newswars--2020-08-12--Asteroid Psyche might be the remnant of a planet that never fully formed

New 2-D and 3-D computer modeling of impacts on the asteroid Psyche , the largest Main Belt asteroid , indicate it is probably metallic and porous in composition , something like a flying cosmic rubble pile .
Knowing this will be critical to NASA ’ s forthcoming asteroid mission , Psyche : Journey to a Metal World , that launches in 2022 .
“ This mission will be the first to visit a metallic asteroid , and the more we , the scientific community , know about Psyche prior to launch , the more likely the mission will have the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ collecting data , ” said Wendy K. Caldwell , Los Alamos National Laboratory Chick Keller Postdoctoral Fellow and lead author on a paper published recently in the journal Icarus .
“ Psyche is an interesting body to study because it is likely the remnant of a planetary core that was disrupted during the accretion stage , and we can learn a lot about planetary formation from Psyche if it is indeed primarily metallic.
” Modeling impact structures on Psyche contributes to our understanding of metallic bodies and how cratering processes on large metal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ icy bodies , she noted .
The team provides the first 3-D models of the formation of Psyche ’ s largest impact crater , and it is the first work to use impact crater models to inform asteroid composition .
The 2-D and 3-D models indicate an oblique impact angle where an incoming object would have struck the asteroid ’ s surface , deforming Psyche in a very specific and predictable manner , given the likely materials involved .
Metals deform differently from other common asteroid materials , such as silicates , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Psyche should result in craters similar to those observed on Psyche .
An animation video using the team ’ s simulation output shows a theoretical impact scenario that could have led to Psyche ’ s largest crater .
The simulation shows how some material is ejected into space after impact and reveals the crater modification stage , where the impact area shows the resulting damaged material .
“ Our ability to model the impact through the modification stage is essential to understanding how craters form on metallic bodies , ” Caldwell said .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ , the target material behaves like a fluid .
In the modification stage , however , the strength of the target material plays a key role in how material that isn ’ t ejected ‘ settles ’ into the crater.
” The researchers ’ results corroborate estimates on Psyche ’ s compositions based on observational measuring techniques .
Of particular interest is the material that provided the best match , Monel .
Monel is an alloy based on ore from Sudbury Crater , an impact structure in Canada .
The ore is thought @ @ @ @ @ @ @ formed the crater , meaning the ore itself is likely to have extraterrestrial origins .
The modeling successes using Monel demonstrate that Psyche ’ s material composition behaves similarly under shock conditions to extraterrestrial metals .
The modeling tool used in the work , run on a Los Alamos supercomputer , was the FLAG hydrocode , previously shown to be effective in modeling impact craters and an ideal choice to model crater formation on Psyche .
Based upon the probable impact velocity , local gravity , and bulk density estimates , the formation @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was dominated by strength rather than gravity , Caldwell said .
“ It ’ s incredible what we can accomplish with the laboratory ’ s resources , ” Caldwell noted .
“ Our supercomputers are some of the most powerful in the world , and for large problems like asteroid impacts , we really rely on our numerical modeling tools to supplement observational data .
”

New 2-D and 3-D computer modeling of impacts on the asteroid Psyche, the largest Main Belt asteroid, indicate it is probably metallic and porous in composition, something like a flying cosmic rubble pile.
Knowing this will be critical to NASA’s forthcoming asteroid mission, Psyche: Journey to a Metal World, that launches in 2022.
“This mission will be the first to visit a metallic asteroid, and the more we, the scientific community, know about Psyche prior to launch, the more likely the mission will have the most appropriate tools for examining Psyche and collecting data,” said Wendy K. Caldwell, Los Alamos National Laboratory Chick Keller Postdoctoral Fellow and lead author on a paper published recently in the journal Icarus. “Psyche is an interesting body to study because it is likely the remnant of a planetary core that was disrupted during the accretion stage, and we can learn a lot about planetary formation from Psyche if it is indeed primarily metallic.”
Modeling impact structures on Psyche contributes to our understanding of metallic bodies and how cratering processes on large metal objects differ from those on rocky and icy bodies, she noted.
The team provides the first 3-D models of the formation of Psyche’s largest impact crater, and it is the first work to use impact crater models to inform asteroid composition. The 2-D and 3-D models indicate an oblique impact angle where an incoming object would have struck the asteroid’s surface, deforming Psyche in a very specific and predictable manner, given the likely materials involved.
Metals deform differently from other common asteroid materials, such as silicates, and impacts into targets of similar composition to Psyche should result in craters similar to those observed on Psyche.
An animation video using the team’s simulation output shows a theoretical impact scenario that could have led to Psyche’s largest crater. The simulation shows how some material is ejected into space after impact and reveals the crater modification stage, where the impact area shows the resulting damaged material.
“Our ability to model the impact through the modification stage is essential to understanding how craters form on metallic bodies,” Caldwell said. “In early stages of crater formation, the target material behaves like a fluid. In the modification stage, however, the strength of the target material plays a key role in how material that isn’t ejected ‘settles’ into the crater.”
The researchers’ results corroborate estimates on Psyche’s compositions based on observational measuring techniques. Of particular interest is the material that provided the best match, Monel. Monel is an alloy based on ore from Sudbury Crater, an impact structure in Canada. The ore is thought to have come from the impactor that formed the crater, meaning the ore itself is likely to have extraterrestrial origins. The modeling successes using Monel demonstrate that Psyche’s material composition behaves similarly under shock conditions to extraterrestrial metals.
The modeling tool used in the work, run on a Los Alamos supercomputer, was the FLAG hydrocode, previously shown to be effective in modeling impact craters and an ideal choice to model crater formation on Psyche. Based upon the probable impact velocity, local gravity, and bulk density estimates, the formation of Psyche’s largest crater likely was dominated by strength rather than gravity, Caldwell said.
“It’s incredible what we can accomplish with the laboratory’s resources,” Caldwell noted. “Our supercomputers are some of the most powerful in the world, and for large problems like asteroid impacts, we really rely on our numerical modeling tools to supplement observational data.”


newswars--2020-08-12--President Trump Security Helicopter Shot Over Virginia; FBI Investigating: Watch Live

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Tune in as we uncover the most hair-raising news of the @ @ @ @ @ they will lose ; they are now positioning themselves to contest the election .
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Alex Jones Show: Bombshell! CNN Confirms Biden Planning to “Step Aside” After Election, Installing Harris
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On this Wednesday broadcast of The David Knight Show, your host will expose the dirty politician Kamala Harris, who Joe Biden selected as his vice president running mate yesterday.


newswars--2020-08-12--Watch: Trump Unveils Administration’s Back-To-School Plan

President Trump reveals his administration ’ s plan to safely reopen America ’ s schools amid the COVID-19 lockdowns Wednesday @ @ @ @ @ John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he @ @ @ @ @ his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking .

President Trump reveals his administration’s plan to safely reopen America’s schools amid the COVID-19 lockdowns Wednesday from the White House.
White House mirror:
LIVE: President @realDonaldTrump delivers remarks on getting students back to school https://t.co/yKWXYgVYY9 — The White House (@WhiteHouse) August 12, 2020
John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking.


newswars--2020-08-12--Seafood Study Finds Plastic in All Samples

A study of five different seafoods has found traces of plastic in every sample tested .
Researchers bought oysters , prawns , squid , crabs and sardines from a market in Australia and analysed them using a newly developed method that identifies and measures five different plastic types simultaneously .
The study – by the University of Exeter and the University of Queensland – found plastic levels of 0.04 milligrams ( mg ) per gram of tissue in squid , 0.07mg in prawns , 0.1mg in oysters , 0.3mg in crabs and 2.9mg in sardines .
“ Considering an average @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exposed to approximately 0.7mg of plastic when ingesting an average serving of oysters or squid , and up to 30mg of plastic when eating sardines , respectively , ” said lead author Francisca Ribeiro , a QUEX Institute PhD student .
“ For comparison , 30mg is the average weight of a grain of rice .
“ Our findings show that the amount of plastics present varies greatly among species , and differs between individuals of the same species .
“ From the seafood species tested , sardines had the highest plastic content @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Co-author Professor Tamara Galloway , of Exeter ’ s Global Systems Institute , said : “ We do not fully understand the risks to human health of ingesting plastic , but this new method will make it easier for us to find out.
” The researchers bought raw seafood – five wild blue crabs , ten oysters , ten farmed tiger prawns , ten wild squid and ten wild sardines .
They then analysed them for the five different kinds of plastics that can be identified by the new method .
All of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ packaging and synthetic textiles and are frequently found in marine litter : polystyrene , polyethylene , polyvinyl chloride , polypropylene and poly ( methyl methacrylate ) .
In the new method , edible tissues are treated with chemicals to dissolve the plastics present in the samples .
The resulting solution is analysed using a highly sensitive technique called Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry which can identify the different kinds of plastic in the sample at the same time .
Polyvinyl chloride was found in all samples , while the plastic found in highest @ @ @ @ @ @ @ small pieces of plastic that pollute much of the planet , including the sea where they are eaten by marine creatures of all types , from small larvae and planktonic organisms to large mammals .
Studies to date show that microplastics not only enter our diet from seafood , but also from bottled water , sea salt , beer and honey , as well the dust that settles on our meals .
The new testing method is a step towards defining what microplastic levels can be considered harmful and assessing the possible risks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking .

