sciencevibe--2020-06-03--Deep Down In  Black Holes Laws of Physics Ceases To Exist

What ’ s wrong with Black Holes ?
Well the deeper you go the less the laws of physics apply to them .
A recent study by researchers at the Institute of Corpuscular Physics ( IFIC , CSIC-UV ) in Valencia says one of the biggest problems when studying black holes is that the laws of physics as we know them cease to apply in their deepest regions .
Large quantities of matter and energy concentrate in an infinitely small space , the gravitational singularity , where space-time curves towards infinity and all matter is destroyed .
Or is it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that matter might , in fact , survive its foray into these space objects and come out the other side .
Which begs the question is there a “ back door ” on black holes ?
Published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity , the Valencian physicists propose considering the singularity as if it were an imperfection in the geometric structure of space-time .
And by doing so they resolve the problem of the infinite , space-deforming gravitational pull .
“ Black holes are a theoretical laboratory for trying out new ideas @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , a Ramón y Cajal grant researcher at the Universitat de València ( University of Valencia , UV ) .
Alongside Diego Rubiera , from the University of Lisbon , and Antonio Sánchez , PhD student also at the UV , Olmo ’ s research sees him analysing black holes using theories besides general relativity ( GR ) .
Specifically , in this work he has applied geometric structures similar to those of a crystal or graphene layer , not typically used to describe black holes , since these geometries better match what @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Just as crystals have imperfections in their microscopic structure , the central region of a black hole can be interpreted as an anomaly in space-time , which requires new geometric elements in order to be able to describe them more precisely .
We explored all possible options , taking inspiration from facts observed in nature.
” Using these new geometries , the researchers obtained a description of black holes whereby the centre point becomes a very small spherical surface .
This surface is interpreted as the existence of a wormhole within the black @ @ @ @ @ @ @ several problems in the interpretation of electrically-charged black holes , ” Olmo explains .
“ In the first instance we resolve the problem of the singularity , since there is a door at the centre of the black hole , the wormhole , through which space and time can continue.
” This study is based on one of the simplest known types of black hole , rotationless and electrically-charged .
The wormhole predicted by the equations is smaller than an atomic nucleus , but gets bigger the bigger the charge stored in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ traveller entering a black hole of this kind would be stretched to the extreme , or “ spaghettified , ” and would be able to enter the wormhole .
Upon exiting they would be compacted back to their normal size .
Seen from outside , these forces of stretching and compaction would seem infinite , but the traveller himself , living it first-hand , would experience only extremely intense , and not infinite , forces .
It is unlikely that the star of Interstellar would survive a journey like this , but the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ matter would not be lost inside the singularity , but rather would be expelled out the other side through the wormhole at its centre to another region of the universe .
Another problem that this interpretation resolves , according to Olmo , is the need to use exotic energy sources to generate wormholes .
In Einstein ’ s theory of gravity , these “ doors ” only appear in the presence of matter with unusual properties ( a negative energy pressure or density ) , something which has never been observed .
“ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ out of ordinary matter and energy , such as an electric field ” ( Olmo ) .
The interest in wormholes for theoretical physics goes beyond generating tunnels or doors in spacetime to connect two points in the Universe .
They would also help explain phenomena such as quantum entanglement or the nature of elementary particles .
Thanks to this new interpretation , the existence of these objects could be closer to science than fiction .

What’s wrong with Black Holes? Well the deeper you go the less the laws of physics apply to them. A recent study by researchers at the Institute of Corpuscular Physics (IFIC, CSIC-UV) in Valencia says one of the biggest problems when studying black holes is that the laws of physics as we know them cease to apply in their deepest regions. Large quantities of matter and energy concentrate in an infinitely small space, the gravitational singularity, where space-time curves towards infinity and all matter is destroyed. Or is it? In fact, their research suggests that matter might, in fact, survive its foray into these space objects and come out the other side. Which begs the question is there a “back door” on black holes? Published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, the Valencian physicists propose considering the singularity as if it were an imperfection in the geometric structure of space-time. And by doing so they resolve the problem of the infinite, space-deforming gravitational pull.
“Black holes are a theoretical laboratory for trying out new ideas about gravity,” says Gonzalo Olmo, a Ramón y Cajal grant researcher at the Universitat de València (University of Valencia, UV). Alongside Diego Rubiera, from the University of Lisbon, and Antonio Sánchez, PhD student also at the UV, Olmo’s research sees him analysing black holes using theories besides general relativity (GR).
What happens inside a black hole
Specifically, in this work he has applied geometric structures similar to those of a crystal or graphene layer, not typically used to describe black holes, since these geometries better match what happens inside a black hole: “Just as crystals have imperfections in their microscopic structure, the central region of a black hole can be interpreted as an anomaly in space-time, which requires new geometric elements in order to be able to describe them more precisely. We explored all possible options, taking inspiration from facts observed in nature.”
Spaghettified Explained
Using these new geometries, the researchers obtained a description of black holes whereby the centre point becomes a very small spherical surface. This surface is interpreted as the existence of a wormhole within the black hole. “Our theory naturally resolves several problems in the interpretation of electrically-charged black holes,” Olmo explains. “In the first instance we resolve the problem of the singularity, since there is a door at the centre of the black hole, the wormhole, through which space and time can continue.”
This study is based on one of the simplest known types of black hole, rotationless and electrically-charged. The wormhole predicted by the equations is smaller than an atomic nucleus, but gets bigger the bigger the charge stored in the black hole. So, a hypothetical traveller entering a black hole of this kind would be stretched to the extreme, or “spaghettified,” and would be able to enter the wormhole. Upon exiting they would be compacted back to their normal size.
Compaction would seem infinite
Seen from outside, these forces of stretching and compaction would seem infinite, but the traveller himself, living it first-hand, would experience only extremely intense, and not infinite, forces. It is unlikely that the star of Interstellar would survive a journey like this, but the model proposed by IFIC researchers posits that matter would not be lost inside the singularity, but rather would be expelled out the other side through the wormhole at its centre to another region of the universe.
Another problem that this interpretation resolves, according to Olmo, is the need to use exotic energy sources to generate wormholes. In Einstein’s theory of gravity, these “doors” only appear in the presence of matter with unusual properties (a negative energy pressure or density), something which has never been observed. “In our theory, the wormhole appears out of ordinary matter and energy, such as an electric field” (Olmo).
The interest in wormholes for theoretical physics goes beyond generating tunnels or doors in spacetime to connect two points in the Universe. They would also help explain phenomena such as quantum entanglement or the nature of elementary particles. Thanks to this new interpretation, the existence of these objects could be closer to science than fiction.


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--The Astonishing Day Aliens Contacted Nikola Tesla

In 1899 Nikola Tesla was testing a transmitter that he built to track thunderstorms 600 miles away when suddenly he believed that he received a transmission of sorts from an unknown source .
Tesla heard three beats in sequence and it didn ’ t make any sense , and the more he reflected on them the more he became convinced that these signals must have originated somewhere in space .
He thought it was possibly an extraterrestrial signal originating somewhere within our solar system .
Tesla ’ s transmitter was ultra sensitive enough to receive radio waves from way beyond @ @ @ @ @ @ @ firmly believed it was absurd to think we ’ re the only intelligent beings in the universe .
He was also believed that intelligent beings would naturally want to communicate with other “ civilized ” beings ?
When interviewed by Collier ’ s Weekly Tesla gave this account and went on record as believing in extraterrestrials in February of 1901 .
Here in his own words are how he described it : As I was improving my machines for the production of intense electrical actions , I was also perfecting the means for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ most interesting results and also one of great practical importance , was the development of certain contrivances for indicating at a distance of many hundred miles an approaching storm , its direction , speed and distance traveled .
“ It was in carrying on this work that for the first time I discovered those mysterious effects which have elicited such unusual interest .
I had perfected the apparatus referred to so far that from my laboratory in the Colorado mountains I could feel the pulse of the lobe , as it were , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a radius of eleven hundred miles .
“ I can never forget the first sensations I experienced when it dawned upon me that I had observed something possibly of incalculable consequences to mankind .
I felt as though I were present at the birth of a new knowledge or the revelation of a great truth .
My first observations positively terrified me as there was present in them something mysterious , not to say supernatural , and I was alone in my laboratory at night ; but at that time the idea of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not yet present itself to me.
“ “ The changes I noted were taking place periodically and with such a clear suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to any cause known to me .
I was familiar , of course , with such electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun , Aurora Borealis , and earth currents , and I was as sure as I could be of any fact that these variations were due to none of these causes.
“ “ The nature of my experiments precluded @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by atmospheric disturbances , as has been rashly asserted by some .
It was sometime afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control .
“ Although I could not at the time decipher their meaning , it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental .
The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another .
A purpose was behind these electrical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that although Nikola Tesla couldn ’ t decipher the meaning of the messages he received , he remained convinced that aliens were interested in Earth and – being more advanced – undoubtedly had a presence on our planet .
He was absolutely adamant that somewhere in the universe there were intelligent extraterrestrial life forms .
Did Tesla have direct contact with ET ’ s ?
He believed that he had and many speculate that the information he received made possible that through these communications gave him the knowledge to develop some of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ rotating magnetic field that fantastically ahead of his time .
It is not a secret that there are numerous inventions of Tesla that have been attributed to other “ inventors ” , among these inventions are the radio and the first machine capable of searching for extraterrestrial life .
The FBI seized documents including numerous inventions that were way ahead of Teslas time , possible secret technology , including a version of its famous wireless transmitter that could send radio waves focused to distant points of the solar system .
While Tesla ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ question whether his mind became delusional at some option .

