sciencevibe--2020-04-07--Scientists Demonstrate “Liquid Light” at Room Temperature for the First Time

Researchers from Italy and Canada have made liquid light at room temperatures for the first time .
The work paves the way for studying quantum hydrodynamics further and for future applications of this new type of matter in electronics devices .
Thanks to technological advances , scientists now have various ways of manipulating matter .
Often times , these result in discovering new types of matter that posses unique properties — like the famous metallic hydrogen and the bizarre time crystal .
The discovery of such materials leads to a wide range of potential applications in electronics .
One of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , ” a strange matter which researchers from the CNR NANOTECH Institute of Nanotechnology in Italy and the Polytechnique Montréal in Canada recently formed at room temperature for the first time .
Liquid light can be categorized as a superfluid , derived from the ability of particles to condense in a state known as a Bose-Einstein condensate .
Basically , it ’ s light that demonstrates liquid behavior , particularly the ability to flow out of its container .
Ordinary light is thought to be composed of waves , but more recent findings @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Superfluid Bose-Einstein condensates follow the rules of quantum physics instead of classical physics .
Usually , they are only able to exist for fractions of a second in near absolute zero temperatures , but this work , published in the journal Nature Physics , proved that is not always necessary .
“ The extraordinary observation in our work is that we have demonstrated that superfluidity can also occur at room-temperature , under ambient conditions , using light-matter particles called polaritons , ” lead researcher Daniele Sanvitto said in a press release .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 130-nanometer-thick film of organic molecules between two very reflective mirrors , which they then exposed to a 35 femtosecond laser pulse blast .
Because of light ’ s strong interaction with the organic molecules , a hybrid light-matter superfluid was formed .
“ Under normal conditions , a fluid ripples and whirls around anything that interferes with its flow , ” Stéphane Kéna-Cohen , the Montreal team coordinator , explained in the press release .
“ In a superfluid , this turbulence is suppressed around obstacles , causing the flow to continue on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ research team looked to potential applications of this new form of matter .
Apart from providing a better foothold in the study of quantum hydrodynamics , the researchers said that it could also expand the study of room-temperature polariton devices — particularly in making super-conductive materials for electronics like LEDs , solar panels , and lasers .
“ The fact that such an effect is observed under ambient conditions can spark an enormous amount of future work , ” the researchers wrote in the study , “ not only to study fundamental phenomena @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but also to conceive and design future photonic superfluid-based devices where losses are completely suppressed and new unexpected phenomena can be exploited .
”

Researchers from Italy and Canada have made liquid light at room temperatures for the first time. The work paves the way for studying quantum hydrodynamics further and for future applications of this new type of matter in electronics devices.
A STRANGE FORM OF MATTER
Thanks to technological advances, scientists now have various ways of manipulating matter. Often times, these result in discovering new types of matter that posses unique properties — like the famous metallic hydrogen and the bizarre time crystal. The discovery of such materials leads to a wide range of potential applications in electronics. One of these is the so-called “liquid light,” a strange matter which researchers from the CNR NANOTECH Institute of Nanotechnology in Italy and the Polytechnique Montréal in Canada recently formed at room temperature for the first time.
Liquid light can be categorized as a superfluid, derived from the ability of particles to condense in a state known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Basically, it’s light that demonstrates liquid behavior, particularly the ability to flow out of its container. Ordinary light is thought to be composed of waves, but more recent findings show that light also has liquid properties.
Superfluid Bose-Einstein condensates follow the rules of quantum physics instead of classical physics. Usually, they are only able to exist for fractions of a second in near absolute zero temperatures, but this work, published in the journal Nature Physics, proved that is not always necessary.
“The extraordinary observation in our work is that we have demonstrated that superfluidity can also occur at room-temperature, under ambient conditions, using light-matter particles called polaritons,” lead researcher Daniele Sanvitto said in a press release.
EXPANDING POSSIBILITIES
The researchers achieved this by putting a 130-nanometer-thick film of organic molecules between two very reflective mirrors, which they then exposed to a 35 femtosecond laser pulse blast. Because of light’s strong interaction with the organic molecules, a hybrid light-matter superfluid was formed.
“Under normal conditions, a fluid ripples and whirls around anything that interferes with its flow,” Stéphane Kéna-Cohen, the Montreal team coordinator, explained in the press release. “In a superfluid, this turbulence is suppressed around obstacles, causing the flow to continue on its way unaltered.”
Naturally, the research team looked to potential applications of this new form of matter. Apart from providing a better foothold in the study of quantum hydrodynamics, the researchers said that it could also expand the study of room-temperature polariton devices — particularly in making super-conductive materials for electronics like LEDs, solar panels, and lasers.
“The fact that such an effect is observed under ambient conditions can spark an enormous amount of future work,” the researchers wrote in the study, “not only to study fundamental phenomena related to Bose-Einstein condensates with table-top experiments, but also to conceive and design future photonic superfluid-based devices where losses are completely suppressed and new unexpected phenomena can be exploited.”


sciencevibe--2020-04-07--Will Milky Way Collide With “Hidden Galaxy?” It’s Coming At Us FAST!!!

Is the FATE of The Milky Way THREATENED by this “ Hidden Galaxy ?
” It ’ s Coming At Us FAST !
!
!
Earlier this year , in a stunning Hubble Telescope photograph , two galaxies speeding past each other at roughly 2 million kilometers appear as one—but they are actually 20,000 light-years apart .
According to NASA , galactic interactions can take many forms .
“ The Milky Way itself will eventually fall victim to [ a collision ] , merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in about 4.5 billion years , ” NASA explained .
“ The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be alarming though ; while galaxies are populated by billions of stars , the distances between individual stars are so large that hardly any stellar collisions will occur.
” Over the years , the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured all kinds of abnormal galactic interactions , including ‘ galactic cannibalism , galaxy harassment , and galaxy collisions , ’ according to NASA .
Now , a new image captured by Hubble has revealed a look at what could be one of the brightest galaxies in the sky .
According to the scientists @ @ @ @ @ @ @ challenging cosmic target , ’ covered by thick layers of cosmic gas , stars , and dust .
The photograph shows the galaxy ’ s bright core peeking through a swirling cloud .
According to NASA , its core is what ’ s known as an HII nucleus , meaning it contains ionized hydrogen .
This region could be responsible for birthing new hot stars .
“ Located very close ( in astronomical terms ) to the Milky Way , this sweeping spiral galaxy would be among the brightest in the sky were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” NASA explains .
“ The galaxy is very active , as indicated by the range of colors visible in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image , depicting the very central region of the galaxy.
” “ A beautiful mixture of hot , blue star-forming regions , redder , cooler regions of gas , and dark lanes of opaque dust can be seen , all swirling together around a bright core , ” the agency added .

Is the FATE of The Milky Way THREATENED by this “Hidden Galaxy?” It’s Coming At Us FAST!!!
Earlier this year, in a stunning Hubble Telescope photograph, two galaxies speeding past each other at roughly 2 million kilometers appear as one—but they are actually 20,000 light-years apart. According to NASA, galactic interactions can take many forms. “The Milky Way itself will eventually fall victim to [a collision], merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in about 4.5 billion years,” NASA explained. “The fate of our galaxy shouldn’t be alarming though; while galaxies are populated by billions of stars, the distances between individual stars are so large that hardly any stellar collisions will occur.”
Over the years, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured all kinds of abnormal galactic interactions, including ‘galactic cannibalism, galaxy harassment, and galaxy collisions,’ according to NASA.
Now, a new image captured by Hubble has revealed a look at what could be one of the brightest galaxies in the sky. According to the scientists, the Hidden Galaxy is a ‘challenging cosmic target,’ covered by thick layers of cosmic gas, stars, and dust. The photograph shows the galaxy’s bright core peeking through a swirling cloud.
According to NASA, its core is what’s known as an HII nucleus, meaning it contains ionized hydrogen. This region could be responsible for birthing new hot stars.
“Located very close (in astronomical terms) to the Milky Way, this sweeping spiral galaxy would be among the brightest in the sky were it not for its dust-obscured location,” NASA explains. “The galaxy is very active, as indicated by the range of colors visible in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, depicting the very central region of the galaxy.”
“A beautiful mixture of hot, blue star-forming regions, redder, cooler regions of gas, and dark lanes of opaque dust can be seen, all swirling together around a bright core,” the agency added.
Source: Daily Mail


sciencevibe--2020-04-04--Lucy had an ape-like brain that depended on caregivers!

