sciencevibe--2020-03-07--CARL SAGAN’S BS DETECTOR: “The Baloney Detection Kit!”

The kit is brought out as a matter of course whenever new ideas are offered for consideration .
If the new idea survives examination by the tools in our kit , we grant it warm , although tentative , acceptance .
If you ’ re so inclined , if you don ’ t want to buy baloney even when it ’ s reassuring to do so , there are precautions that can be taken ; there ’ s a tried-and-true , consumer-tested method .
• Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the “ facts.
” • Encourage substantive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of all points of view .
• Arguments from authority carry little weight — “ authorities ” have made mistakes in the past .
They will do so again in the future .
Perhaps a better way to say it is that in science there are no authorities ; at most , there are experts .
• Spin more than one hypothesis .
If there ’ s something to be explained , think of all the different ways in which it could be explained .
Then think of tests by which you might @ @ @ @ @ @ @ What survives , the hypothesis that resists disproof in this Darwinian selection among “ multiple working hypotheses , ” has a much better chance of being the right answer than if you had simply run with the first idea that caught your fancy .
• Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis just because it ’ s yours .
It ’ s only a way station in the pursuit of knowledge .
Ask yourself why you like the idea .
Compare it fairly with the alternatives .
See if you can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ you don ’ t , others will .
• Quantify .
If whatever it is you ’ re explaining has some measure , some numerical quantity attached to it , you ’ ll be much better able to discriminate among competing hypotheses .
What is vague and qualitative is open to many explanations .
Of course there are truths to be sought in the many qualitative issues we are obliged to confront , but finding them is more challenging .
• If there ’ s a chain of argument , every link in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ premise ) — not just most of them .
• Occam ’ s Razor .
This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data equally well to choose the simpler .
• Always ask whether the hypothesis can be , at least in principle , falsified .
Propositions that are untestable , unfalsifiable are not worth much .
Consider the grand idea that our Universe and everything in it is just an elementary particle — an electron , say — in a much bigger Cosmos .
But if @ @ @ @ @ @ @ our Universe , is not the idea incapable of disproof ?
You must be able to check assertions out .
Inveterate skeptics must be given the chance to follow your reasoning , to duplicate your experiments and see if they get the same result .

The kit is brought out as a matter of course whenever new ideas are offered for consideration. If the new idea survives examination by the tools in our kit, we grant it warm, although tentative, acceptance. If you’re so inclined, if you don’t want to buy baloney even when it’s reassuring to do so, there are precautions that can be taken; there’s a tried-and-true, consumer-tested method.
Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the “facts.” Encourage substantive debate on the evidence by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view. Arguments from authority carry little weight — “authorities” have made mistakes in the past. They will do so again in the future. Perhaps a better way to say it is that in science there are no authorities; at most, there are experts. Spin more than one hypothesis. If there’s something to be explained, think of all the different ways in which it could be explained. Then think of tests by which you might systematically disprove each of the alternatives. What survives, the hypothesis that resists disproof in this Darwinian selection among “multiple working hypotheses,” has a much better chance of being the right answer than if you had simply run with the first idea that caught your fancy. Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis just because it’s yours. It’s only a way station in the pursuit of knowledge. Ask yourself why you like the idea. Compare it fairly with the alternatives. See if you can find reasons for rejecting it. If you don’t, others will. Quantify. If whatever it is you’re explaining has some measure, some numerical quantity attached to it, you’ll be much better able to discriminate among competing hypotheses. What is vague and qualitative is open to many explanations. Of course there are truths to be sought in the many qualitative issues we are obliged to confront, but finding them is more challenging. If there’s a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work (including the premise) — not just most of them. Occam’s Razor. This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data equally well to choose the simpler. Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified. Propositions that are untestable, unfalsifiable are not worth much. Consider the grand idea that our Universe and everything in it is just an elementary particle — an electron, say — in a much bigger Cosmos. But if we can never acquire information from outside our Universe, is not the idea incapable of disproof? You must be able to check assertions out. Inveterate skeptics must be given the chance to follow your reasoning, to duplicate your experiments and see if they get the same result.


sciencevibe--2020-03-07--The Carl Sagan Interview: The Nature Of Time Travel “Forwards & Backwards!”

Dr. Carl Sagan , a Cornell astronomy professor and renowned author who had also played an important role in the development of NASA ’ s Mariner and Viking space missions .
Carl Sagan was not only an astronomer but was also a Pulitzer Prize-winning author , and legendary popularizer of science gave this interview in the mid-1990s during the making of NOVA ’ s program “ Time Travel.
” True to form , he discusses arcane aspects of the field—from how you define time to what it might look like inside a wormhole—with flair and a refreshing dash of humor @ @ @ @ @ @ @ with the crux of the matter : What , for you , is time ?
Carl Sagan : Ever since St. Augustine , people have wrestled with this , and there are all sorts of things it isn ’ t .
It isn ’ t a flow of something , because what does it flow past ?
We use time to measure flow .
How could we use time to measure time ?
We are stuck in it , each of us time travels into the future , one year , every year @ @ @ @ @ @ @ precision does otherwise .
If we could travel close to the speed of light , then we could travel further into the future in a given amount of time .
It is one of those concepts that is profoundly resistant to a simple definition .
“ It might be that you can build a time machine to go into the future , but not into the past.
” Do you think that backwards time travel will ever be possible ?
Such questions are purely a matter of evidence , and if the evidence @ @ @ @ @ @ @ withhold judgment until there is better evidence .
Right now we ’ re in one of those classic , wonderfully evocative moments in science when we don ’ t know , when there are those on both sides of the debate , and when what is at stake is very mystifying and very profound .
If we could travel into the past , it ’ s mind-boggling what would be possible .
For one thing , history would become an experimental science , which it certainly isn ’ t today .
The possible @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and origins would be dazzling .
For another , we would be facing the deep paradoxes of interfering with the scheme of causality that has led to our own time and ourselves .
I have no idea whether it ’ s possible , but it ’ s certainly worth exploring .
Would you like it to be possible ?
I have mixed feelings .
The explorer and experimentalist in me would very much like it to be possible .
But the idea that going into the past could wipe me out so that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ disquieting .
On that note , can you describe the “ grandfather paradox ?
” The grandfather paradox is a very simple , science-fiction-based apparent inconsistency at the very heart of the idea of time travel into the past .
It ’ s very simply that you travel into the past and murder your own grandfather before he sires your mother or your father , and where does that then leave you ?
Do you instantly pop out of existence because you were never made ?
Or are you in a new causality @ @ @ @ @ @ @ there you are there , and the events in the future leading to your adult life are now very different ?
The heart of the paradox is the apparent existence of you , the murderer of your own grandfather , when the very act of you murdering your own grandfather eliminates the possibility of you ever coming into existence .
Among the claimed solutions are that you can ’ t murder your grandfather .
You shoot him , but at the critical moment he bends over to tie his shoelace , or the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to prevent the act that interrupts the causality scheme leading to your own existence .
Do you find it easy to believe the world might work that way—that is , self-consistently—or do you think it ’ s more likely that that there are parallel universes ?
It ’ s still somewhat of a heretical ideal to suggest that every interference with an event in the past leads to a fork , a branch in causality .
You have two equally valid universes : one , the one that we all know and love @ @ @ @ @ @ @ brought about by the act of time travel .
I know the idea of the universe having to work out a self-consistent causality is appealing to a great many physicists , but I don ’ t find the argument for it so compelling .
I think inconsistencies might very well be consistent with the universe .
As a physicist , what do you make of Stephen Hawking ’ s chronological protection conjecture [ which holds that the laws of physics disallow time machines ] ?
There have been some toy experiments in which @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time machine is actuated , the universe conspires to blow it up , which has led Hawking and others to conclude that nature will contrive it so that time travel never in fact occurs .
But no one actually knows that this is the case , and it can not be known until we have a full theory of quantum gravity , which we do not seem to be on the verge of yet .
One of Hawking ’ s arguments in the conjecture is that we are not awash in thousands of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ therefore time travel is impossible .
This argument I find very dubious , and it reminds me very much of the argument that there can not be intelligences elsewhere in space , because otherwise the Earth would be awash in aliens .
I can think half a dozen ways in which we could not be awash in time travelers , and still time travel is possible .
First of all , it might be that you can build a time machine to go into the future , but not into the past , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it because we haven ’ t yet invented that time machine .
Secondly , it might be that time travel into the past is possible , but they haven ’ t gotten to our time yet , they ’ re very far in the future and the further back in time you go , the more expensive it is .
Thirdly , maybe backward time travel is possible , but only up to the moment that time travel is invented .
We haven ’ t invented it yet , so they can ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ come to as far back as whatever it would be , say A.D. 2300 , but not further back in time .
Then there ’ s the possibility that they ’ re here alright , but we don ’ t see them .
They have perfect invisibility cloaks or something .
If they have such highly developed technology , then why not ?
Then there ’ s the possibility that they ’ re here and we do see them , but we call them something else—UFOs or ghosts or hobgoblins or fairies or @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s the possibility that time travel is perfectly possible , but it requires a great advance in our technology , and human civilization will destroy itself before time travelers invent it .
I ’ m sure there are other possibilities as well , but if you just think of that range of possibilities , I don ’ t think the fact that we ’ re not obviously being visited by time travelers shows that time travel is impossible .
How is the speed of light connected to time travel ?
A profound @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of relativity is that no material object can travel as fast as light .
It is forbidden .
There is a commandment : Thou shalt not travel at the speed of light , and there ’ s nothing we can do to travel that fast .
The reason this is connected with time travel is because another consequence of special relativity is that time , as measured by the speeding space traveler , slows down compared to time as measured by a friend left home on Earth .
This is sometimes described as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ identical twins , one of whom goes off on a voyage close to the speed of light , and the other one stays home .
When the space-traveling twin returns home , he or she has aged only a little , while the twin who has remained at home has aged at the regular pace .
So we have two identical twins who may be decades apart in age .
Or maybe the traveling twin returns in the far future , if you go close enough to the speed of light , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ heard of has died , and it ’ s a very different civilization .
It ’ s an intriguing idea , and it underscores the fact that time travel into the indefinite future is consistent with the laws of nature .
It ’ s only travel backwards in time that is the source of the debate and the tingling sensations that physicists and science-fiction readers delight in .