A study of five different seafoods has found traces of plastic in every sample tested.
Researchers bought oysters, prawns, squid, crabs and sardines from a market in Australia and analysed them using a newly developed method that identifies and measures five different plastic types simultaneously.
The study – by the University of Exeter and the University of Queensland – found plastic levels of 0.04 milligrams (mg) per gram of tissue in squid, 0.07mg in prawns, 0.1mg in oysters, 0.3mg in crabs and 2.9mg in sardines.
“Considering an average serving, a seafood eater could be exposed to approximately 0.7mg of plastic when ingesting an average serving of oysters or squid, and up to 30mg of plastic when eating sardines, respectively,” said lead author Francisca Ribeiro, a QUEX Institute PhD student.
“For comparison, 30mg is the average weight of a grain of rice.
“Our findings show that the amount of plastics present varies greatly among species, and differs between individuals of the same species.
“From the seafood species tested, sardines had the highest plastic content, which was a surprising result.”
Co-author Professor Tamara Galloway, of Exeter’s Global Systems Institute, said: “We do not fully understand the risks to human health of ingesting plastic, but this new method will make it easier for us to find out.”
The researchers bought raw seafood – five wild blue crabs, ten oysters, ten farmed tiger prawns, ten wild squid and ten wild sardines.
They then analysed them for the five different kinds of plastics that can be identified by the new method.
All of the plastics are commonly used in plastic packaging and synthetic textiles and are frequently found in marine litter: polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and poly(methyl methacrylate).
In the new method, edible tissues are treated with chemicals to dissolve the plastics present in the samples. The resulting solution is analysed using a highly sensitive technique called Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry which can identify the different kinds of plastic in the sample at the same time.
Polyvinyl chloride was found in all samples, while the plastic found in highest concentrations was polyethylene.
Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic that pollute much of the planet, including the sea where they are eaten by marine creatures of all types, from small larvae and planktonic organisms to large mammals.
Studies to date show that microplastics not only enter our diet from seafood, but also from bottled water, sea salt, beer and honey, as well the dust that settles on our meals.
The new testing method is a step towards defining what microplastic levels can be considered harmful and assessing the possible risks of ingesting microplastics in food.
John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking.


newswars--2020-08-12--WikiLeaks Emails Show Kamala Harris’ Sister Attended Hillary Clinton/Podesta “Pizza Party”

Emails obtained by Wikileaks show the sister of current Democrat vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris was invited to speak at a “ pizza party ” hosted by Tony Podesta .
A March 2016 email chain documents Maya Harris , former vice president of the Ford Foundation and Clinton policy advisor , was a guest of honor to the “ Pizza for Hillary ” RSVP event held April 10 at the home of millionaire Tony Podesta , Hillary Clinton campaign chair John Podesta ’ s brother .
“ John — Hosting pizza party at Belmont for HFA on April 10 .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ you .
Can you come ?
Thanks much , ” an email from Tony to his brother reads .
An official invitation shows Harris was a major attraction at the event , which was also attended by “ Chef James Alefantis of Comet Ping Pong.
” “ On April 10 , join John Podesta , Campaign Chair , and Maya Harris , Senior Policy Advisor and special guest Chef James Alefantis of Comet Ping Pong for a evening of pizza and conversation at the home of Tony Podesta in Washington , D.C. , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ appear in a 2016 Wikileaks data dump of Podesta emails which were slow-drip leaked throughout October ahead of the 2016 election on November 8 , however they are not found in docs highlighted by the organization Tuesday which dealt primarily with Kamala .
The emails also highlighted John Podesta was invited to attend a bizarre “ spirit cooking ” occult ritual dinner hosted by performance artist Marina Abramovic on July 9 , 2015 .
“ Spirit cooking refers to ‘ a sacrament in the religion of Thelema which was founded by Aleister Crowley @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which menstrual blood , breast milk , urine and sperm are used to create a ‘ painting , ’ ” Paul Joseph Watson wrote at the time .
Owen is joined by Tom Pappert to discuss recent news including the new conviction of former journalist Dr. Pizza .

Emails obtained by Wikileaks show the sister of current Democrat vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris was invited to speak at a “pizza party” hosted by Tony Podesta.
A March 2016 email chain documents Maya Harris, former vice president of the Ford Foundation and Clinton policy advisor, was a guest of honor to the “Pizza for Hillary” RSVP event held April 10 at the home of millionaire Tony Podesta, Hillary Clinton campaign chair John Podesta’s brother.
“John — Hosting pizza party at Belmont for HFA on April 10. Maya Harris is joining, but need you. Can you come? Thanks much,” an email from Tony to his brother reads.
An official invitation shows Harris was a major attraction at the event, which was also attended by “Chef James Alefantis of Comet Ping Pong.”
“On April 10, join John Podesta, Campaign Chair, and Maya Harris, Senior Policy Advisor and special guest Chef James Alefantis of Comet Ping Pong for a evening of pizza and conversation at the home of Tony Podesta in Washington, D.C.,” the invitation reads.
The emails appear in a 2016 Wikileaks data dump of Podesta emails which were slow-drip leaked throughout October ahead of the 2016 election on November 8, however they are not found in docs highlighted by the organization Tuesday which dealt primarily with Kamala.
137 documents from @WikiLeaks
on newly announced Vice Presidential Running Mate Kamala Harrishttps://t.co/M5BfZXOjlm pic.twitter.com/MzFJlWK2xb — WikiLeaks (@wikileaks) August 11, 2020
The emails also highlighted John Podesta was invited to attend a bizarre “spirit cooking” occult ritual dinner hosted by performance artist Marina Abramovic on July 9, 2015.
“Spirit cooking refers to ‘a sacrament in the religion of Thelema which was founded by Aleister Crowley’ and involves an occult performance during which menstrual blood, breast milk, urine and sperm are used to create a ‘painting,’” Paul Joseph Watson wrote at the time.
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Owen is joined by Tom Pappert to discuss recent news including the new conviction of former journalist Dr. Pizza.


newswars--2020-08-12--Media Covers Up Biden Holding Phone Upside Down, Using ‘Cheat Sheet’

MSNBC and CNN both used ‘ doctored ’ photos of Joe Biden to hide the fact he was holding his phone upside down and that he was using a ‘ cheat sheet ’ when asking Kamala Harris to be his running mate .
In the original photo shown on the right ( click twice to enlarge ) , Biden is using a cheat sheet so he won ’ t stumble when talking to Kalama Harris .
When MSNBC used the photo ( the version on the left ) , it oddly cropped out the bottom portion so you can ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , however , didn ’ t notice that Biden was also holding his phone upside down , a screw-up that didn ’ t escape CNN ’ s attention : CNN ’ s ‘ lower third ’ broadcast text hid both Biden ’ s upside-down phone and his cheat sheet .
Notice how the cheat sheet looks more like a novella or even a script from a teleprompter .
If Biden is as mentally sound as his media supporters claim , wouldn ’ t a bullet list of points suffice ?
Not surprisingly , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the White House , Kamala Harris would become president once Biden decides to “ step aside.
” “ Joe Biden made the pick that maximized his chances of continuing to make the race a straight referendum on Trump while also selecting someone whose resume suggests being ready to step in , if and when Biden decides to step aside , ” states a tweet by CNN which links to an article by CNN editor-at-large Chris Cilizza .
Perhaps CNN is already tired of having to prop up Joe Biden ?
Alex Jones describes @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Biden ’ s running mate .

MSNBC and CNN both used ‘doctored’ photos of Joe Biden to hide the fact he was holding his phone upside down and that he was using a ‘cheat sheet’ when asking Kamala Harris to be his running mate.
In the original photo shown on the right (click twice to enlarge), Biden is using a cheat sheet so he won’t stumble when talking to Kalama Harris.
When MSNBC used the photo (the version on the left), it oddly cropped out the bottom portion so you can’t see the cheat sheet.
MSNBC doctored the image of Biden calling Kamala to remove the script he was using pic.twitter.com/LZyQ1XTiIG — Jack Posobiec 🇺🇸 (@JackPosobiec) August 11, 2020
MSNBC, however, didn’t notice that Biden was also holding his phone upside down, a screw-up that didn’t escape CNN’s attention:
CNN doctored the Biden-Harris photo to cover up the script pic.twitter.com/AaMJG8creF — Jack Posobiec 🇺🇸 (@JackPosobiec) August 12, 2020
CNN’s ‘lower third’ broadcast text hid both Biden’s upside-down phone and his cheat sheet.
Notice how the cheat sheet looks more like a novella or even a script from a teleprompter. If Biden is as mentally sound as his media supporters claim, wouldn’t a bullet list of points suffice?
Not surprisingly, CNN also suggested that if Democrats take the White House, Kamala Harris would become president once Biden decides to “step aside.”
“Joe Biden made the pick that maximized his chances of continuing to make the race a straight referendum on Trump while also selecting someone whose resume suggests being ready to step in, if and when Biden decides to step aside,” states a tweet by CNN which links to an article by CNN editor-at-large Chris Cilizza.
Joe Biden made the pick that maximized his chances of continuing to make the race a straight referendum on Trump while also selecting someone whose resume suggests being ready to step in, if and when Biden decides to step aside. | Analysis by @CillizzaCNN https://t.co/Ek4d6sfGfT — CNN (@CNN) August 11, 2020
Perhaps CNN is already tired of having to prop up Joe Biden?
Alex Jones describes the effects of Kamala Harris becoming Joe Biden’s running mate.