I love Lucy , and so did her caregivers !
Surprising finding.. Three-million-year-old brain imprints show that Australopithecus afarensis infants may have had a long dependence on caregivers… “ Lucy and her kind provide important evidence about early hominin behavior .
They walked upright , had brains that were around 20 percent larger than those of chimpanzees , may have used sharp stone tools , ” explains senior author Zeresenay Alemseged from the University of Chicago , who directs the Dikika field project in Ethiopia , where the skeleton of an Australopithecus child was found in the year 2000 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ brains developed , and how they were organized , ” adds Alemseged .
A new study led by paleoanthropologists Philipp Gunz and Simon Neubauer from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig , Germany , reveals that Lucy ’ s species Australopithecus afarensis had an ape-like brain .
However , the protracted brain growth suggests that — as is the case in humans — infants may have had a long dependence on caregivers .
In addition , seven other well-preserved fossil crania from the Ethiopian sites Dikika and Hadar were scanned @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of painstaking fossil reconstruction , and counting of dental growth lines , yielded an exceptionally preserved brain imprint of the Dikika child , a precise age at death , new endocranial volume estimates , and previously undetected endocranial features of well-known Australopithecus fossils .
These data shed new light on two questions that have been controversial : Is there evidence for human-like brain reorganization in Australopithecus afarensis ?
Was the pattern of brain growth in A. afarensis more similar to that of chimpanzees or that of humans ?
Contrary to previous claims , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an ape-like brain organization , and no features derived towards humans .
However , a comparison of infant and adult endocranial volumes nevertheless indicates more human-like protracted brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis , likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning in hominins .
The brains of modern humans are not only much larger than those of our closest living ape relatives , they are also organized differently , and take longer to grow and mature .
For example , compared with chimpanzees , modern human infants learn longer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on parental care for longer periods of time .
Together , these characteristics are important for human cognition and social behavior , but their evolutionary origins remain unclear .
Brains do not fossilize , but as the brain grows and expands before and after birth , the tissues surrounding its outer layer leave an imprint in the bony braincase .
Based on these endocasts the researchers could measure endocranial volume , and infer key aspects of brain organization from impressions of brain convolutions in the skull .
A key difference between apes and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s parietal and occipital lobes .
“ In all ape brains , a well-defined lunate sulcus approximates the anterior boundary of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobes , ” explains co-author Dean Falk from Florida State University , a specialist in interpreting endocranial imprints .
Some have previously argued that structural changes of the brain resulted in a more backwards ( human-like ) placement of the lunate sulcus on endocasts of australopiths , and eventually to the disappearance of a clear endocranial impression in humans .
Hypothetically , such brain @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to behaviors that were more complex than those of their great ape relatives ( e.g.
, tool manufacture , mentalizing , and vocal communication ) .
Unfortunately , the lunate sulcus typically does not reproduce well on endocasts , so there is unresolved controversy about its position in australopiths .
The exceptionally well preserved endocast of the Dikika child has an unambiguous impression of a lunate sulcus in an ape-like position .
Likewise , the computed tomographic scans reveal a previously undetected impression of an ape-like lunate sulcus in a well-known fossil of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A.L .
162-28 ) .
Contrary to previous claims , the researchers did not find evidence for brain reorganization in any Australopithecus afarensis endocast that preserves detailed sulcal impressions .
In infants , synchrotron computed tomographic scans of the dentition make it possible to determine an individual ’ s age at death by counting dental growth lines .
Similar to the growth rings of a tree , virtual sections of a tooth reveal incremental growth lines reflecting the body ’ s internal rhythm .
Studying the fossilized teeth of the Dikika infant , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Tafforeau ( ESRF ) , Adeline Le Cabec ( ESRF/Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology ) , and Tanya Smith ( Griffith University ) calculated an age at death of 861 days ( 2.4 years ) .
“ After seven years of work , we finally had all the puzzle pieces to study the evolution of brain growth , ” says lead author Philipp Gunz : “ The age at death of the Dikika child and its endocranial volume , the endocranial volumes of the best-preserved adult Australopithecus afarensis fossils , and comparative @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and chimpanzees.
” The pace of dental development of the Dikika infant was broadly comparable to that of chimpanzees and therefore faster than in modern humans .
However , given that the brains of Australopithecus afarensis adults were roughly 20 percent larger than those of chimpanzees , the Dikika child ’ s small endocranial volume suggests a prolonged period of brain development relative to chimpanzees .
“ Even a conservative comparison of the Dikika infant to small-statured and small-brained adults like Lucy , suggests that brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis was protracted as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Neubauer .
“ Our data show that Australopithecus afarensis had an ape-like brain organization , but suggest that these brains developed over a longer period of time than in chimpanzees , ” concludes Philipp Gunz .
Among primates in general , different rates of growth and maturation are associated with different infant-care strategies , suggesting that the extended period of brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis may have been linked to a long dependence on caregivers .
Alternatively , slow brain growth could also primarily represent a way to spread the energetic requirements of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ where food is not abundant .
In either case the protracted brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis provided a basis for subsequent evolution of the brain and social behavior in hominins , and was likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning .
Materials provided by Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology .
Note : Content may be edited for style and length .
• Images of brain imprints in fossil skulls of the species Australopithecus afarensis

I love Lucy, and so did her caregivers! Surprising finding..
Three-million-year-old brain imprints show that Australopithecus afarensis infants may have had a long dependence on caregivers…
“Lucy and her kind provide important evidence about early hominin behavior. They walked upright, had brains that were around 20 percent larger than those of chimpanzees, may have used sharp stone tools,” explains senior author Zeresenay Alemseged from the University of Chicago, who directs the Dikika field project in Ethiopia, where the skeleton of an Australopithecus child was found in the year 2000. “Our new results show how their brains developed, and how they were organized,” adds Alemseged.
A new study led by paleoanthropologists Philipp Gunz and Simon Neubauer from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, reveals that Lucy’s species Australopithecus afarensis had an ape-like brain. However, the protracted brain growth suggests that — as is the case in humans — infants may have had a long dependence on caregivers.
In addition, seven other well-preserved fossil crania from the Ethiopian sites Dikika and Hadar were scanned using high-resolution conventional tomography. Several years of painstaking fossil reconstruction, and counting of dental growth lines, yielded an exceptionally preserved brain imprint of the Dikika child, a precise age at death, new endocranial volume estimates, and previously undetected endocranial features of well-known Australopithecus fossils.
These data shed new light on two questions that have been controversial: Is there evidence for human-like brain reorganization in Australopithecus afarensis? Was the pattern of brain growth in A. afarensis more similar to that of chimpanzees or that of humans?
Extended childhood
Contrary to previous claims, the endocranial imprints of Australopithecus afarensis reveal an ape-like brain organization, and no features derived towards humans. However, a comparison of infant and adult endocranial volumes nevertheless indicates more human-like protracted brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis, likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning in hominins.
The brains of modern humans are not only much larger than those of our closest living ape relatives, they are also organized differently, and take longer to grow and mature. For example, compared with chimpanzees, modern human infants learn longer at the expense of being entirely dependent on parental care for longer periods of time. Together, these characteristics are important for human cognition and social behavior, but their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Brains do not fossilize, but as the brain grows and expands before and after birth, the tissues surrounding its outer layer leave an imprint in the bony braincase. Based on these endocasts the researchers could measure endocranial volume, and infer key aspects of brain organization from impressions of brain convolutions in the skull.
Differences in brain organization
A key difference between apes and humans involves the organization of the brain’s parietal and occipital lobes. “In all ape brains, a well-defined lunate sulcus approximates the anterior boundary of the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobes,” explains co-author Dean Falk from Florida State University, a specialist in interpreting endocranial imprints. Some have previously argued that structural changes of the brain resulted in a more backwards (human-like) placement of the lunate sulcus on endocasts of australopiths, and eventually to the disappearance of a clear endocranial impression in humans. Hypothetically, such brain reorganization in australopiths could have been linked to behaviors that were more complex than those of their great ape relatives (e.g., tool manufacture, mentalizing, and vocal communication). Unfortunately, the lunate sulcus typically does not reproduce well on endocasts, so there is unresolved controversy about its position in australopiths.
The exceptionally well preserved endocast of the Dikika child has an unambiguous impression of a lunate sulcus in an ape-like position. Likewise, the computed tomographic scans reveal a previously undetected impression of an ape-like lunate sulcus in a well-known fossil of an adult Australopithecus individual from Hadar (A.L. 162-28). Contrary to previous claims, the researchers did not find evidence for brain reorganization in any Australopithecus afarensis endocast that preserves detailed sulcal impressions.
Virtual dental histology
In infants, synchrotron computed tomographic scans of the dentition make it possible to determine an individual’s age at death by counting dental growth lines. Similar to the growth rings of a tree, virtual sections of a tooth reveal incremental growth lines reflecting the body’s internal rhythm. Studying the fossilized teeth of the Dikika infant, the team’s dental experts Paul Tafforeau (ESRF), Adeline Le Cabec (ESRF/Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology), and Tanya Smith (Griffith University) calculated an age at death of 861 days (2.4 years).
“After seven years of work, we finally had all the puzzle pieces to study the evolution of brain growth,” says lead author Philipp Gunz: “The age at death of the Dikika child and its endocranial volume, the endocranial volumes of the best-preserved adult Australopithecus afarensis fossils, and comparative data of more than 1600 modern humans and chimpanzees.”
Protracted brain growth
The pace of dental development of the Dikika infant was broadly comparable to that of chimpanzees and therefore faster than in modern humans. However, given that the brains of Australopithecus afarensis adults were roughly 20 percent larger than those of chimpanzees, the Dikika child’s small endocranial volume suggests a prolonged period of brain development relative to chimpanzees. “Even a conservative comparison of the Dikika infant to small-statured and small-brained adults like Lucy, suggests that brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis was protracted as in humans today,” explains Simon Neubauer.
“Our data show that Australopithecus afarensis had an ape-like brain organization, but suggest that these brains developed over a longer period of time than in chimpanzees,” concludes Philipp Gunz. Among primates in general, different rates of growth and maturation are associated with different infant-care strategies, suggesting that the extended period of brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis may have been linked to a long dependence on caregivers. Alternatively, slow brain growth could also primarily represent a way to spread the energetic requirements of dependent offspring over many years in environments where food is not abundant. In either case the protracted brain growth in Australopithecus afarensis provided a basis for subsequent evolution of the brain and social behavior in hominins, and was likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning.
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sciencevibe--2020-04-04--Teaching Rats How To Drive Helps Them Relax Say Scientists!

