independentsciencenews--2020-04-24--Did this Virus Come from a Lab? Maybe Not — But it Exposes the Threat of a Biowarfare Arms Race

This article first appeared at Salon There is no scientific finding that the novel coronavirus was bioengineered , but its origins are not entirely clear .
Deadly pathogens discovered in the wild can be studied in secret in labs — and sometimes made more dangerous .
That possibility , and other plausible scenarios , have been incorrectly dismissed in remarks by some scientists and government officials , and in the coverage of most major media outlets .
Regardless of the source of this pandemic , there is considerable documentation that a global biological arms race going on outside of public @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the future .
While much of the media and political establishment have minimized the threat from such lab work , some hawks on the American right like Sen. Tom Cotton , R-Ark.
, have singled out Chinese biodefense researchers as uniquely dangerous .
But there is every indication that U.S. lab work is every bit as threatening as that in Chinese labs .
American labs also operate in secret , and are also known to be accident-prone .
The current dynamics of the biological arms race have been driven by U.S. government @ @ @ @ @ @ @ December 2009 , Reuters reported that the Obama administration was refusing even to negotiate the possible monitoring of biological weapons .
Much of the left in the U.S. now appears unwilling to scrutinize the origin of the pandemic — or the wider issue of biowarfare — perhaps because portions of the anti-Chinese right have been so vocal in making unfounded allegations .
Governments that participate in such biological weapon research generally distinguish between “ biowarfare ” and “ biodefense , ” as if to paint such “ defense ” programs as necessary .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ two concepts are largely indistinguishable .
“ Biodefense ” implies tacit biowarfare , breeding more dangerous pathogens for the alleged purpose of finding a way to fight them .
While this work appears to have succeeded in creating deadly and infectious agents , including deadlier flu strains , such “ defense ” research is impotent in its ability to defend us from this pandemic .
The legal scholar who drafted the main U.S. law on the subject , Francis Boyle , warned in his 2005 book “ Biowarfare and Terrorism ” that an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ catastrophic consequences ” was underway , largely driven by the U.S. government .
For years , many scientists have raised concerns regarding bioweapons/biodefense lab work , and specifically about the fact that huge increases in funding have taken place since 9/11 .
This was especially true after the anthrax-by-mail attacks that killed five people in the weeks after 9/11 , which the FBI ultimately blamed on a U.S. government biodefense scientist .
A 2013 study found that biodefense funding since 2001 had totaled at least $ 78 billion , and more has surely @ @ @ @ @ @ @ led to a proliferation of laboratories , scientists and new organisms , effectively setting off a biological arms race .
Following the Ebola outbreak in west Africa in 2014 , the U.S. government paused funding for what are known as “ gain-of-function ” research on certain organisms .
This work actually seeks to make deadly pathogens deadlier , in some cases making pathogens airborne that previously were not .
With little notice outside the field , the pause on such research was lifted in late 2017 .
During this pause , exceptions for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ work .
This included work jointly done by U.S. scientists from the University of North Carolina , Harvard and the Wuhan Institute of Virology .
This work — which had funding from USAID and EcoHealth Alliance not originally acknowledged — was published in 2015 in Nature Medicine .
A different Nature Medicine article about the origin of the current pandemic , authored by five scientists and published on March 17 , has been touted by major media outlet and some officials — including current National Institutes of Health director Francis Collins — as @ @ @ @ @ @ @ novel coronavirus .
That journal article , titled “ The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 , ” stated unequivocally : “ Our analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus.
” This is a subtly misleading sentence .
While the scientists state that there is no known laboratory “ signature ” in the SARS-Cov-2 RNA , their argument fails to take account of other lab methods that could have created coronavirus mutations without leaving such a signature .
Indeed , there is also the question of conflict @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Some of the authors of that article , as well as a February 2020 Lancet letter condemning “ conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin ” — which seemed calculated to minimize outside scrutiny of biodefense lab work — have troubling ties to the biodefense complex , as well as to the U.S. government .
Notably , neither of these articles makes clear that a virus can have a natural origin and then be captured and studied in a controlled laboratory setting before being let loose , either @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a possibility in the case of the coronavirus .
This reporter raised questions about the subject at a news conference with a Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) representative at the now-shuttered National Press Club on Feb. 11 .
I asked if it was a “ complete coincidence ” that the pandemic had started in Wuhan , the only place in China with a declared biosafety level 4 ( BSL4 ) laboratory .