newswars--2020-08-12--Air Force Helicopter Shot At From Ground Over Virginia, Injuring Crew

In an almost unheard of and unprecedented scenario , an Air Force helicopter was forced to make an emergency landing in Manassas , Virginia after someone shot at the helicopter from the ground .
The incident happened Monday , and military sources are now revealing the dangerous incident , which actually injured a member of the crew .
McClatchy details that a UH-1N Huey helicopter which flew out of Joint Base Andrews — where Marine helicopters which routinely fly members of Congress as well as the president are based ( in the president ’ s case , Marine One , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ housed there ) — was on a routine training flight after an unknown individual or individuals fired on it from the ground .
McClatchy describes the following based on airport and security statements : Officials at Manassas Regional Airport said they received a call at about 12:20 p.m. alerting them that “ a military helicopter was inbound and that paramedics were on the way , ” said airport operations officer Richard Allabaugh .
A second airport official said the injured Air Force crew member was taken to a local facility for treatment .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ an investigation was launched into the shooting incident .
The FBI immediately dispatched special agents to the area to investigate after the Huey landed at Manassas Regional Airport .
“ The FBI Washington Field Office is working jointly with our law enforcement partners , including the Air Force Office of Special Investigations , to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident .
One individual in the helicopter sustained a non-threatening injury , for which he was treated and subsequently released from the hospital , ” the FBI said in a statement .
Federal agents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ s help in identifying who shot at the helicopter .
The type of ammunition used has not been revealed , nor the extent of the crew member ’ s injuries , however they were reported as non-life threatening .
Alex Jones exposes the Dems ’ open attempts to hijack the office of the president if Biden can ’ t steal the election .

In an almost unheard of and unprecedented scenario, an Air Force helicopter was forced to make an emergency landing in Manassas, Virginia after someone shot at the helicopter from the ground.
The incident happened Monday, and military sources are now revealing the dangerous incident, which actually injured a member of the crew.
McClatchy details that a UH-1N Huey helicopter which flew out of Joint Base Andrews — where Marine helicopters which routinely fly members of Congress as well as the president are based (in the president’s case, Marine One, as well as Air Force One are housed there) — was on a routine training flight after an unknown individual or individuals fired on it from the ground.
McClatchy describes the following based on airport and security statements:
Officials at Manassas Regional Airport said they received a call at about 12:20 p.m. alerting them that “a military helicopter was inbound and that paramedics were on the way,” said airport operations officer Richard Allabaugh.
A second airport official said the injured Air Force crew member was taken to a local facility for treatment. The helicopter remained at the airport as an investigation was launched into the shooting incident.
The FBI immediately dispatched special agents to the area to investigate after the Huey landed at Manassas Regional Airport.
“The FBI Washington Field Office is working jointly with our law enforcement partners, including the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. One individual in the helicopter sustained a non-threatening injury, for which he was treated and subsequently released from the hospital,” the FBI said in a statement.
Federal agents are also asking for the public’s help in identifying who shot at the helicopter.
The type of ammunition used has not been revealed, nor the extent of the crew member’s injuries, however they were reported as non-life threatening.
Alex Jones exposes the Dems’ open attempts to hijack the office of the president if Biden can’t steal the election.


newswars--2020-08-12--NASA Suspects Asteroid Actually Metal Core of Failed Planet

Scientists using a supercomputer have created 2D and 3D computer models of the pockmarked asteroid Psyche , revealing that it may be the metal core of a failed planet .
Ahead of NASA ’ s 2022 mission to Psyche , which has been dubbed the ‘ journey to a metal world , ’ researchers wanted to gather as much intel about the asteroid as possible , including its composition .
By simulating asteroid impacts which could have created the vast craters on the space object ’ s surface , scientists have deduced that Psyche , the largest asteroid in our @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is actually “ like a big metal sponge.
” “ Psyche is an interesting body to study because it is likely the remnant of a planetary core that was disrupted during the accretion stage , and we can learn a lot about planetary formation from Psyche if it is indeed primarily metallic , ” said Wendy K. Caldwell , one of the lead researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory .
Measuring and modeling the asteroid ’ s scars improve our understanding of metallic asteroids , and help us better distinguish how they form @ @ @ @ @ @ @ icy and rocky counterparts .
By recreating what they believe to be the exact impact angle , the team could make educated guesses as to its composition , as metals deform and fragment after impact in a specific way , especially when compared and contrasted with silicates which are also commonly found in asteroids .
The results of the team ’ s simulations corroborate the current theory that Psyche could be made up of large amounts of Monel , a potentially extraterrestrial alloy found previously in the Sudbury crater in Canada .
John @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking .

Scientists using a supercomputer have created 2D and 3D computer models of the pockmarked asteroid Psyche, revealing that it may be the metal core of a failed planet.
Ahead of NASA’s 2022 mission to Psyche, which has been dubbed the ‘journey to a metal world,’ researchers wanted to gather as much intel about the asteroid as possible, including its composition.
By simulating asteroid impacts which could have created the vast craters on the space object’s surface, scientists have deduced that Psyche, the largest asteroid in our solar system’s main belt, is actually “like a big metal sponge.”
“Psyche is an interesting body to study because it is likely the remnant of a planetary core that was disrupted during the accretion stage, and we can learn a lot about planetary formation from Psyche if it is indeed primarily metallic,” said Wendy K. Caldwell, one of the lead researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Measuring and modeling the asteroid’s scars improve our understanding of metallic asteroids, and help us better distinguish how they form and traverse the universe relative to their icy and rocky counterparts.
Artist’s concept art of the asteroid Psyche. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU
By recreating what they believe to be the exact impact angle, the team could make educated guesses as to its composition, as metals deform and fragment after impact in a specific way, especially when compared and contrasted with silicates which are also commonly found in asteroids.
The results of the team’s simulations corroborate the current theory that Psyche could be made up of large amounts of Monel, a potentially extraterrestrial alloy found previously in the Sudbury crater in Canada.
John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking.


newswars--2020-08-12--Rape Survivor Claims Kamala Harris “Shielded and Protected” Pedo Priests

A rape survivor named Joey Piscitelli exposed Democrat vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris for allegedly turning a blind eye to rampant sexual abuse taking place in the California Catholic Church .
In 2008 , a jury found Piscitelli was a victim of rape while attending the Salesian College Preparatory , a Catholic high school in Richmond , California .
In a 2019 interview with The Intercept , Piscitelli described the assaults he was subject to in high school and how Harris ’ predecessor as California Attorney General , Terence Hallinan , was going after the priests and employees of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , “ Hallinan ’ s team had prosecuted cases of abuse that had occurred decades earlier and had gathered evidence as part of a probe into widespread clergy sexual misconduct .
Just six months before Harris took office , a U.S. Supreme Court decision overturned a California law that had retroactively eliminated the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution of child molestation cases.
” After Harris took over as AG , she refused to release the files Hallinan collected regarding child abuse among the clergy .
Joey Piscitelli sent a letter to Harris @ @ @ @ @ @ @ keep the files sealed , writing , “ It is not understandable that you have refused to release the documents that have been previously collected by DA Terence Hallinan , that spell out the names of the child rapists , and molesters who have wreaked havoc on children here.
” “ It was just a flat-out insult , ” Piscitelli said of the matter .
“ She could have redacted the names , blacked out the names and left them out.
” “ It went from Terence Hallinan going hundred miles an hour @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Catholic Church to Kamala Harris doing absolutely nothing and taking it backwards hundreds of miles an hour , ” Piscitelli added .
What other questionable actions , or in this case non-action , did Kamala Harris take while serving as California ’ s Attorney General ?

A rape survivor named Joey Piscitelli exposed Democrat vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris for allegedly turning a blind eye to rampant sexual abuse taking place in the California Catholic Church.
In 2008, a jury found Piscitelli was a victim of rape while attending the Salesian College Preparatory, a Catholic high school in Richmond, California.
In a 2019 interview with The Intercept, Piscitelli described the assaults he was subject to in high school and how Harris’ predecessor as California Attorney General, Terence Hallinan, was going after the priests and employees of the San Francisco Archdiocese.
The Intercept reported, “Hallinan’s team had prosecuted cases of abuse that had occurred decades earlier and had gathered evidence as part of a probe into widespread clergy sexual misconduct. Just six months before Harris took office, a U.S. Supreme Court decision overturned a California law that had retroactively eliminated the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution of child molestation cases.”
After Harris took over as AG, she refused to release the files Hallinan collected regarding child abuse among the clergy.
Joey Piscitelli sent a letter to Harris in 2010, after she decided to keep the files sealed, writing, “It is not understandable that you have refused to release the documents that have been previously collected by DA Terence Hallinan, that spell out the names of the child rapists, and molesters who have wreaked havoc on children here.”
“It was just a flat-out insult,” Piscitelli said of the matter. “She could have redacted the names, blacked out the names and left them out.”
“It went from Terence Hallinan going hundred miles an hour, full speed ahead, after the Catholic Church to Kamala Harris doing absolutely nothing and taking it backwards hundreds of miles an hour,” Piscitelli added.
What other questionable actions, or in this case non-action, did Kamala Harris take while serving as California’s Attorney General?


newswars--2020-08-12--CNN Says “Joe Biden To Step Aside For Kamala Harris After Election”

Alex Jones describes the effects of Kamala Harris becoming Joe Biden ’ s VP .