We ’ ll bet you never heard of a ROV or rodent operated vehicle ( ROV ) ?
You read that right rodent operated vehicle !
Researchers from the University of Richmond in Virginia have discovered that rats can learn the complex task of navigating a car to the desired goal area .
The motivation is food , of course .
“ I tell my students that they are accountable for what they do with their brains every day of their lives – more challenging and enriching lifestyles lead to more complex neural networks.
, ” opines Dr Kelly Lambert @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Neuroscience at the University of Richmond .
So why rats , well it ’ s because , “ Tasks incorporating complex skill mastery are important for translational research.
” Whoa !
“ The findings that the animals housed in a complex environment had more efficient learning in the driving task confirms that the brain is a plastic organ that is molded by our experiences to some extent.
” “ It reminds us that we can use challenging tasks with preclinical animal work to learn more about human challenging behavior and cognitive systems , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ see that the rats had healthier stress hormone profiles with the driving training .
We think this learning task and operating the ROV may be an animal model for agency or self-efficacy – two elements that are critical for mental health.
” The Enriched environment exposure accelerates rodent driving skills abstract says : Although rarely used , long-term behavioral training protocols provide opportunities to shape complex skills in rodent laboratory investigations that incorporate cognitive , motor , visuospatial and temporal functions to achieve desired goals .
In the current study , following preliminary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to drive a rodent operated vehicle ( ROV ) in a forward direction , as well as steer in more complex navigational patterns , male rats housed in an enriched environment were exposed to the rodent driving regime .
Compared to standard-housed rats , enriched-housed rats demonstrated more robust learning in driving performance and their interest in the ROV persisted through extinction trials .

We’ll bet you never heard of a ROV or rodent operated vehicle (ROV)? You read that right rodent operated vehicle! Researchers from the University of Richmond in Virginia have discovered that rats can learn the complex task of navigating a car to the desired goal area. The motivation is food, of course.
“I tell my students that they are accountable for what they do with their brains every day of their lives – more challenging and enriching lifestyles lead to more complex neural networks.,” opines Dr Kelly Lambert, study author and professor of Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of Richmond. So why rats, well it’s because, “Tasks incorporating complex skill mastery are important for translational research.” Whoa!
“The findings that the animals housed in a complex environment had more efficient learning in the driving task confirms that the brain is a plastic organ that is molded by our experiences to some extent.”
“It reminds us that we can use challenging tasks with preclinical animal work to learn more about human challenging behavior and cognitive systems,” Lambert added. “We also see that the rats had healthier stress hormone profiles with the driving training. We think this learning task and operating the ROV may be an animal model for agency or self-efficacy – two elements that are critical for mental health.”
The Enriched environment exposure accelerates rodent driving skills abstract says: Although rarely used, long-term behavioral training protocols provide opportunities to shape complex skills in rodent laboratory investigations that incorporate cognitive, motor, visuospatial and temporal functions to achieve desired goals. In the current study, following preliminary research establishing that rats could be taught to drive a rodent operated vehicle (ROV) in a forward direction, as well as steer in more complex navigational patterns, male rats housed in an enriched environment were exposed to the rodent driving regime. Compared to standard-housed rats, enriched-housed rats demonstrated more robust learning in driving performance and their interest in the ROV persisted through extinction trials.


sciencevibe--2020-04-02--Scientists Find Evidence of an Ancient Rainforest in Antarctica Indicating a Warmer Prehistoric Worl

Scientists Find Evidence of an Ancient Rainforest in Antarctica Indicating a Warmer Prehistoric World

Researchers have found evidence of rainforests near the South Pole 90 million years ago , suggesting the climate was exceptionally warm at the time .
Researchers conclude that 90 million years ago the Antarctic continent was covered with dense vegetation , there were no land-ice masses on the scale of an ice sheet in the South Pole region , and the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was far higher than previously assumed for the Cretaceous .
A team from the UK and Germany discovered forest soil from the Cretaceous period within 900 km of the South Pole .
Their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and spores shows that the world at that time was a lot warmer than previously thought .
The discovery and analysis were carried out by an international team of researchers led by geoscientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany and including Imperial College London researchers .
Their findings are published today in Nature .
Co-author Professor Tina van de Flierdt , from the Department of Earth Science & Engineering at Imperial , said : “ The preservation of this 90-million-year-old forest is exceptional , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ reveals .
Even during months of darkness , swampy temperate rainforests were able to grow close to the South Pole , revealing an even warmer climate than we expected.
” The work also suggests that the carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) levels in the atmosphere were higher than expected during the mid-Cretaceous period , 115-80 million years ago , challenging climate models of the period .
The mid-Cretaceous was the heyday of the dinosaurs but was also the warmest period in the past 140 million years , with temperatures in the tropics as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ level 170 metres higher than today .
However , little was known about the environment south of the Antarctic Circle at this time .
Now , researchers have discovered evidence of a temperate rainforest in the region , such as would be found in New Zealand today .
This was despite a four-month polar night , meaning for a third of every year there was no life-giving sunlight at all .
The presence of the forest suggests average temperatures were around 12 degrees Celsius and that there was unlikely to be an ice @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time .
The evidence for the Antarctic forest comes from a core of sediment drilled into the seabed near the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers in West Antarctica .
One section of the core , that would have originally been deposited on land , caught the researchers ’ attention with its strange colour .
The team CT-scanned the section of the core and discovered a dense network of fossil roots , which was so well preserved that they could make out individual cell structures .
The sample also contained countless traces of pollen @ @ @ @ @ @ @ first remnants of flowering plants ever found at these high Antarctic latitudes .
To reconstruct the environment of this preserved forest , the team assessed the climatic conditions under which the plants ’ modern descendants live , as well as analysing temperature and precipitation indicators within the sample .
They found that the annual mean air temperature was around 12 degrees Celsius ; roughly two degrees warmer than the mean temperature in Germany today .
Average summer temperatures were around 19 degrees Celsius ; water temperatures in the rivers and swamps reached up @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and intensity of rainfall in West Antarctica were similar to those in today ’ s Wales .
Lead author Dr Johann Klages , from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research , said : “ Before our study , the general assumption was that the global carbon dioxide concentration in the Cretaceous was roughly 1000 ppm .
But in our model-based experiments , it took concentration levels of 1120 to 1680 ppm to reach the average temperatures back then in the Antarctic.
” Materials provided by Imperial College London @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Note : Content may be edited for style and length .
• Johann P. Klages , Ulrich Salzmann , Torsten Bickert , Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand , Karsten Gohl , Gerhard Kuhn , Steven M. Bohaty , Jürgen Titschack , Juliane Müller , Thomas Frederichs , Thorsten Bauersachs , Werner Ehrmann , Tina van de Flierdt , Patric Simões Pereira , Robert D. Larter , Gerrit Lohmann , Igor Niezgodzki , Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben , Maximilian Zundel , Cornelia Spiegel , Chris Mark , David Chew , Jane E. Francis , Gernot Nehrke , Florian Schwarz @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Oliver Esper , Heiko Pälike , Thomas A. Ronge , Ricarda Dziadek .
Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth .
Nature , 2020 ; 580 ( 7801 ) : 81 DOI : 10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5 Imperial College London .
“ Traces of ancient rainforest in Antarctica point to a warmer prehistoric world.
” ScienceDaily .
ScienceDaily , 1 April 2020 .
< www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200401130825.htm > .

Researchers have found evidence of rainforests near the South Pole 90 million years ago, suggesting the climate was exceptionally warm at the time.
Researchers conclude that 90 million years ago the Antarctic continent was covered with dense vegetation, there were no land-ice masses on the scale of an ice sheet in the South Pole region, and the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was far higher than previously assumed for the Cretaceous.
A team from the UK and Germany discovered forest soil from the Cretaceous period within 900 km of the South Pole. Their analysis of the preserved roots, pollen and spores shows that the world at that time was a lot warmer than previously thought.
The discovery and analysis were carried out by an international team of researchers led by geoscientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany and including Imperial College London researchers. Their findings are published today in Nature.
Co-author Professor Tina van de Flierdt, from the Department of Earth Science & Engineering at Imperial, said: “The preservation of this 90-million-year-old forest is exceptional, but even more surprising is the world it reveals. Even during months of darkness, swampy temperate rainforests were able to grow close to the South Pole, revealing an even warmer climate than we expected.”
The work also suggests that the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere were higher than expected during the mid-Cretaceous period, 115-80 million years ago, challenging climate models of the period.
The mid-Cretaceous was the heyday of the dinosaurs but was also the warmest period in the past 140 million years, with temperatures in the tropics as high as 35 degrees Celsius and sea level 170 metres higher than today.
However, little was known about the environment south of the Antarctic Circle at this time. Now, researchers have discovered evidence of a temperate rainforest in the region, such as would be found in New Zealand today. This was despite a four-month polar night, meaning for a third of every year there was no life-giving sunlight at all.
The presence of the forest suggests average temperatures were around 12 degrees Celsius and that there was unlikely to be an ice cap at the South Pole at the time.
The evidence for the Antarctic forest comes from a core of sediment drilled into the seabed near the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers in West Antarctica. One section of the core, that would have originally been deposited on land, caught the researchers’ attention with its strange colour.
The team CT-scanned the section of the core and discovered a dense network of fossil roots, which was so well preserved that they could make out individual cell structures. The sample also contained countless traces of pollen and spores from plants, including the first remnants of flowering plants ever found at these high Antarctic latitudes.
To reconstruct the environment of this preserved forest, the team assessed the climatic conditions under which the plants’ modern descendants live, as well as analysing temperature and precipitation indicators within the sample.
They found that the annual mean air temperature was around 12 degrees Celsius; roughly two degrees warmer than the mean temperature in Germany today. Average summer temperatures were around 19 degrees Celsius; water temperatures in the rivers and swamps reached up to 20 degrees; and the amount and intensity of rainfall in West Antarctica were similar to those in today’s Wales.
Lead author Dr Johann Klages, from the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, said: “Before our study, the general assumption was that the global carbon dioxide concentration in the Cretaceous was roughly 1000 ppm. But in our model-based experiments, it took concentration levels of 1120 to 1680 ppm to reach the average temperatures back then in the Antarctic.”
Story Source:
Materials provided by Imperial College London. Original written by Hayley Dunning. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
Johann P. Klages, Ulrich Salzmann, Torsten Bickert, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Karsten Gohl, Gerhard Kuhn, Steven M. Bohaty, Jürgen Titschack, Juliane Müller, Thomas Frederichs, Thorsten Bauersachs, Werner Ehrmann, Tina van de Flierdt, Patric Simões Pereira, Robert D. Larter, Gerrit Lohmann, Igor Niezgodzki, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Maximilian Zundel, Cornelia Spiegel, Chris Mark, David Chew, Jane E. Francis, Gernot Nehrke, Florian Schwarz, James A. Smith, Tim Freudenthal, Oliver Esper, Heiko Pälike, Thomas A. Ronge, Ricarda Dziadek. Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth. Nature, 2020; 580 (7801): 81 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5
Cite This Page:
Imperial College London. “Traces of ancient rainforest in Antarctica point to a warmer prehistoric world.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 1 April 2020. .


