estimation of a Hydroxychloroquine effect in COVID-19 patients. However it is supportive of the French Data released on 12 April 2020 as an Abstract.
12 April 2020
Raoult, D. Cohort of 1061 COVID-18 cases treated with HCQ-AZ Combination with 9 day follow-up. IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille. http://covexit.com/professor-didier-raoult-releases-the-results-of-a-new-hydroxychloroquine-treatment-study-on-1061-patients/
A cohort of 1061 COVID-19 patients, treated for at least 3 days with the HCQ-AZ combination and a follow-up of at least 9 days was investigated. Endpoints were death, worsening and viral shedding persistence. From March 3rd to April 9th, 2020, 59,655 specimens from 38,617 patients were tested for COVID-19 by PCR. Of the 3,165 positive patients placed in the care of our institute, 1061 previously unpublished patients met the inclusion criteria for a Hydroxychloroquine –Azithromycin trial.
Mean age was 43.6 years old and 492 were male (46.4{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}), As in other studies, no cardiac toxicity was observed in this study.
A good clinical outcome and virological cure was obtained in 973 patients out of a total pf 1061 patients within 10 days (91.7{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}).
Mortality was significantly lower in patients who had received > 3 days of HCQ-AZ than in patients treated with other regimens both at IHU and in all Marseille public hospitals (p< 10-2).
A poor outcome was observed for 46 patients (4.3{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}); –10 were transferred to intensive care units, 5 patients died (0.47{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}) (74-95 years old), 31 required 10 days of hospitalization or more.
Among this group, 25 patients are now cured and 16 are still hospitalized (98{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of patients cured so far).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to clinical and virological outcome of 1061 patients treated with HCQ + AZ ≥ 3 days at IHU Méditerranée infection Marseille, France with Day 0 between March 3 and March 31, 2020
Prolonged viral carriage at completion of treatment was observed in 47 patients (4.4{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}) and was associated with a higher viral load and more advanced disease at diagnosis (p < 10-2) but viral culture was negative at day 10 and all but one were PCR-cleared at day 15.
Poor clinical outcome was significantly associated to older age (OR 1.11), initial higher severity (OR 10.05) and low Hydroxychloroquine serum concentration.
In addition, both poor clinical and virological outcomes were associated with patients taking selective beta-blocking agents and angiotensin II receptor blockers (P<0.05) for Hypertension.
13 April 2020
Gao, Hu, S., Update on use of Hydroxychloroquine to TREAT coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Increasing evidence from completed clinical studies indicates the prospects for the treatment of COVID-19 by Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine (indications Hydroxychloroquine is more effective).
Chloroquine has indicated its efficacy in mild and moderate COVID-19 cases.
Chloroquine is superior to Lopinavir/ritonavir in improving COVID-19 lung lesions.
Chloroquine has demonstrated significant efficacy in returning body temperature to normal.
Hydroxychloroquine seems more effective than Chloroquine in a French study on reducing the amount of virus in the body.
Hydroxychloroquine helps reduce the duration of cough, reduce the amount of virus in the body and improve negative lung lesions on X-ray.
We have already commented on the single paper involving 15 patients subjected simultaneously to Interferon-Alpha, arbidol, and lopinavir/ritonavir in the control group.
In general, completed clinical studies have yielded promising results regarding the safety and effectiveness of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the TREATMENT of COVID-19
Summary of Bibliography Review
Dependent upon a successful peer review of the data presented in 1,061 COVID-19 patients, treated for at least 3 days with the HCQ-AZ combination in the French Abstract released 12 April 2020, by D. Raoult of the IHU Méditerranée Infection and a successful review of the 10 April 2020 paper by Zhaowei Chen et.al, ……
………….the use of HCQ-AZ combination when started immediately after diagnosis, appears to be a safe an efficient treatment for COVID-19. It appears to halt respiratory disease progression and length of hospital stay in many cases.
Within the context of an expanding COVID-19 pandemic, it is reasonable to propose the EARLY use of Hydroxychloroquine in attempt to reduce the number of COVID patient hospitalization days, and hence provide an increased rate of patient turnover and a more efficient use of limited hospital ventilators.
The finding in the gross data study done on 10 April 2020 showing a slightly prolonged Average Length of Hospital Stay (ALOS) in the population group given HCQ/CQ/Azithromycin, requires further investigation. Azithromycin can show the same cardiac conduction effects as Chloroquine in humans, but there has not been a widespread aversion to its being prescribed. Some 4,000 individuals have now been given what are considered to be COVID doses of Hydroxychloroquine, and not one cardiac conduction problem has been noted.
Opinion
Historical controls are used in many previous studies in medicine. In this respect, the safety of Hydroxychloroquine is well documented. When the safe use of this drug is projected against its apparent effect of decreasing the progression of early cases to ventilator use, it is difficult to understand the reluctance of the authorities in charge of U.S. pandemic management to recommend its use in early COVID-19 cases. The effects of the chloroquines were first outlined 15 years ago by the CDC’s own Special Pathogens Unit.
The full document is found at docs.google.com
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related


principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--COVID-19 is a Huge Hoax Perpetrated By Media

When the postmortem is done on the media ’ s coverage of COVID-19 ( and it will be ) , it will be clear that the virus was no Black Plague — it ’ s not even the flu on a bad year .
SARS-CoV-2 , which causes COVID-19 , has killed 56,749 Americans as of Tuesday .
That ’ s not good .
But it ’ s not as bad as the 2017-2018 flu season , when 80,000 -plus perished .