CNN Says “Joe Biden To Step Aside For Kamala Harris After Election” Was this the Democrat plan all along?


newswars--2020-08-12--Retired Army Officers Echo Dem Coup: Military Must Forcibly Remove Trump If He Loses Election

A pair of retired Army officers claim that President Trump won ’ t voluntarily step down from office if he loses the upcoming election and will have to be physically removed by the military .
John Nagl , a lifetime Council on Foreign Relations member , and Col. Paul Yingling penned a letter published by Defense One Tuesday to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley asking him to order the military to remove Trump from office if he loses the election .
“ We write to assist you in thinking clearly about that choice .
If @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the expiration of his constitutional term , the United States military must remove him by force , and you must give that order , ” Nagl and Yingling wrote .
The two retired Army officers then claimed that Trump will almost certainly face electoral defeat in November , but won ’ t step down because he will also face “ criminal charges ” for his China coronavirus response and the economic fallout from the lockdowns .
“ There can be little doubt that Mr. Trump is facing electoral defeat , ” they wrote @ @ @ @ @ @ @ died from COVID 19 , and that toll is likely to rise to 300,000 by November .
One in ten U.S. workers is unemployed , and the U.S. economy in the last quarter suffered the greatest contraction in its history .
Nearly 70 percent of Americans believe the country is on the wrong track .
The Economist estimates that Mr. Trump ’ s chances of losing the election stand at 91 percent.
” The Democrat-connected officers then pleaded to Milley that the U.S. military must “ escort ” Trump from the White House @ @ @ @ @ @ @ private army ” or face civil war akin to the 2011 “ Arab Spring ” uprising .
“ At this moment of Constitutional crisis , only two options remain .
Under the first , U.S. military forces escort the former president from the White House grounds , ” Nagl and Yingling wrote .
“ Trump ’ s little green men , so intimidating to lightly armed federal law enforcement agents , step aside and fade away , realizing they would not constitute a good morning ’ s work for a brigade of the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the U.S. military remains inert while the Constitution dies .
The succession of government is determined by extralegal violence between Trump ’ s private army and street protesters ; Black Lives Matter Plaza becomes Tahrir Square.
” This letter falls in lockstep with recent Democrat talking points made by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( D-Calif. ) , Democrat presidential nominee Joe Biden , and even globalist billionaire George Soros .
Pelosi said last month that Trump WILL leave the White House “ whether he knows it or not ” , even if he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the grounds .
Biden said in June that he was “ absolutely convinced ” Trump would have to be frogmarched out of the White House by the military if he lost the election .
Soros said Wednesday that Trump will face “ criminal charges ” after the election .
This is just another example of how the Never Trump elements of the national security state embedded in the U.S. government are openly calling for a military coup against the president .
We are not living in normal times , as the media is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and he has to be removed with a coup .

A pair of retired Army officers claim that President Trump won’t voluntarily step down from office if he loses the upcoming election and will have to be physically removed by the military.
John Nagl, a lifetime Council on Foreign Relations member, and Col. Paul Yingling penned a letter published by Defense One Tuesday to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley asking him to order the military to remove Trump from office if he loses the election.
“We write to assist you in thinking clearly about that choice. If Donald Trump refuses to leave office at the expiration of his constitutional term, the United States military must remove him by force, and you must give that order,” Nagl and Yingling wrote.
The two retired Army officers then claimed that Trump will almost certainly face electoral defeat in November, but won’t step down because he will also face “criminal charges” for his China coronavirus response and the economic fallout from the lockdowns.
“There can be little doubt that Mr. Trump is facing electoral defeat,” they wrote. “More than 160,000 Americans have died from COVID 19, and that toll is likely to rise to 300,000 by November. One in ten U.S. workers is unemployed, and the U.S. economy in the last quarter suffered the greatest contraction in its history. Nearly 70 percent of Americans believe the country is on the wrong track. The Economist estimates that Mr. Trump’s chances of losing the election stand at 91 percent.”
The Democrat-connected officers then pleaded to Milley that the U.S. military must “escort” Trump from the White House and be prepared to battle his “private army” or face civil war akin to the 2011 “Arab Spring” uprising.
“At this moment of Constitutional crisis, only two options remain. Under the first, U.S. military forces escort the former president from the White House grounds,” Nagl and Yingling wrote.
“Trump’s little green men, so intimidating to lightly armed federal law enforcement agents, step aside and fade away, realizing they would not constitute a good morning’s work for a brigade of the 82nd Airborne. Under the second, the U.S. military remains inert while the Constitution dies. The succession of government is determined by extralegal violence between Trump’s private army and street protesters; Black Lives Matter Plaza becomes Tahrir Square.”
This letter falls in lockstep with recent Democrat talking points made by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), Democrat presidential nominee Joe Biden, and even globalist billionaire George Soros.
Pelosi said last month that Trump WILL leave the White House “whether he knows it or not”, even if he has to be “fumigated” from the grounds.
Biden said in June that he was “absolutely convinced” Trump would have to be frogmarched out of the White House by the military if he lost the election.
Soros said Wednesday that Trump will face “criminal charges” after the election.
This is just another example of how the Never Trump elements of the national security state embedded in the U.S. government are openly calling for a military coup against the president.
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We are not living in normal times, as the media is pushing the idea that Trump is illegitimate and he has to be removed with a coup.


newswars--2020-08-12--Why Chicago’s Mayor Blames Her City’s Murders on Wisconsin and Indiana