sciencevibe--2020-04-02--New Genetic Information From an 800,000 Year-Old Human Fossil!

Genetic information from an 800,000-year-old human fossil has been retrieved for the first time .
The results from the University of Copenhagen shed light on one of the branching points in the human family tree , reaching much further back in time than previously possible .
An important advancement in human evolution studies has been achieved after scientists retrieved the oldest human genetic data set from an 800,000-year-old tooth belonging to the hominin species Homo antecessor .
The findings by scientists from the University of Copenhagen ( Denmark ) , in collaboration with colleagues from the CENIEH ( National Research @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , Spain , and other institutions , are published April 1st in Nature .
“ Ancient protein analysis provides evidence for a close relationship between Homo antecessor , us ( Homo sapiens ) , Neanderthals , and Denisovans .
Our results support the idea that Homo antecessor was a sister group to the group containing Homo sapiens , Neanderthals , and Denisovans , ” says Frido Welker , Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Globe Institute , University of Copenhagen , and first author on the paper .
By using a technique called mass @ @ @ @ @ @ @ dental enamel , and confidently determined the position of Homo antecessor in the human family tree .
The new molecular method , palaeoproteomics , developed by researchers at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , enables scientists to retrieve molecular evidence to accurately reconstruct human evolution from further back in time than ever before .
The human and the chimpanzee lineages split from each other about 9-7 million years ago .
Scientists have relentlessly aimed to better understand the evolutionary relations between our species and the others , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ lineage .
“ Much of what we know so far is based either on the results of ancient DNA analysis , or on observations of the shape and the physical structure of fossils .
Because of the chemical degradation of DNA over time , the oldest human DNA retrieved so far is dated at no more than approximately 400,000 years , ” says Enrico Cappellini , Associate Professor at the Globe Institute , University of Copenhagen , and leading author on the paper .
“ Now , the analysis of ancient proteins with @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as palaeoproteomics , allow us to overcome these limits , ” he adds .
The fossils analyzed by the researchers were found by palaeoanthropologist José María Bermúdez de Castro and his team in 1994 in stratigraphic level TD6 from the Gran Dolina cave site , one of the archaeological and paleontological sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca , Spain .
Initial observations led to conclude that Homo antecessor was the last common ancestor to modern humans and Neanderthals , a conclusion based on the physical shape and appearance of the fossils .
In @ @ @ @ @ @ @ between Homo antecessor and other human groups , like ourselves and Neanderthals , has been discussed intensely among anthropologists .
Although the hypothesis that Homo antecessor could be the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans is very difficult to fit into the evolutionary scenario of the genus Homo , new findings in TD6 and subsequent studies revealed several characters shared among the human species found in Atapuerca and the Neanderthals .
In addition , new studies confirmed that the facial features of Homo antecessor are very similar to those of Homo sapiens @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Neanderthals and their more recent ancestors .
“ I am happy that the protein study provides evidence that the Homo antecessor species may be closely related to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens , Neanderthals , and Denisovans .
The features shared by Homo antecessor with these hominins clearly appeared much earlier than previously thought .
Homo antecessor would therefore be a basal species of the emerging humanity formed by Neanderthals , Denisovans , and modern humans , ” adds José María Bermúdez de Castro , Scientific Co-director of the excavations in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Findings like these are made possible through an extensive collaboration between different research fields : from paleoanthropology to biochemistry , proteomics and population genomics .
Retrieval of ancient genetic material from the rarest fossil specimens requires top quality expertise and equipment .
This is the reason behind the now ten-years-long strategic collaboration between Enrico Cappellini and Jesper Velgaard Olsen , Professor at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research , University of Copenhagen and co-author on the paper .
“ This study is an exciting milestone in palaeoproteomics .
Using state @ @ @ @ @ @ @ determine the sequence of amino acids within protein remains from Homo antecessor dental enamel .
We can then compare the ancient protein sequences we ‘ read ’ to those of other hominins , for example Neanderthals and Homo sapiens , to determine how they are genetically related , ” says Jesper Velgaard Olsen .
“ I really look forward to seeing what palaeoproteomics will reveal in the future , ” concludes Enrico Cappellini .
The study of human evolution by palaeoproteomics will continue in the next years through the recently established EU-funded “ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( PUSHH ) ” Marie S. Curie European Training Network ( ETN ) , led by Enrico Cappellini , and involving many of the co-authors on the paper .
The research is mainly funded by VILLUM FONDEN , the Novo Nordisk Foundation , and the Marie Sklowowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship and International Training Network programmes .
Materials provided by University of Copenhagen The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences .
Note : Content may be edited for style and length .

Genetic information from an 800,000-year-old human fossil has been retrieved for the first time. The results from the University of Copenhagen shed light on one of the branching points in the human family tree, reaching much further back in time than previously possible.
An important advancement in human evolution studies has been achieved after scientists retrieved the oldest human genetic data set from an 800,000-year-old tooth belonging to the hominin species Homo antecessor.
The findings by scientists from the University of Copenhagen (Denmark), in collaboration with colleagues from the CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution) in Burgos, Spain, and other institutions, are published April 1st in Nature.
“Ancient protein analysis provides evidence for a close relationship between Homo antecessor, us (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and Denisovans. Our results support the idea that Homo antecessor was a sister group to the group containing Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans,” says Frido Welker, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, and first author on the paper.
Reconstructing the human family tree
By using a technique called mass spectrometry, researchers sequenced ancient proteins from dental enamel, and confidently determined the position of Homo antecessor in the human family tree.
The new molecular method, palaeoproteomics, developed by researchers at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, enables scientists to retrieve molecular evidence to accurately reconstruct human evolution from further back in time than ever before.
The human and the chimpanzee lineages split from each other about 9-7 million years ago. Scientists have relentlessly aimed to better understand the evolutionary relations between our species and the others, all now extinct, in the human lineage.
“Much of what we know so far is based either on the results of ancient DNA analysis, or on observations of the shape and the physical structure of fossils. Because of the chemical degradation of DNA over time, the oldest human DNA retrieved so far is dated at no more than approximately 400,000 years,” says Enrico Cappellini, Associate Professor at the Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, and leading author on the paper.
“Now, the analysis of ancient proteins with mass spectrometry, an approach commonly known as palaeoproteomics, allow us to overcome these limits,” he adds.
Theories on human evolution
The fossils analyzed by the researchers were found by palaeoanthropologist José María Bermúdez de Castro and his team in 1994 in stratigraphic level TD6 from the Gran Dolina cave site, one of the archaeological and paleontological sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain.
Initial observations led to conclude that Homo antecessor was the last common ancestor to modern humans and Neanderthals, a conclusion based on the physical shape and appearance of the fossils. In the following years, the exact relation between Homo antecessor and other human groups, like ourselves and Neanderthals, has been discussed intensely among anthropologists.
Although the hypothesis that Homo antecessor could be the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans is very difficult to fit into the evolutionary scenario of the genus Homo, new findings in TD6 and subsequent studies revealed several characters shared among the human species found in Atapuerca and the Neanderthals. In addition, new studies confirmed that the facial features of Homo antecessor are very similar to those of Homo sapiens and very different from those of the Neanderthals and their more recent ancestors.
“I am happy that the protein study provides evidence that the Homo antecessor species may be closely related to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. The features shared by Homo antecessor with these hominins clearly appeared much earlier than previously thought. Homo antecessor would therefore be a basal species of the emerging humanity formed by Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans,” adds José María Bermúdez de Castro, Scientific Co-director of the excavations in Atapuerca and co-corresponding author on the paper.
World class-expertise
Findings like these are made possible through an extensive collaboration between different research fields: from paleoanthropology to biochemistry, proteomics and population genomics.
Retrieval of ancient genetic material from the rarest fossil specimens requires top quality expertise and equipment. This is the reason behind the now ten-years-long strategic collaboration between Enrico Cappellini and Jesper Velgaard Olsen, Professor at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen and co-author on the paper.
“This study is an exciting milestone in palaeoproteomics. Using state of the art mass spectrometry, we determine the sequence of amino acids within protein remains from Homo antecessor dental enamel. We can then compare the ancient protein sequences we ‘read’ to those of other hominins, for example Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, to determine how they are genetically related,” says Jesper Velgaard Olsen.
“I really look forward to seeing what palaeoproteomics will reveal in the future,” concludes Enrico Cappellini.
The study of human evolution by palaeoproteomics will continue in the next years through the recently established EU-funded “Palaeoproteomics to Unleash Studies on Human History (PUSHH)” Marie S. Curie European Training Network (ETN), led by Enrico Cappellini, and involving many of the co-authors on the paper.
The research is mainly funded by VILLUM FONDEN, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, and the Marie Sklowowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship and International Training Network programmes.
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Copenhagen The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


sciencevibe--2020-04-02--What Happens If You Fall Into A Black Hole? [CRAZY HYPOTHESIS VIDEO]