And it ’ s a long cry from what all the experts were warning about just a few @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1.7 million Americans dead ; then they redid the models ( this time apparently entering a few more “ facts ” ) and said 100,000-240,000 dead .
Now , a major model relied on by the White House Coronavirus Task Force predicts about 70,000 dead by the end of August .
And for that we shut down the U.S .
economy ?
!
As the coronavirus swept across China , then Europe — then everywhere — the U.S. media breathlessly reported every terrifying number , almost gleefully .
Their ratings soared , of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ out of every American , many of whom have stayed home for the last 40 days , emerging only to buy toilet paper , but even then clad in masks and tiptoeing in fear .
But here are some facts : A recent Stanford University antibody study estimated the fatality rate from the virus is likely 0.1 % to 0.2 % .
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) had estimated that the death rate was 20 to 30 times higher and called for isolation policies .
On which version do you think @ @ @ @ @ @ @ City , the U.S. epicenter of the pandemic , the death rate for people 18 to 45 years old is 0.01 % , or 10 per 100,000 in the population .
People aged 75 and older , though , have a death rate 80 times that .
For children under 18 , the rate of death is zero per 100,000 .
That ’ s zero .
More than half of the COVID-19 deaths in Europe occurred in long-term care or nursing-home facilities .
At least one-fifth of the deaths recorded in the U.S. @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all the patients hospitalized for the coronavirus in New York City had underlying health conditions , according to a recent study .
“ Health records from 5,700 patients hospitalized within the Northwell Health system — which housed the most patients in the country throughout the pandemic — showed that 94 percent of patients had more than one disease other than COVID-19 , according to the Journal of the American Medical Association , ” Fox News reported .
The study found 42 % of the patients were overweight and 53 % had hypertension , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of ailments .
Millions and millions of Americans have already been infected with the virus — even though the U.S. media continues to report the low numbers provided by Johns Hopkins , which says that 998,000 Americans have contracted the virus as of Tuesday .
An antibody study was conducted last week in New York City and found that 1 in 5 ( 21.2 % ) of residents have already been infected with the coronavirus .
There are 8.5 million people in New York City , so that would mean 1.8 million New @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the time of the study , there were 16,249 deaths in the city attributed to COVID-19 , which means the death rate in the city was 0.89 % at the time — far lower than reports in the U.S. media .
Results of antibody survey last week in Los Angeles found as many as 442,000 Los Angeles County residents might have already been infected with the coronavirus by early April , a number far higher than the 8,000 cases confirmed at the time .
The survey suggested that the death rate from the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ % of COVID-19 patients , which means the actual death rate in the city is far lower than reported .
The Daily Mail reported Monday that “ coronavirus may kill 70 times fewer patients than official UK death figures suggest , studies have shown.
” The Mail said a similar fatality rate — 0.19 % — was found in a study of residents in Helsinki , Finland .
By comparison , the Swine Flu , or H1N1 influenza , in 2009 killed 12,469 across the U.S. and as many as 575,000 deaths worldwide @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were age 65 or younger , while in New York , 84 % of the victims are over 60 and 65 % are over 70 — but there was no shut down for the Swine Flu .
A study , this one by Dr. Justin Silverman , estimates that there were 8.7 million coronavirus infections in the U.S. between March 8 and March 28 .
And as of April 17 , 10 % of Americans have been infected — which is roughly 33 million Americans .
Two California doctors , Dan Erickson and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Care , say it much ado about nothing .
“ Do we need to still shelter in place ?
Our answer is emphatically no .
Do we need businesses to be shut down ?
Emphatically no .
… [ T ] he data is showing it ’ s time to lift , ” Erickson said .
The doctors say locking down all of America “ did not produce a statistically different number of deaths ” versus not locking down all of America , PJ Media reported .
“ Millions of cases , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ said .
The media has been hyping COVID-19 since Day One , alarming Americans to the point where they voluntarily went along with shutting down the entire economy — a mistake that will likely reverberate for a decade or more .
Even as U.S. states begin to re-open — based on the data , which shows a far lower fatality rate than reported and a much wider spread of the virus — the media continue to report on what they deem frightening numbers over the deadly virus .
They aren ’ t , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is a bad flu at worst .
And the media should be held accountable for telling us otherwise before they knew the facts .
*Joseph Curl ran the Drudge Report from 2010 to 2014 and covered the White House for a dozen years .
He can be reached at josephcurl @ gmail.com and on Twitter at @ JosephCurl .
A version of this article ran previously in The Washington Times .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

COVID-19 is a Huge Hoax Perpetrated By Media
Written by Joseph Curl
When the postmortem is done on the media’s coverage of COVID-19 (and it will be), it will be clear that the virus was no Black Plague — it’s not even the flu on a bad year. SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has killed 56,749 Americans as of Tuesday.
That’s not good. But it’s not as bad as the 2017-2018 flu season, when 80,000 -plus perished. And it’s a long cry from what all the experts were warning about just a few weeks ago: First, they predicted 1.7 million Americans dead; then they redid the models (this time apparently entering a few more “facts”) and said 100,000-240,000 dead.
Now, a major model relied on by the White House Coronavirus Task Force predicts about 70,000 dead by the end of August.
And for that we shut down the U.S. economy?!
As the coronavirus swept across China, then Europe — then everywhere — the U.S. media breathlessly reported every terrifying number, almost gleefully. Their ratings soared, of course, as they scared the hell out of every American, many of whom have stayed home for the last 40 days, emerging only to buy toilet paper, but even then clad in masks and tiptoeing in fear.