It is now well known that the City of Chicago and Illinois overall have adopted stringent gun control laws over the years .
Thus , the pro–gun control Giffords Center gives the state of Illinois a lofty “ A- ” on its “ annual gun scorecard.
” Yet , somehow , shootings are surging in the city this year .
Although crime in Chicago—like in the nation overall—is lower today than it was during the 1980s and 1990s , murders have been a perennial problem in Chicago for years .
As the Chicago Sun-Times reported last week : The 105 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 139 % increase from the 44 reported in July 2019 , according to police data released Saturday .
The 406 shooting incidents last month were a 75 % increase from the 232 reported in the same month-to-month comparison….Murders are up 51 % from the same point last year , along with a 47 % increase in shootings , police said .
So , how to explain the increase in homicides , especially in light of Chicago ’ s stringent gun control ?
After all , the logic behind the arguments made by most @ @ @ @ @ @ @ numerous government prohibitions on gun ownership will have less crime .
Well , the mayor of Chicago , Lori Lightfoot , has a ready explanation : she claims people are bringing in guns from other parts of the country where it ’ s much easier to buy guns .
These guns are then supposedly taken to Chicago , where they are sold on the black market and used in shootings .
Lightfoot claims : “ We are being inundated with guns from states that have virtually no gun control , no background checks @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hurting cities like Chicago , ” Lightfoot then takes her claims to the logical next step .
As she states in a July 20 letter to Donald Trump , since Illinois and Chicago can ’ t directly impose more gun control on neighboring states , she wants the national government to intervene and impose nationwide controls instead .
This is a common tactic among those who aren ’ t content with destroying basic freedoms in their own jurisdictions .
When neighboring jurisdictions allow “ too much ” freedom , prohibitionists demand that the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ prohibitions on everyone .
The idea here is that “ open borders ” between states allow persons and weapons ( and drugs and other goods ) to freely cross from one state to another .
This freedom of movement , it is claimed , means that gun control can only work if there is a single nationwide policy .
But before we look at Lightfoot ’ s latest call for national mandates , let ’ s first back up a step and ask ourselves whether it ’ s even plausible that Illinois ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ remain so high in Chicago .
On the surface , we can see how Lightfoot might be able to get away with making such a claim .
As the Gifford Center ’ s ranking system shows , Illinois is surrounded by states where it is far easier to buy a gun than in Illinois .
Wisconsin , for example , receives a “ C- ” in the Giffords gun control rankings .
Indiana does even “ worse , ” with a ranking of “ D-.
” Some might see this and conclude that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ maybe Chicago is a “ victim ” of its neighbors such as Wisconsin .
But when we look more closely , we quickly find that the problem with Chicago clearly isn ’ t guns .
According to crime data from the FBI , Chicago in 2018 had a homicide rate of 20.7 homicides per 100,000 population .
The state of Illinois overall has a homicide rate of 6.9 per 100,000 .
As you might guess , a sizable portion of the homicides that occur in Illinois happen within the city limits of Chicago @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the city from Illinois , “ Illinois without Chicago ” has a homicide rate of only 3.2 per 100,000 .
The first question that presents itself is this : If Illinois has relatively uniform gun control laws throughout the state , why are there so many more homicides in Chicago per capita than in the rest of the state ?
Presumably gun owners can use those guns to carry out crimes anywhere in the state .
So why are so many crimes concentrated just in Chicago ?
It ’ s a question Lightfoot @ @ @ @ @ @ @ she insists that crime in Chicago is being driven by guns imported from somewhere else .
But what about guns that are allegedly coming in from other states ?
If we look at nearby states with much more laissez-faire gun laws , then surely homicides will be more numerous , right ?
Wrong .
In Indiana—Illinois ’ s neighbor to the east—the statewide homicide rate is similar to that of Illinois : 6.5 per 100,000 .
Moreover , Indiana is similar to Illinois in that homicide cases are largely limited to only a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ find that although it is relatively easy to buy a gun in Indiana statewide , homicides are concentrated in only a few cities , specifically Indianapolis , Gary , and Fort Wayne .
( If we were to exclude Indianapolis , Gary , and Fort Wayne from Indiana ’ s homicide total , we ’ d find that Indiana has a homicide rate of 3.5 per 100,000 . )
Out of Indiana ’ s 6.7 million residents , 5.5 million of them live in areas where homicide rates are a small fraction of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ more stark when we look at Wisconsin , Illinois ’ s neighbor to the north .
In Wisconsin statewide , the homicide rate is only 3 per 100,000 .
In Kenosha , just north of the border with Illinois , the homicide rate is 4 per 100,000 .
But if Lightfoot is to believed , guns are being sold across state lines in places like Kenosha and then illegally exported to Chicago , where the guns are then used in crimes .
Again we ’ re left wondering why criminals refrain from using @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is Wisconsin—where it ’ s much easier to buy a gun than in Illinois—experiencing a homicide rate that ’ s less than one-sixth of Chicago ’ s ?
If the ease with which one can purchase a gun is what determines homicide rates , then we ’ d expect to see even higher rates in suburban Indiana and Wisconsin than in Chicago .
This , of course , is not happening , precisely because guns obviously don ’ t cause homicides in Chicago .
Chicagoans are responsible for these crimes , while residents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ access to guns—are somehow able to politely restrain themselves from shooting each other at similar rates .
Once we embrace this false narrative of how other states are the cause of Chicago ’ s crime , a natural solution presents itself : have the federal government step in .
The “ argument ” is basically this : since people and guns can move freely across the Illinois state border , and across Chicago city limits , it is the job of the federal government to “ solve ” the problem by imposing the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Governments and politicians have tried these tactics for many years , with guns , with alcohol , and with drugs .
It is claimed that neighboring states allow “ too much freedom ” and that therefore national prohibitions must be enforced .
Yet , as we have seen , Chicago is the reason Chicago has homicide rates many times higher than most areas of neighboring states .
Let the Chicagoans address the problems they ’ ve created .
After all , the demand for national policy to address Chicago ’ s problems @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of addressing a crisis that is specific to only a small minority of areas and regions in the US .
The fact that Chicago is a basket case of a city is no reason for the rest of the country to adopt the sorts of policies Chicago politicians want—and which are likely the cause of their problems in the first place .
If politicians in Chicago are so concerned about guns from out of state—and if they ’ re so convinced gun control is the answer—it ’ s up to them to stop @ @ @ @ @ @ @ at city limits .
Illinois and Chicago taxpayers taxpayers should be the only ones paying for whatever ill-advised checkpoints , searches , and investigations Chicago politicians want to carry out in the name of ridding Chicago of of guns .
This will spare the taxpayers of the rest of the country from being forced to take on the expense of the immense and costly administrative state that is necessary to “ protect ” Chicago from Wisconsin .
Moreover , nowadays it should be no problem for Illinois could come up with a legal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Illinois can simply follow the lead of states like New York—which now has “ traveler checkpoints ” to monitor everyone entering the state in order to enforce covid-19 quarantine rules .
Chicago can declare guns a “ public health crisis ” and get to work monitoring every visitor for illegal guns .
Would such a scheme be expensive and onerous ?
It certainly would be .
Entrepreneurs , tourists , and other productive members of society would learn to avoid Illinois and Chicago , and take their business elsewhere .
But let that @ @ @ @ @ @ @ no one else ’ s .

It is now well known that the City of Chicago and Illinois overall have adopted stringent gun control laws over the years. Thus, the pro–gun control Giffords Center gives the state of Illinois a lofty “A-” on its “annual gun scorecard.”
Yet, somehow, shootings are surging in the city this year. Although crime in Chicago—like in the nation overall—is lower today than it was during the 1980s and 1990s, murders have been a perennial problem in Chicago for years. As the Chicago Sun-Times reported last week:
The 105 murders reported in July are a nearly 139% increase from the 44 reported in July 2019, according to police data released Saturday. The 406 shooting incidents last month were a 75% increase from the 232 reported in the same month-to-month comparison….Murders are up 51% from the same point last year, along with a 47% increase in shootings, police said.
So, how to explain the increase in homicides, especially in light of Chicago’s stringent gun control? After all, the logic behind the arguments made by most gun control advocates is that areas with numerous government prohibitions on gun ownership will have less crime.
Well, the mayor of Chicago, Lori Lightfoot, has a ready explanation: she claims people are bringing in guns from other parts of the country where it’s much easier to buy guns. These guns are then supposedly taken to Chicago, where they are sold on the black market and used in shootings. Lightfoot claims: “We are being inundated with guns from states that have virtually no gun control, no background checks, no ban on assault weapons….That is hurting cities like Chicago,”
Lightfoot then takes her claims to the logical next step. As she states in a July 20 letter to Donald Trump, since Illinois and Chicago can’t directly impose more gun control on neighboring states, she wants the national government to intervene and impose nationwide controls instead.
This is a common tactic among those who aren’t content with destroying basic freedoms in their own jurisdictions. When neighboring jurisdictions allow “too much” freedom, prohibitionists demand that the federal government step in to impose uniform prohibitions on everyone. The idea here is that “open borders” between states allow persons and weapons (and drugs and other goods) to freely cross from one state to another. This freedom of movement, it is claimed, means that gun control can only work if there is a single nationwide policy.
Why Neighboring States Aren’t the Problem
But before we look at Lightfoot’s latest call for national mandates, let’s first back up a step and ask ourselves whether it’s even plausible that Illinois’s neighbors are the reason that homicides remain so high in Chicago.
On the surface, we can see how Lightfoot might be able to get away with making such a claim. As the Gifford Center’s ranking system shows, Illinois is surrounded by states where it is far easier to buy a gun than in Illinois. Wisconsin, for example, receives a “C-” in the Giffords gun control rankings. Indiana does even “worse,” with a ranking of “D-.”
Some might see this and conclude that maybe Lightfoot is right, and that maybe Chicago is a “victim” of its neighbors such as Wisconsin.
But when we look more closely, we quickly find that the problem with Chicago clearly isn’t guns.
According to crime data from the FBI, Chicago in 2018 had a homicide rate of 20.7 homicides per 100,000 population. The state of Illinois overall has a homicide rate of 6.9 per 100,000. As you might guess, a sizable portion of the homicides that occur in Illinois happen within the city limits of Chicago. In fact, if we remove the city from Illinois, “Illinois without Chicago” has a homicide rate of only 3.2 per 100,000.
The first question that presents itself is this: If Illinois has relatively uniform gun control laws throughout the state, why are there so many more homicides in Chicago per capita than in the rest of the state? Presumably gun owners can use those guns to carry out crimes anywhere in the state. So why are so many crimes concentrated just in Chicago? It’s a question Lightfoot can’t answer so long as she insists that crime in Chicago is being driven by guns imported from somewhere else.
But what about guns that are allegedly coming in from other states? If we look at nearby states with much more laissez-faire gun laws, then surely homicides will be more numerous, right? Wrong.
In Indiana—Illinois’s neighbor to the east—the statewide homicide rate is similar to that of Illinois: 6.5 per 100,000. Moreover, Indiana is similar to Illinois in that homicide cases are largely limited to only a handful of areas. Again, we find that although it is relatively easy to buy a gun in Indiana statewide, homicides are concentrated in only a few cities, specifically Indianapolis, Gary, and Fort Wayne. (If we were to exclude Indianapolis, Gary, and Fort Wayne from Indiana’s homicide total, we’d find that Indiana has a homicide rate of 3.5 per 100,000.) Out of Indiana’s 6.7 million residents, 5.5 million of them live in areas where homicide rates are a small fraction of Chicago’s.
Comparisons are even more stark when we look at Wisconsin, Illinois’s neighbor to the north. In Wisconsin statewide, the homicide rate is only 3 per 100,000. In Kenosha, just north of the border with Illinois, the homicide rate is 4 per 100,000.
But if Lightfoot is to believed, guns are being sold across state lines in places like Kenosha and then illegally exported to Chicago, where the guns are then used in crimes. Again we’re left wondering why criminals refrain from using these easy-to-get guns in Kenosha. Why is Wisconsin—where it’s much easier to buy a gun than in Illinois—experiencing a homicide rate that’s less than one-sixth of Chicago’s? If the ease with which one can purchase a gun is what determines homicide rates, then we’d expect to see even higher rates in suburban Indiana and Wisconsin than in Chicago.
This, of course, is not happening, precisely because guns obviously don’t cause homicides in Chicago. Chicagoans are responsible for these crimes, while residents of Wisconsin and Indiana—who have much easier access to guns—are somehow able to politely restrain themselves from shooting each other at similar rates.
Making Chicago’s Problem Everyone’s Problem
Once we embrace this false narrative of how other states are the cause of Chicago’s crime, a natural solution presents itself: have the federal government step in.
The “argument” is basically this: since people and guns can move freely across the Illinois state border, and across Chicago city limits, it is the job of the federal government to “solve” the problem by imposing the sort of gun control Lightfoot wants nationwide.
Governments and politicians have tried these tactics for many years, with guns, with alcohol, and with drugs. It is claimed that neighboring states allow “too much freedom” and that therefore national prohibitions must be enforced.
Yet, as we have seen, Chicago is the reason Chicago has homicide rates many times higher than most areas of neighboring states. Let the Chicagoans address the problems they’ve created. After all, the demand for national policy to address Chicago’s problems only places on all Americans the burden of addressing a crisis that is specific to only a small minority of areas and regions in the US. The fact that Chicago is a basket case of a city is no reason for the rest of the country to adopt the sorts of policies Chicago politicians want—and which are likely the cause of their problems in the first place.
If politicians in Chicago are so concerned about guns from out of state—and if they’re so convinced gun control is the answer—it’s up to them to stop the guns at the state border or at city limits. Illinois and Chicago taxpayers taxpayers should be the only ones paying for whatever ill-advised checkpoints, searches, and investigations Chicago politicians want to carry out in the name of ridding Chicago of of guns. This will spare the taxpayers of the rest of the country from being forced to take on the expense of the immense and costly administrative state that is necessary to “protect” Chicago from Wisconsin.
Moreover, nowadays it should be no problem for Illinois could come up with a legal basis for doing this. Chicago and Illinois can simply follow the lead of states like New York—which now has “traveler checkpoints” to monitor everyone entering the state in order to enforce covid-19 quarantine rules. Chicago can declare guns a “public health crisis” and get to work monitoring every visitor for illegal guns. Would such a scheme be expensive and onerous? It certainly would be. Entrepreneurs, tourists, and other productive members of society would learn to avoid Illinois and Chicago, and take their business elsewhere. But let that be Chicago’s problem, and no one else’s.