Is this the Strangest Journey of all time or what ?
What , exactly , would happen if you fell into a black hole ?
You probably expect that you ’ d be crushed or torn apart but , according to BBC Earth , the story is actually much more bizarre than that .
In fact , the moment you entered the black hole , reality would shift dramatically ; in one sense , you would be instantly destroyed and , in another , you would come out unscathed .
Black holes have always been a mystery to us because @ @ @ @ @ @ @ apply .
Einstein surmised that gravity can actually warp space itself , causing it to curve .
Given a dense enough object , space-time becomes warp , twisting in on itself and shifting reality as we know it .
The gravitational field becomes so strong that not even light can escape .
The event horizon is the point at which the gravitational force counteracts the light ’ s efforts to escape it .
It is full of Hawking radiation , streams of hot particles that radiate back out into the universe .
With @ @ @ @ @ @ @ radiate away its own mass and vanish .
If you go deeper into the black hole , space becomes curvier until you reach the center , where it is infinitely curved in singularity .
Space and time are no longer relevant and the laws of physics no longer apply .
The rest is a mystery .
Here ’ s what would happen if you were to break those bounds , according to BBC .
Imagine you are plunging into a black hole .
As you accelerate toward the event horizon , your body @ @ @ @ @ @ @ you get to the horizon the more you seem to be moving in slow motion—until suddenly you appear paused , suspending in time , as a growing heat starts to engulf you .
Before you cross into the black hole ’ s darkness , you ’ ve been reduced to ash .
Of course , that is all from an outside perspective .
From your point of view , nothing seems to happen .
You don ’ t feel the stretching , the slowing , or the radiation .
Instead , you ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ no gravity .
That ’ s because the event horizon simply shifts perspective .
An observer who remains outside the black hole can ’ t see through it , but if you were engulfed by it , there is no horizon .
If the black hole were off a smaller size , the force of gravity would likely stretch you out like a piece of spaghetti .
But in a larger black hole , you would likely live out the rest of your life before dying at the singularity .
It would be @ @ @ @ @ @ @ continuum , pulled against your will and unable to turn back .
But isn ’ t that how we already live our lives , not with space but with time ?
In a black hole , space and time actually swap roles .
In that sense , time is what pulls you toward the singularity .
Interestingly , the laws of physics for this are rather nonsensical .
They require that you both be outside the black hole in a pile of ashes and inside the black hole alive as well .
Of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ says information can ’ t be cloned—so you have to be in two places , but there can only be one you .
This is called the black hole information paradox .
In the 1990s , Leonard Susskind argued that there is no paradox because no one would ever see your ‘ clone.
’ Though the perspective of an outsider watching you getting pulled into a black hole and your own experience inside of it would be vastly different , you would never compare note .
So no laws of physics would actually @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of perspective .
Physicists have spent more than a century trying to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics .
Eventually , one or the other has to give .
But if both your own story and the story of an observer are true , and reality is observer-dependent , all the laws of physics remain intact .
This gives physicists something interesting to grapple with : the connections between complex calculations and space-time .

Amazing Video!
Is this the Strangest Journey of all time or what? What, exactly, would happen if you fell into a black hole? You probably expect that you’d be crushed or torn apart but, according to BBC Earth, the story is actually much more bizarre than that. In fact, the moment you entered the black hole, reality would shift dramatically; in one sense, you would be instantly destroyed and, in another, you would come out unscathed.
Black holes have always been a mystery to us because the laws of physics do not necessarily apply. Einstein surmised that gravity can actually warp space itself, causing it to curve. Given a dense enough object, space-time becomes warp, twisting in on itself and shifting reality as we know it. The gravitational field becomes so strong that not even light can escape.
The event horizon is the point at which the gravitational force counteracts the light’s efforts to escape it. It is full of Hawking radiation, streams of hot particles that radiate back out into the universe. With enough time, the black hole will radiate away its own mass and vanish. If you go deeper into the black hole, space becomes curvier until you reach the center, where it is infinitely curved in singularity. Space and time are no longer relevant and the laws of physics no longer apply. The rest is a mystery.
Here’s what would happen if you were to break those bounds, according to BBC.
Imagine you are plunging into a black hole. As you accelerate toward the event horizon, your body is stretched and contorted. The closer you get to the horizon the more you seem to be moving in slow motion—until suddenly you appear paused, suspending in time, as a growing heat starts to engulf you. Before you cross into the black hole’s darkness, you’ve been reduced to ash.
Of course, that is all from an outside perspective. From your point of view, nothing seems to happen. You don’t feel the stretching, the slowing, or the radiation. Instead, you’re in freefall, and you feel no gravity. That’s because the event horizon simply shifts perspective. An observer who remains outside the black hole can’t see through it, but if you were engulfed by it, there is no horizon.
If the black hole were off a smaller size, the force of gravity would likely stretch you out like a piece of spaghetti. But in a larger black hole, you would likely live out the rest of your life before dying at the singularity. It would be a bizarre life—being sucked in the space-time continuum, pulled against your will and unable to turn back. But isn’t that how we already live our lives, not with space but with time? In a black hole, space and time actually swap roles. In that sense, time is what pulls you toward the singularity.
Interestingly, the laws of physics for this are rather nonsensical. They require that you both be outside the black hole in a pile of ashes and inside the black hole alive as well. Of course, the third law of physics says information can’t be cloned—so you have to be in two places, but there can only be one you. This is called the black hole information paradox.
In the 1990s, Leonard Susskind argued that there is no paradox because no one would ever see your ‘clone.’ Though the perspective of an outsider watching you getting pulled into a black hole and your own experience inside of it would be vastly different, you would never compare note. So no laws of physics would actually be broken—reality would just be a matter of perspective.
Physicists have spent more than a century trying to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. Eventually, one or the other has to give. But if both your own story and the story of an observer are true, and reality is observer-dependent, all the laws of physics remain intact. This gives physicists something interesting to grapple with: the connections between complex calculations and space-time.


sciencevibe--2020-04-02--Scholar Proves Bible Is A Work Of Fiction With Ancient Manuscript

Scholar Proves That King James Bible is heavily edited from the original work An American scholar named Jeffrey Miller announced his discovery will shed light on the King James Bible published in 1611 , came to be .
Jeffrey Miller who came across the manuscript which consisted of 70 handwritten papers that were authored between 1604 and 1608 in ancient archives , and contain biblical commentary , with Greek and Hebrew notes .
The manuscript had remaining undetected and went without any study for centuries .
Now that has been found scholars finding all sort of inconstancies with the original @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the original texts of the Bible were cut out from the ‘ finished product ’ and notable people and events were entirely omitted from the finished text .
So the big question is what is true and what was invented ?
Some argue that this ancient manuscript proves how the Bible is in fact a work of fiction .
Studying the creation of the King James Bible “ is like working with a jigsaw puzzle where 90 percent of the pieces are missing , ” Mr. Campbell said .
“ You can @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but then you find something new and you realize you put it together the wrong way.
” The King James Bible , published in 1611 , was produced by six teams of translators , known as “ companies , ” in London , Oxford and Cambridge , who were charged with creating an authorized version that would support the Church of England against the Puritan influence seen in some earlier translations .
Along with Shakespeare ’ s First Folio of 1623 , it is one of the most influential books in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ common phrases like “ salt of the earth , ” “ drop in the bucket ” and “ fight the good fight , ” to name only a few .
The King James Bible is the English translation of the Christian Bible made for the Church of England which begun in 1604 and was completed in 1611 .
The books of the King James Version contain the 39 books of the Old Testament , as well as a whole section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha , and the 27 books that make @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ordered the translators working in the 6 teams working in London , Oxford , and Cambridge produce a version that addressed the needs of the English Church .
The King wanted an ‘ authorized ’ version of the Bible that would support the English Church over Puritan influence in earlier texts .
Clearly opening the door for editing…and perhaps “ inventing ?
” “ You can actually see the way Greek , Latin and Hebrew are all feeding into what will become the most widely read work of English literature of all time @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It gets you so close to the thought process , it ’ s incredible.
” Miller hopes that the discovery of the manuscript will help to better understand how the bible was written and by whom .
So Miller is wisely doing some fact checking before making outlandish claims “ There was a kind of thunderstruck , leap-out-of-the-bathtub moment , ” Miller , told the New York Times in an interview .
“ But then comes the laborious process of making sure you are correct .
”