In 1899 Nikola Tesla was testing a transmitter that he built to track thunderstorms 600 miles away when suddenly he believed that he received a transmission of sorts from an unknown source. Tesla heard three beats in sequence and it didn’t make any sense, and the more he reflected on them the more he became convinced that these signals must have originated somewhere in space. He thought it was possibly an extraterrestrial signal originating somewhere within our solar system. Tesla’s transmitter was ultra sensitive enough to receive radio waves from way beyond Earth. Keep in mind that Tesla firmly believed it was absurd to think we’re the only intelligent beings in the universe. He was also believed that intelligent beings would naturally want to communicate with other “civilized” beings? When interviewed by Collier’s Weekly Tesla gave this account and went on record as believing in extraterrestrials in February of 1901. Here in his own words are how he described it:
As I was improving my machines for the production of intense electrical actions, I was also perfecting the means for observing feeble efforts. One of the most interesting results and also one of great practical importance, was the development of certain contrivances for indicating at a distance of many hundred miles an approaching storm, its direction, speed and distance traveled. “It was in carrying on this work that for the first time I discovered those mysterious effects which have elicited such unusual interest. I had perfected the apparatus referred to so far that from my laboratory in the Colorado mountains I could feel the pulse of the lobe, as it were, noting every electrical change that occurred within a radius of eleven hundred miles. “I can never forget the first sensations I experienced when it dawned upon me that I had observed something possibly of incalculable consequences to mankind. I felt as though I were present at the birth of a new knowledge or the revelation of a great truth. My first observations positively terrified me as there was present in them something mysterious, not to say supernatural, and I was alone in my laboratory at night; but at that time the idea of these disturbances being intelligently controlled signals did not yet present itself to me.“ “The changes I noted were taking place periodically and with such a clear suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to any cause known to me. I was familiar, of course, with such electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora Borealis, and earth currents, and I was as sure as I could be of any fact that these variations were due to none of these causes.“ “The nature of my experiments precluded the possibility of the changes being produced by atmospheric disturbances, as has been rashly asserted by some. It was sometime afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. “Although I could not at the time decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another. A purpose was behind these electrical signals.”
The bottom line as was that although Nikola Tesla couldn’t decipher the meaning of the messages he received, he remained convinced that aliens were interested in Earth and – being more advanced – undoubtedly had a presence on our planet. He was absolutely adamant that somewhere in the universe there were intelligent extraterrestrial life forms. Did Tesla have direct contact with ET’s? He believed that he had and many speculate that the information he received made possible that through these communications gave him the knowledge to develop some of the mayor inventions like wireless energy transmission or rotating magnetic field that fantastically ahead of his time.
It is not a secret that there are numerous inventions of Tesla that have been attributed to other “inventors”, among these inventions are the radio and the first machine capable of searching for extraterrestrial life. The FBI seized documents including numerous inventions that were way ahead of Teslas time, possible secret technology, including a version of its famous wireless transmitter that could send radio waves focused to distant points of the solar system. While Tesla’s genius is indisputable, some people question whether his mind became delusional at some option.


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--Venus May Have Had Oceans and Been Habitable For 2 Billion Years, Says NASA

Scientists at NASA ’ s Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( GISS ) in New York says that Venus may have had a shallow liquid-water ocean and habitable surface temperatures for up to 2 billion years of its early history , according to computer modeling of the planet ’ s ancient climate .
The findings , published this week in the journal Geophysical Research Letters , were obtained with a model similar to the type used to predict future climate change on Earth .
Venus today is a hellish world .
It has a crushing carbon dioxide atmosphere 90 times @ @ @ @ @ @ @ There is almost no water vapor .
Temperatures reach 864 degrees Fahrenheit ( 462 degrees Celsius ) at its surface .
“ Many of the same tools we use to model climate change on Earth can be adapted to study climates on other planets , both past and present , ” said Michael Way , a researcher at GISS and the paper ’ s lead author .
“ These results show ancient Venus may have been a very different place than it is today.
” Scientists long have theorized that Venus formed out @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but followed a different evolutionary path .
Measurements by NASA ’ s Pioneer mission to Venus in the 1980s first suggested Venus originally may have had an ocean .
However , Venus is closer to the sun than Earth and receives far more sunlight .
As a result , the planet ’ s early ocean evaporated , water-vapor molecules were broken apart by ultraviolet radiation , and hydrogen escaped to space .
With no water left on the surface , carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere , leading to a so-called @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Previous studies have shown that how fast a planet spins on its axis affects whether it has a habitable climate .
A day on Venus is 117 Earth days .
Until recently , it was assumed that a thick atmosphere like that of modern Venus was required for the planet to have today ’ s slow rotation rate .
However , newer research has shown that a thin atmosphere like that of modern Earth could have produced the same result .
That means an ancient Venus with an Earth-like atmosphere could have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ today .
“ In the GISS model ’ s simulation , Venus ’ slow spin exposes its dayside to the sun for almost two months at a time , ” co-author and fellow GISS scientist Anthony Del Genio said .
“ This warms the surface and produces rain that creates a thick layer of clouds , which acts like an umbrella to shield the surface from much of the solar heating .
The result is mean climate temperatures that are actually a few degrees cooler than Earth ’ s today.
” The research @ @ @ @ @ @ @ s Planetary Science Astrobiology program through the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science ( NExSS ) program , which seeks to accelerate the search for life on planets orbiting other stars , or exoplanets , by combining insights from the fields of astrophysics , planetary science , heliophysics , and Earth science .
The findings have direct implications for future NASA missions , such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and James Webb Space Telescope , which will try to detect possible habitable planets and characterize their atmospheres .

Scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York says that Venus may have had a shallow liquid-water ocean and habitable surface temperatures for up to 2 billion years of its early history, according to computer modeling of the planet’s ancient climate. The findings, published this week in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, were obtained with a model similar to the type used to predict future climate change on Earth. Venus today is a hellish world. It has a crushing carbon dioxide atmosphere 90 times as thick as Earth’s. There is almost no water vapor. Temperatures reach 864 degrees Fahrenheit (462 degrees Celsius) at its surface. “Many of the same tools we use to model climate change on Earth can be adapted to study climates on other planets, both past and present,” said Michael Way, a researcher at GISS and the paper’s lead author. “These results show ancient Venus may have been a very different place than it is today.”
Scientists long have theorized that Venus formed out of ingredients similar to Earth’s, but followed a different evolutionary path. Measurements by NASA’s Pioneer mission to Venus in the 1980s first suggested Venus originally may have had an ocean. However, Venus is closer to the sun than Earth and receives far more sunlight. As a result, the planet’s early ocean evaporated, water-vapor molecules were broken apart by ultraviolet radiation, and hydrogen escaped to space. With no water left on the surface, carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere, leading to a so-called runaway greenhouse effect that created present conditions.
Previous studies have shown that how fast a planet spins on its axis affects whether it has a habitable climate. A day on Venus is 117 Earth days. Until recently, it was assumed that a thick atmosphere like that of modern Venus was required for the planet to have today’s slow rotation rate. However, newer research has shown that a thin atmosphere like that of modern Earth could have produced the same result. That means an ancient Venus with an Earth-like atmosphere could have had the same rotation rate it has today.
“In the GISS model’s simulation, Venus’ slow spin exposes its dayside to the sun for almost two months at a time,” co-author and fellow GISS scientist Anthony Del Genio said. “This warms the surface and produces rain that creates a thick layer of clouds, which acts like an umbrella to shield the surface from much of the solar heating. The result is mean climate temperatures that are actually a few degrees cooler than Earth’s today.”
The research was done as part of NASA’s Planetary Science Astrobiology program through the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) program, which seeks to accelerate the search for life on planets orbiting other stars, or exoplanets, by combining insights from the fields of astrophysics, planetary science, heliophysics, and Earth science. The findings have direct implications for future NASA missions, such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and James Webb Space Telescope, which will try to detect possible habitable planets and characterize their atmospheres.