But here are some facts:
FATALITY RATE
A recent Stanford University antibody study estimated the fatality rate from the virus is likely 0.1{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} to 0.2{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}. The World Health Organization (WHO) had estimated that the death rate was 20 to 30 times higher and called for isolation policies. On which version do you think the media focused?
In New York City, the U.S. epicenter of the pandemic, the death rate for people 18 to 45 years old is 0.01{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}, or 10 per 100,000 in the population. People aged 75 and older, though, have a death rate 80 times that. For children under 18, the rate of death is zero per 100,000. That’s zero.
HEALTH AND AGE
More than half of the COVID-19 deaths in Europe occurred in long-term care or nursing-home facilities. At least one-fifth of the deaths recorded in the U.S. so far have occurred there.
Nearly all the patients hospitalized for the coronavirus in New York City had underlying health conditions, according to a recent study.
“Health records from 5,700 patients hospitalized within the Northwell Health system — which housed the most patients in the country throughout the pandemic — showed that 94 percent of patients had more than one disease other than COVID-19, according to the Journal of the American Medical Association,” Fox News reported.
The study found 42{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the patients were overweight and 53{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} had hypertension, and the others suffered from a variety of ailments.
FAR MORE WIDESPREAD
Millions and millions of Americans have already been infected with the virus — even though the U.S. media continues to report the low numbers provided by Johns Hopkins, which says that 998,000 Americans have contracted the virus as of Tuesday.
An antibody study was conducted last week in New York City and found that 1 in 5 (21.2{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}) of residents have already been infected with the coronavirus. There are 8.5 million people in New York City, so that would mean 1.8 million New Yorkers have had the virus.
At the time of the study, there were 16,249 deaths in the city attributed to COVID-19, which means the death rate in the city was 0.89{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} at the time — far lower than reports in the U.S. media.
Results of antibody survey last week in Los Angeles found as many as 442,000 Los Angeles County residents might have already been infected with the coronavirus by early April, a number far higher than the 8,000 cases confirmed at the time. The survey suggested that the death rate from the virus could be as low as 0.18{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of COVID-19 patients, which means the actual death rate in the city is far lower than reported.
The Daily Mail reported Monday that “coronavirus may kill 70 times fewer patients than official UK death figures suggest, studies have shown.” The Mail said a similar fatality rate — 0.19{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} — was found in a study of residents in Helsinki, Finland.
By comparison, the Swine Flu, or H1N1 influenza, in 2009 killed 12,469 across the U.S. and as many as 575,000 deaths worldwide. Some 80{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of H1N1 victims were age 65 or younger, while in New York, 84{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the victims are over 60 and 65{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} are over 70 — but there was no shut down for the Swine Flu.
A study, this one by Dr. Justin Silverman, estimates that there were 8.7 million coronavirus infections in the U.S. between March 8 and March 28. And as of April 17, 10{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of Americans have been infected — which is roughly 33 million Americans.
Two California doctors, Dan Erickson and Artin Massih, co-owners of Accelerated Urgent Care, say it much ado about nothing. “Do we need to still shelter in place? Our answer is emphatically no. Do we need businesses to be shut down? Emphatically no. … [T]he data is showing it’s time to lift,” Erickson said.
The doctors say locking down all of America “did not produce a statistically different number of deaths” versus not locking down all of America, PJ Media reported. “Millions of cases, a small number of deaths,” Erikson said.
The media has been hyping COVID-19 since Day One, alarming Americans to the point where they voluntarily went along with shutting down the entire economy — a mistake that will likely reverberate for a decade or more.
Even as U.S. states begin to re-open — based on the data, which shows a far lower fatality rate than reported and a much wider spread of the virus — the media continue to report on what they deem frightening numbers over the deadly virus.
They aren’t, and it isn’t. COVID-19 is a bad flu at worst. And the media should be held accountable for telling us otherwise before they knew the facts.
*Joseph Curl ran the Drudge Report from 2010 to 2014 and covered the White House for a dozen years. He can be reached at josephcurl@gmail.com and on Twitter at @JosephCurl. A version of this article ran previously in The Washington Times.
Read more at www.thegatewaypundit.com
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related


principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--Microbiologists: Tests shows lockdown is actually harmful

Two California physicians with advanced degrees in microbiology contend that their testing of more than 5,200 patients along with public data show the coronavirus is no more deadly than the seasonal flu and that the sheltering-in-place policy in the United States and most of the Western world not only is unnecessary , it ’ s harmful .
Drs .
Dan Erickson and Artin Massihi , co-owners of Accelerated Urgent Care in Bakersfield , California , told reporters their testing and the data worldwide indicate the case fatality rate is less than one-tenth of 1 % .
“ Do we need @ @ @ @ @ @ @ answer is emphatically no.
” Erickson explained that for hundreds of years , societies have relied on herd immunity to fight viruses .
“ Viruses kill people .
End of story .
The flu kills people .
Covid kills people .
But for the rest of us , we develop herd immunity .
We develop the ability to take this virus in and defeat it , ” he said .
“ And for the vast majority — 95 % of those around the globe — this is true .
And when we look @ @ @ @ @ @ @ people that haven ’ t locked down , we have massive data .
“ It is not statistically signficiant whether you lock down or not , ” he said .
“ So why are we doing it ?
” Businesses should reopen and people should return to work as the testing continues , he said .