BSL4 laboratories have the most stringent safety mechanisms , but handle the most deadly pathogens .
As I mentioned @ @ @ @ @ @ @ origin of the novel coronavirus was bat caves in Yunnan province — more than 1,000 miles from Wuhan .
I noted that “ gain-of-function ” lab work can results in more deadly pathogens , and that major labs , including some in the U.S. , have had accidental releases .
CDC Principal Deputy Director Anne Schuchat said that based on the information she had seen , the virus was of “ zoonotic origin.
” She also stated , regarding gain-of-function lab work , that it is important to “ protect researchers and their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ around them and that we use science for the benefit of people.
” I followed up by asking whether an alleged natural origin did not preclude the possibility that this virus came through a lab , since a lab could have acquired a bat virus and been working on it .
Schuchat replied to the assembled journalists that “ it is very common for rumors to emerge that can take on life of their own , ” but did not directly answer the question .
She noted that in the 2014 Ebola outbreak @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the possible cause , claiming this “ was a key rumor that had to be overcome in order to help control the outbreak.
” She reiterated : “ So based on everything that I know right now , I can tell you the circumstances of the origin really look like animals-to-human .
But your question , I heard.
” This is no rumor .
It ’ s a fact : Labs work with dangerous pathogens .
The U.S. and China each have dual-use biowarfare/biodefense programs .
China has major facilities at Wuhan @ @ @ @ @ @ @ a biosafety level 2 lab .
There are leaks from labs .
( See “ Preventing a Biological Arms Race , ” MIT Press , 1990 , edited by Susan Wright ; also , a partial review in Journal of International Law from October 1992 . )
Much of the discussion of this deadly serious subject is marred with snark that avoids or dodges the “ gain-of-function ” question .
ABC ran a story on March 27 titled “ Sorry , Conspiracy Theorists .
Study Concludes COVID-19 ‘ Is Not a Laboratory Construct @ @ @ @ @ @ @ address the possibility that the virus could have been found in the wild , studied in a lab and then released .
On March 21 , USA Today published a piece headlined “ Fact Check : Did the Coronavirus Originate In a Chinese Laboratory ?
” — and rated it “ FALSE.
” That USA Today story relied on the Washington Post , which , in a widely cited Feb. 17 piece “ Tom Cotton keeps repeating a coronavirus conspiracy theory that was already debunked.
” That article quoted public comments from Rutgers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , but out of context and only in part .
Specifically , the story quoted from Ebright ’ s tweet that the coronavirus was not an “ engineered bioweapon.
” In fact , his full quote included the clarification that the virus could have “ entered human population through lab accident.
” ( An email requesting clarification sent to Post reporter Paulina Firozi was met with silence . )
Other pieces in the Post since then ( some heavily sourced to U.S. government officials ) have conveyed Ebright ’ s thinking , but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ exchange , Ebright — who , again , has said clearly that the novel coronavirus was not technically bioengineered using known coronavirus sequences — stated that other forms of lab manipulation could have been responsible for the current pandemic .
This runs counter to much reporting , which is perhaps too scientifically illiterate to perceive the difference .
In response to the suggestion that the novel coronavirus could have come about through various methods besides bioengineering — made by Dr. Meryl Nass , who has done groundbreaking work on biowarfare — Ebright responded @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is very important .
It refers to virologist Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam , who performed research on intentionally increasing rates of viral mutation rate by spreading a virus from one animal to another in a sequence .
The New York Times wrote about this in an editorial in January 2012 , warning of “ An Engineered Doomsday.
” “ Now scientists financed by the National Institutes of Health ” have created a “ virus that could kill tens or hundreds of millions of people ” if it escaped @ @ @ @ @ @ @ story continued : The word “ engineering ” in the New York Times headline is technically incorrect , since passing a virus through animals is not “ genetic engineering.
” This same distinction has hindered some from understanding the possible origins of the current pandemic .
Fouchier ’ s flu work , in which an H5N1 virus was made more virulent by transmitting it repeatedly between individual ferrets , briefly sent shockwaves through the media .
“ Locked up in the bowels of the medical faculty building here and accessible to only a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ virus that could change world history if it were ever set free , ” wrote Science magazine in 2011 in a story titled “ Scientists Brace for Media Storm Around Controversial Flu Studies.