Scholar Proves That King James Bible is heavily edited from the original work
An American scholar named Jeffrey Miller announced his discovery will shed light on the King James Bible published in 1611, came to be. Jeffrey Miller who came across the manuscript which consisted of 70 handwritten papers that were authored between 1604 and 1608 in ancient archives, and contain biblical commentary, with Greek and Hebrew notes. The manuscript had remaining undetected and went without any study for centuries.
Now that has been found scholars finding all sort of inconstancies with the original work and researchers argue that entire sections of the original texts of the Bible were cut out from the ‘finished product’ and notable people and events were entirely omitted from the finished text. So the big question is what is true and what was invented?
Some argue that this ancient manuscript proves how the Bible is in fact a work of fiction.
As the NY Times reports:
Studying the creation of the King James Bible “is like working with a jigsaw puzzle where 90 percent of the pieces are missing,” Mr. Campbell said. “You can arrange the surviving pieces as you wish, but then you find something new and you realize you put it together the wrong way.”
The King James Bible, published in 1611, was produced by six teams of translators, known as “companies,” in London, Oxford and Cambridge, who were charged with creating an authorized version that would support the Church of England against the Puritan influence seen in some earlier translations. Along with Shakespeare’s First Folio of 1623, it is one of the most influential books in the history of English and the wellspring of common phrases like “salt of the earth,” “drop in the bucket” and “fight the good fight,” to name only a few.
The King James Bible is the English translation of the Christian Bible made for the Church of England which begun in 1604 and was completed in 1611. The books of the King James Version contain the 39 books of the Old Testament, as well as a whole section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha, and the 27 books that make up the New Testament.
King James ordered the translators working in the 6 teams working in London, Oxford, and Cambridge produce a version that addressed the needs of the English Church. The King wanted an ‘authorized’ version of the Bible that would support the English Church over Puritan influence in earlier texts. Clearly opening the door for editing…and perhaps “inventing?”
“You can actually see the way Greek, Latin and Hebrew are all feeding into what will become the most widely read work of English literature of all time,” Professor Miller said. “It gets you so close to the thought process, it’s incredible.”
.
Miller hopes that the discovery of the manuscript will help to better understand how the bible was written and by whom. So Miller is wisely doing some fact checking before making outlandish claims
“There was a kind of thunderstruck, leap-out-of-the-bathtub moment,” Miller, told the New York Times in an interview. “But then comes the laborious process of making sure you are correct.”


sciencevibe--2020-03-26--Video: Butterfly Swarm Attack Man!!!!!

Video: Butterfly Swarm Attack Man!!!!!

On April Fool ’ s Day , 2010 Qualcomm convened a press conference to explain that the victims had recently @ @ @ @ @ displays which used technology that mimicked the reflection of light off of butterfly wings .
@ @ @ @ @ apparently triggered aggression among wild butterflies .
It was a carefully orchestrated Butterfly Attack hoax @ @ @ @ @ of years past , boost employee morale and help solidify social media presence .
Qualcomm @ @ @ @ @ create the following videos .
Each tells a piece of the three-part butterfly attack story @ @ @ @ @ the most attention , amassing 288,000 views in two day How is that for an @ @ @ @ @ ?

Qualcomm Mirasol Displays Trigger Violent Attack!!!
On April Fool’s Day, 2010 Qualcomm convened a press conference to explain that the victims had recently stolen prototypes of its Mirasol displays which used technology that mimicked the reflection of light off of butterfly wings. They explained that the displays apparently triggered aggression among wild butterflies.
It was a carefully orchestrated Butterfly Attack hoax aimed to best the schemes of years past, boost employee morale and help solidify social media presence.
Qualcomm worked with Viral Factory to create the following videos. Each tells a piece of the three-part butterfly attack story. The second video garnered the most attention, amassing 288,000 views in two day
How is that for an April Fool’s Joke?


sciencevibe--2020-03-18--The Magic of Graphene: 200x Stronger Than Steel and 6x Lighter.

Graphene is 200 times stronger than steel and can be as much as 6 times lighter .
These characteristics alone make it a popular material in manufacturing .
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recently uncovered more properties of graphene sheets that can benefit industry .
Doctoral student Soumendu Bagchi , along with his adviser Huck Beng Chew in the Department of Aerospace Engineering in collaboration with Harley Johnson from Mechanical Sciences and Engineering identified how twisted graphene sheets behave and their stability at different sizes and temperatures .
“ We concentrated on two graphene sheets stacked on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ twist angle , ” said Bagchi .
“ We did atomistic simulations at different temperatures for different sizes of graphene sheets .
Using insights from these simulations , we developed an analytical model — you can plug in any sheet size , any twist angle , and the model will predict the number of local stable states it has as well as the critical temperature required to reach each of those states.
” Bagchi explained that bilayer graphene exists in an untwisted Bernal-stacked configuration , which is also the repeated stacking sequence of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is twisted , it wants to untwist back to its original state because that ’ s the most stable state and placement of the atoms .
“ When the twisted atomic structure is heated , it tends to rotate back , but there are certain magic twist angles at which the structure remains stable below a specific temperature .
And , there is a size dependency as well .
What ’ s exciting about our work is , depending upon the size of the graphene sheet , we can predict how many stable @ @ @ @ @ @ @ twist angles at these stable states , as well as the range of temperatures required for twisted graphene to transition from one stable state to another , ” Bagchi said .
According to Chew , manufacturers have been trying to make graphene transistors , and twisted graphene bilayers are known to exhibit exciting electronic properties .
In manufacturing these graphene transistors , it ’ s important to know what temperature will excite the material to achieve a certain rotation or mechanical response .
“ They ’ ve known that a graphene sheet has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ second sheet at an angle yields new unique properties .
But a single atomic sheet is not easy to manipulate .
Fundamentally , this study answers questions about how twisted graphene sheets behave under thermal loading , and provides insights into the self-alignment mechanisms and forces at the atomic level .
This could potentially pave the way for manufacturers to achieve fine control over the twist angle of 2D material structures .
They can directly plug in parameters into the model to understand the necessary conditions required to achieve a specific twisted state.
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ the 2D properties of materials like this .
It is a very fundamental study , and one that began as a different project , when he bumped into something unusual .
“ He noticed that the graphene sheets showed some temperature dependence , ” Chew said .
“ We wondered why it behaved this way — not like a normal material .
“ In normal materials , the interface is typically very strong .
With graphene , the interface is very weak allowing the layers to slide and rotate .
Observing this interesting @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This is the beauty of discovery in science.
” Materials provided by University of Illinois Grainger College of Engineering .
Note : Content may be edited for style and length .

Graphene is 200 times stronger than steel and can be as much as 6 times lighter. These characteristics alone make it a popular material in manufacturing. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recently uncovered more properties of graphene sheets that can benefit industry.
Doctoral student Soumendu Bagchi, along with his adviser Huck Beng Chew in the Department of Aerospace Engineering in collaboration with Harley Johnson from Mechanical Sciences and Engineering identified how twisted graphene sheets behave and their stability at different sizes and temperatures.
“We concentrated on two graphene sheets stacked on top of each other but with a twist angle,” said Bagchi. “We did atomistic simulations at different temperatures for different sizes of graphene sheets. Using insights from these simulations, we developed an analytical model — you can plug in any sheet size, any twist angle, and the model will predict the number of local stable states it has as well as the critical temperature required to reach each of those states.”
Bagchi explained that bilayer graphene exists in an untwisted Bernal-stacked configuration, which is also the repeated stacking sequence of crystalline hexagonal graphite. When bilayer graphene is twisted, it wants to untwist back to its original state because that’s the most stable state and placement of the atoms.
“When the twisted atomic structure is heated, it tends to rotate back, but there are certain magic twist angles at which the structure remains stable below a specific temperature. And, there is a size dependency as well. What’s exciting about our work is, depending upon the size of the graphene sheet, we can predict how many stable states you will have, the magic twist angles at these stable states, as well as the range of temperatures required for twisted graphene to transition from one stable state to another,” Bagchi said.
According to Chew, manufacturers have been trying to make graphene transistors, and twisted graphene bilayers are known to exhibit exciting electronic properties. In manufacturing these graphene transistors, it’s important to know what temperature will excite the material to achieve a certain rotation or mechanical response.
“They’ve known that a graphene sheet has certain electronic properties, and adding a second sheet at an angle yields new unique properties. But a single atomic sheet is not easy to manipulate. Fundamentally, this study answers questions about how twisted graphene sheets behave under thermal loading, and provides insights into the self-alignment mechanisms and forces at the atomic level. This could potentially pave the way for manufacturers to achieve fine control over the twist angle of 2D material structures. They can directly plug in parameters into the model to understand the necessary conditions required to achieve a specific twisted state.”
Bagchi said no one has studied the 2D properties of materials like this. It is a very fundamental study, and one that began as a different project, when he bumped into something unusual.
“He noticed that the graphene sheets showed some temperature dependence,” Chew said. “We wondered why it behaved this way — not like a normal material.
“In normal materials, the interface is typically very strong. With graphene, the interface is very weak allowing the layers to slide and rotate. Observing this interesting temperature dependency wasn’t planned. This is the beauty of discovery in science.”
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Illinois Grainger College of Engineering. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


sciencevibe--2020-03-05--If These 4 Signs Are Labeled To You-You Are Probably More Intelligent Than You Think