The physicians , noting they each have studied microbiology for 20 years , said that the nation ’ s initial response to the outbreak was probably a good idea “ when you don ’ t have any @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the facts , ” said Erickson .
“ It ’ s time to get back to work.
” Historically , they argued , we ’ ve always quarantined the sick .
“ We ’ ve never seen where you quarantine the healthy.
” The data they have gathered is consistent with what they see across the nation and around the world , based on information from the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization .
In California , they estimate a case fatality rate of 0.03 % .
“ Does that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ necessitate shutting down the medical system ?
Does that necessitate people being out of work ?
” Erickson said Accelerated Urgent Care has been in communication with the Kern County Public Health Department regarding whether the state should reopen .
In response , reported ABC 23 in Bakersfield , public health said that in its “ ongoing effort to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on our residents and healthcare system , we continue to adhere to the guidance issued by Governor ( Gavin ) Newsom regarding the stay at home order.
” Erickson @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with the coronavirus recover with no significant medical problems .
“ Two months ago we didn ’ t know this , ” he said .
“ The more positives you get from testing , the prevalence number goes up and the deaths remain the same , ” he said .
Which means there are millions of cases and a “ small amount of death.
” “ You will see that in every state , ” he said .
“ The reason I am making that point is because we ’ re going to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ‘ Is this significantly different from influenza A or B ?
’ And if not , why has our response been what it is ?
” In a typical year , there are between 37,000 and 60,000 deaths from the flu .
“ No pandemic talks .
No sheltering in place .
No shutting down of businesses .
No sending doctors home , ” he said .
The physicians were asked why they they have confidence in their view of sheltering in place when it conflicts with the mainstream , including the stance @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Dr. Anthony Fauci .
Massihi said it ’ s not about being right or wrong , emphasizing they are learning everyday and examining trends on the ground .
“ We ’ re not seeing what they have been seeing the past six to eight weeks , ” he said .
The reporter followed up asking , why is their view different ?
“ We ’ re actually seeing the patients , ” he said .
“ Dr .
Fauci hasn ’ t seen a patient for 20 years .
… He ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have a world of respect for him .
He ’ s world-renowned immunologist .
… But academics and reality is two different things.
” “ We ’ re just presenting our data and our opinion as medical professionals in this community , ” Massihi said .
In fact , as WND reported , Fauci co-authored an article published March 26 in the New England Journal of Medicine predicting the fatality rate for the coronavirus will turn out to be like that of a “ severe seasonal influenza.
” In an exceptionally bad flu @ @ @ @ @ @ @ about one-tenth of 1 percent , the Fauci and his co-authors wrote .
Regarding the current coronavirus pandemic , they said : “ If one assumes that the number of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases is several times as high as the number of reported cases , the case fatality rate may be considerably less than 1 % .
” The doctors warned the practice of sheltering-in-place will be harmful long-term .
First , they and other physicians they ’ ve surveyed see the secondary effect of a spike in incidents of child @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and the loss of income .
“ All of these are a significantly more detrimental thing to society than a virus that is proven similar in nature to the seasonal flu that we have every year , ” Erickson said .
Secondly , they argued sheltering in place weakens the personal immunity that is built and maintained through daily exposure to all kinds of viruses and bacteria that are not virulent .
And , among other things , Vitamin D levels are diminished and mood , which affects immunity , is lowered .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Erickson said .
Massihi said healthy people should not wear masks and gloves , because that further reduces interaction with good bacterial flora that protect from other diseases .
“ As you come out of sheltering in place , with a lower immune system and start trading viruses and bacteria , what do you think is going to happen ?
Disease is going to spike , ” Erickson said .
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Microbiologists: Tests shows lockdown is actually harmful
Written by www.wnd.com
Two California physicians with advanced degrees in microbiology contend that their testing of more than 5,200 patients along with public data show the coronavirus is no more deadly than the seasonal flu and that the sheltering-in-place policy in the United States and most of the Western world not only is unnecessary, it’s harmful.
Drs. Dan Erickson and Artin Massihi, co-owners of Accelerated Urgent Care in Bakersfield, California, told reporters their testing and the data worldwide indicate the case fatality rate is less than one-tenth of 1{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}.
“Do we need to still shelter in place? Our answer is emphatically no.”
Erickson explained that for hundreds of years, societies have relied on herd immunity to fight viruses.
“Viruses kill people. End of story. The flu kills people. Covid kills people. But for the rest of us, we develop herd immunity. We develop the ability to take this virus in and defeat it,” he said.
“And for the vast majority — 95{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of those around the globe — this is true. And when we look at people that have locked down and people that haven’t locked down, we have massive data.
“It is not statistically signficiant whether you lock down or not,” he said. “So why are we doing it?”