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--Volcanic Eruption Contributed to the Final Extinction of Neanderthals

The Final Nail in the coffin could very well have been a volcanic eruption according to Benjamin A .
Black and colleagues who have correlated the Campanian Ignimbrite ( CI ) eruption in Italy 40,000 years ago – one of the largest volcanic cataclysms in Europe – with the final decline of Neanderthals .
The eruption injected a significant amount of sulfur-dioxide ( SO2 ) into the stratosphere .
Scientists have long debated whether this eruption contributed to the final extinction of the Neanderthals along with as well as with the dramatic territorial and cultural advances among anatomically modern humans @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that the decline of Neanderthals in Europe began well before the CI eruption : “ Radiocarbon dating has shown that at the time of the CI eruption , anatomically modern humans had already arrived in Europe , and the range of Neanderthals had steadily diminished .
Work at five sites in the Mediterranean indicates that anatomically modern humans were established in these locations by then as well.
” “ While the precise implications of the CI eruption for cultures and livelihoods are best understood in the context of archaeological data sets , ” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of their study quantitatively describe the magnitude and distribution of the volcanic cooling and acid deposition that ancient hominin communities experienced coincident with the final decline of the Neanderthals .
In their climate simulations , Black and colleagues found that the largest temperature decreases after the eruption occurred in Eastern Europe and Asia and sidestepped the areas where the final Neanderthal populations were living ( Western Europe ) .
Therefore , the authors conclude that the eruption was probably insufficient to trigger Neanderthal extinction .
However , the abrupt cold spell that followed @ @ @ @ @ @ @ day-to-day life for Neanderthals and early humans in Europe .
Black and colleagues point out that temperatures in Western Europe would have decreased by an average of 2 to 4 degrees Celsius during the year following the eruption .
These unusual conditions , they write , may have directly influenced survival and day-to-day life for Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans alike , and emphasize the resilience of anatomically modern humans in the face of abrupt and adverse changes in the environment .

The Final Nail in the coffin could very well have been a volcanic eruption according to Benjamin A. Black and colleagues who have correlated the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption in Italy 40,000 years ago – one of the largest volcanic cataclysms in Europe – with the final decline of Neanderthals. The eruption injected a significant amount of sulfur-dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere. Scientists have long debated whether this eruption contributed to the final extinction of the Neanderthals along with as well as with the dramatic territorial and cultural advances among anatomically modern humans.
They point out, however, that the decline of Neanderthals in Europe began well before the CI eruption: “Radiocarbon dating has shown that at the time of the CI eruption, anatomically modern humans had already arrived in Europe, and the range of Neanderthals had steadily diminished. Work at five sites in the Mediterranean indicates that anatomically modern humans were established in these locations by then as well.”
“While the precise implications of the CI eruption for cultures and livelihoods are best understood in the context of archaeological data sets,” write Black and colleagues, the results of their study quantitatively describe the magnitude and distribution of the volcanic cooling and acid deposition that ancient hominin communities experienced coincident with the final decline of the Neanderthals.
In their climate simulations, Black and colleagues found that the largest temperature decreases after the eruption occurred in Eastern Europe and Asia and sidestepped the areas where the final Neanderthal populations were living (Western Europe). Therefore, the authors conclude that the eruption was probably insufficient to trigger Neanderthal extinction.
However, the abrupt cold spell that followed the eruption would still have significantly impacted day-to-day life for Neanderthals and early humans in Europe. Black and colleagues point out that temperatures in Western Europe would have decreased by an average of 2 to 4 degrees Celsius during the year following the eruption. These unusual conditions, they write, may have directly influenced survival and day-to-day life for Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans alike, and emphasize the resilience of anatomically modern humans in the face of abrupt and adverse changes in the environment.


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--BIG BANG Ignited by a Star in a Four-Dimensional Universe Collapsing into a Black Hole, say Research

BIG BANG Ignited by a Star in a Four-Dimensional Universe Collapsing into a Black Hole, say Researchers!

The Big Bang has never been fully explained and in fact the biggest question is “ WHAT CAUSED IT TO HAPPEN ?
” What caused the Big Bang cataclysmic event – the one that blasted our universe into existence 13.7 billion years ago ?
before the big bang .
It ’ s a bit perplexing , but it is grounded in sound mathematics and is it testable ?
What we perceive as the big bang , Three Perimeter Institute researchers argue , could be the three-dimensional “ mirage ” of a collapsing star in a universe profoundly different than our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is understanding the big bang itself , ” write Perimeter Institute Associate Faculty member Niayesh Afshordi , Affiliate Faculty member and University of Waterloo professor Robert Mann , and PhD student Razieh Pourhasan .
Conventional understanding holds that the big bang began with a singularity — an unfathomably hot and dense phenomenon of spacetime where the standard laws of physics break down .
Singularities are bizarre , and our understanding of them is limited .
“ For all physicists know , dragons could have come flying out of the singularity , ” Afshordi @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The problem , as the authors see it , is that the big bang hypothesis has our relatively comprehensible , uniform , and predictable universe arising from the physics-destroying insanity of a singularity .
It seems unlikely .
So perhaps something else happened .
Perhaps our universe was never singular in the first place .
Their suggestion : our known universe could be the three-dimensional “ wrapping ” around a four-dimensional black hole ’ s event horizon .
In this scenario , our universe burst into being when a star in a four-dimensional @ @ @ @ @ @ @ In our three-dimensional universe , black holes have two-dimensional event horizons — that is , they are surrounded by a two-dimensional boundary that marks the “ point of no return.
” In the case of a four-dimensional universe , a black hole would have a three-dimensional event horizon .
In their proposed scenario , our universe was never inside the singularity ; rather , it came into being outside an event horizon , protected from the singularity .
It originated as — and remains — just one feature in the imploded wreck of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that this idea , though it may sound “ absurd , ” is grounded firmly in the best modern mathematics describing space and time .
Specifically , they ’ ve used the tools of holography to “ turn the big bang into a cosmic mirage.
” Along the way , their model appears to address long-standing cosmological puzzles and — crucially — produce testable predictions .
Of course , our intuition tends to recoil at the idea that everything and everyone we know emerged from the event horizon of a single four-dimensional black @ @ @ @ @ @ @ what a four-dimensional universe might look like .
We don ’ t know how a four-dimensional “ parent ” universe itself came to be .
But our fallible human intuitions , the researchers argue , evolved in a three-dimensional world that may only reveal shadows of reality .
They draw a parallel to Plato ’ s allegory of the cave , in which prisoners spend their lives seeing only the flickering shadows cast by a fire on a cavern wall .
“ Their shackles have prevented them from perceiving the true world , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” they write .
“ Plato ’ s prisoners didn ’ t understand the powers behind the sun , just as we don ’ t understand the four-dimensional bulk universe .
But at least they knew where to look for answers .
”