You don ` t have to take an IQ test to prove your intelligence anymore .
Scientists discover four signs of intelligence that distinguish intelligent people from the mass .
Check if some apply to you : 1 .
You ’ re politically liberal .
People with high IQ levels are usually socially liberal in their outlook and in most of the cases , this is all because of evolutionary reasons .
The evolutionary psychologist at the London School of Economics and Political Science , Satoshi Kanazawa , claims that smart people would rather seek for novel ideas , than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stated : “ General intelligence , the ability to think and reason , endowed our ancestors with advantages in solving evolutionarily novel problems for which they did not have innate solutions , ” “ As a result , intelligent people are more likely to recognize and understand such novel entities and situations than less intelligent people.
” This is confirmed by another study conducted by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health .
The results showed that young adults that scored averagely , an IQ of 106 , identify themselves as “ very @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ones that identify as “ very conservative ” and had shown lower IQ level – 95 .
This strengthened the Kazanawas ` assertion that we mentioned before .
Another study found that for the countries that are known to be more conservative in political outlooks and policies , the citizens score lower on international tests of mathematics achievement .
Overall , we can make a conclusion that there is a strong correlation between intelligence form the one side and the social an economic liberal views from the other side .
2.You drink alcohol @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in our evolutionary growth .
It sounds a little bit strange , but science has confirmed this .
Consuming alcohol may be a sign of intelligence .
Again , Satoshi Kanazawa and colleagues conducted a study which this time included young Brits and Americans .
The results showed that teenagers that scored higher IQ ` s tend to drink more alcohol in adulthood opposed to the others , who were less intelligent .
Generally , the high IQ measured on teenagers was mostly based on their health habits .
On the other side @ @ @ @ @ @ @ be relevant for alcohol consumption .
Kanazava explains that these results represent the effects of the natural ability of intelligent individuals to develop evolutionarily novel values .
Consumption of alcohol , tobacco , and drugs are considered to be evolutionarily novel .
3.You have used recreational drugs The studies that take into consideration drug use showed similar results .
Researchers James W. White Ph.D. and colleagues , in 2012 , conducted a study that included 6000 Brits born in 1958 .
The goal set was proving the connection between the high IQ in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ later in life .
And , their final conclusion was : “ High IQ at 11 years was associated with a greater likelihood of using selected illegal drugs 31 years later , ” They argue that “ in contrast to most studies on the association between childhood IQ and later health , ” their study serves as proof that “ a high childhood IQ may prompt the adoption of behaviors that are potentially harmful to health in adulthood.
” However , the study doesn ` t claim that people with higher IQ are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ It just proved that intelligent people like to make more experiments at some stage in their life ’ s .
4.You ’ re thin .
A study from 2006 , shows that intelligence is correlated with the volume of your waistline .
The researchers gathered the data from 2,223 healthy workers aged 32 to 62 years .
The ones who stick to healthier behaviors , and obviously had a smaller waistline , scored better than the rest .
A different type of study showed a reverse correlation between the level of intelligence in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in adulthood .
The participants were then around 11 years old , and the results indicated that those who scored lower on verbal and non-verbal tests were more likely to be overweight in their 40s .
Finally , we can make a conclusion that intelligent people are more likely to accept behaviors and ideas that are different from conservative ways of thinking and behaving .
They are the type to seek out novel ideas and experiences , even if this leads to some risk-taking behaviors .
In general , they like eating healthily @ @ @ @ @ @

You don`t have to take an IQ test to prove your intelligence anymore. Scientists discover four signs of intelligence that distinguish intelligent people from the mass.
Check if some apply to you:
1. You’re politically liberal.
People with high IQ levels are usually socially liberal in their outlook and in most of the cases, this is all because of evolutionary reasons.
The evolutionary psychologist at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Satoshi Kanazawa, claims that smart people would rather seek for novel ideas, than sticking to conservative ones.
Kanazawa once stated: “General intelligence, the ability to think and reason, endowed our ancestors with advantages in solving evolutionarily novel problems for which they did not have innate solutions,” “As a result, intelligent people are more likely to recognize and understand such novel entities and situations than less intelligent people.”
This is confirmed by another study conducted by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The results showed that young adults that scored averagely, an IQ of 106, identify themselves as “very liberal”, as opposed to the ones that identify as “very conservative” and had shown lower IQ level – 95. This strengthened the Kazanawas` assertion that we mentioned before.
Another study found that for the countries that are known to be more conservative in political outlooks and policies, the citizens score lower on international tests of mathematics achievement.
Overall, we can make a conclusion that there is a strong correlation between intelligence form the one side and the social an economic liberal views from the other side.
2.You drink alcohol regularly.
Probably, the reason lays in our evolutionary growth. It sounds a little bit strange, but science has confirmed this. Consuming alcohol may be a sign of intelligence.
Again, Satoshi Kanazawa and colleagues conducted a study which this time included young Brits and Americans. The results showed that teenagers that scored higher IQ`s tend to drink more alcohol in adulthood opposed to the others, who were less intelligent.
Generally, the high IQ measured on teenagers was mostly based on their health habits. On the other side, the same correlation was proved to be relevant for alcohol consumption. Kanazava explains that these results represent the effects of the natural ability of intelligent individuals to develop evolutionarily novel values. Consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs are considered to be evolutionarily novel.
3.You have used recreational drugs
The studies that take into consideration drug use showed similar results.
Researchers James W. White Ph.D. and colleagues, in 2012, conducted a study that included 6000 Brits born in 1958. The goal set was proving the connection between the high IQ in childhood and the use of illegal drugs later in life. And, their final conclusion was: “High IQ at 11 years was associated with a greater likelihood of using selected illegal drugs 31 years later,”
They argue that “in contrast to most studies on the association between childhood IQ and later health,” their study serves as proof that “a high childhood IQ may prompt the adoption of behaviors that are potentially harmful to health in adulthood.”
However, the study doesn`t claim that people with higher IQ are more likely to become drug addicts. It just proved that intelligent people like to make more experiments at some stage in their life’s.
4.You’re thin.
A study from 2006, shows that intelligence is correlated with the volume of your waistline.
The researchers gathered the data from 2,223 healthy workers aged 32 to 62 years. The ones who stick to healthier behaviors, and obviously had a smaller waistline, scored better than the rest.
A different type of study showed a reverse correlation between the level of intelligence in childhood, and obesity and weight gain in adulthood. The participants were then around 11 years old, and the results indicated that those who scored lower on verbal and non-verbal tests were more likely to be overweight in their 40s.
Finally, we can make a conclusion that intelligent people are more likely to accept behaviors and ideas that are different from conservative ways of thinking and behaving. They are the type to seek out novel ideas and experiences, even if this leads to some risk-taking behaviors. In general, they like eating healthily and taking care of themselves.


sciencevibe--2020-03-05--Why Is THIS Map MISSING in the History Books?

By the age of 10 , most children in the United States have been taught all 50 states that make up the country .
But centuries ago , the land that is now the United States was a very different place .
Over 20 million Native Americans dispersed across over 1,000 distinct tribes , bands , and ethnic groups populated the territory .
Today , Native Americans account for just 1.5 percent of the population , and much of their history has been lost , particularly as today ’ s education system is sadly lacking when it comes to teaching @ @ @ @ @ @ @ United States .
Here we examine little-known facts about Native Americans , which should be included in every history book .
TRIBES As of January , 2016 , there are 566 legally recognized Native American tribes in the United States , as determined by the Bureau of Indian Affairs .
Prior to European contact , there were over 1,000 tribes , bands or clans , but sadly , some were completely extinguished as a result of disease epidemics or war .
Today , there is not a single accurate historical map that reflects @ @ @ @ @ @ @ North America in a single time period , as the post-European contact situation was ever changing , with contact occurring at different times in different areas .
From the 16th through the 19th centuries , the population of Native Americans sharply declined from approximately 20 million , to a low of 250,000 .
Today , there are approximately 2.9 million Native Americans in North America .
As of 2000 , the largest groups in the United States by population were Navajo , Cherokee , Choctaw , Sioux , Chippewa , Apache , Blackfeet @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Native American tribes in the United States are typically divided into 8 distinct regions , within which tribes had some similarities across culture , language , religion , customs and politics .
Northwest Coast – Native Americans here had no need to farm as edible plants and animals were plentiful in the land and sea .
They are known for their totem poles , canoes that could hold up to 50 people , and houses made of cedar planks .
California – Over 100 Native American tribes once lived there .
They fished @ @ @ @ @ @ @ acorns , which were pounded into a mushy meal .
The Plateau – The Plateau Native Americans lived in the area between Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains .
To protect themselves from the cold weather , many built homes that were partly underground .
The Great Basin – Stretching across Nevada , Utah , and Colorado , the Native Americans of the Great Basin had to endure a hot and dry climate and had to dig for a lot of their food .
They were one of the last groups to have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ The Natives of the Southwest created tiered homes made out of adobe bricks .
Many of the tribes had skilled farmers , grew crops , and created irrigation canals .
Famous tribes here include the Navajo Nation , the Apache , and the Pueblo Indians .
The Plains – The Great Plains Indians were known for hunting bison , buffalo and antelope , which provided abundant food .
They were nomadic people who lived in teepees and they moved constantly following the herds .
Northeast – The Native Americans of the Northeast lived @ @ @ @ @ @ @ forests .
Some groups were constantly on the move while others built permanent homes .
The Southeast – The majority of the Native American tribes here were skilled farmers and tended to stay in one place .
The largest Native American tribe , the Cherokee , lived in the Southeast .
LANGUAGES It is estimated that there were around one thousand languages spoken in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans .
Today , there are approximately 296 indigenous languages across North America .
269 of them are grouped into 29 families @ @ @ @ @ @ @ isolates or unclassified .
None of the native languages of North America had a writing system .
However , the spoken languages were neither primitive nor simple .
Many had grammar systems as complex as those of Russian and Latin .
There was ( and is ) enormous variety between the languages .
Individuals from clans or tribes just one hundred miles apart may have been completely unable to communicate by speech .
Neighboring tribes often used a form of sign language to communicate with each other .
According to UNESCO : Most @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are critically endangered , and many are already extinct .
In the United States , the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language , with more than 200,000 speakers in the Southwestern United States .
Only 8 Native American languages in the United States have a population of speakers large enough to populate a medium-sized town .
These are Navajo , Cree , Ojibwa , Cherokee , Dakota , Apache , Blackfoot and Choctaw .
Less than 20 Native American languages in the United States are projected to survive another 100 @ @