” It continues : Despite objections , Fouchier ’ s article was published by Science in June 2012 .
Titled “ Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets , ” it summarized how Fouchier ’ s research team made the pathogen more virulent : In other words , Fouchier ’ s research took a flu virus that did not @ @ @ @ @ @ @ number of ferrets until it mutated to the point that it was transmissible by air .
In that same year , 2012 , a similar study by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin was published in Nature : In 2014 , Marc Lipsitch of Harvard and Alison P. Galvani of Yale wrote regarding Fouchier and Kawaoka ’ s work : There may be a widespread notion that there is scientific consensus that the pandemic did not come out of a lab .
But in fact many of the most knowledgeable scientists in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ includes Lipsitch at Harvard , Jonathan A .
King at MIT and many others .
Just last year , Lynn Klotz of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation wrote a paper in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists entitled “ Human Error in High-biocontainment Labs : A Likely Pandemic Threat.
” Wrote Klotz : Boyle , a professor of international law at the University of Illinois , has condemned Fouchier , Kawaoka and others — including at least one of the authors of the recent Nature Medicine article in the strongest terms @ @ @ @ @ @ @ enterprise.
” While Boyle has been embroiled in numerous controversies , he ’ s been especially dismissed by many on this issue .
The “ fact-checking ” website Snopes has described him as “ a lawyer with no formal training in virology ” — without noting that he wrote the relevant U.S. law .
As Boyle said in 2015 : The law Boyle drafted states : “ Whoever knowingly develops , produces , stockpiles , transfers , acquires , retains , or possesses any biological agent , toxin , or delivery system for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ assists a foreign state or any organization to do so , shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years , or both .
There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States.
” Boyle now states that he has been “ blackballed ” in the media on this issue , despite his having written the relevant statute .
The group he worked with on the law , the Council for Responsible Genetics , went @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s views against “ biodefense ” even more marginal as government money for dual use work poured into the field and critics within the scientific community have fallen silent .
In turn , his denunciations have grown more sweeping .
In the 1990 book “ Preventing a Biological Arms Race , ” scholar Susan Wright argued that current laws regarding bioweapons were insufficient , as there were “ projects in which offensive and defensive aspects can be distinguished only by claimed motive.
” Boyle notes , correctly , that current law he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ defensive ” work , but only for “ prophylactic , protective or other peaceful purposes.
” While Boyle is particularly vociferous in his condemnations , he is not alone .
There has been irregular , but occasional media attention to this threat .
The Guardian ran a piece in 2014 , “ Scientists condemn ‘ crazy , dangerous ’ creation of deadly airborne flu virus , ” after Kawaoka created a life-threatening virus that “ closely resembles the 1918 Spanish flu strain that killed an estimated 50m people ” : Boyle ’ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the coronavirus was bioengineered — allegations recently mirrored by French virologist and Nobel laureate Luc Montagnier — have not been corroborated by any publicly produced findings of any U.S. scientist .
Boyle even charges that scientists like Ebright , who is at Rutgers , are compromised because the university got a biosafety level 3 lab in 2017 — though Ebright is perhaps the most vocal eminent critic of this research , among U.S. scientists .
These and other controversies aside , Boyle ’ s concerns about the dangers of biowarfare are legitimate ; @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the most vocal voices to discuss the origins of the novel coronavirus have been eager to minimize the dangers of lab work , or have focused almost exclusively on “ wet markets ” or “ exotic ” animals as the likely cause .
The media celebrated Laurie Garrett , the Pulitzer Prize–winning author and former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations , when she declared on Twitter on March 3 ( in a since-deleted tweet ) that the origin of the pandemic was discovered : “ It ’ s pangolins @ @ @ @ @ @ @ from 12 of the scaled mammals that were illegally trafficked in Asia and found # SARSCoV2 in 3 .
The animals were found in Guangxi , China .
Another virus+ smuggled sample found in Guangzhou.
” She was swiftly corrected by Ebright : “ Arrant nonsense .
Did you even read the paper ?
Reported pangolin coronavirus is not SARS-CoV-2 and is not even particularly close to SARS-CoV-2 .
Bat coronavirus RaTG13 is much closer to SARS-CoV-2 ( 96.2 % identical ) than reported pangolin coronavirus ( 92.4 % identical ) .
” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ invoke pangolin as intermediate .