The Big Bang has never been fully explained and in fact the biggest question is “WHAT CAUSED IT TO HAPPEN?” What caused the Big Bang cataclysmic event – the one that blasted our universe into existence 13.7 billion years ago? before the big bang. It’s a bit perplexing, but it is grounded in sound mathematics and is it testable? What we perceive as the big bang, Three Perimeter Institute researchers argue, could be the three-dimensional “mirage” of a collapsing star in a universe profoundly different than our own.”Cosmology’s greatest challenge is understanding the big bang itself,” write Perimeter Institute Associate Faculty member Niayesh Afshordi, Affiliate Faculty member and University of Waterloo professor Robert Mann, and PhD student Razieh Pourhasan. Conventional understanding holds that the big bang began with a singularity — an unfathomably hot and dense phenomenon of spacetime where the standard laws of physics break down. Singularities are bizarre, and our understanding of them is limited.
“For all physicists know, dragons could have come flying out of the singularity,” Afshordi says in an interview with Nature. The problem, as the authors see it, is that the big bang hypothesis has our relatively comprehensible, uniform, and predictable universe arising from the physics-destroying insanity of a singularity. It seems unlikely. So perhaps something else happened. Perhaps our universe was never singular in the first place.
Their suggestion: our known universe could be the three-dimensional “wrapping” around a four-dimensional black hole’s event horizon. In this scenario, our universe burst into being when a star in a four-dimensional universe collapsed into a black hole. In our three-dimensional universe, black holes have two-dimensional event horizons — that is, they are surrounded by a two-dimensional boundary that marks the “point of no return.” In the case of a four-dimensional universe, a black hole would have a three-dimensional event horizon.
In their proposed scenario, our universe was never inside the singularity; rather, it came into being outside an event horizon, protected from the singularity. It originated as — and remains — just one feature in the imploded wreck of a four-dimensional star.
The researchers emphasize that this idea, though it may sound “absurd,” is grounded firmly in the best modern mathematics describing space and time. Specifically, they’ve used the tools of holography to “turn the big bang into a cosmic mirage.” Along the way, their model appears to address long-standing cosmological puzzles and — crucially — produce testable predictions.
Of course, our intuition tends to recoil at the idea that everything and everyone we know emerged from the event horizon of a single four-dimensional black hole. We have no concept of what a four-dimensional universe might look like. We don’t know how a four-dimensional “parent” universe itself came to be.
But our fallible human intuitions, the researchers argue, evolved in a three-dimensional world that may only reveal shadows of reality.
They draw a parallel to Plato’s allegory of the cave, in which prisoners spend their lives seeing only the flickering shadows cast by a fire on a cavern wall.
“Their shackles have prevented them from perceiving the true world, a realm with one additional dimension,” they write. “Plato’s prisoners didn’t understand the powers behind the sun, just as we don’t understand the four-dimensional bulk universe. But at least they knew where to look for answers.”


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--70,000 Years Ago Man Used “Spheroids” To Hunt Before Spears

Scientific Reports , reports that researchers have found stone objects collected by prehistoric humans used to hurl and animals and inflict considerable damage to large animals over distances of up to 25 metres .
Did they use them as weapons against one another ?
The study didn ’ t delve too deep into that possibility , but it does say they used them against competitors !
Perhaps a future study will examine this possibility .
In the meantime , researchers found that 81 % of the stones analysed could have inflicted worthwhile damage over distances of up to 25 metres @ @ @ @ @ @ @ spheroids were used as percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials ; however most of the objects analysed by the team had weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing , rather than simply being as heavy as possible .
This suggests that they could have been selected by Stone Age hunters to be used as projectile weapons .
Spheroids are ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites dating from 1.8 million years ago ( Early Stone Age ) to at least 70,000 years ago ( Middle Stone Age ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ shaped stones selected and transported to places of use making them one of the longest-used technologies on record .
Most hypotheses about their use suggest they were percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials .
However , their size and spherical shape make them potentially useful as projectile weapons , a property that , uniquely , humans have been specialised to exploit for millions of years .
Here we show ( using simulations of projectile motions resulting from human throwing ) that 81 % of a sample of spheroids from the late @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Cave of Hearths , South Africa afford being thrown so as to inflict worthwhile damage to a medium-sized animal over distances up to 25 m. Most of the objects have weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing , rather than simply being as heavy as possible ( as would suit other functions ) .
Our results show that these objects were eminently suitable for throwing , and demonstrate how empirical research on behavioural tasks can inform and constrain our theories about prehistoric artefacts .
The researchers , led by Dr Andrew @ @ @ @ @ @ @ action and embodied cognition at Leeds Beckett , alongside Associate Professor Qin Zhu from the University of Wyoming , Professor Lawrence Barham and Professor Ian Stanistreet from the University of Liverpool , and Professor Geoffrey Bingham from Indiana University , analysed a sample of 55 spheroids ( ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites ) from the Cave of Hearths in the Makapan Valley in South Africa .
Using research on the perception of affordances ( the possibility of an action on an object or environment ) for maximum distance and therefore @ @ @ @ @ @ @ researchers simulated the projectile motions the spheroids would undergo if thrown by an expert .
These simulations were then used to estimate the probability of these projectiles causing damage to a medium-sized prey animal such as an impala .
Previous research has suggested that the spheroids were used as percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials ; however most of the objects analysed by the team had weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing , rather than simply being as heavy as possible .
This suggests that they could have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be used as projectile weapons .
Dr Andrew Wilson explained : “ Whilst other animals have been known to throw objects on occasion , none can match the speed , accuracy and distances that a trained human can achieve .
Humans are uniquely specialised for throwing , both anatomically and psychologically .
Throwing has played a vital role in our evolutionary past , enabling us both to hunt prey and to compete with other carnivores to scavenge carcases .
The ability to damage or kill prey at a distance not only expands the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reduces the risk of close confrontation with dangerous prey .
“ Before the development of throwing spears , our ancestors were faced with the task of finding and using objects suitable for hunting and defence .
Imagine a human , searching for an object to throw so as to cause the most damage possible to a prey animal or a competitor .
Their job is to find an object of an optimum size and weight : large and heavy enough to fly far and cause damage , but not too large or heavy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ throw required for distance and damage .
This is a perceptual task : the person needs to perceive throwing-relevant affordance properties of objects and be able to discriminate between objects that vary in those properties .
Another research has shown modern humans to be exceptionally good at this task .
“ This study applies research about how modern humans perceive the throwing affordances of objects , to provide a mathematical analysis of the stones found at the Cave of Hearths and evaluate the of these objects as projectiles for throwing .
”

Scientific Reports, reports that researchers have found stone objects collected by prehistoric humans used to hurl and animals and inflict considerable damage to large animals over distances of up to 25 metres. Did they use them as weapons against one another? The study didn’t delve too deep into that possibility, but it does say they used them against competitors! Perhaps a future study will examine this possibility. In the meantime, researchers found that 81% of the stones analysed could have inflicted worthwhile damage over distances of up to 25 metres. Previous research has suggested that the spheroids were used as percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials; however most of the objects analysed by the team had weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing, rather than simply being as heavy as possible. This suggests that they could have been selected by Stone Age hunters to be used as projectile weapons.
Spheroids are ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites dating from 1.8 million years ago (Early Stone Age) to at least 70,000 years ago (Middle Stone Age). Spheroids are either fabricated or naturally shaped stones selected and transported to places of use making them one of the longest-used technologies on record. Most hypotheses about their use suggest they were percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials. However, their size and spherical shape make them potentially useful as projectile weapons, a property that, uniquely, humans have been specialised to exploit for millions of years. Here we show (using simulations of projectile motions resulting from human throwing) that 81% of a sample of spheroids from the late Acheulean (Bed 3) at the Cave of Hearths, South Africa afford being thrown so as to inflict worthwhile damage to a medium-sized animal over distances up to 25 m. Most of the objects have weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing, rather than simply being as heavy as possible (as would suit other functions). Our results show that these objects were eminently suitable for throwing, and demonstrate how empirical research on behavioural tasks can inform and constrain our theories about prehistoric artefacts.
The researchers, led by Dr Andrew Wilson, an expert in perception, action and embodied cognition at Leeds Beckett, alongside Associate Professor Qin Zhu from the University of Wyoming, Professor Lawrence Barham and Professor Ian Stanistreet from the University of Liverpool, and Professor Geoffrey Bingham from Indiana University, analysed a sample of 55 spheroids (ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites) from the Cave of Hearths in the Makapan Valley in South Africa.
Using research on the perception of affordances (the possibility of an action on an object or environment) for maximum distance and therefore maximum speed and damage throwing, the researchers simulated the projectile motions the spheroids would undergo if thrown by an expert. These simulations were then used to estimate the probability of these projectiles causing damage to a medium-sized prey animal such as an impala.
Previous research has suggested that the spheroids were used as percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials; however most of the objects analysed by the team had weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing, rather than simply being as heavy as possible. This suggests that they could have been selected by Stone Age hunters to be used as projectile weapons.
Dr Andrew Wilson explained: “Whilst other animals have been known to throw objects on occasion, none can match the speed, accuracy and distances that a trained human can achieve. Humans are uniquely specialised for throwing, both anatomically and psychologically. Throwing has played a vital role in our evolutionary past, enabling us both to hunt prey and to compete with other carnivores to scavenge carcases. The ability to damage or kill prey at a distance not only expands the range of foods available, but also reduces the risk of close confrontation with dangerous prey.
“Before the development of throwing spears, our ancestors were faced with the task of finding and using objects suitable for hunting and defence. Imagine a human, searching for an object to throw so as to cause the most damage possible to a prey animal or a competitor. Their job is to find an object of an optimum size and weight: large and heavy enough to fly far and cause damage, but not too large or heavy as to interfere with producing the high-speed throw required for distance and damage. This is a perceptual task: the person needs to perceive throwing-relevant affordance properties of objects and be able to discriminate between objects that vary in those properties. Another research has shown modern humans to be exceptionally good at this task.
“This study applies research about how modern humans perceive the throwing affordances of objects, to provide a mathematical analysis of the stones found at the Cave of Hearths and evaluate the of these objects as projectiles for throwing.”


sciencevibe--2020-06-02--Grandiose, Eccentric & Impossible! Was Tesla Actually INSANE?