newswars--2020-08-12--Astronomers Discover “Surprisingly Unchaotic” Young Galaxy

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array ( ALMA ) , in which the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) is a partner , have revealed an extremely distant and therefore very young galaxy that looks surprisingly like our Milky Way .
The galaxy is so far away its light has taken more than 12 billion years to reach us : we see it as it was when the Universe was just 1.4 billion years old .
It is also surprisingly unchaotic , contradicting theories that all galaxies in the early Universe were turbulent and unstable .
This unexpected discovery @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , giving new insights into the past of our Universe .
“ This result represents a breakthrough in the field of galaxy formation , showing that the structures that we observe in nearby spiral galaxies and in our Milky Way were already in place 12 billion years ago , ” says Francesca Rizzo , PhD student from the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany , who led the research published today in Nature .
While the galaxy the astronomers studied , called SPT0418-47 , doesn ’ t appear to have spiral arms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ typical of our Milky Way : a rotating disc and a bulge , the large group of stars packed tightly around the galactic centre .
This is the first time a bulge has been seen this early in the history of the Universe , making SPT0418-47 the most distant Milky Way look-alike .
“ The big surprise was to find that this galaxy is actually quite similar to nearby galaxies , contrary to all expectations from the models and previous , less detailed , observations , ” says co-author Filippo Fraternali , from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Groningen in the Netherlands .
In the early Universe , young galaxies were still in the process of forming , so researchers expected them to be chaotic and lacking the distinct structures typical of more mature galaxies like the Milky Way .
Studying distant galaxies like SPT0418-47 is fundamental to our understanding of how galaxies formed and evolved .
This galaxy is so far away we see it when the Universe was just 10 % of its current age because its light took 12 billion years to reach Earth .
By studying it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time when these baby galaxies were just beginning to develop .
Because these galaxies are so far away , detailed observations with even the most powerful telescopes are almost impossible as the galaxies appear small and faint .
The team overcame this obstacle by using a nearby galaxy as a powerful magnifying glass — an effect known as gravitational lensing — allowing ALMA to see into the distant past in unprecedented detail .
In this effect , the gravitational pull from the nearby galaxy distorts and bends the light from the distant galaxy @ @ @ @ @ @ @ magnified .
The gravitationally lensed , distant galaxy appears as a near-perfect ring of light around the nearby galaxy , thanks to their almost exact alignment .
The research team reconstructed the distant galaxy ’ s true shape and the motion of its gas from the ALMA data using a new computer modelling technique .
“ When I first saw the reconstructed image of SPT0418-47 I could not believe it : a treasure chest was opening , ” says Rizzo .
“ What we found was quite puzzling ; despite forming stars at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the site of highly energetic processes , SPT0418-47 is the most well-ordered galaxy disc ever observed in the early Universe , ” stated co-author Simona Vegetti , also from the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics .
“ This result is quite unexpected and has important implications for how we think galaxies evolve.
” The astronomers note , however , that even though SPT0418-47 has a disc and other features similar to those of spiral galaxies we see today , they expect it to evolve into a galaxy very different from the Milky Way @ @ @ @ @ @ @ galaxies , another type of galaxies that , alongside the spirals , inhabit the Universe today .
This unexpected discovery suggests the early Universe may not be as chaotic as once believed and raises many questions on how a well-ordered galaxy could have formed so soon after the Big Bang .
This ALMA finding follows the earlier discovery announced in May of a massive rotating disc seen at a similar distance .
SPT0418-47 is seen in finer detail , thanks to the lensing effect , and has a bulge in addition to a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ to our present-day Milky Way than the one studied previously .
Future studies , including with ESO ’ s Extremely Large Telescope , will seek to uncover how typical these ‘ baby ’ disc galaxies really are and whether they are commonly less chaotic than predicted , opening up new avenues for astronomers to discover how galaxies evolved .
John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking .

Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a partner, have revealed an extremely distant and therefore very young galaxy that looks surprisingly like our Milky Way.
The galaxy is so far away its light has taken more than 12 billion years to reach us: we see it as it was when the Universe was just 1.4 billion years old.
It is also surprisingly unchaotic, contradicting theories that all galaxies in the early Universe were turbulent and unstable. This unexpected discovery challenges our understanding of how galaxies form, giving new insights into the past of our Universe.
“This result represents a breakthrough in the field of galaxy formation, showing that the structures that we observe in nearby spiral galaxies and in our Milky Way were already in place 12 billion years ago,” says Francesca Rizzo, PhD student from the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany, who led the research published today in Nature. While the galaxy the astronomers studied, called SPT0418-47, doesn’t appear to have spiral arms, it has at least two features typical of our Milky Way: a rotating disc and a bulge, the large group of stars packed tightly around the galactic centre. This is the first time a bulge has been seen this early in the history of the Universe, making SPT0418-47 the most distant Milky Way look-alike.
“The big surprise was to find that this galaxy is actually quite similar to nearby galaxies, contrary to all expectations from the models and previous, less detailed, observations,” says co-author Filippo Fraternali, from the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen in the Netherlands. In the early Universe, young galaxies were still in the process of forming, so researchers expected them to be chaotic and lacking the distinct structures typical of more mature galaxies like the Milky Way.
Studying distant galaxies like SPT0418-47 is fundamental to our understanding of how galaxies formed and evolved. This galaxy is so far away we see it when the Universe was just 10% of its current age because its light took 12 billion years to reach Earth. By studying it, we are going back to a time when these baby galaxies were just beginning to develop.
Because these galaxies are so far away, detailed observations with even the most powerful telescopes are almost impossible as the galaxies appear small and faint. The team overcame this obstacle by using a nearby galaxy as a powerful magnifying glass — an effect known as gravitational lensing — allowing ALMA to see into the distant past in unprecedented detail. In this effect, the gravitational pull from the nearby galaxy distorts and bends the light from the distant galaxy, causing it to appear misshapen and magnified.
The gravitationally lensed, distant galaxy appears as a near-perfect ring of light around the nearby galaxy, thanks to their almost exact alignment. The research team reconstructed the distant galaxy’s true shape and the motion of its gas from the ALMA data using a new computer modelling technique. “When I first saw the reconstructed image of SPT0418-47 I could not believe it: a treasure chest was opening,” says Rizzo.
“What we found was quite puzzling; despite forming stars at a high rate, and therefore being the site of highly energetic processes, SPT0418-47 is the most well-ordered galaxy disc ever observed in the early Universe,” stated co-author Simona Vegetti, also from the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. “This result is quite unexpected and has important implications for how we think galaxies evolve.” The astronomers note, however, that even though SPT0418-47 has a disc and other features similar to those of spiral galaxies we see today, they expect it to evolve into a galaxy very different from the Milky Way, and join the class of elliptical galaxies, another type of galaxies that, alongside the spirals, inhabit the Universe today.
This unexpected discovery suggests the early Universe may not be as chaotic as once believed and raises many questions on how a well-ordered galaxy could have formed so soon after the Big Bang. This ALMA finding follows the earlier discovery announced in May of a massive rotating disc seen at a similar distance. SPT0418-47 is seen in finer detail, thanks to the lensing effect, and has a bulge in addition to a disc, making it even more similar to our present-day Milky Way than the one studied previously.
Future studies, including with ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope, will seek to uncover how typical these ‘baby’ disc galaxies really are and whether they are commonly less chaotic than predicted, opening up new avenues for astronomers to discover how galaxies evolved.
John Paul Rice of norestrictionsent.com joins The Alex Jones Show to break down why he was censored on Amazon for his film dramatizing and exposing child trafficking.