By the age of 10, most children in the United States have been taught all 50 states that make up the country. But centuries ago, the land that is now the United States was a very different place. Over 20 million Native Americans dispersed across over 1,000 distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups populated the territory. Today, Native Americans account for just 1.5 percent of the population, and much of their history has been lost, particularly as today’s education system is sadly lacking when it comes to teaching the rich and complex history of the United States. Here we examine little-known facts about Native Americans, which should be included in every history book.
TRIBES
As of January, 2016, there are 566 legally recognized Native American tribes in the United States, as determined by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Prior to European contact, there were over 1,000 tribes, bands or clans, but sadly, some were completely extinguished as a result of disease epidemics or war.
Today, there is not a single accurate historical map that reflects the location of Native American tribes in North America in a single time period, as the post-European contact situation was ever changing, with contact occurring at different times in different areas.
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans sharply declined from approximately 20 million, to a low of 250,000. Today, there are approximately 2.9 million Native Americans in North America.
As of 2000, the largest groups in the United States by population were Navajo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Sioux, Chippewa, Apache, Blackfeet, Iroquois, and Pueblo.
REGIONS
Native American tribes in the United States are typically divided into 8 distinct regions, within which tribes had some similarities across culture, language, religion, customs and politics.
Northwest Coast – Native Americans here had no need to farm as edible plants and animals were plentiful in the land and sea. They are known for their totem poles, canoes that could hold up to 50 people, and houses made of cedar planks.
California – Over 100 Native American tribes once lived there. They fished, hunted small game, and gathered acorns, which were pounded into a mushy meal.
The Plateau – The Plateau Native Americans lived in the area between Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. To protect themselves from the cold weather, many built homes that were partly underground.
The Great Basin – Stretching across Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, the Native Americans of the Great Basin had to endure a hot and dry climate and had to dig for a lot of their food. They were one of the last groups to have contact with Europeans.
The Southwest – The Natives of the Southwest created tiered homes made out of adobe bricks. Many of the tribes had skilled farmers, grew crops, and created irrigation canals. Famous tribes here include the Navajo Nation, the Apache, and the Pueblo Indians.
The Plains – The Great Plains Indians were known for hunting bison, buffalo and antelope, which provided abundant food. They were nomadic people who lived in teepees and they moved constantly following the herds.
Northeast – The Native Americans of the Northeast lived in an area rich in rivers and forests. Some groups were constantly on the move while others built permanent homes.
The Southeast – The majority of the Native American tribes here were skilled farmers and tended to stay in one place. The largest Native American tribe, the Cherokee, lived in the Southeast.
LANGUAGES
It is estimated that there were around one thousand languages spoken in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
Today, there are approximately 296 indigenous languages across North America. 269 of them are grouped into 29 families, while the remaining 28 languages are isolates or unclassified.
None of the native languages of North America had a writing system. However, the spoken languages were neither primitive nor simple. Many had grammar systems as complex as those of Russian and Latin.
There was (and is) enormous variety between the languages. Individuals from clans or tribes just one hundred miles apart may have been completely unable to communicate by speech. Neighboring tribes often used a form of sign language to communicate with each other.
According to UNESCO:
Most of the indigenous languages in North America are critically endangered, and many are already extinct.
In the United States, the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language, with more than 200,000 speakers in the Southwestern United States.
Only 8 Native American languages in the United States have a population of speakers large enough to populate a medium-sized town. These are Navajo, Cree, Ojibwa, Cherokee, Dakota, Apache, Blackfoot and Choctaw.
Less than 20 Native American languages in the United States are projected to survive another 100 years.


sciencevibe--2020-03-05--Physicists Just Achieved Quantum Teleportation Underwater For The First Time

Chinese scientists have successfully sent information between entangled particles through sea water , the first time this type of quantum communication has been achieved underwater .
In this proof-of-concept experiment , information was sent across a 3.3-metre ( 10.8-foot ) long tank of seawater , but the researchers predict they should be able to use the same technique to send unhackable communications close to 900 metres ( 0.55 miles ) through open water .
“ People have talked about the idea of underwater quantum communication before , but I ’ m not aware of anyone who has done an experiment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the University of Waterloo in Canada told Devin Powell over at New Scientist .
“ An obvious application would be a submarine which wants to remain submerged but communicate in a secure fashion.
” This is a big deal , because quantum communication – also known as quantum teleportation – promises to allow people to send messages that are protected from prying eyes by the laws of physics .
It ’ s the ultimate encryption .
It ’ s based on the idea of quantum entanglement – that kooky phenomenon Einstein referred to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Basically , quantum entanglement means that two particles become inextricably linked so that whatever happens to one will automatically affect the other , no matter how far apart they are .
Through that mechanism , scientists have already ‘ teleported ’ information across vast distances through optical fibre and even open space .
Earlier this year , a separate team of Chinese researchers were able to use quantum entanglement to teleport information to a satellite in Earth ’ s orbit across more than 500 km ( 311 miles ) .
But up @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the same thing in water , which is notorious for scattering anything we try to beam through it .
Just think of shining a laser pointer into the air and into water .
For this experiment , researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University took seawater from the Yellow Sea and set it up in a 3 metre tank in the lab .
They then created a pair of entangled photons by shooting a beam of light through a crystal .
Whatever the polarisation of one of the photons , its pair would automatically @ @ @ @ @ @ @ were placed at opposite ends of the tank , and the team showed that despite being separated by metres of seawater , they could accurately communicate information between them more than 98 percent of the time .
“ Our results confirm the feasibility of a seawater quantum channel , representing the first step towards underwater quantum communication , ” the researchers write in the journal The Optical Society .
It ’ s still early days , and not only is it important for other teams to now replicate this result , but it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ thing can be done across greater distances , but also in seawater not confined to a tank .
Based on the team ’ s calculations , they predict that it would be possible to achieve quantum communication through open water across a distance of 885 metres ( 0.55 miles ) using photons in the blue-green window .
But New Scientist reports that other groups have calculated a limit of underwater quantum communication of just 120 metres ( 0.07 miles ) .
“ Because ocean water absorbs light , extending this is going to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ physicists from the University of Missouri in Columbia , told Powell .
How far we can stretch this underwater quantum communication remains to be seen , but now that researchers have shown it ’ s possible , it ’ s only a matter of time before the limits begin to be pushed .

Chinese scientists have successfully sent information between entangled particles through sea water, the first time this type of quantum communication has been achieved underwater.
In this proof-of-concept experiment, information was sent across a 3.3-metre (10.8-foot) long tank of seawater, but the researchers predict they should be able to use the same technique to send unhackable communications close to 900 metres (0.55 miles) through open water.
“People have talked about the idea of underwater quantum communication before, but I’m not aware of anyone who has done an experiment like this,” Thomas Jennewein from the University of Waterloo in Canada told Devin Powell over at New Scientist.
“An obvious application would be a submarine which wants to remain submerged but communicate in a secure fashion.”
This is a big deal, because quantum communication – also known as quantum teleportation – promises to allow people to send messages that are protected from prying eyes by the laws of physics. It’s the ultimate encryption.
It’s based on the idea of quantum entanglement – that kooky phenomenon Einstein referred to as “spooky at a distance”. Basically, quantum entanglement means that two particles become inextricably linked so that whatever happens to one will automatically affect the other, no matter how far apart they are.
Through that mechanism, scientists have already ‘teleported’ information across vast distances through optical fibre and even open space.
Earlier this year, a separate team of Chinese researchers were able to use quantum entanglement to teleport information to a satellite in Earth’s orbit across more than 500 km (311 miles).
But up until now, no one had done the same thing in water, which is notorious for scattering anything we try to beam through it. Just think of shining a laser pointer into the air and into water.
For this experiment, researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University took seawater from the Yellow Sea and set it up in a 3 metre tank in the lab.
They then created a pair of entangled photons by shooting a beam of light through a crystal. Whatever the polarisation of one of the photons, its pair would automatically have the opposite polarisation.
These particles were placed at opposite ends of the tank, and the team showed that despite being separated by metres of seawater, they could accurately communicate information between them more than 98 percent of the time.
“Our results confirm the feasibility of a seawater quantum channel, representing the first step towards underwater quantum communication,” the researchers write in the journal The Optical Society.
It’s still early days, and not only is it important for other teams to now replicate this result, but it remains to be seen whether the same thing can be done across greater distances, but also in seawater not confined to a tank.
Based on the team’s calculations, they predict that it would be possible to achieve quantum communication through open water across a distance of 885 metres (0.55 miles) using photons in the blue-green window.
But New Scientist reports that other groups have calculated a limit of underwater quantum communication of just 120 metres (0.07 miles).
“Because ocean water absorbs light, extending this is going to difficult,” Jeffrey Uhlmann, a physicists from the University of Missouri in Columbia, told Powell.
How far we can stretch this underwater quantum communication remains to be seen, but now that researchers have shown it’s possible, it’s only a matter of time before the limits begin to be pushed.