THE NATURE OF TIME TRAVEL “Forwards & Backwards!”
Dr. Carl Sagan, a Cornell astronomy professor and renowned author who had also played an important role in the development of NASA’s Mariner and Viking space missions. Carl Sagan was not only an astronomer but was also a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, and legendary popularizer of science gave this interview in the mid-1990s during the making of NOVA’s program “Time Travel.” True to form, he discusses arcane aspects of the field—from how you define time to what it might look like inside a wormhole—with flair and a refreshing dash of humor.
NOVA: Let’s start with the crux of the matter: What, for you, is time?
Carl Sagan: Ever since St. Augustine, people have wrestled with this, and there are all sorts of things it isn’t. It isn’t a flow of something, because what does it flow past? We use time to measure flow. How could we use time to measure time? We are stuck in it, each of us time travels into the future, one year, every year. None of us to any significant precision does otherwise. If we could travel close to the speed of light, then we could travel further into the future in a given amount of time. It is one of those concepts that is profoundly resistant to a simple definition. “It might be that you can build a time machine to go into the future, but not into the past.”
Do you think that backwards time travel will ever be possible?
Such questions are purely a matter of evidence, and if the evidence is inconsistent or insufficient, then we withhold judgment until there is better evidence. Right now we’re in one of those classic, wonderfully evocative moments in science when we don’t know, when there are those on both sides of the debate, and when what is at stake is very mystifying and very profound.
If we could travel into the past, it’s mind-boggling what would be possible. For one thing, history would become an experimental science, which it certainly isn’t today. The possible insights into our own past and nature and origins would be dazzling. For another, we would be facing the deep paradoxes of interfering with the scheme of causality that has led to our own time and ourselves. I have no idea whether it’s possible, but it’s certainly worth exploring.
Would you like it to be possible?
I have mixed feelings. The explorer and experimentalist in me would very much like it to be possible. But the idea that going into the past could wipe me out so that I would have never lived is somewhat disquieting.
On that note, can you describe the “grandfather paradox?”
The grandfather paradox is a very simple, science-fiction-based apparent inconsistency at the very heart of the idea of time travel into the past. It’s very simply that you travel into the past and murder your own grandfather before he sires your mother or your father, and where does that then leave you? Do you instantly pop out of existence because you were never made? Or are you in a new causality scheme in which, since you are there you are there, and the events in the future leading to your adult life are now very different? The heart of the paradox is the apparent existence of you, the murderer of your own grandfather, when the very act of you murdering your own grandfather eliminates the possibility of you ever coming into existence.
Among the claimed solutions are that you can’t murder your grandfather. You shoot him, but at the critical moment he bends over to tie his shoelace, or the gun jams, or somehow nature contrives to prevent the act that interrupts the causality scheme leading to your own existence.
Do you find it easy to believe the world might work that way—that is, self-consistently—or do you think it’s more likely that that there are parallel universes?
It’s still somewhat of a heretical ideal to suggest that every interference with an event in the past leads to a fork, a branch in causality. You have two equally valid universes: one, the one that we all know and love, and the other, which is brought about by the act of time travel. I know the idea of the universe having to work out a self-consistent causality is appealing to a great many physicists, but I don’t find the argument for it so compelling. I think inconsistencies might very well be consistent with the universe.
“Maybe backward time travel is possible, but only up to the moment that time travel is invented.”
As a physicist, what do you make of Stephen Hawking’s chronological protection conjecture [which holds that the laws of physics disallow time machines]?
There have been some toy experiments in which, at just the moment that the time machine is actuated, the universe conspires to blow it up, which has led Hawking and others to conclude that nature will contrive it so that time travel never in fact occurs. But no one actually knows that this is the case, and it cannot be known until we have a full theory of quantum gravity, which we do not seem to be on the verge of yet.
One of Hawking’s arguments in the conjecture is that we are not awash in thousands of time travelers from the future, and therefore time travel is impossible. This argument I find very dubious, and it reminds me very much of the argument that there cannot be intelligences elsewhere in space, because otherwise the Earth would be awash in aliens. I can think half a dozen ways in which we could not be awash in time travelers, and still time travel is possible.
Such as?
First of all, it might be that you can build a time machine to go into the future, but not into the past, and we don’t know about it because we haven’t yet invented that time machine. Secondly, it might be that time travel into the past is possible, but they haven’t gotten to our time yet, they’re very far in the future and the further back in time you go, the more expensive it is. Thirdly, maybe backward time travel is possible, but only up to the moment that time travel is invented. We haven’t invented it yet, so they can’t come to us. They can come to as far back as whatever it would be, say A.D. 2300, but not further back in time.
Then there’s the possibility that they’re here alright, but we don’t see them. They have perfect invisibility cloaks or something. If they have such highly developed technology, then why not? Then there’s the possibility that they’re here and we do see them, but we call them something else—UFOs or ghosts or hobgoblins or fairies or something like that. Finally, there’s the possibility that time travel is perfectly possible, but it requires a great advance in our technology, and human civilization will destroy itself before time travelers invent it.
I’m sure there are other possibilities as well, but if you just think of that range of possibilities, I don’t think the fact that we’re not obviously being visited by time travelers shows that time travel is impossible.
“Time travel into the indefinite future is consistent with the laws of nature.”
How is the speed of light connected to time travel?
A profound consequence of Einstein’s special theory of relativity is that no material object can travel as fast as light. It is forbidden. There is a commandment: Thou shalt not travel at the speed of light, and there’s nothing we can do to travel that fast.
The reason this is connected with time travel is because another consequence of special relativity is that time, as measured by the speeding space traveler, slows down compared to time as measured by a friend left home on Earth. This is sometimes described as the “twin paradox”: two identical twins, one of whom goes off on a voyage close to the speed of light, and the other one stays home. When the space-traveling twin returns home, he or she has aged only a little, while the twin who has remained at home has aged at the regular pace. So we have two identical twins who may be decades apart in age. Or maybe the traveling twin returns in the far future, if you go close enough to the speed of light, and everybody he knows, everybody he ever heard of has died, and it’s a very different civilization.
It’s an intriguing idea, and it underscores the fact that time travel into the indefinite future is consistent with the laws of nature. It’s only travel backwards in time that is the source of the debate and the tingling sensations that physicists and science-fiction readers delight in.
Via: NOVA


sciencevibe--2020-03-07--Nikola Tesla: The True Story About His Rise and Fall! And His Ill-Fated Tower…