When A is much closer than B to C , in the absence of additional data , there is no rational basis to favor pathway A > B > C over pathway A > C. ” When someone asked what Garrett was saying , Ebright responded : “ She is saying she is scientifically illiterate.
” The following day , Garrett corrected herself ( without acknowledging Ebright ) : “ I blew it on the # Pangolins paper , & then took a few hours break from Twitter @ @ @ @ @ @ @ = source of # SARSCoV2 .
There ’ s a torrent of critique now , deservedly denouncing me & my posting .
A lot of the critique is super-informative so leaving it all up 4 while.
” At least one Chinese government official has responded to the allegation that the labs in Wuhan could be the source for the pandemic by alleging that perhaps the U.S. is responsible instead .
In American mainstream media , that has been reflexively treated as even more ridiculous than the original allegation that the virus could have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Chinese government ’ s allegations should not be taken at face value , but neither should U.S. government claims — especially considering that U.S. government labs were the apparent source for the anthrax attacks in 2001 .
Those attacks sent panic through the U.S. and shut down Congress , allowing the Bush administration to enact the PATRIOT Act and ramp up the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq .
Indeed , in October 2001 , media darlings like Richard Butler and Andrew Sullivan propagandized for war with Iraq because of the anthrax attacks .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ of the pretext for the surge in biolab spending since then , even though they apparently originated in a U.S. or U.S.-allied lab .
Indeed , those attacks remain shrouded in mystery .
The U.S. government has also come up with elaborate cover stories to distract from its bioweapons work .
For instance , the U.S. government infamously claimed the 1953 death of Frank Olson , a scientist at Fort Detrick , Maryland , was an LSD experiment gone wrong ; it now appears to have been an execution to cover up for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ cause of the current pandemic , these biowarfare/biodefense labs need far more scrutiny .
The call to shut them down by Boyle and others needs to be clearly heard — and light must be shone on precisely what research is being conducted .
The secrecy of these labs may prevent us ever knowing with certainty the origins of the current pandemic .
It could have been a lab release , presumably accidental , or it could have been a “ zoonotic , ” or animal-to-human , infection .
What we do know is @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
One might make a comparison to climate change : We can not attribute an individual hurricane to man-made climate disruption , yet science tells us that human activity makes stronger hurricanes more likely .
That brings us back to the imperative to cease the kinds of activities that produce such dangers in the first place .
If that doesn ’ t happen , the people of the planet will be at the mercy of the machinations and mistakes of state actors who are playing with fire for their geopolitical interests .
Sam @ @ @ @ @ @ @ website is here .
He ’ s on Twitter : @ samhusseini .

By Sam Husseini
This article first appeared at Salon
There is no scientific finding that the novel coronavirus was bioengineered, but its origins are not entirely clear. Deadly pathogens discovered in the wild can be studied in secret in labs — and sometimes made more dangerous. That possibility, and other plausible scenarios, have been incorrectly dismissed in remarks by some scientists and government officials, and in the coverage of most major media outlets.
Regardless of the source of this pandemic, there is considerable documentation that a global biological arms race going on outside of public view could produce even more deadly pandemics in the future.
While much of the media and political establishment have minimized the threat from such lab work, some hawks on the American right like Sen. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., have singled out Chinese biodefense researchers as uniquely dangerous.
But there is every indication that U.S. lab work is every bit as threatening as that in Chinese labs. American labs also operate in secret, and are also known to be accident-prone.
The current dynamics of the biological arms race have been driven by U.S. government decisions that extend back decades. In December 2009, Reuters reported that the Obama administration was refusing even to negotiate the possible monitoring of biological weapons.
Much of the left in the U.S. now appears unwilling to scrutinize the origin of the pandemic — or the wider issue of biowarfare — perhaps because portions of the anti-Chinese right have been so vocal in making unfounded allegations.
Governments that participate in such biological weapon research generally distinguish between “biowarfare” and “biodefense,” as if to paint such “defense” programs as necessary. But this is rhetorical sleight-of-hand; the two concepts are largely indistinguishable.
“Biodefense” implies tacit biowarfare, breeding more dangerous pathogens for the alleged purpose of finding a way to fight them. While this work appears to have succeeded in creating deadly and infectious agents, including deadlier flu strains, such “defense” research is impotent in its ability to defend us from this pandemic.