Mad Scientist , yes !
Insane , maybe !
Although Tesla ’ s became everyone ’ s favorite “ Mad Scientist ” – a reputation that he deserved with his ideas for death rays , communication with aliens and feuds with benefactors .
But was he crazy or just really committed to his genius and inventions ?
For instance , we know he didn ’ t really care about money – at least he made no attempt to ‘ cash in ’ on his inventions .
It is important to recognize how essential his work was to the quality of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s light bulb changed the world but , it was Tesla who devised most of the alternating current ( AC ) electrical systems that the today ’ s power grids are modeled upon – worldwide .
And while Edison favored direct current ( DC ) , he went behind Tesla ’ s back and single-handedly patented AC electrical generators , transformers , power lines , and motors – and secured a revenue stream that was hugely profitable .
Edison ’ s claim to fame included the invention of the electric chair and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Topsy who he executed to prove a point for $ 50,000 .
So Tesla who was a true committed visionary was in many ways the polar opposite of Thomas Edison .
Edison was never known as a brilliant man , but as a methodical , determined one .
“ Genius is 99 percent perspiration and one percent inspiration , ” he once said .
Tesla was a nearly unparalleled genius , and he might have been ” Genius is 99 percent inspiration and one percent perspiration , ” – except he worked his @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the business intuition and common sense of Edison , and as a result Edison died rich and one of most famous men in the world , while Tesla died penniless and alone , feeding pigeons .
Tesla ’ s legacy includes the first working large-scale hydroelectric power station , and the first remote control demonstration .
Tesla was also among the first scientists in the world to take X-rays , to design a fluorescent lightbulb , and ( probably the first ) to discover the ideas of radio transmission and radar .
He @ @ @ @ @ @ @ found experimental hints of the resonant frequencies of the earth ’ s atmosphere , which were not to be theoretically and experimentally validated for another 50 years .
He died owning roughly 300 patents .
After years of wildly successful invention , Tesla began to lose his way , making grandiose , eccentric and sometimes completely impossible claims .
He fervently spoke of building a “ teleforce weapon ” capable of melting steel wirelessly from 200 miles away .
Upon his death , a box supposedly containing a death ray part was found @ @ @ @ @ @ @ old equipment .

Mad Scientist, yes! Insane, maybe! Although Tesla’s became everyone’s favorite “Mad Scientist” – a reputation that he deserved with his ideas for death rays, communication with aliens and feuds with benefactors. But was he crazy or just really committed to his genius and inventions? For instance, we know he didn’t really care about money – at least he made no attempt to ‘cash in’ on his inventions. It is important to recognize how essential his work was to the quality of life that we enjoy today. Edison’s light bulb changed the world but, it was Tesla who devised most of the alternating current (AC) electrical systems that the today’s power grids are modeled upon – worldwide. And while Edison favored direct current (DC), he went behind Tesla’s back and single-handedly patented AC electrical generators, transformers, power lines, and motors – and secured a revenue stream that was hugely profitable.
Edison’s claim to fame included the invention of the electric chair and the public electrocution of animals – including Topsy who he executed to prove a point for $50,000. So Tesla who was a true committed visionary was in many ways the polar opposite of Thomas Edison. Edison was never known as a brilliant man, but as a methodical, determined one. “Genius is 99 percent perspiration and one percent inspiration,” he once said. Tesla was a nearly unparalleled genius, and he might have been”Genius is 99 percent inspiration and one percent perspiration,” – except he worked his butt off. However he did lack the business intuition and common sense of Edison, and as a result Edison died rich and one of most famous men in the world, while Tesla died penniless and alone, feeding pigeons.
Tesla’s legacy includes the first working large-scale hydroelectric power station, and the first remote control demonstration. Tesla was also among the first scientists in the world to take X-rays, to design a fluorescent lightbulb, and (probably the first) to discover the ideas of radio transmission and radar. He wirelessly lit lightbulbs several feet away and found experimental hints of the resonant frequencies of the earth’s atmosphere, which were not to be theoretically and experimentally validated for another 50 years. He died owning roughly 300 patents. After years of wildly successful invention, Tesla began to lose his way, making grandiose, eccentric and sometimes completely impossible claims. He fervently spoke of building a “teleforce weapon” capable of melting steel wirelessly from 200 miles away. Upon his death, a box supposedly containing a death ray part was found to contain only a basic piece of old equipment.
Via: Real Clear Science


sciencevibe--2020-06-04--Insight Into Einstein’s Secret for Solving Problems

Einstein is quoted as having said that if he had one hour to save the world he would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem and only five minutes finding the solution .
Here ’ s the quote : “ If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution , I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask , for once I know the proper question , I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.
” Albert Einstein ( 1879 – 1955 ) was both a Physicist @ @ @ @ @ @ @ his official Bio – The following autobiography/biography was written at the time Einstein received the Nobel Prize award and was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel .
It was later edited and republished inFrom Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921 , Elsevier Publishing Company , Amsterdam , 1967 .
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm , in Württemberg , Germany , on March 14 , 1879 .
Six weeks later the family moved to Munich , where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium .
Later , they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ education at Aarau , Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics .
In 1901 , the year he gained his diploma , he acquired Swiss citizenship and , as he was unable to find a teaching post , he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office .
In 1905 he obtained his doctor ’ s degree .
During his stay at the Patent Office , and in his spare time , he produced @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne .
In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich , in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague , returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post .
In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin .
He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics @ @ @ @ @ @ @ States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945 .
After World War II , Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement , he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel , which he declined , and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem .
Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them .
He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages @ @ @ @ @ @ @ He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance .
At the start of his scientific work , Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field .
He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory : this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules .
He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low @ @ @ @ @ @ @ foundation of the photon theory of light .
In his early days in Berlin , Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity .
During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics .
In the 1920 ’ s , Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories , although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum @ @ @ @ @ @ @ work in America .
He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology .
After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics , taking the opposite approach , geometrisation , to the majority of physicists .
Einstein ’ s researches are , of course , well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity ( 1905 ) , Relativity @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ) , General Theory of Relativity ( 1916 ) , Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement ( 1926 ) , and The Evolution of Physics ( 1938 ) .
Among his non-scientific works , About Zionism ( 1930 ) , Why War ?
( 1933 ) , My Philosophy ( 1934 ) , and Out of My Later Years ( 1950 ) are perhaps the most important .
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science , medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities .
During the 1920 ’ s he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Far East , and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world .
He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work , including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925 , and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935 .
Einstein ’ s gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and , for relaxation , music played an important part in his life .
He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin , Elsa Löwenthal , who died in 1936 .
He died on April 18 , 1955 at Princeton , New Jersey .
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel .
It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures .
To cite this document , always state the source as shown above .