Nikola Tesla is known to be one of the greatest electrical inventors of modern times .
His fundamental work included the invention of the induction motor , fluorescent lights , remote control and artificial intelligence and the current polyphase system .
He truly shaped our technological society , and yet he often doesn ’ t get the credit he deserves .
Tesla ’ s nephew , head of the Tesla Society , believed that one of the major reasons is that no corporation is closely identified with him .
His name only sometimes appears in history books , unlike Edison @ @ @ @ @ @ @ he is featured—his contribution is often muddled .
So what are Tesla ’ s most important contributions ?
In 1888 , Tesla created the AC polyphase system , an idea that he had first offered to Thomas Edison .
Until that point , the naturally flowing alternating current was converted into a direction by a series of wire brushes .
At the time , generators cold only transport electricity about a mile .
After Tesla ’ s invention , electrical power , and energy for lighting homes could be transported hundreds of miles @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of phase to generate a single electromagnetic field that rotated in space .
A receiving magnet placed within the field could then turn motor without the use of a commutator .
It was ultimately George Westinghouse , an Edison competitor , who purchased the invention .
At the 1893 World Exposition in Chicago , Tesla demonstrated the safety of his technology by passing high-frequency AC power through his body to power light bulbs .
He then was able to shoot large lightning bolts from Tesla coils to the crowd without harm .
What @ @ @ @ @ @ @ system , rather than simply the device .
The AC polyphase system was broken down into seven major inventions and 40 patents , including the Tesla coil , the alternating current generator , and the rotating magnetic field .
Today , virtually every electrical power station on the planet can be credited to Tesla—and his creation has remained unchanged more than a century after its conceptualization .
In 1898 , Tesla invented and displayed his remote control torpedo boat at the Electrical Show at Madison Square Garden .
The machine , which Tesla @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the principles of the radio , electrical action at a distance , and the robot .
Just one year later , Tesla moved to Colorado Springs to build a trial wireless transmission laboratory in order to send impulses around the globe .
While Tesla was out west and out of touch with New York , Marconi was gaining a worldwide reputation , capturing the front page of newspapers with his wireless coverage of the America ’ s Cup yacht races .
Though Tesla demonstrated the principle of the radio almost a decade @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of his defeat in the race for wireless .
In 1943 the US Supreme Court ruled that Marconi ’ s patents were invalid due to Tesla ’ s descriptions of his work .
Still , most references do not credit Tesla with the invention of the radio .
All was not lost , however .
While in Colorado , Tesla was able to experimentally establish that he could traverse the globe with electrical pulsations .
He also reported that he illuminated light bulbs by wireless transmission at distances of 25 miles from his @ @ @ @ @ @ @ genius about the principle of resonance , the teleautomation , and the distribution of electricity from a magnetic transmitter .
The actual tower at Wardenclyffe rose to a height of 187 feet and to a depth of 120 feet , so that total length of the apparatus was 307 feet .
Along the main center of the tower was a primary and a secondary coil and condensers which stepped up electrical vibrations to many millions of volts .
Tesla essentially made the earth into an electric tuning fork by getting a steam-driven oscillator @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the ground .
He actually created an earthquake in the surrounding city—but had successfully determined the resonant frequencies of Earth six decades before science could confirm his findings .
In 1899 , he sent waves of energy through the Earth , providing the theory for earthquake seismic stations .
He also created the largest man-made lightning bolt ever recorded , at 130 feet .
The thunder from that experiment was heard 22 miles always and created a blue glow lighting up the meadow outside of his lab .
At the beginning of World @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of using energy waves to detect German submarines .
Today , that is known as RADAR , but at the time Thomas Edison rejected his idea .
By 1912 , Tesla had started withdrawing from the world .
He became obsessed with cleanliness and fixated on the number three .
He had to have 18 napkins on his table during meals and began counting his steps .
He complained of an abnormal sensitivity to sounds and a hyper-acute sense of sight .
Near the end of his life , Tesla became fixated on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ deliver a prophecy of his death .
After he died scientists have continued combing through Tesla ’ s work , uncovering inventions like the “ bladeless disk turbine engine ” —one of the most efficient motors ever made .
Experiments he performed have been the foundation for modern superconductors .
It is no wonder that he has been labeled “ the man who invented the 20th century ” –by those who know him , of course .
Source : Smithsonian Magazine

Nikola Tesla is known to be one of the greatest electrical inventors of modern times. His fundamental work included the invention of the induction motor, fluorescent lights, remote control and artificial intelligence and the current polyphase system. He truly shaped our technological society, and yet he often doesn’t get the credit he deserves. Tesla’s nephew, head of the Tesla Society, believed that one of the major reasons is that no corporation is closely identified with him. His name only sometimes appears in history books, unlike Edison or the Wright Brothers, and when he is featured—his contribution is often muddled. So what are Tesla’s most important contributions?
In 1888, Tesla created the AC polyphase system, an idea that he had first offered to Thomas Edison. Until that point, the naturally flowing alternating current was converted into a direction by a series of wire brushes. At the time, generators cold only transport electricity about a mile. After Tesla’s invention, electrical power, and energy for lighting homes could be transported hundreds of miles, using two or more currents out of phase to generate a single electromagnetic field that rotated in space. A receiving magnet placed within the field could then turn motor without the use of a commutator. It was ultimately George Westinghouse, an Edison competitor, who purchased the invention.
At the 1893 World Exposition in Chicago, Tesla demonstrated the safety of his technology by passing high-frequency AC power through his body to power light bulbs. He then was able to shoot large lightning bolts from Tesla coils to the crowd without harm.
What Westinghouse ultimately acquired was the entire power system, rather than simply the device. The AC polyphase system was broken down into seven major inventions and 40 patents, including the Tesla coil, the alternating current generator, and the rotating magnetic field. Today, virtually every electrical power station on the planet can be credited to Tesla—and his creation has remained unchanged more than a century after its conceptualization.
In 1898, Tesla invented and displayed his remote control torpedo boat at the Electrical Show at Madison Square Garden. The machine, which Tesla called the teleautomation, actually contained all of the principles of the radio, electrical action at a distance, and the robot. Just one year later, Tesla moved to Colorado Springs to build a trial wireless transmission laboratory in order to send impulses around the globe.
While Tesla was out west and out of touch with New York, Marconi was gaining a worldwide reputation, capturing the front page of newspapers with his wireless coverage of the America’s Cup yacht races. Though Tesla demonstrated the principle of the radio almost a decade before Marconi, this was the beginning of his defeat in the race for wireless. In 1943 the US Supreme Court ruled that Marconi’s patents were invalid due to Tesla’s descriptions of his work. Still, most references do not credit Tesla with the invention of the radio.
All was not lost, however. While in Colorado, Tesla was able to experimentally establish that he could traverse the globe with electrical pulsations. He also reported that he illuminated light bulbs by wireless transmission at distances of 25 miles from his lab. These works reveal his true genius about the principle of resonance, the teleautomation, and the distribution of electricity from a magnetic transmitter.
The actual tower at Wardenclyffe rose to a height of 187 feet and to a depth of 120 feet, so that total length of the apparatus was 307 feet. Along the main center of the tower was a primary and a secondary coil and condensers which stepped up electrical vibrations to many millions of volts. Tesla essentially made the earth into an electric tuning fork by getting a steam-driven oscillator to vibrate at the same frequency as the ground. He actually created an earthquake in the surrounding city—but had successfully determined the resonant frequencies of Earth six decades before science could confirm his findings.
In 1899, he sent waves of energy through the Earth, providing the theory for earthquake seismic stations. He also created the largest man-made lightning bolt ever recorded, at 130 feet. The thunder from that experiment was heard 22 miles always and created a blue glow lighting up the meadow outside of his lab.
At the beginning of World War I, Tesla introduced the idea of using energy waves to detect German submarines. Today, that is known as RADAR, but at the time Thomas Edison rejected his idea.
By 1912, Tesla had started withdrawing from the world. He became obsessed with cleanliness and fixated on the number three. He had to have 18 napkins on his table during meals and began counting his steps. He complained of an abnormal sensitivity to sounds and a hyper-acute sense of sight.
Near the end of his life, Tesla became fixated on pigeons, claiming one visited him to deliver a prophecy of his death.
After he died scientists have continued combing through Tesla’s work, uncovering inventions like the “bladeless disk turbine engine”—one of the most efficient motors ever made. Experiments he performed have been the foundation for modern superconductors. It is no wonder that he has been labeled “the man who invented the 20th century”–by those who know him, of course.
Source: Smithsonian Magazine


sciencevibe--2020-03-06--SHOCKER: Aztecs “SACRIFICED” HUMANS To APPEASE Rich & Powerful Elites – Not The GODS

It ’ s long been accepted that cultures such as the Aztecs long practiced human sacrifices to appease the Gods .
But now .
new research suggests that human sacrifice may have had an even darker side .
Scientists have now found that these ceremonial killings— which publicly were intended to appease gods— may have enabled ‘ elites ” to stay in power .
A new religious evolutionary theory called the “ social control hypothesis , ” suggests that social elites may have used human sacrifice to elevate their status by claiming supernatural approval for themselves .
And it would @ @ @ @ @ @ @ instilled enormous fear in the population .
They have concluded that it may have encouraged the development of complex civilizations in maritime Southeast Asia and the South Pacific .
“ There is anecdotal evidence from other areas of the world that human sacrifice was used to maintain and control populations , ” says psychologist Joseph Watts , a doctoral student who studies cultural evolution at the University of Auckland in New Zealand .
Watts and team studied social stratification in societies engaged in human sacrifice .
They found that it was more common @ @ @ @ @ @ @ class lines .
They found that two-thirds of the highly stratified societies practiced the macabre ritual , compared with just one-quarter of the egalitarian societies as reported 4.4.16 in Nature .
“ People often claim that religion underpins morality , ” Watts says .
This study , however , highlights another aspect of belief in the divine .
“ It shows how religion can be exploited by social elites to their own benefit.
” In Mesoamerican , culture human sacrifices were viewed as a repayment for the sacrifices the gods had themselves made @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but it can not be denied that there would also have been a useful secondary effect of intimidation on visiting ambassadors and the populace in general .
Something elites would have found convenient to exploit .