The legal scholar who drafted the main U.S. law on the subject, Francis Boyle, warned in his 2005 book “Biowarfare and Terrorism” that an “illegal biological arms race with potentially catastrophic consequences” was underway, largely driven by the U.S. government.
For years, many scientists have raised concerns regarding bioweapons/biodefense lab work, and specifically about the fact that huge increases in funding have taken place since 9/11. This was especially true after the anthrax-by-mail attacks that killed five people in the weeks after 9/11, which the FBI ultimately blamed on a U.S. government biodefense scientist. A 2013 study found that biodefense funding since 2001 had totaled at least $78 billion, and more has surely been spent since then. This has led to a proliferation of laboratories, scientists and new organisms, effectively setting off a biological arms race.
Following the Ebola outbreak in west Africa in 2014, the U.S. government paused funding for what are known as “gain-of-function” research on certain organisms. This work actually seeks to make deadly pathogens deadlier, in some cases making pathogens airborne that previously were not. With little notice outside the field, the pause on such research was lifted in late 2017.
During this pause, exceptions for funding were made for dangerous gain-of-function lab work. This included work jointly done by U.S. scientists from the University of North Carolina, Harvard and the Wuhan Institute of Virology. This work — which had funding from USAID and EcoHealth Alliance not originally acknowledged — was published in 2015 in Nature Medicine.
A different Nature Medicine article about the origin of the current pandemic, authored by five scientists and published on March 17, has been touted by major media outlet and some officials — including current National Institutes of Health director Francis Collins — as definitively disproving a lab origin for the novel coronavirus. That journal article, titled “The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2,” stated unequivocally: “Our analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus.” This is a subtly misleading sentence. While the scientists state that there is no known laboratory “signature” in the SARS-Cov-2 RNA, their argument fails to take account of other lab methods that could have created coronavirus mutations without leaving such a signature.
Indeed, there is also the question of conflict of interest in the Nature Medicine article. Some of the authors of that article, as well as a February 2020 Lancet letter condemning “conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin” — which seemed calculated to minimize outside scrutiny of biodefense lab work — have troubling ties to the biodefense complex, as well as to the U.S. government. Notably, neither of these articles makes clear that a virus can have a natural origin and then be captured and studied in a controlled laboratory setting before being let loose, either intentionally or accidentally — which is clearly a possibility in the case of the coronavirus.
Facts as “rumors”
This reporter raised questions about the subject at a news conference with a Center for Disease Control (CDC) representative at the now-shuttered National Press Club on Feb. 11. I asked if it was a “complete coincidence” that the pandemic had started in Wuhan, the only place in China with a declared biosafety level 4 (BSL4) laboratory. BSL4 laboratories have the most stringent safety mechanisms, but handle the most deadly pathogens. As I mentioned, it was odd that the ostensible origin of the novel coronavirus was bat caves in Yunnan province — more than 1,000 miles from Wuhan. I noted that “gain-of-function” lab work can results in more deadly pathogens, and that major labs, including some in the U.S., have had accidental releases.
CDC Principal Deputy Director Anne Schuchat said that based on the information she had seen, the virus was of “zoonotic origin.” She also stated, regarding gain-of-function lab work, that it is important to “protect researchers and their laboratory workers as well as the community around them and that we use science for the benefit of people.”
I followed up by asking whether an alleged natural origin did not preclude the possibility that this virus came through a lab, since a lab could have acquired a bat virus and been working on it. Schuchat replied to the assembled journalists that “it is very common for rumors to emerge that can take on life of their own,” but did not directly answer the question. She noted that in the 2014 Ebola outbreak some observers had pointed to nearby labs as the possible cause, claiming this “was a key rumor that had to be overcome in order to help control the outbreak.” She reiterated: “So based on everything that I know right now, I can tell you the circumstances of the origin really look like animals-to-human. But your question, I heard.”
This is no rumor. It’s a fact: Labs work with dangerous pathogens. The U.S. and China each have dual-use biowarfare/biodefense programs. China has major facilities at Wuhan — a biosafety level 4 lab and a biosafety level 2 lab. There are leaks from labs. (See “Preventing a Biological Arms Race,” MIT Press, 1990, edited by Susan Wright; also, a partial review in Journal of International Law from October 1992.)
Much of the discussion of this deadly serious subject is marred with snark that avoids or dodges the “gain-of-function” question. ABC ran a story on March 27 titled “Sorry, Conspiracy Theorists. Study Concludes COVID-19 ‘Is Not a Laboratory Construct.'” That story did not address the possibility that the virus could have been found in the wild, studied in a lab and then released.