Einstein is quoted as having said that if he had one hour to save the world he would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem and only five minutes finding the solution. Here’s the quote: “If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.”
Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) was both a Physicist & Nobel Laureate, and here is his official Bio – The following autobiography/biography was written at the time Einstein received the Nobel Prize award and was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished inFrom Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967.
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor’s degree.
During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.
At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.
In the 1920’s, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.
After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.
Einstein’s researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916),Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920’s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
Einstein’s gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.
Via: From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.


sciencevibe--2020-06-03--Phenomenal Pristine Jet Activated After Star Destroyed

“ Newly formed relativistic ejecta decelerate… ” WTF ?
READ ON .
Telescope The “ Size-of-Earth ” Sees Star Eaten !
Imagine a radio telescope network that is the size of the Earth to capture a unique phenomenon in a distant galaxy – that is precisely what Radio astronomers have used .
And they discovered a jet activated by a star being consumed by a supermassive black hole .
The details were published in a paper in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society .
This artist ’ s impression shows the remains of a star that came @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
and a remarkably compact jet , shown in yellow .
The international team of astronomers was led by Jun Yang ( Onsala Space Observatory , Chalmers University of Technology , Sweden ) , studied the new-born jet in a source known as Swift J1644+57 with the European VLBI Network ( EVN ) , an Earth-size radio telescope array .
It ’ s a technique called very long baseline interferometry ( VLBI ) , where a network of detectors separated by thousands of miles are combined into a single observatory , to make @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Swift J1644+57 .
The European VLBI Network ( EVN ) is an interferometric array of radio telescopes spread throughout Europe ( and beyond ) that conducts unique , high resolution , radio astronomical observations of cosmic radio sources .
It is the most sensitive VLBI array in the world , thanks to the collection of extremely large telescopes that contribute to the network .
The three stations from the Russian VLBI Network KVASAR ( Svetloe , Zelenchukskaya , and Badary ) joined the EVN as member stations in November 2009 .
The Korean @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Tamna ) became an Associate Member of the EVN in January 2014 .
“ Using the EVN telescope network we were able to measure the jet ’ s position to a precision of 10 microarcseconds .
That corresponds to the angular extent of a 2-Euro coin on the Moon as seen from Earth .
These are some of the sharpest measurements ever made by radio telescopes , ” says Jun Yang .
“ We looked for motion close to the light speed in the jet , so-called superluminal motion .
Over our three @ @ @ @ @ @ @ have been clearly detectable .
But our images reveal instead very compact and steady emission — there is no apparent motion , ” continues Jun Yang .
The results give important insights into what happens when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole , but also how newly launched jets behave in a pristine environment , and the member of the team , explains why the jet appears to be so compact and stationary .
“ Newly formed relativistic ejecta decelerate quickly as they interact with the interstellar medium in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ we may be seeing the jet at a very small angle .
That could contribute to the apparent compactness , ” says Zsolt Paragi , Head of User Support at the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC ( JIVE ) in Dwingeloo , Netherlands .
The record-sharp and extremely sensitive observations would not have been possible without the full power of the many radio telescopes of different sizes which together make up the EVN , explains Tao An from the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory , P.R .
China .
“ While the largest radio telescopes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sensitivity , the larger field of view provided by telescopes like the 25-m radio telescopes in Sheshan and Nanshan ( China ) , and in Onsala ( Sweden ) played a crucial role in the investigation , allowing us to simultaneously observe Swift J1644+57 and a faint reference source , ” he says .
“ Observations with the next generation of radio telescopes will tell us more about what actually happens when a star is eaten by a black hole — and how powerful jets form and evolve right next to black holes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn , Germany .
“ In the future , new , giant radio telescopes like FAST ( Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope ) and SKA ( Square Kilometre Array ) will allow us to make even more detailed observations of these extreme and exciting events , ” concludes Jun Yang .

“Newly formed relativistic ejecta decelerate…” WTF? READ ON. Telescope The “Size-of-Earth” Sees Star Eaten! Imagine a radio telescope network that is the size of the Earth to capture a unique phenomenon in a distant galaxy – that is precisely what Radio astronomers have used. And they discovered a jet activated by a star being consumed by a supermassive black hole. The details were published in a paper in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. This artist’s impression shows the remains of a star that came too close to a supermassive black hole. and a remarkably compact jet, shown in yellow.
The international team of astronomers was led by Jun Yang (Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden), studied the new-born jet in a source known as Swift J1644+57 with the European VLBI Network (EVN), an Earth-size radio telescope array. It’s a technique called very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), where a network of detectors separated by thousands of miles are combined into a single observatory, to make extremely high-precision measurements of the jet from Swift J1644+57. The European VLBI Network (EVN) is an interferometric array of radio telescopes spread throughout Europe (and beyond) that conducts unique, high resolution, radio astronomical observations of cosmic radio sources. It is the most sensitive VLBI array in the world, thanks to the collection of extremely large telescopes that contribute to the network. The three stations from the Russian VLBI Network KVASAR (Svetloe, Zelenchukskaya, and Badary) joined the EVN as member stations in November 2009. The Korean VLBI Network (Yonsei, Ulsan, Tamna) became an Associate Member of the EVN in January 2014.
“Using the EVN telescope network we were able to measure the jet’s position to a precision of 10 microarcseconds. That corresponds to the angular extent of a 2-Euro coin on the Moon as seen from Earth. These are some of the sharpest measurements ever made by radio telescopes,” says Jun Yang. “We looked for motion close to the light speed in the jet, so-called superluminal motion. Over our three years of observations, such movement should have been clearly detectable. But our images reveal instead very compact and steady emission — there is no apparent motion,” continues Jun Yang.
The results give important insights into what happens when a star is destroyed by a supermassive black hole, but also how newly launched jets behave in a pristine environment, and the member of the team, explains why the jet appears to be so compact and stationary.
“Newly formed relativistic ejecta decelerate quickly as they interact with the interstellar medium in the galaxy. Besides, earlier studies suggest we may be seeing the jet at a very small angle. That could contribute to the apparent compactness,” says Zsolt Paragi, Head of User Support at the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) in Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
The record-sharp and extremely sensitive observations would not have been possible without the full power of the many radio telescopes of different sizes which together make up the EVN, explains Tao An from the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, P.R. China. “While the largest radio telescopes in the network contribute to the great sensitivity, the larger field of view provided by telescopes like the 25-m radio telescopes in Sheshan and Nanshan (China), and in Onsala (Sweden) played a crucial role in the investigation, allowing us to simultaneously observe Swift J1644+57 and a faint reference source,” he says.
“Observations with the next generation of radio telescopes will tell us more about what actually happens when a star is eaten by a black hole — and how powerful jets form and evolve right next to black holes,” explains Stefanie Komossa, the astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany. “In the future, new, giant radio telescopes like FAST (Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope) and SKA (Square Kilometre Array) will allow us to make even more detailed observations of these extreme and exciting events,” concludes Jun Yang.


sciencevibe--2020-06-03--The Inside Story Behind Leonardo DaVinci’s Genius

No where is Leonardo DaVinci ’ s Genius more on display than his perfect Vitruvian Man .
Born on April 15 , 1452 , in Vinci , Italy , Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a “ Renaissance man.
” He possessed a curious mind and keen intellect , and studied the laws of science and nature .
Leonardo DaVinci ’ s work as a painter , sculptor , architect , inventor , military engineer and draftsman is unparalleled by any other living person .
No else do we see how his combined skills and talents of art and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ Vitruvian Man , ” which depicted a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart inside both a square and a circle .
A man ahead of his time , da Vinci appeared to see the future with his sketches of machines resembling a bicycle , helicopter and a flying machine based on the physiology of a bat .
The “ Vitruvian Man ” sketch , and the notes that went with it show how Leonardo understood the proportions of the human body .
Each separate part was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ For example , the head measured from the forehead to the chin was exactly one tenth of the total height , and the outstretched arms were always as wide as the body was tall .
These ideas were not Leonardo ’ s , but were taken from the writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius .
Both men believed that the same principles should be used when designing buildings .
The Vitruvian Man was completed in 1490 byLeonardo DaVinci , and is fundamentally different than previous drawings in two ways : The circle and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ other to form one image .
A key adjustment was made that others had not done and thus were forced to make disproportionate appendages .
As one scholar wrote : “ Leonardo ’ s famous drawings of the Vitruvian proportions of a man ’ s body first standing inscribed in a square and then with feet and arms outspread inscribed in a circle provides an excellent early example of the way in which his studies of proportion fuse artistic and scientific objectives .
It is Leonardo , not Vitruvius , who points out @ @ @ @ @ @ @ so as to reduce the stature by one-fourteenth and open and raise your arms so that your middle fingers touch the line through the top of the head , know that the center of the extremities of the outspread limbs will be the umbilicus , and the space between the legs will make and equilateral triangle ’ ( Academia , Venice ) .
Here he provides one of his simplest illustrations of a shifting ‘ center of magnitude ’ without a corresponding change of ‘ center of normal gravity ’ .
This remains @ @ @ @ @ @ @ pit of the throat through the umbilicus and pubis between the legs .
Leonardo repeatedly distinguishes these two different ‘ centers ’ of a body , i.e.
, the centers of ‘ magnitude ’ and ‘ gravity ( Keele 252 ) .
” This image provides the perfect example of Leonardo ’ s keen interest in proportion .
In addition , this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo ’ s attempts to relate man to nature .
Encyclopedia Britannica online states , “ Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and Vitruvian Man as acosmografia del minor mondo ( cosmography of the microcosm ) .
He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the Because his books weren ’ t published for centuries to come and he wrote in “ mirror-writing ” his impact was too late , many say .
I believe that despite these holdbacks he was one of the smartest , a literal genius , and revolutionary people in history .
He knew so much in so many fields it was truly @ @