It’s long been accepted that cultures such as the Aztecs long practiced human sacrifices to appease the Gods. But now. new research suggests that human sacrifice may have had an even darker side. Scientists have now found that these ceremonial killings— which publicly were intended to appease gods— may have enabled ‘elites” to stay in power. A new religious evolutionary theory called the “social control hypothesis,” suggests that social elites may have used human sacrifice to elevate their status by claiming supernatural approval for themselves. And it would have, of course, would have instilled enormous fear in the population.
They have concluded that it may have encouraged the development of complex civilizations in maritime Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. “There is anecdotal evidence from other areas of the world that human sacrifice was used to maintain and control populations,” says psychologist Joseph Watts, a doctoral student who studies cultural evolution at the University of Auckland in New Zealand.
Watts and team studied social stratification in societies engaged in human sacrifice. They found that it was more common in cultures that were strictly divided along class lines. They found that two-thirds of the highly stratified societies practiced the macabre ritual, compared with just one-quarter of the egalitarian societies as reported 4.4.16 in Nature.
“People often claim that religion underpins morality,” Watts says. This study, however, highlights another aspect of belief in the divine. “It shows how religion can be exploited by social elites to their own benefit.”
In Mesoamerican, culture human sacrifices were viewed as a repayment for the sacrifices the gods had themselves made in creating the world and the sun, but it cannot be denied that there would also have been a useful secondary effect of intimidation on visiting ambassadors and the populace in general. Something elites would have found convenient to exploit.


sciencevibe--2020-03-18--Why All The Antimatter Created In The Big Bang Didn’t Wipe Out Matter

“ After more than two decades of work by researchers at the University of Sussex and elsewhere , a final result has emerged from an experiment designed to address one of the most profound problems in cosmology for the last fifty years : namely , the question of why the Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter , and , indeed , why it now contains any matter at all .
Why didn ’ t the antimatter cancel out all the matter ?
Why is there any matter left ?
“ The answer relates to a structural asymmetry that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
This is what we ’ ve been looking for .
We ’ ve found that the “ electric dipole moment ” is smaller than previously believed .
This helps us to rule out theories about why there is matter left over — because the theories governing the two things are linked .
“ We have set a new international standard for the sensitivity of this experiment .
What we ’ re searching for in the neutron — the asymmetry which shows that it is positive at one end and negative at the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ experiment was able to measure this in such detail that if the asymmetry could be scaled up to the size of a football , then a football scaled up by the same amount would fill the visible Universe.
” The experiment is an upgraded version of apparatus originally designed by researchers at the University of Sussex and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ) , and which has held the world sensitivity record continuously from 1999 until now .
Dr Maurits van der Grinten , from the neutron EDM group at the Rutherford @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : “ The experiment combines various state of the art technologies that all need to perform simultaneously .
We ’ re pleased that the equipment , technology and expertise developed by scientists from RAL has contributed to the work to push the limit on this important parameter ” Dr Clark Griffith , Lecturer in Physics from the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Sussex , said : “ This experiment brings together techniques from atomic and low energy nuclear physics , including laser-based optical magnetometry and quantum-spin manipulation .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the properties of the neutron extremely precisely , we are able to probe questions relevant to high-energy particle physics and the fundamental nature of the symmetries underlying the universe .
“ Any electric dipole moment that a neutron may have is tiny , and so is extremely difficult to measure .
Previous measurements by other researchers have borne this out .
In particular , the team had to go to great lengths to keep the local magnetic field very constant during their latest measurement .
For example , every truck that drove by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ disturbed the magnetic field on a scale that would have been significant for the experiment , so this effect had to be compensated for during the measurement .
Also , the number of neutrons observed needed to be large enough to provide a chance to measure the electric dipole moment .
The measurements ran over a period of two years .
So-called ultracold neutrons , that is , neutrons with a comparatively slow speed , were measured .
Every 300 seconds , a bunch of more than 10,000 neutrons was directed to the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ researchers measured a total of 50,000 such bunches .
The researchers ’ latest results supported and enhanced those of their predecessors : a new international standard has been set .
The size of the EDM is still too small to measure with the instruments that have been used up until now , so some theories that attempted to explain the excess of matter have become less likely .
The mystery therefore remains , for the time being .
The next , more precise , measurement is already being constructed at PSI .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ series of measurements by 2021 .
The new result was determined by a group of researchers at 18 institutes and universities in Europe and the USA on the basis of data collected at PSI ’ s ultracold neutron source .
The researchers collected measurement data there over a period of two years , evaluated it very carefully in two separate teams , and were then able to obtain a more accurate result than ever before .
The research project is part of the search for “ new physics ” that would go beyond @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which sets out the properties of all known particles .
This is also a major goal of experiments at larger facilities such as the Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) at CERN .
The techniques originally developed for the first EDM measurement in the 1950s led to world-changing developments such as atomic clocks and MRI scanners , and to this day it retains its huge and ongoing impact in the field of particle physics .
Materials provided by University of Sussex .
Original written by Anna Ford .
Note : Content may be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C. Abel et al .
Measurement of the Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron .
Phys .
Rev .
Lett.
, 2020 DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.081803

“After more than two decades of work by researchers at the University of Sussex and elsewhere, a final result has emerged from an experiment designed to address one of the most profound problems in cosmology for the last fifty years: namely, the question of why the Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter, and, indeed, why it now contains any matter at all. Why didn’t the antimatter cancel out all the matter? Why is there any matter left?
“The answer relates to a structural asymmetry that should appear in fundamental particles like neutrons. This is what we’ve been looking for. We’ve found that the “electric dipole moment” is smaller than previously believed. This helps us to rule out theories about why there is matter left over — because the theories governing the two things are linked.
“We have set a new international standard for the sensitivity of this experiment. What we’re searching for in the neutron — the asymmetry which shows that it is positive at one end and negative at the other — is incredibly tiny. Our experiment was able to measure this in such detail that if the asymmetry could be scaled up to the size of a football, then a football scaled up by the same amount would fill the visible Universe.”
The experiment is an upgraded version of apparatus originally designed by researchers at the University of Sussex and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), and which has held the world sensitivity record continuously from 1999 until now.
Dr Maurits van der Grinten, from the neutron EDM group at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), said:
“The experiment combines various state of the art technologies that all need to perform simultaneously. We’re pleased that the equipment, technology and expertise developed by scientists from RAL has contributed to the work to push the limit on this important parameter”
Dr Clark Griffith, Lecturer in Physics from the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Sussex, said:
“This experiment brings together techniques from atomic and low energy nuclear physics, including laser-based optical magnetometry and quantum-spin manipulation. By using these multi-disciplinary tools to measure the properties of the neutron extremely precisely, we are able to probe questions relevant to high-energy particle physics and the fundamental nature of the symmetries underlying the universe. “
50,000 measurements
Any electric dipole moment that a neutron may have is tiny, and so is extremely difficult to measure. Previous measurements by other researchers have borne this out. In particular, the team had to go to great lengths to keep the local magnetic field very constant during their latest measurement. For example, every truck that drove by on the road next to the institute disturbed the magnetic field on a scale that would have been significant for the experiment, so this effect had to be compensated for during the measurement.
Also, the number of neutrons observed needed to be large enough to provide a chance to measure the electric dipole moment. The measurements ran over a period of two years. So-called ultracold neutrons, that is, neutrons with a comparatively slow speed, were measured. Every 300 seconds, a bunch of more than 10,000 neutrons was directed to the experiment and examined in detail. The researchers measured a total of 50,000 such bunches.
A new international standard is set
The researchers’ latest results supported and enhanced those of their predecessors: a new international standard has been set. The size of the EDM is still too small to measure with the instruments that have been used up until now, so some theories that attempted to explain the excess of matter have become less likely. The mystery therefore remains, for the time being.
The next, more precise, measurement is already being constructed at PSI. The PSI collaboration expects to start their next series of measurements by 2021.
Search for “new physics”
The new result was determined by a group of researchers at 18 institutes and universities in Europe and the USA on the basis of data collected at PSI’s ultracold neutron source. The researchers collected measurement data there over a period of two years, evaluated it very carefully in two separate teams, and were then able to obtain a more accurate result than ever before.
The research project is part of the search for “new physics” that would go beyond the so-called Standard Model of Physics, which sets out the properties of all known particles. This is also a major goal of experiments at larger facilities such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.
The techniques originally developed for the first EDM measurement in the 1950s led to world-changing developments such as atomic clocks and MRI scanners, and to this day it retains its huge and ongoing impact in the field of particle physics.
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Sussex. Original written by Anna Ford. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:


sciencevibe--2020-03-18--Warning: Coronavirus Stable for Hours on Surfaces

New research finds that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces .
Scientists found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) was detectable in aerosols for up to three hours , up to four hours on copper , up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel .
The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces , according to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Health , CDC , UCLA and Princeton University scientists in The New England Journal of Medicine .
The scientists found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) was detectable in aerosols for up to three hours , up to four hours on copper , up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel .
The results provide key information about the stability of SARS-CoV-2 , which causes COVID-19 disease , and suggests that people may acquire the virus through the air @ @ @ @ @ @ @ study information was widely shared during the past two weeks after the researchers placed the contents on a preprint server to quickly share their data with colleagues .
The NIH scientists , from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ’ Montana facility at Rocky Mountain Laboratories , compared how the environment affects SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 , which causes SARS .
SARS-CoV-1 , like its successor now circulating across the globe , emerged from China and infected more than 8,000 people in 2002 and 2003 .
SARS-CoV-1 was eradicated by intensive contact @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cases have been detected since 2004 .
SARS-CoV-1 is the human coronavirus most closely related to SARS-CoV-2 .
In the stability study the two viruses behaved similarly , which unfortunately fails to explain why COVID-19 has become a much larger outbreak .
The NIH study attempted to mimic virus being deposited from an infected person onto everyday surfaces in a household or hospital setting , such as through coughing or touching objects .
The scientists then investigated how long the virus remained infectious on these surfaces .
The scientists highlighted additional observations from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the two coronaviruses is similar , why is SARS-CoV-2 resulting in more cases ?
Emerging evidence suggests that people infected with SARS-CoV-2 might be spreading virus without recognizing , or prior to recognizing , symptoms .
This would make disease control measures that were effective against SARS-CoV-1 less effective against its successor .
• In contrast to SARS-CoV-1 , most secondary cases of virus transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appear to be occurring in community settings rather than healthcare settings .
However , healthcare settings are also vulnerable to the introduction and spread of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in aerosols and on surfaces likely contributes to transmission of the virus in healthcare settings .
The findings affirm the guidance from public health professionals to use precautions similar to those for influenza and other respiratory viruses to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 : • Avoid close contact with people who are sick .
• Stay home when you are sick .
• Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue , then throw the tissue in the trash .
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a regular household @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases .
Note : Content may be edited for style and length .
• Neeltje van Doremalen , Trenton Bushmaker , Dylan H. Morris , Myndi G. Holbrook , Amandine Gamble , Brandi N. Williamson , Azaibi Tamin , Jennifer L. Harcourt , Natalie J. Thornburg , Susan I. Gerber , James O. Lloyd-Smith , Emmie de Wit , Vincent J. Munster .
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 .
New England Journal of Medicine , 2020 ; DOI : 10.1056/NEJMc2004973

New research finds that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces. Scientists found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detectable in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel.
The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces, according to a new study from National Institutes of Health, CDC, UCLA and Princeton University scientists in The New England Journal of Medicine.
The scientists found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detectable in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. The results provide key information about the stability of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, and suggests that people may acquire the virus through the air and after touching contaminated objects. The study information was widely shared during the past two weeks after the researchers placed the contents on a preprint server to quickly share their data with colleagues.
The NIH scientists, from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Montana facility at Rocky Mountain Laboratories, compared how the environment affects SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, which causes SARS. SARS-CoV-1, like its successor now circulating across the globe, emerged from China and infected more than 8,000 people in 2002 and 2003. SARS-CoV-1 was eradicated by intensive contact tracing and case isolation measures and no cases have been detected since 2004. SARS-CoV-1 is the human coronavirus most closely related to SARS-CoV-2. In the stability study the two viruses behaved similarly, which unfortunately fails to explain why COVID-19 has become a much larger outbreak.
The NIH study attempted to mimic virus being deposited from an infected person onto everyday surfaces in a household or hospital setting, such as through coughing or touching objects. The scientists then investigated how long the virus remained infectious on these surfaces.
The scientists highlighted additional observations from their study:
If the viability of the two coronaviruses is similar, why is SARS-CoV-2 resulting in more cases? Emerging evidence suggests that people infected with SARS-CoV-2 might be spreading virus without recognizing, or prior to recognizing, symptoms. This would make disease control measures that were effective against SARS-CoV-1 less effective against its successor.
In contrast to SARS-CoV-1, most secondary cases of virus transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appear to be occurring in community settings rather than healthcare settings. However, healthcare settings are also vulnerable to the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2, and the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces likely contributes to transmission of the virus in healthcare settings.
The findings affirm the guidance from public health professionals to use precautions similar to those for influenza and other respiratory viruses to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2:
Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth.
Stay home when you are sick.
Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using a regular household cleaning spray or wipe.
Story Source:
Materials provided by NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:


sciencevibe--2020-04-15--Stephen Hawking’s Brilliant Quotes “Science Will WIN!”

Stephen Hawking was born on January 8 , 1942 , in Oxford , England .
At an early age , Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky .
At age 21 , while studying cosmology at the University of Cambridge , he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis .
Despite his debilitating illness , he has done groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology , and his several books have helped to make science accessible to everyone .
Part of his life story was depicted in the 2014 film The Theory of Everything .
He is an Honorary Fellow @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the United States .
Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general ; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks .
Hawking has a rare early-onset @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( ALS ) , commonly known as motor neurone disease in the UK , that has gradually paralysed him over the decades .
He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device .
Hawking married twice and has three children .
“ At school , I was never more than about halfway up the class .
It was a very bright class .
My classwork was very untidy , and my handwriting was the despair of my teachers .
But my classmates gave me the nickname Einstein , so @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
When I was twelve , one of my friends bet another friend a bag of sweets that I would never come to anything .
I don ’ t know if this bet was ever settled , and if so , which way it was decided… ” — From the lecture “ My Brief History , ” 2010 .
“ If aliens visit us , the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America , which didn ’ t turn out well for the Native Americans .
We only have to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ life might develop into something we wouldn ’ t want to meet.
” — From Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking , 2010 .
“ If you are disabled , it is probably not your fault , but it is no good blaming the world or expecting it to take pity on you .
One has to have a positive attitude and must make the best of the situation that one finds oneself in ; if one is physically disabled , one can not afford to be psychologically disabled as well .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ activities in which one ’ s physical disability will not present a serious handicap .
I am afraid that Olympic Games for the disabled do not appeal to me , but it is easy for me to say that because I never liked athletics anyway .
On the other hand , science is a very good area for disabled people because it goes on mainly in the mind .
Of course , most kinds of experimental work are probably ruled out for most such people , but theoretical work is almost ideal .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ handicap in my field , which is theoretical physics .
Indeed , they have helped me in a way by shielding me from lecturing and administrative work that I would otherwise have been involved in .
I have managed , however , only because of the large amount of help I have received from my wife , children , colleagues and students .
I find that people in general are very ready to help , but you should encourage them to feel that their efforts to aid you are worthwhile by doing as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ From “ Handicapped People and Science , ” Science Digest 92 , No .
9 , September 1984 “ I would go back to 1967 , and the birth of my first child , Robert .
My three children have brought me great joy.
” — To the New York Times , May 2011 “ I have noticed that even people who claim everything is predetermined and that we can do nothing to change it , look before they cross the road.
” — From Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays @ @ @ @ @ @ @ religion , which is based on authority , [ and ] science , which is based on observation and reason .
Science will win , because it works.
” “ I have no idea .
People who boast about their I.Q .
are losers.
” — To the New York Times , December 2004 “ Next time someone complains that you have made a mistake , tell him that may be a good thing .
Because without imperfection , neither you nor I would exist.
” — From Into the Universe with Stephen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to look up at the stars and not down at your feet .
Two , never give up work .
Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty without it .
Three , if you are lucky enough to find love , remember it is there and don ’ t throw it away .
”

Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. At an early age, Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky. At age 21, while studying cosmology at the University of Cambridge, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Despite his debilitating illness, he has done groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology, and his several books have helped to make science accessible to everyone. Part of his life story was depicted in the 2014 film The Theory of Everything.
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as motor neurone disease in the UK, that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device. Hawking married twice and has three children.
“At school, I was never more than about halfway up the class. It was a very bright class. My classwork was very untidy, and my handwriting was the despair of my teachers. But my classmates gave me the nickname Einstein, so presumably they saw signs of something better. When I was twelve, one of my friends bet another friend a bag of sweets that I would never come to anything. I don’t know if this bet was ever settled, and if so, which way it was decided…”
— From the lecture “My Brief History,” 2010.
“If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn’t turn out well for the Native Americans. We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet.”
— From Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking, 2010.
“If you are disabled, it is probably not your fault, but it is no good blaming the world or expecting it to take pity on you. One has to have a positive attitude and must make the best of the situation that one finds oneself in; if one is physically disabled, one cannot afford to be psychologically disabled as well. In my opinion, one should concentrate on activities in which one’s physical disability will not present a serious handicap. I am afraid that Olympic Games for the disabled do not appeal to me, but it is easy for me to say that because I never liked athletics anyway. On the other hand, science is a very good area for disabled people because it goes on mainly in the mind. Of course, most kinds of experimental work are probably ruled out for most such people, but theoretical work is almost ideal. My disabilities have not been a significant handicap in my field, which is theoretical physics. Indeed, they have helped me in a way by shielding me from lecturing and administrative work that I would otherwise have been involved in. I have managed, however, only because of the large amount of help I have received from my wife, children, colleagues and students. I find that people in general are very ready to help, but you should encourage them to feel that their efforts to aid you are worthwhile by doing as well as you possibly can.”
— From “Handicapped People and Science,” Science Digest 92, No. 9, September 1984
“I would go back to 1967, and the birth of my first child, Robert. My three children have brought me great joy.”
— To the New York Times, May 2011
“I have noticed that even people who claim everything is predetermined and that we can do nothing to change it, look before they cross the road.”
— From Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays
“There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win, because it works.”
— To Diane Sawyer/ABC News, June 2010
“I have no idea. People who boast about their I.Q. are losers.”
— To the New York Times, December 2004
“Next time someone complains that you have made a mistake, tell him that may be a good thing. Because without imperfection, neither you nor I would exist.”
— From Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking, 2010
“One, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Two, never give up work. Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty without it. Three, if you are lucky enough to find love, remember it is there and don’t throw it away.”
— To Diane Sawyer/ABC News, June 2010


sciencevibe--2020-04-06--Albert Einstein’s All Time Best Quotes On Life, Imagination, Stupidity & More

Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous physicist and scientist of all time .
His theory of relativity forever changed the way we perceive the world and opened the door for physics and science for the whole world .
Albert Einstein ( 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 ) was a German-born theoretical physicist .
He developed the theory of relativity , one of the two pillars of modern physics ( alongside quantum mechanics ) .
Einstein ’ s work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.Einstein is best known in popular culture for his @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which has been dubbed “ the world ’ s most famous equation ” ) .He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “ for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ” , a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory .
Near the beginning of his career , Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field .
This led him to develop his special theory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields , and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916 , he published a paper on general relativity .
He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory , which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules .
He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light .
In 1917 , Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and , being Jewish , did not go back to Germany , where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences .
He settled in the United States , becoming an American citizen in 1940 .
On the eve of World War II , he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of “ extremely powerful bombs of a new type ” and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research .
This @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Manhattan Project .
Einstein supported defending the Allied forces , but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon .
Later , with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell , Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto , which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons .
Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey , until his death in 1955 .
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works .
On 5 December 2014 , universities and archives announced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , comprising more than 30,000 unique documents .
[ 15 ] Einstein ’ s intellectual achievements and originality have made the word “ Einstein ” synonymous with “ genius ” .
“ People are like bicycles .
They can keep their balance only as long as they keep moving.
” —Letter to Eduard Einstein , February 5 , 1930 “ Imagination is more important than knowledge .
For knowledge is limited , whereas imagination embraces the entire world , stimulating progress , giving birth to evolution.
” —Cosmic Religion and Other Opinions and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.
” —The Ultimate Quotable Einstein ( 2010 edition ) , Princeton University Press “ If there is no price to be paid , it is also not of value.
” —Aphorism , June 27 , 1927 “ Peace can not be kept by force ; it can only be achieved by understanding.
” —Speech to the New History Society , 14 December 1930 “ If you want to live a happy life , tie it to a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” —Quotes by Ernst Strauss in French , Einstein : A Centenary Volume , 32 .
“ The high destiny of the individual is to serve rather than to rule.
” —Science and Religion , 1939 “ The state of mind which enables a man to do work of this kind … is akin to that of the religious worshipper or the lover ; the daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or program , but straight from the heart.
” —From a Speech “ Principles of Research ” , 1918 “ I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ citizenship a Swiss , and by makeup a human being , and only a human being , without any special attachment to any state or national entity whatsoever.
” —The Yale Book of Quotations “ Nothing truly valuable arises from ambition or from a mere sense of duty ; it stems rather from love and devotion towards men and towards objective things.
” — To F.S .
Wada , July 30 , 1947 “ The only source of knowledge is experience ” —The Ultimate Quotable Einstein ( 2010 edition ) , Princeton University @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the universe and human stupidity ; and I ’ m not sure about the universe.
” — The World As I See it “ Common sense is nothing more than a deposit of prejudices laid down in the mind before you reach eighteen.
” —The Universe and Dr. Einstein “ Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment .
Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions.
” — Ideas and Opinions 15 .
On standing against the crowd “ Great spirits @ @ @ @ @ @ @ minds .
The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly.
” — Letter to Morris Raphael Cohen ( 19 March 1940 ) “ We should take care not to make the intellect our god ; it has , of course , powerful muscles , but no personality.
” — Out of My Later Years “ I am absolutely convinced that no wealth in the world can help humanity forward , even in the hands @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cause .
The example of great and pure individuals is the only thing that can lead us to noble thoughts and deeds .
Money only appeals to selfishness and irresistibly invites abuse .
Can anyone imagine Moses , Jesus , or Gandhi armed with …money-bags ?
” — Ideas and Opinions “ I have no special talent .
I am only passionately curious.
” — Letter to Carl Seeling ( 11 March 1952 ) “ Only one who devotes himself to a cause with his whole strength and soul can be a true @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all of a person.
” — Letter , July 1947 “ Everything that is really great and inspiring is created by the individual who can labor in freedom.
” —Address at the commencement of Swarthmore College , 1938 “ I am truly a ‘ lone traveler ’ and have never belonged to my country , my home , my friends , or even my immediate family , with my whole heart ; in the face of all these ties , I have never lost a sense of distance and a need for solitude.
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ It “ The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained to liberation from the self.
” —The World As I See It

Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous physicist and scientist of all time. His theory of relativity forever changed the way we perceive the world and opened the door for physics and science for the whole world. Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein’s work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed “the world’s most famous equation”).He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the United States, becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of “extremely powerful bombs of a new type” and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein’s papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.[15] Einstein’s intellectual achievements and originality have made the word “Einstein” synonymous with “genius”.
1. On life
“People are like bicycles. They can keep their balance only as long as they keep moving.” —Letter to Eduard Einstein, February 5, 1930
2. On imagination
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.” —Cosmic Religion and Other Opinions and Aphorisms, 1931
3. On thinking
“Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.” —The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (2010 edition), Princeton University Press
4. On value
“If there is no price to be paid, it is also not of value.” —Aphorism, June 27, 1927


sciencevibe--2020-04-05--Kaku Explains The 10 Biggest Theories In Science [VIDEO]