On March 21, USA Today published a piece headlined “Fact Check: Did the Coronavirus Originate In a Chinese Laboratory?” — and rated it “FALSE.”
That USA Today story relied on the Washington Post, which, in a widely cited Feb. 17 piece “Tom Cotton keeps repeating a coronavirus conspiracy theory that was already debunked.” That article quoted public comments from Rutgers University professor of chemical biology Richard Ebright, but out of context and only in part. Specifically, the story quoted from Ebright’s tweet that the coronavirus was not an “engineered bioweapon.” In fact, his full quote included the clarification that the virus could have “entered human population through lab accident.” (An email requesting clarification sent to Post reporter Paulina Firozi was met with silence.)
Bioengineered ≠ From a lab
Other pieces in the Post since then (some heavily sourced to U.S. government officials) have conveyed Ebright’s thinking, but it gets worse. In a private exchange, Ebright — who, again, has said clearly that the novel coronavirus was not technically bioengineered using known coronavirus sequences — stated that other forms of lab manipulation could have been responsible for the current pandemic. This runs counter to much reporting, which is perhaps too scientifically illiterate to perceive the difference.
In response to the suggestion that the novel coronavirus could have come about through various methods besides bioengineering — made by Dr. Meryl Nass, who has done groundbreaking work on biowarfare — Ebright responded in an email:
The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 has no signatures of human manipulation. This rules out the kinds of gain-of-function (GoF) research that leave signatures of human manipulation in genome sequences (e.g., use of recombinant DNA methods to construct chimeric viruses), but does not rule out kinds of GoF research that do not leave signatures (e.g., serial passage in animals). [emphasis added] Very easy to imagine the equivalent of the Fouchier’s “10 passages in ferrets” with H5N1 influenza virus, but, in this case, with 10 passages in non-human primates with bat coronavirus RaTG13 or bat coronavirus KP876546.
That last paragraph is very important. It refers to virologist Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, who performed research on intentionally increasing rates of viral mutation rate by spreading a virus from one animal to another in a sequence. The New York Times wrote about this in an editorial in January 2012, warning of “An Engineered Doomsday.”
“Now scientists financed by the National Institutes of Health” have created a “virus that could kill tens or hundreds of millions of people” if it escaped confinement, the Times wrote. The story continued:
Working with ferrets, the animal that is most like humans in responding to influenza, the researchers found that a mere five genetic mutations allowed the virus to spread through the air from one ferret to another while maintaining its lethality. A separate study at the University of Wisconsin, about which little is known publicly, produced a virus that is thought to be less virulent.
The word “engineering” in the New York Times headline is technically incorrect, since passing a virus through animals is not “genetic engineering.” This same distinction has hindered some from understanding the possible origins of the current pandemic.
Fouchier’s flu work, in which an H5N1 virus was made more virulent by transmitting it repeatedly between individual ferrets, briefly sent shockwaves through the media. “Locked up in the bowels of the medical faculty building here and accessible to only a handful of scientists lies a man-made flu virus that could change world history if it were ever set free,” wrote Science magazine in 2011 in a story titled “Scientists Brace for Media Storm Around Controversial Flu Studies.” It continues:
The virus is an H5N1 avian influenza strain that has been genetically altered and is now easily transmissible between ferrets, the animals that most closely mimic the human response to flu. Scientists believe it’s likely that the pathogen, if it emerged in nature or were released, would trigger an influenza pandemic, quite possibly with many millions of deaths. In a 17th floor office in the same building, virologist Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center calmly explains why his team created what he says is “probably one of the most dangerous viruses you can make” — and why he wants to publish a paper describing how they did it. Fouchier is also bracing for a media storm. After he talked to ScienceInsider yesterday, he had an appointment with an institutional press officer to chart a communication strategy. Fouchier’s paper is one of two studies that have triggered an intense debate about the limits of scientific freedom and that could portend changes in the way U.S. researchers handle so-called dual-use research: studies that have a potential public health benefit but could also be useful for nefarious purposes like biowarfare or bioterrorism.
Despite objections, Fouchier’s article was published by Science in June 2012. Titled “Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets,” it summarized how Fouchier’s research team made the pathogen more virulent:
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet (“airborne transmission”) between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets.