Businesses should reopen and people should return to work as the testing continues, he said. The physicians, noting they each have studied microbiology for 20 years, said that the nation’s initial response to the outbreak was probably a good idea “when you don’t have any facts.” “Now that we have the facts,” said Erickson. “It’s time to get back to work.” Historically, they argued, we’ve always quarantined the sick. “We’ve never seen where you quarantine the healthy.” See the presentation: The data they have gathered is consistent with what they see across the nation and around the world, based on information from the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. In California, they estimate a case fatality rate of 0.03{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}. “Does that necessitate sheltering in place? Does that necessitate shutting down the medical system? Does that necessitate people being out of work?” Erickson said Accelerated Urgent Care has been in communication with the Kern County Public Health Department regarding whether the state should reopen. In response, reported ABC 23 in Bakersfield, public health said that in its “ongoing effort to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on our residents and healthcare system, we continue to adhere to the guidance issued by Governor (Gavin) Newsom regarding the stay at home order.” Significantly different? Erickson noted that 96{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of people infected with the coronavirus recover with no significant medical problems. “Two months ago we didn’t know this,” he said. “The more positives you get from testing, the prevalence number goes up and the deaths remain the same,” he said. Which means there are millions of cases and a “small amount of death.” “You will see that in every state,” he said. “The reason I am making that point is because we’re going to compare this to flu and say, ‘Is this significantly different from influenza A or B?’ And if not, why has our response been what it is?” In a typical year, there are between 37,000 and 60,000 deaths from the flu. “No pandemic talks. No sheltering in place. No shutting down of businesses. No sending doctors home,” he said. The physicians were asked why they they have confidence in their view of sheltering in place when it conflicts with the mainstream, including the stance of the top White House health adviser, Dr. Anthony Fauci. Massihi said it’s not about being right or wrong, emphasizing they are learning everyday and examining trends on the ground. “We’re not seeing what they have been seeing the past six to eight weeks,” he said. The reporter followed up asking, why is their view different? “We’re actually seeing the patients,” he said. “Dr. Fauci hasn’t seen a patient for 20 years. … He’s in an ivory tower. We have a world of respect for him. He’s world-renowned immunologist. … But academics and reality is two different things.” “We’re just presenting our data and our opinion as medical professionals in this community,” Massihi said. In fact, as WND reported, Fauci co-authored an article published March 26 in the New England Journal of Medicine predicting the fatality rate for the coronavirus will turn out to be like that of a “severe seasonal influenza.” In an exceptionally bad flu season, the case fatality rate is about one-tenth of 1 percent, the Fauci and his co-authors wrote. Regarding the current coronavirus pandemic, they said: “If one assumes that the number of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases is several times as high as the number of reported cases, the case fatality rate may be considerably less than 1{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}.” Harmful effects The doctors warned the practice of sheltering-in-place will be harmful long-term. First, they and other physicians they’ve surveyed see the secondary effect of a spike in incidents of child abuse, domestic violence, substance abuse and the loss of income. “All of these are a significantly more detrimental thing to society than a virus that is proven similar in nature to the seasonal flu that we have every year,” Erickson said. Secondly, they argued sheltering in place weakens the personal immunity that is built and maintained through daily exposure to all kinds of viruses and bacteria that are not virulent. And, among other things, Vitamin D levels are diminished and mood, which affects immunity, is lowered. The constant disinfecting only makes it worse, Erickson said. Massihi said healthy people should not wear masks and gloves, because that further reduces interaction with good bacterial flora that protect from other diseases. “As you come out of sheltering in place, with a lower immune system and start trading viruses and bacteria, what do you think is going to happen? Disease is going to spike,” Erickson said. Read more at www.wnd.com **** PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related


principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--Alarmist Study Fails to Measure CO2 Back Radiation

The paper ( image , above ) by Wong & Minnett is written by climate alarmists .
[ 1 ] They are attempting to actually measure warming of the ocean from the back radiation from CO molecules .
They were unable to .
This appears to be the first attempt by anyone to measure potential warming of the Earth ’ s surface from back-radiation .
There were a number of important comments they made .
Before going into those comments , it has to be noted that Wong & Minnett tried to measure warming from back-radiation from CO molecules .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the atmosphere and from clouds .
They could not determine the source of the back-radiation .
They did not even think about measuring back-radiation from water vapor .
They did look at water vapor but only as a potential theoretical feed back from CO warming .
Despite there being 100 times more water vapor than CO and despite it being up to 33 times more radiatively active and despite 85 % to 95 % of all back-radiation was coming from water vapor , they did not consider it .
So despite the vast @ @ @ @ @ @ @ vapor , Wong & Minnett stated they did not know whether the back-radiation was coming from CO or the clouds .
Their paper was built on an assumption that all back-radiation was coming from CO .
A false assumption .
Wong & Minnett tried to separate the warming of the ocean from direct solar radiation in the visible spectrum , from potential theoretical warming from back-radiation .
They found that task not possible .
But Wong & Minnett did determine that the back-radiation of IR EMR only penetrated the oceans to “ within @ @ @ @ @ @ @ s surface ” .
They were able to determine that whatever effect this was going to have on ocean warming was extremely minimal .
Even if there was a difference between solar radiation and back-radiation temperatures , their instruments were not sensitive enough to detect it .
This paper was 2018 .
The latest and greatest state of the art thermometers did not have the number of decimal places to be able to detect any warming difference .
Let us say they eventually invent such a thermometer .
The warming difference , if @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be in micro-degrees .
But then 85 % – 95 % of those micro-degrees are coming from water vapor .
Just 5 % -15 % are coming from CO molecules .
And just 4 % of those CO molecules are from humans .
So that will be theoretical 4 % of 5 % of micro-degrees .
And that will only be in the micrometer surface skin of the ocean .
That will do absolutely nothing to heat the oceans .
The oceans are 70 % of the Earth ’ s surface area .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Earth .
The whole experiment is in vain .
Back-radiation is the Earth ’ s radiation coming back on itself .
It is impossible for the Earth to heat itself with it ’ s own radiation .
That contravenes the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics .
[ 1 ] The Response of the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer to Variations in Incident Infrared Radiation Elizabeth W. Wong Peter J. Minnett ( 23 March 2018 ) https : //doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013351 https : //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JC013351 About the author : Brendan Godwin served as a Weather Observations & General Meteorology @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Officer , Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( Retired ) PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL , legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

Alarmist Study Fails to Measure CO2 Back Radiation
Written by Brendan Godwin
The paper (image, above) by Wong & Minnett is written by climate alarmists. [1] They are attempting to actually measure warming of the ocean from the back radiation from CO 2 molecules. They were unable to.
This appears to be the first attempt by anyone to measure potential warming of the Earth’s surface from back-radiation. There were a number of important comments they made.
Before going into those comments, it has to be noted that Wong & Minnett tried to measure warming from back-radiation from CO 2 molecules. They were able to measure back-radiation from the atmosphere and from clouds. They could not determine the source of the back-radiation.
They did not even think about measuring back-radiation from water vapor. They did look at water vapor but only as a potential theoretical feed back from CO 2 warming. Despite there being 100 times more water vapor than CO 2 and despite it being up to 33 times more radiatively active and despite 85{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} to 95{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of all back-radiation was coming from water vapor, they did not consider it.
So despite the vast majority of back-radiation was coming from water vapor, Wong & Minnett stated they did not know whether the back-radiation was coming from CO 2 or the clouds. Their paper was built on an assumption that all back-radiation was coming from CO 2 . A false assumption.
Wong & Minnett tried to separate the warming of the ocean from direct solar radiation in the visible spectrum, from potential theoretical warming from back-radiation. They found that task not possible.
But Wong & Minnett did determine that the back-radiation of IR EMR only penetrated the oceans to “within the top micrometers of the ocean’s surface”. They were able to determine that whatever effect this was going to have on ocean warming was extremely minimal.
Even if there was a difference between solar radiation and back-radiation temperatures, their instruments were not sensitive enough to detect it.
This paper was 2018. The latest and greatest state of the art thermometers did not have the number of decimal places to be able to detect any warming difference. Let us say they eventually invent such a thermometer. The warming difference, if there ends up being one, will be in micro-degrees. But then 85{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} – 95{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of those micro-degrees are coming from water vapor.
Just 5{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117}-15{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} are coming from CO 2 molecules. And just 4{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of those CO 2 molecules are from humans. So that will be theoretical 4{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of 5{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of micro-degrees. And that will only be in the micrometer surface skin of the ocean. That will do absolutely nothing to heat the oceans. The oceans are 70{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} of the Earth’s surface area. So it does nothing to heat the Earth.
The whole experiment is in vain. Back-radiation is the Earth’s radiation coming back on itself. It is impossible for the Earth to heat itself with it’s own radiation. That contravenes the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
[1] The Response of the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer to Variations in Incident Infrared Radiation Elizabeth W. Wong Peter J. Minnett (23 March 2018) https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013351 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JC013351
About the author: Brendan Godwin served as a Weather Observations & General Meteorology Radio (EMR & Radar) Technical Officer, Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Retired)
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related


principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--How the coronavirus multiplies its genetic material

How the coronavirus multiplies its genetic material Max Planck researchers solve structure of viral copy machine .
When someone becomes infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 , the pathogen proliferates rapidly in the cells of the infected person .
To do so , the virus has to multiply its genetic material , which consists of a single long RNA strand .
This task is performed by the viral “ copy machine ” , the so-called polymerase .
Researchers led by Patrick Cramer at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen , Germany , have now determined the 3D @ @ @ @ @ @ @ makes it now possible to investigate how antiviral drugs such as remdesivir – which blocks the polymerase – work , and to search for new inhibitory substances .
“ In view of the current pandemic we wanted to help , ” Max Planck Director Cramer says .
“ We have extensive experience in studying polymerases.
” It was therefore obvious to the scientists what project to choose .
“ We were surprised to find that the structure of the coronavirus polymerase is special – it differs from other structures that we have been @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Hillen .
The coronavirus polymerase binds to the RNA in the same way as is known from other types of viruses .
However , this polymerase comprises an additional element with which it binds the RNA until it has copied the genetic material .
This is important for the corona virus as its genome consists of around 30,000 building blocks and is therefore particularly long , making copying a major challenge .
Knowing how the coronavirus polymerase is constructed on an atomic scale opens up new possibilities to better understand and combat the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Cramer ’ s team will investigate in detail how antiviral substances block the proliferation of coronaviruses .
“ Many hopes rest on remdesivir , which directly blocks the polymerase .
With the structure at hand it might be possible to optimize existing substances such as remdesivir and to improve their effect .
But we also want to search for new substances that are able to stop the virus polymerase , ” Cramer says .
The Göttingen researchers have already published their results in a manuscript on the internet .
“ We wanted to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ scientific community to speed things up , now that we are in the middle of the pandemic , ” reports Lucas Farnung , who will soon take up a professorship at Harvard University in the United States .
The path to the three-dimensional structure of the corona polymerase was rocky .
explains Goran Kokic.
“ Only then we were able to study how it works.
” To do so , the scientist had quickly established a special test to determine the activity of the polymerase .
The team then examined the samples in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ more than 100,000-fold – and at first disappointment set in : “ Although we took pictures around the clock for ten days and nights , we were unable to gain detailed insights into the structure , ” recalls Christian Dienemann , an expert in electron microscopy .
says Dimitry Tegunov , the group ’ s data processing expert who also programmed the software to process large volumes of image data in a short time .
The determination of the polymerase structure will not be the last contribution of the Göttingen researchers to tackling @ @ @ @ @ @ @ legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes .
Head Office : 27 Old Gloucester Street , London WC1N 3AX .