Kaku has always been great on making interesting theories stick and fascinating .
This video show 10 of his best moments .
And you MUST WATCH !
Here are some of our favorites quotes of his .
For instance on Black Holes , Michio asks : “ What lies on the other side of a black hole ?
If someone foolishly fell into a black hole , will they be crushed by its immense gravity , as most physicists believe , or will they be propelled into a parallel universe or emerge in another time era ?
To solve this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ one of the most bizarre and tantalizing chapters in modern physics .
They have to navigate a minefield of potentially explosive theories , such as the possibility of “ wormholes , ” “ white holes , ” time machines , and even the 10th dimension !
This controversy may well validate J.B.S .
Haldane ’ s wry observation that the universe is “ not only queerer than we sup- pose , it is queerer than we can suppose.
” This delicious controversy , which delights theoretical physicists but boggles the mind of mere @ @ @ @ @ @ @ recent book , Hyperspace.
” We think you will love what he has to says about black holes , wormholes and why it ’ s like “ Alice In Wonderland !
” Here in a nutshell , is his short Resume .
Michio Kaku born January 24 , 1947. is an American theoretical physicist , futurist , and popularizer of science .
Kaku is a professor of theoretical physics at the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center .
He has written several books about physics and related topics , has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and film , and writes online blogs and articles .
He has written three New York Times best sellers : Physics of the Impossible ( 2008 ) , Physics of the Future ( 2011 ) , and The Future of the Mind ( 2014 ) .
Kaku has hosted several TV specials for the BBC , the Discovery Channel , the History Channel , and the Science Channel .
From his website “ Dr .
Michio Kaku ” in his own words : A black hole , simply put , is a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so intense than even light can not escape , hence its name .
By definition , it can ’ t be seen , so NASA scientists focused instead on the tiny core of the galaxy M87 , a super massive “ cosmic engine ” 50 million light years from earth .
Astronomers then showed that the core of M87 consisted of a ferocious , swirling maelstrom of superhot hydrogen gas spinning at l.2 million miles per hour .
To keep this spinning disk of gas from violently flying apart in all directions , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ concentrated at its center , weighing as much as 2 to 3 billion suns !
An object with that staggering mass would be massive enough to prevent light from escaping .
Ergo , a black hole .
But this also revives an ongoing controversy surrounding black holes .
The best description of a spinning black hole was given in 1963 by the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr , using Einstein ’ s equations of gravity .
But there is a quirky feature to his solution .
It predicts that if one fell into @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sucked down a tunnel ( called the “ Einstein-Rosen bridge ” ) and shot out a “ white hole ” in a parallel universe !
Kerr showed that a spinning black hole would collapse not into a point , but to a “ ring of fire.
” Because the ring was spinning rapidly , centrifugal forces would keep it from collapsing .
Remarkably , a space probe fired directly through the ring would not be crushed into oblivion , but might actually emerge unscratched on the other side of the Einstein-Rosen bridge , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ wormhole ” may connect two parallel universes , or even distant parts of the same universe .
Through the Looking Glass The simplest way to visualize a Kerr wormhole is to think of Alice ’ s Looking Glass .
Anyone walking through the Looking Glass would be transported instantly into Wonderland , a world where animals talked in riddles and common sense wasn ’ t so common .
The rim of the Looking Glass corresponds to the Kerr ring .
Anyone walking through the Kerr ring might be transported to the other side @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Like two Siamese twins joined at the hip , we now have two universes joined via the Looking Glass .
Some physicists have wondered whether black holes or worm- holes might someday be used as shortcuts to another sector of our universe , or even as a time machine to the distant past ( making possible the swashbuckling exploits in Star Wars ) .
However , we caution that there are skeptics .
The critics concede that hundreds of wormhole solutions have now been found to Einstein ’ s equations , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the ravings of crack pots .
But they point out that wormholes might be unstable , or that intense radiation and sub-atomic forces surrounding the entrance to the wormhole would kill anyone who dared to enter .
Spirited debates have erupted between physicists concerning these wormholes .
Unfortunately , this controversy can not be re- solved , because Einstein ’ s equations break down at the center of black holes or wormholes , where radiation and sub-atomic forces might be ferocious enough to collapse the entrance .
The problem is Einstein ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not the quantum forces which govern radiation and sub-atomic particles .
What is needed is a theory which embraces both the quantum theory of radiation and gravity simultaneously .
In a word , to solve the problem of quantum black holes , we need a “ theory of everything !
”

Kaku has always been great on making interesting theories stick and fascinating. This video show 10 of his best moments. And you MUST WATCH! Here are some of our favorites quotes of his. For instance on Black Holes, Michio asks: “What lies on the other side of a black hole? If someone foolishly fell into a black hole, will they be crushed by its immense gravity, as most physicists believe, or will they be propelled into a parallel universe or emerge in another time era? To solve this complex question, physicists are opening up one of the most bizarre and tantalizing chapters in modern physics. They have to navigate a minefield of potentially explosive theories, such as the possibility of “wormholes,” “white holes,” time machines, and even the 10th dimension! This controversy may well validate J.B.S. Haldane’s wry observation that the universe is “not only queerer than we sup- pose, it is queerer than we can suppose.” This delicious controversy, which delights theoretical physicists but boggles the mind of mere mortals, is the subject of my recent book, Hyperspace.”
We think you will love what he has to says about black holes, wormholes and why it’s like “Alice In Wonderland!” Here in a nutshell, is his short Resume.
Michio Kaku born January 24, 1947. is an American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science. Kaku is a professor of theoretical physics at the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center. He has written several books about physics and related topics, has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and film, and writes online blogs and articles. He has written three New York Times best sellers: Physics of the Impossible (2008), Physics of the Future (2011), and The Future of the Mind (2014). Kaku has hosted several TV specials for the BBC, the Discovery Channel, the History Channel, and the Science Channel.
From his website “Dr. Michio Kaku” in his own words:
Black Holes: Collapsed Stars
A black hole, simply put, is a massive, dead star whose gravity is so intense than even light cannot escape, hence its name. By definition, it can’t be seen, so NASA scientists focused instead on the tiny core of the galaxy M87, a super massive “cosmic engine” 50 million light years from earth. Astronomers then showed that the core of M87 consisted of a ferocious, swirling maelstrom of superhot hydrogen gas spinning at l.2 million miles per hour. To keep this spinning disk of gas from violently flying apart in all directions, there had to be a colossal mass concentrated at its center, weighing as much as 2 to 3 billion suns! An object with that staggering mass would be massive enough to prevent light from escaping. Ergo, a black hole.
The Einstein-Rosen Bridge
But this also revives an ongoing controversy surrounding black holes. The best description of a spinning black hole was given in 1963 by the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr, using Einstein’s equations of gravity. But there is a quirky feature to his solution. It predicts that if one fell into a black hole, one might be sucked down a tunnel (called the “Einstein-Rosen bridge”) and shot out a “white hole” in a parallel universe! Kerr showed that a spinning black hole would collapse not into a point, but to a “ring of fire.” Because the ring was spinning rapidly, centrifugal forces would keep it from collapsing. Remarkably, a space probe fired directly through the ring would not be crushed into oblivion, but might actually emerge unscratched on the other side of the Einstein-Rosen bridge, in a parallel universe. This “wormhole” may connect two parallel universes, or even distant parts of the same universe.
Through the Looking Glass
The simplest way to visualize a Kerr wormhole is to think of Alice’s Looking Glass. Anyone walking through the Looking Glass would be transported instantly into Wonderland, a world where animals talked in riddles and common sense wasn’t so common.
The rim of the Looking Glass corresponds to the Kerr ring. Anyone walking through the Kerr ring might be transported to the other side of the universe or even the past. Like two Siamese twins joined at the hip, we now have two universes joined via the Looking Glass. Some physicists have wondered whether black holes or worm- holes might someday be used as shortcuts to another sector of our universe, or even as a time machine to the distant past (making possible the swashbuckling exploits in Star Wars). However, we caution that there are skeptics. The critics concede that hundreds of wormhole solutions have now been found to Einstein’s equations, and hence they cannot be lightly dismissed as the ravings of crack pots. But they point out that wormholes might be unstable, or that intense radiation and sub-atomic forces surrounding the entrance to the wormhole would kill anyone who dared to enter. Spirited debates have erupted between physicists concerning these wormholes. Unfortunately, this controversy cannot be re- solved, because Einstein’s equations break down at the center of black holes or wormholes, where radiation and sub-atomic forces might be ferocious enough to collapse the entrance. The problem is Einstein’s theory only works for gravity, not the quantum forces which govern radiation and sub-atomic particles. What is needed is a theory which embraces both the quantum theory of radiation and gravity simultaneously. In a word, to solve the problem of quantum black holes, we need a “theory of everything!”


sciencevibe--2020-04-19--“Asteroid detection & tracking. Our planet depends on it!”

Can This Man Save Earth From A Disastrous NEO IMPACT ?
NASA Designated Planetary Defense Officer—that ’ s a hefty title and one that Lindley Johnson is accepting with pride .
Johnson is the leader of exciting new efforts from NASA , which has formalized its program for detecting and tracking near-Earth objects ( NEOs ) under the name of the Planetary Defenses Coordination Office .
The new office will reportedly be responsible for all of NASA ’ s projects to find and characterize asteroids and comments that pass near Earth ’ s orbit .
It ’ ll also be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ get a little too close for comfort .
“ Asteroid detection , tracking and defense of our planet is something that NASA , its interagency partners , and the global community take very serious , ” John Grunsfeld , associate administrator for NASA ’ s Science Mission Directorate in Washington said in an announcement .
“ While there are no known impact threats at this time , the 2013 Chelyabinsk super-fireball and the recent Halloween Asteroid ’ s close approach remind of us why we need to remain vigilant and keep our eyes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ has some hurdles to overcome .
Since 1998 , more than 13,500 near-Earth objects have been discovered and about 1,500 new ones are identified yearly .
Only a handful of those are really worth noting—like the 1,300-foot-wide asteroid that passed us last Halloween .
While some of these objects are clear threats , others can be useful , carrying usable water we could someday mine for space exploration .
The federal budget for this year includes $ 50 million for NEO observation and planetary defense .
The plan is twofold : identify the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ redirect ” them .
Here is how PDCO defines a “ potentially hazardous ” asteroid : A potentially hazardous asteroid ( PHA ) is an asteroid whose orbit is predicted to bring it within 0.05 Astronomical Units ( just under 8 million kilometers , or 5 million miles ) of Earth ’ s orbit ; and of a size large enough to reach Earth ’ s surface – that is , greater than around 30 to 50 meters .
( Smaller objects entering Earth ’ s atmosphere tend to disintegrate . )
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ a close approach to Earth does not mean that it will impact Earth .
By monitoring PHAs and updating their orbits as new observations are made , observers can improve their predictions of Earth impact risk .
Sometimes the term potentially hazardous object , or PHO , is used to describe an asteroid , or comet , that meets these criteria .
So what happens if a threat can ’ t be redirected ?
“ Even if intervention is not possible , NASA would provide expert input to FEMA about impact timing , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ response operations , ” the agency noted in its announcement .
“ In turn , FEMA would handle the preparations and response planning related to the consequences of atmospheric entry of impact to U.S. communities .
”