In other words, Fouchier’s research took a flu virus that did not exhibit airborne transmission, then infected a number of ferrets until it mutated to the point that it was transmissible by air.
In that same year, 2012, a similar study by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin was published in Nature:
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently do not transmit efficiently among humans. … Here we assess the molecular changes … that would allow a virus … to be transmissible among mammals. We identified a … virus … with four mutations and the remaining seven gene segments from a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus — that was capable of droplet transmission in a ferret model.
In 2014, Marc Lipsitch of Harvard and Alison P. Galvani of Yale wrote regarding Fouchier and Kawaoka’s work:
Recent experiments that create novel, highly virulent and transmissible pathogens against which there is no human immunity are unethical … they impose a risk of accidental and deliberate release that, if it led to extensive spread of the new agent, could cost many lives. While such a release is unlikely in a specific laboratory conducting research under strict biosafety procedures, even a low likelihood should be taken seriously, given the scale of destruction if such an unlikely event were to occur. Furthermore, the likelihood of risk is multiplied as the number of laboratories conducting such research increases around the globe. Given this risk, ethical principles, such as those embodied in the Nuremberg Code, dictate that such experiments would be permissible only if they provide humanitarian benefits commensurate with the risk, and if these benefits cannot be achieved by less risky means. We argue that the two main benefits claimed for these experiments — improved vaccine design and improved interpretation of surveillance — are unlikely to be achieved by the creation of potential pandemic pathogens (PPP), often termed “gain-of-function” (GOF) experiments.
There may be a widespread notion that there is scientific consensus that the pandemic did not come out of a lab. But in fact many of the most knowledgeable scientists in the field are notably silent. This includes Lipsitch at Harvard, Jonathan A. King at MIT and many others.
Just last year, Lynn Klotz of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation wrote a paper in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists entitled “Human Error in High-biocontainment Labs: A Likely Pandemic Threat.” Wrote Klotz:
Incidents causing potential exposures to pathogens occur frequently in the high security laboratories often known by their acronyms, BSL3 (Biosafety Level 3) and BSL4. Lab incidents that lead to undetected or unreported laboratory-acquired infections can lead to the release of a disease into the community outside the lab; lab workers with such infections will leave work carrying the pathogen with them. If the agent involved were a potential pandemic pathogen, such a community release could lead to a worldwide pandemic with many fatalities. Of greatest concern is a release of a lab-created, mammalian-airborne-transmissible, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, such as the airborne-transmissible H5N1 viruses created in the laboratories of Ron Fouchier in the Netherlands and Yoshihiro Kawaoka in Madison, Wisconsin.
“Crazy, dangerous”
Boyle, a professor of international law at the University of Illinois, has condemned Fouchier, Kawaoka and others — including at least one of the authors of the recent Nature Medicine article in the strongest terms, calling such work a “criminal enterprise.” While Boyle has been embroiled in numerous controversies, he’s been especially dismissed by many on this issue. The “fact-checking” website Snopes has described him as “a lawyer with no formal training in virology” — without noting that he wrote the relevant U.S. law.
As Boyle said in 2015:
Since September 11, 2001, we have spent around $100 billion on biological warfare. Effectively we now have an Offensive Biological Warfare Industry in this country that violates the Biological Weapons Convention and my Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989.
The law Boyle drafted states: “Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both. There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States.”
Boyle also warned:
Russia and China have undoubtedly reached the same conclusions I have derived from the same open and public sources, and have responded in kind. So what the world now witnesses is an all-out offensive biological warfare arms race among the major military powers of the world: United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, Israel, inter alia. We have reconstructed the Offensive Biological Warfare Industry that we had deployed in this county before its prohibition by the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972, described by Seymour Hersh in his groundbreaking expose “Chemical and Biological Warfare: America’s Hidden Arsenal.” (1968)
Boyle now states that he has been “blackballed” in the media on this issue, despite his having written the relevant statute. The group he worked with on the law, the Council for Responsible Genetics, went under several years ago, making Boyle’s views against “biodefense” even more marginal as government money for dual use work poured into the field and critics within the scientific community have fallen silent. In turn, his denunciations have grown more sweeping.
In the 1990 book “Preventing a Biological Arms Race,” scholar Susan Wright argued that current laws regarding bioweapons were insufficient, as there were “projects in which offensive and defensive aspects can be distinguished only by claimed motive.” Boyle notes, correctly, that current law he drafted does not make an exception for “defensive” work, but only for “prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes.”