No where is Leonardo DaVinci’s Genius more on display than his perfect Vitruvian Man. Born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, Leonardo da Vinci was the epitome of a “Renaissance man.” He possessed a curious mind and keen intellect, and studied the laws of science and nature. Leonardo DaVinci’s work as a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer and draftsman is unparalleled by any other living person. No else do we see how his combined skills and talents of art and science intersected perfectly in his sketch of “Vitruvian Man,” which depicted a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart inside both a square and a circle.
A man ahead of his time, da Vinci appeared to see the future with his sketches of machines resembling a bicycle, helicopter and a flying machine based on the physiology of a bat. The “Vitruvian Man” sketch, and the notes that went with it show how Leonardo understood the proportions of the human body. Each separate part was a simple fraction of the whole. For example, the head measured from the forehead to the chin was exactly one tenth of the total height, and the outstretched arms were always as wide as the body was tall. These ideas were not Leonardo’s, but were taken from the writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius. Both men believed that the same principles should be used when designing buildings.
The Vitruvian Man was completed in 1490 byLeonardo DaVinci, and is fundamentally different than previous drawings in two ways: The circle and square image overlaid on top of each other to form one image. A key adjustment was made that others had not done and thus were forced to make disproportionate appendages. As one scholar wrote:
“Leonardo’s famous drawings of the Vitruvian proportions of a man’s body first standing inscribed in a square and then with feet and arms outspread inscribed in a circle provides an excellent early example of the way in which his studies of proportion fuse artistic and scientific objectives. It is Leonardo, not Vitruvius, who points out that ‘If you open the legs so as to reduce the stature by one-fourteenth and open and raise your arms so that your middle fingers touch the line through the top of the head, know that the center of the extremities of the outspread limbs will be the umbilicus, and the space between the legs will make and equilateral triangle’ (Academia, Venice). Here he provides one of his simplest illustrations of a shifting ‘center of magnitude’ without a corresponding change of ‘center of normal gravity’. This remains passing through the central line from the pit of the throat through the umbilicus and pubis between the legs. Leonardo repeatedly distinguishes these two different ‘centers’ of a body, i.e., the centers of ‘magnitude’ and ‘gravity (Keele 252).”
This image provides the perfect example of Leonardo’s keen interest in proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo’s attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopedia Britannica online states, “Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as acosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the
Because his books weren’t published for centuries to come and he wrote in “mirror-writing” his impact was too late, many say. I believe that despite these holdbacks he was one of the smartest, a literal genius, and revolutionary people in history. He knew so much in so many fields it was truly remarkable.


sciencevibe--2020-06-03--The Puzzling BLACK HOLE PARADOX Confronting Physicists

When Stephen Hawking , in 1974 , famously discovered that black holes , contrary to what had long been thought , actually emit slight amounts of radiation over time he stumbled on to a quandary for physics .
As Hawking pointed , as energy bleeds away from the event horizon — the black hole ’ s outer edge — the black hole should completely disappear .
An important difference between the black hole radiation as computed by Hawking and thermal radiation emitted from a black body is that the latter is statistical in nature , and only its average satisfies @ @ @ @ @ @ @ law of black body radiation , while the former fits the data better .
Thus thermal radiation contains information about the body that emitted it , while Hawking radiation seems to contain no such information , and depends only on the mass , angular momentum , and charge of the black hole ( the no-hair theorem ) .
This leads to the black hole information paradox .
Which holds that that physical information can ’ t be destroyed : All particles either retain their original form or , if they change , that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ first set of particles ’ original state could be inferred at the end .
The interesting fact is that information is lost is reflected in the thermal nature of the emitted radiation .
But any thermal system can be assigned an entropy via the Gibbs law dE = S dT .
which means that black hole information loss is responsible for black hole entropy .
An analogy that has been suggested is to think of a stack of documents that is fed through a shredder .
Even though they ’ re cut into @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the pieces of paper still exists .
It ’ s been cut into tiny pieces , but it hasn ’ t disappeared , and given enough time , the documents could be reassembled so that you ’ d know what was written on them originally .
In essence , the same thing was thought to be true with particles .
But there was a problem : If a black hole disappears , then the information present in any object that may have been sucked into it seemingly disappears , too .
Hawking ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in 1973 where the Soviet scientists Yakov Zeldovich and Alexei Starobinsky showed him that , according to the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle , rotating black holes should create and emit particles .
Hawking radiation reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation .
Because of this , black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish .
Micro black holes are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ black hole information paradox is a puzzle resulting from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity .
Calculations suggest that physical information could permanently disappear in a black hole , allowing many physical states to devolve into the same state .
This is controversial because it violates a commonly assumed tenet of science—that in principle complete information about a physical system at one point in time should determine its state at any other time .
A fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics is that complete information about a system is encoded in its @ @ @ @ @ @ @ function collapses .
The evolution of the wave function is determined by aunitary operator , and unitarity implies that information is conserved in the quantum sense .
As we said it gets complicated…fast .

When Stephen Hawking, in 1974, famously discovered that black holes, contrary to what had long been thought, actually emit slight amounts of radiation over time he stumbled on to a quandary for physics. As Hawking pointed, as energy bleeds away from the event horizon — the black hole’s outer edge — the black hole should completely disappear. An important difference between the black hole radiation as computed by Hawking and thermal radiation emitted from a black body is that the latter is statistical in nature, and only its average satisfies what is known as Planck’s law of black body radiation, while the former fits the data better.
Thus thermal radiation contains information about the body that emitted it, while Hawking radiation seems to contain no such information, and depends only on the mass, angular momentum, and charge of the black hole (the no-hair theorem). This leads to the black hole information paradox. Which holds that that physical information can’t be destroyed: All particles either retain their original form or, if they change, that change impacts other particles, so the first set of particles’ original state could be inferred at the end.
The interesting fact is that information is lost is reflected in the thermal nature of the emitted radiation. But any thermal system can be assigned an entropy via the Gibbs law dE = S dT. which means that black hole information loss is responsible for black hole entropy. An analogy that has been suggested is to think of a stack of documents that is fed through a shredder. Even though they’re cut into tiny pieces, the information present on the pieces of paper still exists. It’s been cut into tiny pieces, but it hasn’t disappeared, and given enough time, the documents could be reassembled so that you’d know what was written on them originally. In essence, the same thing was thought to be true with particles.
But there was a problem: If a black hole disappears, then the information present in any object that may have been sucked into it seemingly disappears, too. Hawking’s work followed his visit to Moscow in 1973 where the Soviet scientists Yakov Zeldovich and Alexei Starobinsky showed him that, according to the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle, rotating black holes should create and emit particles. Hawking radiation reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.
The black hole information paradox is a puzzle resulting from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Calculations suggest that physical information could permanently disappear in a black hole, allowing many physical states to devolve into the same state. This is controversial because it violates a commonly assumed tenet of science—that in principle complete information about a physical system at one point in time should determine its state at any other time. A fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics is that complete information about a system is encoded in its wave function up to when the wave function collapses. The evolution of the wave function is determined by aunitary operator, and unitarity implies that information is conserved in the quantum sense.
As we said it gets complicated…fast.


sciencevibe--2020-06-03--“Astronomy is the History of the UNIVERSE!”