Can This Man Save Earth From A Disastrous NEO IMPACT?
NASA Designated Planetary Defense Officer—that’s a hefty title and one that Lindley Johnson is accepting with pride. Johnson is the leader of exciting new efforts from NASA, which has formalized its program for detecting and tracking near-Earth objects (NEOs) under the name of the Planetary Defenses Coordination Office. The new office will reportedly be responsible for all of NASA’s projects to find and characterize asteroids and comments that pass near Earth’s orbit. It’ll also be responsible for coordinating a plan if things get a little too close for comfort.
“Asteroid detection, tracking and defense of our planet is something that NASA, its interagency partners, and the global community take very serious,” John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington said in an announcement. “While there are no known impact threats at this time, the 2013 Chelyabinsk super-fireball and the recent Halloween Asteroid’s close approach remind of us why we need to remain vigilant and keep our eyes to the sky.”
Already, PDCO has some hurdles to overcome. Since 1998, more than 13,500 near-Earth objects have been discovered and about 1,500 new ones are identified yearly. Only a handful of those are really worth noting—like the 1,300-foot-wide asteroid that passed us last Halloween. While some of these objects are clear threats, others can be useful, carrying usable water we could someday mine for space exploration.
The federal budget for this year includes $50 million for NEO observation and planetary defense. The plan is twofold: identify the threats and then find a way to “redirect” them. Here is how PDCO defines a “potentially hazardous” asteroid:
A potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) is an asteroid whose orbit is predicted to bring it within 0.05 Astronomical Units (just under 8 million kilometers, or 5 million miles) of Earth’s orbit; and of a size large enough to reach Earth’s surface – that is, greater than around 30 to 50 meters. (Smaller objects entering Earth’s atmosphere tend to disintegrate.) The potential for an asteroid to make a close approach to Earth does not mean that it will impact Earth. By monitoring PHAs and updating their orbits as new observations are made, observers can improve their predictions of Earth impact risk. Sometimes the term potentially hazardous object, or PHO, is used to describe an asteroid, or comet, that meets these criteria.
So what happens if a threat can’t be redirected?
“Even if intervention is not possible, NASA would provide expert input to FEMA about impact timing, location, and effects to inform emergency response operations,” the agency noted in its announcement. “In turn, FEMA would handle the preparations and response planning related to the consequences of atmospheric entry of impact to U.S. communities.”
Source: Inverse.com


sciencevibe--2020-04-19--Whoops? Did Nikola Tesla’s BLOW UP Tunguska Instead of a Comet?

Scientist now wonder really happened in Tunguka and now are looking at a failed experiment that Nikola Tesla conducted .
The accepted story is familiar to most .
In 1908 , a comet or asteroid struck Tunguska , Siberia with so much force that it destroyed more than 2,000km of terrain .
The celestial body exploded 5–10 km above ground , releasing 10–15 Mton of energy .
Or did it ?
Some of the kookier among us believe that the explosion ’ s cause wasn ’ t an asteroid impact , but one of Tesla ’ s experiments gone wrong @ @ @ @ @ @ @ no one has discovered a fragment of the Tunguska impact body fuels the fire for these folks : “ Tesla said his transmitter could produce 100 million volts of pressure and currents up to 1000 amperes , with experimental power levels of billion or tens of billions of watts .
If that amount of power were released in “ an incomparably small interval of time , ” the energy would be equal to the explosion of millions of tons of TNT , that is , a multi-megaton explosion .
Such a transmitter would @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a nuclear warhead by radio .
Any location in the world could be vaporized at the speed of light.
” ( taken from Frank Germano athttp : //www.frank.germano.com/tunguska.htm ) Back on June 30 , 1908 when the devastating impact occurred in central Siberia , one of the closest eyewitnesses , local farmer Semen Semenov saw “ the sky split in two .
Fire appeared high and wide over the forest… .
From … where the fire was , came strong heat… .
Then the sky shut closed , and a strong thump sounded @ @ @ @ @ @ @ yards… .
After that such noise came , as if .
.
.
cannons were firing , the earth shook … ” The effects of the blast were felt as far away as Northern Europe and Central Asia .
Today , scientists are still puzzled over what exactly caused the impact and blast ; finding out could be central to our understanding of the evolution of the Earth .
The impact of a Mars-sized planetoid 4.4 billion years ago was responsible for creating the Moon , and thanks only to the gradual accretion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ those materials into stable orbits over time , we ’ ve been spared another planet-sized impact .
Our atmosphere helps to burn up many other potentially dangerous meteorites , but asteroids still have the potential to devastate our planet .
Luckily , researchers have determined that it ’ s unlikely another celestial body that large could smack into Earth in our lifetimes .
Researchers at the University of Western Ontario and Los Alamos National Laboratory use satellite observations of meteoric “ flares ” in the atmosphere , better known as shooting stars , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Earth .
They use this information to estimate the rate of impact of smaller objects , and extrapolate that information to understand the likelihood of larger , Tunguska-like events .
They found the likelihood of such events occurring to be on the order of 1 in 200 years to 1 in 1,000 years .
And , since Tesla is no longer around to conduct a wireless experiment gone wrong , we can all breathe a sigh of relief , for now .

Scientist now wonder really happened in Tunguka and now are looking at a failed experiment that Nikola Tesla conducted. The accepted story is familiar to most. In 1908, a comet or asteroid struck Tunguska, Siberia with so much force that it destroyed more than 2,000km of terrain. The celestial body exploded 5–10 km above ground, releasing 10–15 Mton of energy. Or did it? Some of the kookier among us believe that the explosion’s cause wasn’t an asteroid impact, but one of Tesla’s experiments gone wrong. The fact that to date, no one has discovered a fragment of the Tunguska impact body fuels the fire for these folks:
“Tesla said his transmitter could produce 100 million volts of pressure and currents up to 1000 amperes, with experimental power levels of billion or tens of billions of watts. If that amount of power were released in “an incomparably small interval of time,” the energy would be equal to the explosion of millions of tons of TNT, that is, a multi-megaton explosion. Such a transmitter would be capable of projecting the force of a nuclear warhead by radio. Any location in the world could be vaporized at the speed of light.” (taken from Frank Germano athttp://www.frank.germano.com/tunguska.htm )
Back on June 30, 1908 when the devastating impact occurred in central Siberia, one of the closest eyewitnesses, local farmer Semen Semenov saw “the sky split in two. Fire appeared high and wide over the forest…. From … where the fire was, came strong heat…. Then the sky shut closed, and a strong thump sounded, and I was thrown a few yards…. After that such noise came, as if . . . cannons were firing, the earth shook …”
The effects of the blast were felt as far away as Northern Europe and Central Asia. Today, scientists are still puzzled over what exactly caused the impact and blast; finding out could be central to our understanding of the evolution of the Earth. The impact of a Mars-sized planetoid 4.4 billion years ago was responsible for creating the Moon, and thanks only to the gradual accretion of planetary materials and the movement of those materials into stable orbits over time, we’ve been spared another planet-sized impact. Our atmosphere helps to burn up many other potentially dangerous meteorites, but asteroids still have the potential to devastate our planet.
Luckily, researchers have determined that it’s unlikely another celestial body that large could smack into Earth in our lifetimes. Researchers at the University of Western Ontario and Los Alamos National Laboratory use satellite observations of meteoric “flares” in the atmosphere, better known as shooting stars, to collect data on cosmic impacts on Earth. They use this information to estimate the rate of impact of smaller objects, and extrapolate that information to understand the likelihood of larger, Tunguska-like events. They found the likelihood of such events occurring to be on the order of 1 in 200 years to 1 in 1,000 years.
And, since Tesla is no longer around to conduct a wireless experiment gone wrong, we can all breathe a sigh of relief, for now.
Source: Scientific American