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method .

How the coronavirus multiplies its genetic material
Written by Max Planck Institute
Max Planck researchers solve structure of viral copy machine. When someone becomes infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen proliferates rapidly in the cells of the infected person.
To do so, the virus has to multiply its genetic material, which consists of a single long RNA strand. This task is performed by the viral “copy machine”, the so-called polymerase. Researchers led by Patrick Cramer at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany, have now determined the 3D structure of the corona polymerase.
This makes it now possible to investigate how antiviral drugs such as remdesivir – which blocks the polymerase – work, and to search for new inhibitory substances.
“In view of the current pandemic we wanted to help,” Max Planck Director Cramer says. “We have extensive experience in studying polymerases.” It was therefore obvious to the scientists what project to choose.
“We were surprised to find that the structure of the coronavirus polymerase is special – it differs from other structures that we have been investigating so far,” explains Hauke Hillen.
The coronavirus polymerase binds to the RNA in the same way as is known from other types of viruses. However, this polymerase comprises an additional element with which it binds the RNA until it has copied the genetic material. This is important for the corona virus as its genome consists of around 30,000 building blocks and is therefore particularly long, making copying a major challenge.
Understanding in detail how antivirals work
Knowing how the coronavirus polymerase is constructed on an atomic scale opens up new possibilities to better understand and combat the pathogen. In the next step, Cramer’s team will investigate in detail how antiviral substances block the proliferation of coronaviruses. “Many hopes rest on remdesivir, which directly blocks the polymerase. With the structure at hand it might be possible to optimize existing substances such as remdesivir and to improve their effect. But we also want to search for new substances that are able to stop the virus polymerase,” Cramer says.
The Göttingen researchers have already published their results in a manuscript on the internet. “We wanted to immediately share our findings with the international scientific community to speed things up, now that we are in the middle of the pandemic,” reports Lucas Farnung, who will soon take up a professorship at Harvard University in the United States.
Corona polymerase at 100,000-fold magnification
The path to the three-dimensional structure of the corona polymerase was rocky.
“First, we had to reconstitute the polymerase from three purified proteins. After some optimization, it was finally functional in the test tube,”
explains Goran Kokic.“Only then we were able to study how it works.” To do so, the scientist had quickly established a special test to determine the activity of the polymerase.
The team then examined the samples in the electron microscope with a magnification of more than 100,000-fold – and at first disappointment set in: “Although we took pictures around the clock for ten days and nights, we were unable to gain detailed insights into the structure,” recalls Christian Dienemann, an expert in electron microscopy.
“However, one sample looked different, somehow strange. Our first thought was to discard it. Fortunately, we did not: This sample, over all, provided us with the high-quality data we needed,”
says Dimitry Tegunov, the group’s data processing expert who also programmed the software to process large volumes of image data in a short time.
The determination of the polymerase structure will not be the last contribution of the Göttingen researchers to tackling the pandemic:
“We are planning to take a look at the helper factors that change the viral RNA in such a way that it cannot be degraded by the human immune system,”
Cramer says.
“And of course, as structural biologists, we hope to find further targets in the virus that might open up new therapeutic strategies in the medium term.”
Read more at www.mpg.de
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX.
Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related


principiascientificinternational--2020-04-29--Study Takes the Pulse of a Sleeping Supervolcano

Under the volcanoes in the Andes where Chile , Argentina and Bolivia meet , there is a gigantic reservoir of molten magma .
For several million years , it has been there without fully solidifying or causing a supervolcanic eruption .
Geologists have long wondered how this is possible .
Researchers from Uppsala University , among others , have now discovered that the secret may be hidden tributaries of hot magma from inside the Earth .
Credit : Osvaldo Gonzalez MaurelThe study is published in the journal This model shows how iron- and magnesium-rich magma ( green ) is formed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the outer edges of the large Altiplano-Puna magma body ( APMB ) ( red ) to gradually force its way up to the surface during a volcanic eruption .
Eruptions with such lava are uncommon and provide a unique insight into the processes that take place deep inside the Earth under the Andes.Credit : Osvaldo Gonzalez MaurelThe study is published in the journal Scientific Reports “ Huge volcanic eruptions from so-called supervolcanoes are very unusual , but when they happen they are extremely devastating .
It ’ s incredibly important for volcanologists to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and what can cause it to awaken , ” says Valentin Troll , Professor of Petrology at the Department of Earth Sciences at Uppsala University .
The giant so-called Altiplano-Puna magma body is estimated to contain 500,000 cubic kilometers of molten and semimolten magma .
In order to provide a picture of how much volume is involved , it can be said that the entire island of Gran Canaria would fit inside – more than ten times over .
The last really large volcanic eruption here occurred 4 million years ago and was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ large explosive eruptions that began 10 million years ago .
Some of them can be classified as supervolcanic eruptions .
In order to look for answers as to how the magma could stay molten for millions of years , the researchers studied lavas that were ejected from the magma reservoir during smaller volcanic eruptions after the last major eruption .
The chemical composition of such material can provide an indication of how a magma reservoir works , how far down from inside the Earth the material originates , how long it remained in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ magma underwent before it was ejected by the volcano .
In this case , the researchers wants to find out if new magma forces its way into the reservoir and therefore needed to find material that , after forming in the Earth ’ s mantle , was not affected by interaction with the magma that was already in the reservoir .
Try This Egyptian Copper Secret !
You ’ ll Never Believe What It Does Until You See the Blood Video !