In a nutshell , “ Astronomy is the History of the UNIVERSE !
” Telescopes are time-machines that allow us to see into the distant past .
The deepest images we can see in the Universe are not from today , but maybe as much as 400,000 years or more after the Big Bang .
And we can see that at that time there were no galaxies , no stars , no planets , no people , no familiar elements other than hydrogen and helium .
The cosmos contained nothing but weak sound waves in a near-uniform fog .
And @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of cosmic evolution into a few months of calculation to show how these sound waves developed into the rich structure we see around us today .
A study of their harmonic content gives clues to their origin .
They appear to be an echo of quantum zero-point fluctuations occurring a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang .
Thus our entire world may be a consequence of the nature of this early vacuum .
In a very real sense , everything may have come from nothing .
For that reason “ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Space Telescope has obtained long-exposure images that reveal the faintest objects ever detected providing our deepest look back into space .
An expert explains : “ Some of these objects are galaxies seen during their early developmental stages when they were rich in young , hot , and very luminous stars .
To peer still farther back through time , to reach the era when stars first began to shine , astronomers need a telescope that can detect extremely low intensities of infrared light .
Astronomers need sensitivity in the infrared part of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ young stars in distant galaxies , even though emitted as visible light , has been stretched by the expansion of the universe to appear to us as infrared light .
The Hubble Space Telescope can observe the shortest-wavelength portion of the infrared domain , but its 2.4-meter mirror is too warm and too small to detect the faint glow from the most distant young galaxies .
To observe galaxies in their earliest epochs , the survey report recommends a new , advanced- technology telescope designed to work best in the infrared part of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ million miles from Earth , this telescope will become so cold that its own infrared glow will be insignificant compared with the light from the distant galaxies , something an earthbound telescope could never achieve .
Also , being above Earth ’ s veil of air allows us to see radiation that can not penetrate it , and guarantees the sharpest images the telescope can deliver , free from the turbulence in Earth ’ s atmosphere that handicaps telescopes on the ground .
”

In a nutshell, “Astronomy is the History of the UNIVERSE!” Telescopes are time-machines that allow us to see into the distant past. The deepest images we can see in the Universe are not from today, but maybe as much as 400,000 years or more after the Big Bang. And we can see that at that time there were no galaxies, no stars, no planets, no people, no familiar elements other than hydrogen and helium. The cosmos contained nothing but weak sound waves in a near-uniform fog. And although supercomputers can compress thirteen billion years of cosmic evolution into a few months of calculation to show how these sound waves developed into the rich structure we see around us today. A study of their harmonic content gives clues to their origin. They appear to be an echo of quantum zero-point fluctuations occurring a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Thus our entire world may be a consequence of the nature of this early vacuum. In a very real sense, everything may have come from nothing.
For that reason “astronomy is history” and the Hubble Space Telescope has obtained long-exposure images that reveal the faintest objects ever detected providing our deepest look back into space. An expert explains: “Some of these objects are galaxies seen during their early developmental stages when they were rich in young, hot, and very luminous stars. To peer still farther back through time, to reach the era when stars first began to shine, astronomers need a telescope that can detect extremely low intensities of infrared light. Astronomers need sensitivity in the infrared part of the spectrum because the light from these young stars in distant galaxies, even though emitted as visible light, has been stretched by the expansion of the universe to appear to us as infrared light.
The Hubble Space Telescope can observe the shortest-wavelength portion of the infrared domain, but its 2.4-meter mirror is too warm and too small to detect the faint glow from the most distant young galaxies. To observe galaxies in their earliest epochs, the survey report recommends a new, advanced- technology telescope designed to work best in the infrared part of the spectrum. In an orbit a million miles from Earth, this telescope will become so cold that its own infrared glow will be insignificant compared with the light from the distant galaxies, something an earthbound telescope could never achieve. Also, being above Earth’s veil of air allows us to see radiation that cannot penetrate it, and guarantees the sharpest images the telescope can deliver, free from the turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere that handicaps telescopes on the ground.”
Via: Professor Simon White from Max Planck, Garching, Germany


sciencevibe--2020-06-03--Gigantopithecus blacki: “Better Run Through The Jungle!”

Imagine if you will a gigantic ape , 10 feet tall and weighing up to 1,200 pounds , living with you in the jungle .
Well that what humans did for one million years , a geochronologist at McMaster University has discovered .Jack Rink , associate professor of geography and earth sciences at McMaster , used a high-precision absolute-dating method ( techniques involving electron spin resonance and uranium series ) and determined that Gigantopithecus blacki , the largest primate that ever lived , roamed southeast Asia for nearly a million years before the species died out 100,000 years ago .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , by which time humans had already existed for a million years .
“ A missing piece of the puzzle has always focused on pin-pointing when Gigantopithecus existed , ” explains Rink .
“ This is a primate that co-existed with humans at a time when humans were undergoing a major evolutionary change .
Guangxi province in southern China , where the Gigantopithecus fossils were found , is the same region where some believe the modern human race originated.
” Research into Gigantopithecus blacki began in 1935 , when the Dutch paleontologist G.H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ among the “ dragon bones ” for sale in a Hong Kong pharmacy .
Traditional Chinese medicine maintains that dragon bones , basically fossil bones and teeth , possess curative powers when the fossils are ground into a fine powder , and ingested .
For nearly 80 years , Gigantopithecus blacki has intrigued scientists , who have pieced together a description using nothing more than a handful of teeth and a set of jawbones .
“ The size of these specimens — the crown of the molar , for instance , measures about @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the extraordinary size of the primate , ” says Rink .
Sample studies further revealed that Gigantopithecus was an herbivore , feasting mainly on bamboo .
Some believe that the primate ’ s voracious appetite for bamboo ultimately placed him at the losing end of the evolutionary scale against his more nimble human competition .
Rink ’ s research was funded by Canada ’ s Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council .
Rink ’ s discovery coincides with an invitation to join the renowned New York-based Explorers Club .
Established in 1904 , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ included two polar explorers , the curator of birds and mammals at The American Museum of Natural History , an archaeologist , a war correspondent and author , a professor of physics and an ethnologist .
Sir Edmund Hillary is Club ’ s honorary chairman .
Membership includes an eclectic range of field scientists and explorers from more than 60 countries .
Rink joins McMaster colleagues Hendrik Poinar ( associate professor , Anthropology ) and Ed Reinhardt ( associate professor , Geography and Earth Science ) who are also members .
The above @ @ @ @ @ @ @ McMaster University.Note : Materials may be edited for content and length .
McMaster University , a world-renowned , research-intensive university , fosters a culture of innovation , and a commitment to discovery and learning in teaching , research and scholarship .
Based in Hamilton , the University has a student population of more than 23,000 , and an alumni population of more than 115,000 in 128 countries .

Imagine if you will a gigantic ape, 10 feet tall and weighing up to 1,200 pounds, living with you in the jungle. Well that what humans did for one million years, a geochronologist at McMaster University has discovered .Jack Rink, associate professor of geography and earth sciences at McMaster, used a high-precision absolute-dating method (techniques involving electron spin resonance and uranium series) and determined that Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest primate that ever lived, roamed southeast Asia for nearly a million years before the species died out 100,000 years ago. This was known as the Pleistocene period, by which time humans had already existed for a million years. “A missing piece of the puzzle has always focused on pin-pointing when Gigantopithecus existed,” explains Rink. “This is a primate that co-existed with humans at a time when humans were undergoing a major evolutionary change. Guangxi province in southern China, where the Gigantopithecus fossils were found, is the same region where some believe the modern human race originated.”
Research into Gigantopithecus blacki began in 1935, when the Dutch paleontologist G.H. von Koenigswald discovered a yellowish molar among the “dragon bones” for sale in a Hong Kong pharmacy. Traditional Chinese medicine maintains that dragon bones, basically fossil bones and teeth, possess curative powers when the fossils are ground into a fine powder, and ingested. For nearly 80 years, Gigantopithecus blacki has intrigued scientists, who have pieced together a description using nothing more than a handful of teeth and a set of jawbones.
“The size of these specimens — the crown of the molar, for instance, measures about an inch across — helped us understand the extraordinary size of the primate,” says Rink. Sample studies further revealed that Gigantopithecus was an herbivore, feasting mainly on bamboo. Some believe that the primate’s voracious appetite for bamboo ultimately placed him at the losing end of the evolutionary scale against his more nimble human competition. Rink’s research was funded by Canada’s Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Rink’s discovery coincides with an invitation to join the renowned New York-based Explorers Club. Established in 1904, the Club’s seven founding members included two polar explorers, the curator of birds and mammals at The American Museum of Natural History, an archaeologist, a war correspondent and author, a professor of physics and an ethnologist. Sir Edmund Hillary is Club’s honorary chairman. Membership includes an eclectic range of field scientists and explorers from more than 60 countries. Rink joins McMaster colleagues Hendrik Poinar (associate professor, Anthropology) and Ed Reinhardt (associate professor, Geography and Earth Science) who are also members.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by McMaster University.Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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McMaster University, a world-renowned, research-intensive university, fosters a culture of innovation, and a commitment to discovery and learning in teaching, research and scholarship. Based in Hamilton, the University has a student population of more than 23,000, and an alumni population of more than 115,000 in 128 countries.