newswars--2020-08-12--Black Chicagoans Confront White BLM Rioters – “Y’all Don’t Come Out When Kids Get Shot”

A group of black community activists in Chicago confronted a group of mostly white BLM/Antifa “ protesters ” outside the 7th district police station on Tuesday .
The community leaders told the group , who have been looting and rioting for weeks now , to get out of their neighborhood .
A man holding a megaphone can be seen shouting at the communists , saying , “ I ain ’ t see none of you motherfuckers when them kids got killed and shot up .
I ’ m out here every day .
Y ’ all don ’ t come @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Y ’ all come out when it got something to do with the fucking police.
” “ We out here every day watching our kids get their brains blown out with no funding , no resources , ” he continued .
“ But you motherfuckers get all the resources and you want to come over here and disrupt our neighborhood.
” As a crowd of locals continued to grow around the protest , tension grew between the two factions .
A Chicago photojournalist who was on the scene tweeted that , per usual @ @ @ @ @ @ @ trying to block media cameras from documenting the arguments between the community activists and protesters.
” As crime continues to skyrocket in the Democrat-run city , locals are becoming increasingly disgruntled with their failed leadership .

A group of black community activists in Chicago confronted a group of mostly white BLM/Antifa “protesters” outside the 7th district police station on Tuesday.
The community leaders told the group, who have been looting and rioting for weeks now, to get out of their neighborhood.
A man holding a megaphone can be seen shouting at the communists, saying, “I ain’t see none of you motherfuckers when them kids got killed and shot up. I’m out here every day. Y’all don’t come out when the kids get shot. Y’all come out when it got something to do with the fucking police.”
“We out here every day watching our kids get their brains blown out with no funding, no resources,” he continued. “But you motherfuckers get all the resources and you want to come over here and disrupt our neighborhood.”
Community members continue to ask protesters to leave and ask “where are you when a baby’s shot” #Chicago #ChicagoProtests pic.twitter.com/RupqAzvLUv — Tyler LaRiviere (@TylerLaRiviere) August 11, 2020
As a crowd of locals continued to grow around the protest, tension grew between the two factions.
Tensions between community memebers are growing, community activists arent tolerating these folks here. #Chicago #ChicagoProtests pic.twitter.com/xmVNYPfqlx — Tyler LaRiviere (@TylerLaRiviere) August 11, 2020
A Chicago photojournalist who was on the scene tweeted that, per usual, Antifa “protesters” were “trying to block media cameras from documenting the arguments between the community activists and protesters.”
Protesters are trying to block media cameras from documenting the arguments between the community activists and protesters. #Chicago #ChicagoProtests — Tyler LaRiviere (@TylerLaRiviere) August 11, 2020
As crime continues to skyrocket in the Democrat-run city, locals are becoming increasingly disgruntled with their failed leadership.


Calculating GDP Correctly

While gross domestic product is considered by many to be the most important statistic regarding our economic well-being , Austrian and non-Austrian economists alike have criticized it as being an unsound representation of the health of an economy .
Readers of mises.org are probably familiar with these arguments and I am not going to rehash these critiques .
However , some of the criticisms of this statistic misrepresent how the statistic is determined .
I think it would be instructive to explain how GDP is calculated .
GDP is the federal government ’ s monetary estimate of all final goods @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a specified time , usually annually or quarterly .
They calculate GDP using the expenditure method—in other words , they add up all the categories of spending on final goods and services to calculate GDP .
Here is the formula for GDP : GDP = C + I + G + NX , where C is personal consumption , I is gross private domestic investment , G is government purchases , NX is net exports .
Net exports equal exports minus imports .
The GDP total of consumption spending , investment spending , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2019 was $ 21,429.0 billion .
The table below provides details of this data .
Personal consumption is divided into purchases of consumer goods and purchases of consumer services .
According to the 2020 Economic Report of the President , in 2019 , we purchased $ 4,508.6 billion of goods and $ 10,055.2 billion of services for a total personal consumption of $ 14,563.9 billion .
This was roughly two-thirds of the total GDP for 2019 .
The second category of expenditures is gross private domestic investment .
Gross private domestic investment is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all investment , private in that it does not include any government spending , and it is domestic investment meaning that it includes all investment spending in the US .
There are two ways for a business to invest in itself : it can increase its capital stock and it can build up its inventories .
Gross private domestic investment comprises fixed investment , investment in capital stock , and changes in inventories .
For 2019 , fixed investment totaled $ 3,742.8 billion .
$ 2,878.7 billion of this total was business investment @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 35 percent ( $ 1,012 billion ) of the non-residential investment was investment in intellectual property .
According to federal statistics , intellectual property is a major portion of the capital stock of the US .
They also consider spending on new housing to be an investment .
The remaining portion of fixed investment was $ 797.4 billion in residential investment .
Now we get to a rather trivial portion of the GDP statistic , but one that has led to some unfounded criticisms of the GDP calculation , changes in inventories .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 66.8 billion change in inventories .
That means that total business inventories at the end of the year exceeded those at the beginning of the year by $ 66.8 billion .
It makes perfect sense to add the increases in inventories to GDP .
Consider a new truck built in the US in 2019 .
The truck was produced but not sold in 2019 , so it was added to some company ’ s inventory .
Since we want to include this truck as a part of 2019 production , it is appropriate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
However , some have concluded that subtracting a decrease in inventories from GDP leads to a flawed statistic .
That is not the case .
If inventories decrease during the year , we subtract that decrease from GDP .
For instance , in 2009 , changes in inventories equaled – $ 150.8 billion , showing that inventories decreased significantly that year .
At first glance , it does not make sense to subtract anything from production .
It is impossible to produce a negative amount of anything .
You can not produce @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a truck that was produced in 2018 but sold in 2019 .
The truck was included in the 2018 GDP and was in inventory at the beginning of 2019 .
When the 2018 truck was sold , the 2019 inventories decreased .
The appropriate method would be to omit this expenditure as a part of 2019 GDP since the truck was included in the 2018 GDP .
That is exactly what happens .
When the 2018 truck was sold , it was added into 2019 GDP as either a consumer good , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ or an export .
Since they do not want to count this truck in the 2019 statistic , they subtract decreases in inventories from GDP .
All decreases in inventories are added to some other category of GDP and then subtracted from GDP in the changes in inventories category .
In this manner , they ignore all previous production when calculating the 2019 GDP .
There is one more issue regarding inventories that needs to be addressed , how intermediate goods are treated when they are added to inventories .
Intermediate goods , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ products , are not generally included in the GDP statistic .
GDP measures the production of the final goods and services produced in an economy and it would be inappropriate to include intermediate goods in this calculation .
However , intermediate goods that are added to inventories are included in GDP .
If some of the parts of a truck , the engine and transmission , for example , are produced in 2019 but not assembled into the final product , then those intermediate goods are added to the company ’ s inventory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ these 2019 intermediate goods are used to produce a truck in 2020 , the intermediate goods are subtracted from inventories at that time .
Government purchases are straightforward .
Government purchases are comprised of federal purchases , $ 1,423.4 billion , and state and local purchases , $ 2,330.8 billion , for a total of $ 3,754.3 billion .
The federal purchases are divided into two categories , national defense , $ 846.6 billion , and non-defense spending , $ 576.8 billion .
There are two interesting items in these numbers .
Federal @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ( this does not include the $ 11 trillion spent paying off the bonds that came due ) , but only 32 percent of this spending was on the actual purchase of any goods or services .
Moreover , although defense spending was a relatively small amount of overall spending it was almost 60 percent of the total amount of federal purchases .
For the purposes of this article , I am ignoring issues about conflating government purchases and private sector purchases .
Government spending is a burden on the economy , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is at best questionable .
For more on this issue , I recommend Murray Rothbard ’ s explanation in his America ’ s Great Depression that government taxes and spending are “ depredations ” on the economy .
We now get to net exports .
This component of GDP appears to create the most confusion .
Some critics of the use of GDP as a statistical estimate of US production conclude that the net exports category results in a statistic that understates our annual production .
Let me try to clear up this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ imports .
For 2019 , we purchased $ 3,135.7 billion of imports and sold $ 2,503.8 billion of exports , leading to a trade deficit of $ 632 billion .
Net exports were negative and were subtracted from the other categories of expenditures .
Exports are goods and services produced in the US and sold abroad , and of course this production should be included in GDP .
However , it is not immediately obvious why they subtract imports from exports when calculating net exports .
When we purchase imports , those purchases @ @ @ @ @ @ @ purchase an imported truck as a consumer good , that spending is added to personal consumption , if the government purchases the truck , it is added to government purchases ; if a business buys the truck , that spending is added to investment ; and if the truck is then exported , the dollar value of the truck is added to exports .
Foreign production has nothing to do with our estimate of our gross domestic production .
In order to ignore foreign production that is imported to the US , they @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Imports are added into GDP when we purchase them .
Therefore , it is entirely appropriate to subtract imports when calculating net exports .
In this manner , imports do not affect the calculation of GDP .
In explaining the components of gross domestic product , I have made the following major points : • Subtracting decreases in inventories from GDP is legitimate , since the purchases of those inventories are added elsewhere into GDP .
• Intermediate goods are not a part of the GDP calculation unless those intermediate goods are @ @ @ @ @ @ @ subtracting imports when calculating net exports makes perfect sense , since imports are added to other categories of GDP .
By adding imports to GDP , then subtracting them out of GDP , imports have no effect on the GDP statistic .
I trust that I have made it clear that I am not defending gross domestic product as a sound measure of our country ’ s economic performance .
There are many reasons we should be skeptical of this statistic .
In this article , I am simply attempting to clarify the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .

While gross domestic product is considered by many to be the most important statistic regarding our economic well-being, Austrian and non-Austrian economists alike have criticized it as being an unsound representation of the health of an economy. Readers of mises.org are probably familiar with these arguments and I am not going to rehash these critiques.
However, some of the criticisms of this statistic misrepresent how the statistic is determined. I think it would be instructive to explain how GDP is calculated.
GDP is the federal government’s monetary estimate of all final goods and services produced in the country in a specified time, usually annually or quarterly. They calculate GDP using the expenditure method—in other words, they add up all the categories of spending on final goods and services to calculate GDP.
Here is the formula for GDP:
GDP = C + I + G + NX, where
C is personal consumption,
I is gross private domestic investment,
G is government purchases,
NX is net exports. Net exports equal exports minus imports.
The GDP total of consumption spending, investment spending, government purchases, and net exports for 2019 was $21,429.0 billion. The table below provides details of this data.
Personal consumption is divided into purchases of consumer goods and purchases of consumer services. According to the 2020 Economic Report of the President, in 2019, we purchased $4,508.6 billion of goods and $10,055.2 billion of services for a total personal consumption of $14,563.9 billion. This was roughly two-thirds of the total GDP for 2019.
The second category of expenditures is gross private domestic investment. Gross private domestic investment is gross in the sense that it includes all investment, private in that it does not include any government spending, and it is domestic investment meaning that it includes all investment spending in the US.
There are two ways for a business to invest in itself: it can increase its capital stock and it can build up its inventories. Gross private domestic investment comprises fixed investment, investment in capital stock, and changes in inventories. For 2019, fixed investment totaled $3,742.8 billion. $2,878.7 billion of this total was business investment, called non-residential investment. Interestingly, 35 percent ($1,012 billion) of the non-residential investment was investment in intellectual property. According to federal statistics, intellectual property is a major portion of the capital stock of the US.
They also consider spending on new housing to be an investment. The remaining portion of fixed investment was $797.4 billion in residential investment.
Now we get to a rather trivial portion of the GDP statistic, but one that has led to some unfounded criticisms of the GDP calculation, changes in inventories. For 2019, we had a $66.8 billion change in inventories. That means that total business inventories at the end of the year exceeded those at the beginning of the year by $66.8 billion. It makes perfect sense to add the increases in inventories to GDP. Consider a new truck built in the US in 2019. The truck was produced but not sold in 2019, so it was added to some company’s inventory. Since we want to include this truck as a part of 2019 production, it is appropriate to add increases in inventories to GDP.
However, some have concluded that subtracting a decrease in inventories from GDP leads to a flawed statistic. That is not the case.
If inventories decrease during the year, we subtract that decrease from GDP. For instance, in 2009, changes in inventories equaled –$150.8 billion, showing that inventories decreased significantly that year.
At first glance, it does not make sense to subtract anything from production. It is impossible to produce a negative amount of anything. You cannot produce negative ten trucks. Nevertheless, consider a truck that was produced in 2018 but sold in 2019. The truck was included in the 2018 GDP and was in inventory at the beginning of 2019. When the 2018 truck was sold, the 2019 inventories decreased. The appropriate method would be to omit this expenditure as a part of 2019 GDP since the truck was included in the 2018 GDP. That is exactly what happens. When the 2018 truck was sold, it was added into 2019 GDP as either a consumer good, a business investment, a government purchase, or an export. Since they do not want to count this truck in the 2019 statistic, they subtract decreases in inventories from GDP. All decreases in inventories are added to some other category of GDP and then subtracted from GDP in the changes in inventories category. In this manner, they ignore all previous production when calculating the 2019 GDP.
There is one more issue regarding inventories that needs to be addressed, how intermediate goods are treated when they are added to inventories. Intermediate goods, the goods that are inputs for final products, are not generally included in the GDP statistic. GDP measures the production of the final goods and services produced in an economy and it would be inappropriate to include intermediate goods in this calculation.
However, intermediate goods that are added to inventories are included in GDP. If some of the parts of a truck, the engine and transmission, for example, are produced in 2019 but not assembled into the final product, then those intermediate goods are added to the company’s inventory and are included in GDP. When these 2019 intermediate goods are used to produce a truck in 2020, the intermediate goods are subtracted from inventories at that time.
Government purchases are straightforward. Government purchases are comprised of federal purchases, $1,423.4 billion, and state and local purchases, $2,330.8 billion, for a total of $3,754.3 billion. The federal purchases are divided into two categories, national defense, $846.6 billion, and non-defense spending, $576.8 billion.
There are two interesting items in these numbers. Federal spending for 2019 was $4,448.3 billion (this does not include the $11 trillion spent paying off the bonds that came due), but only 32 percent of this spending was on the actual purchase of any goods or services. Moreover, although defense spending was a relatively small amount of overall spending it was almost 60 percent of the total amount of federal purchases.
For the purposes of this article, I am ignoring issues about conflating government purchases and private sector purchases. Government spending is a burden on the economy, and equating government purchases with voluntary private purchases is at best questionable. For more on this issue, I recommend Murray Rothbard’s explanation in his America’s Great Depression that government taxes and spending are “depredations” on the economy.
We now get to net exports. This component of GDP appears to create the most confusion. Some critics of the use of GDP as a statistical estimate of US production conclude that the net exports category results in a statistic that understates our annual production. Let me try to clear up this issue.
Net exports equal exports minus imports. For 2019, we purchased $3,135.7 billion of imports and sold $2,503.8 billion of exports, leading to a trade deficit of $632 billion. Net exports were negative and were subtracted from the other categories of expenditures.
Exports are goods and services produced in the US and sold abroad, and of course this production should be included in GDP. However, it is not immediately obvious why they subtract imports from exports when calculating net exports.
When we purchase imports, those purchases are added to GDP. If we purchase an imported truck as a consumer good, that spending is added to personal consumption, if the government purchases the truck, it is added to government purchases; if a business buys the truck, that spending is added to investment; and if the truck is then exported, the dollar value of the truck is added to exports. Foreign production has nothing to do with our estimate of our gross domestic production. In order to ignore foreign production that is imported to the US, they subtract imports in the net exports category.
Imports are added into GDP when we purchase them. Therefore, it is entirely appropriate to subtract imports when calculating net exports. In this manner, imports do not affect the calculation of GDP.
In explaining the components of gross domestic product, I have made the following major points:
Subtracting decreases in inventories from GDP is legitimate, since the purchases of those inventories are added elsewhere into GDP. Intermediate goods are not a part of the GDP calculation unless those intermediate goods are added to inventories. Importantly, subtracting imports when calculating net exports makes perfect sense, since imports are added to other categories of GDP. By adding imports to GDP, then subtracting them out of GDP, imports have no effect on the GDP statistic.
I trust that I have made it clear that I am not defending gross domestic product as a sound measure of our country’s economic performance. There are many reasons we should be skeptical of this statistic. In this article, I am simply attempting to clarify the issues regarding the calculation of this statistic.
Gross Domestic Product, 2019
GDP (billions of dollars) 21,429.0 Personal Consumption 14,563.9 Goods 4,508.6 Services 10,055.2 Gross Private Domestic Investment 3,742.8 Fixed Investment 3,676.1 Non-residential 2878.7 Residential 797.4 Changes in Inventories 66.8 Government Purchases 3,754.3 Federal Purchases 1,423.4 National Defense 846.6 Non-defense 576.8 State and Local Purchases 2,330.8 Net Exports –632.0 Exports 2,503.8 Imports 3,135.7
Source: 2020 Economic Report of the President.