THIS Humic Fulvic Has Provided Major Health Benefits To Thousands .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the Andes ’ high plateau are unaware of the enormous amount of magma below their hooves Credit : Osvaldo González-Maurel “ This was a demanding task .
Under these particular volcanoes in the Central Andes is the Earth ’ s thickest crust , 70 kilometers thick , which means that the magma is given many chances to change and react with the material it comes into contact with when it forces its way up to the surface , ” says Frances Deegan , a researcher at Uppsala University .
The researchers therefore searched @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ original ” as possible .
Finally , they found what they were looking for .
They have now analyzed the composition of the oxygen isotopes in their samples to find out how lavas were formed and where they originate from .
The results showed that the lavas came from deep within the Earth and that they represent the material that feeds the volcanoes of the Central Andes , keeping them alive .
This new knowledge is important to understanding how large , complex volcanoes work .
“ Supervolcanic eruptions can cause gigantic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on the Earth was Toba ’ s super eruption in Indonesia 73,000 years ago and it is considered to have almost led to the extinction of mankind .
Even if we can ’ t prevent a super eruption from happening , it would be smart to use the time until the next eruption to learn as much as possible to increase the chances for our communities to survive such an event , ” says Valentin Troll .
Contacts and sources : Valentin Troll , professor at Department of Earth Sciences , Natural Resources @ @ @

Study Takes the Pulse of a Sleeping Supervolcano
Written by Valentin Troll
Under the volcanoes in the Andes where Chile, Argentina and Bolivia meet, there is a gigantic reservoir of molten magma. For several million years, it has been there without fully solidifying or causing a supervolcanic eruption.
Geologists have long wondered how this is possible. Researchers from Uppsala University, among others, have now discovered that the secret may be hidden tributaries of hot magma from inside the Earth.
Credit: Osvaldo Gonzalez MaurelThe study is published in the journal This model shows how iron- and magnesium-rich magma (green) is formed at great depth and can move along the outer edges of the large Altiplano-Puna magma body (APMB)(red) to gradually force its way up to the surface during a volcanic eruption. Eruptions with such lava are uncommon and provide a unique insight into the processes that take place deep inside the Earth under the Andes.Credit: Osvaldo Gonzalez MaurelThe study is published in the journal Scientific Reports “Huge volcanic eruptions from so-called supervolcanoes are very unusual, but when they happen they are extremely devastating. It’s incredibly important for volcanologists to clarify what keeps this sleeping giant alive and what can cause it to awaken,” says Valentin Troll, Professor of Petrology at the Department of Earth Sciences at Uppsala University. The giant so-called Altiplano-Puna magma body is estimated to contain 500,000 cubic kilometers of molten and semimolten magma. In order to provide a picture of how much volume is involved, it can be said that the entire island of Gran Canaria would fit inside – more than ten times over. The last really large volcanic eruption here occurred 4 million years ago and was the last in a series of very large explosive eruptions that began 10 million years ago. Some of them can be classified as supervolcanic eruptions. In order to look for answers as to how the magma could stay molten for millions of years, the researchers studied lavas that were ejected from the magma reservoir during smaller volcanic eruptions after the last major eruption. The chemical composition of such material can provide an indication of how a magma reservoir works, how far down from inside the Earth the material originates, how long it remained in the reservoir and what different processes the magma underwent before it was ejected by the volcano. In this case, the researchers wants to find out if new magma forces its way into the reservoir and therefore needed to find material that, after forming in the Earth’s mantle, was not affected by interaction with the magma that was already in the reservoir. Try This Egyptian Copper Secret! You’ll Never Believe What It Does Until You See the Blood Video! THIS Humic Fulvic Has Provided Major Health Benefits To Thousands. (See VIDEO)
The llamas of the Andes’ high plateau are unaware of the enormous amount of magma below their hooves
Credit: Osvaldo González-Maurel“This was a demanding task. Under these particular volcanoes in the Central Andes is the Earth’s thickest crust, 70 kilometers thick, which means that the magma is given many chances to change and react with the material it comes into contact with when it forces its way up to the surface,” says Frances Deegan, a researcher at Uppsala University. The researchers therefore searched several years for lava that was as “original” as possible. Finally, they found what they were looking for. They have now analyzed the composition of the oxygen isotopes in their samples to find out how lavas were formed and where they originate from. The results showed that the lavas came from deep within the Earth and that they represent the material that feeds the volcanoes of the Central Andes, keeping them alive. This new knowledge is important to understanding how large, complex volcanoes work.
“Supervolcanic eruptions can cause gigantic disasters. The last one that happened on the Earth was Toba’s super eruption in Indonesia 73,000 years ago and it is considered to have almost led to the extinction of mankind. Even if we can’t prevent a super eruption from happening, it would be smart to use the time until the next eruption to learn as much as possible to increase the chances for our communities to survive such an event,” says Valentin Troll. Contacts and sources:
Valentin Troll, professor at Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development
Publication: Constraining the sub-arc, parental magma composition for the giant Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile. Osvaldo González-Maurel, Frances M. Deegan, Petrus le Roux, Chris Harris, Valentin R. Troll, Benigno Godoy. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1) DOI: Uppsala UniversityPublication: Constraining the sub-arc, parental magma composition for the giant Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile. Osvaldo González-Maurel, Frances M. Deegan, Petrus le Roux, Chris Harris, Valentin R. Troll, Benigno Godoy. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63454-1
****
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
Telegram
Gab
LinkedIn
Reddit
Email
More
Pinterest
Pocket
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Print
Related