While Boyle is particularly vociferous in his condemnations, he is not alone. There has been irregular, but occasional media attention to this threat. The Guardian ran a piece in 2014, “Scientists condemn ‘crazy, dangerous’ creation of deadly airborne flu virus,” after Kawaoka created a life-threatening virus that “closely resembles the 1918 Spanish flu strain that killed an estimated 50m people”:
“The work they are doing is absolutely crazy. The whole thing is exceedingly dangerous,” said Lord May, the former president of the Royal Society and one time chief science adviser to the UK government. “Yes, there is a danger, but it’s not arising from the viruses out there in the animals, it’s arising from the labs of grossly ambitious people.”
Boyle’s charges beginning early this year that the coronavirus was bioengineered — allegations recently mirrored by French virologist and Nobel laureate Luc Montagnier — have not been corroborated by any publicly produced findings of any U.S. scientist. Boyle even charges that scientists like Ebright, who is at Rutgers, are compromised because the university got a biosafety level 3 lab in 2017 — though Ebright is perhaps the most vocal eminent critic of this research, among U.S. scientists. These and other controversies aside, Boyle’s concerns about the dangers of biowarfare are legitimate; indeed, Ebright shares them.
Some of the most vocal voices to discuss the origins of the novel coronavirus have been eager to minimize the dangers of lab work, or have focused almost exclusively on “wet markets” or “exotic” animals as the likely cause.
The media celebrated Laurie Garrett, the Pulitzer Prize–winning author and former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, when she declared on Twitter on March 3 (in a since-deleted tweet) that the origin of the pandemic was discovered: “It’s pangolins. #COVID19 Researchers studied lung tissue from 12 of the scaled mammals that were illegally trafficked in Asia and found #SARSCoV2 in 3. The animals were found in Guangxi, China. Another virus+ smuggled sample found in Guangzhou.”
She was swiftly corrected by Ebright: “Arrant nonsense. Did you even read the paper? Reported pangolin coronavirus is not SARS-CoV-2 and is not even particularly close to SARS-CoV-2. Bat coronavirus RaTG13 is much closer to SARS-CoV-2 (96.2% identical) than reported pangolin coronavirus (92.4% identical).” He added: “No reason to invoke pangolin as intermediate. When A is much closer than B to C, in the absence of additional data, there is no rational basis to favor pathway A>B>C over pathway A>C.” When someone asked what Garrett was saying, Ebright responded: “She is saying she is scientifically illiterate.”
The following day, Garrett corrected herself (without acknowledging Ebright): “I blew it on the #Pangolins paper, & then took a few hours break from Twitter. It did NOT prove the species = source of #SARSCoV2. There’s a torrent of critique now, deservedly denouncing me & my posting. A lot of the critique is super-informative so leaving it all up 4 while.”
At least one Chinese government official has responded to the allegation that the labs in Wuhan could be the source for the pandemic by alleging that perhaps the U.S. is responsible instead. In American mainstream media, that has been reflexively treated as even more ridiculous than the original allegation that the virus could have come from a lab.
Obviously the Chinese government’s allegations should not be taken at face value, but neither should U.S. government claims — especially considering that U.S. government labs were the apparent source for the anthrax attacks in 2001. Those attacks sent panic through the U.S. and shut down Congress, allowing the Bush administration to enact the PATRIOT Act and ramp up the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Indeed, in October 2001, media darlings like Richard Butler and Andrew Sullivan propagandized for war with Iraq because of the anthrax attacks.
The 2001 anthrax attacks also provided much of the pretext for the surge in biolab spending since then, even though they apparently originated in a U.S. or U.S.-allied lab. Indeed, those attacks remain shrouded in mystery.
The U.S. government has also come up with elaborate cover stories to distract from its bioweapons work. For instance, the U.S. government infamously claimed the 1953 death of Frank Olson, a scientist at Fort Detrick, Maryland, was an LSD experiment gone wrong; it now appears to have been an execution to cover up for U.S. biological warfare.
Regardless of the cause of the current pandemic, these biowarfare/biodefense labs need far more scrutiny. The call to shut them down by Boyle and others needs to be clearly heard — and light must be shone on precisely what research is being conducted.
The secrecy of these labs may prevent us ever knowing with certainty the origins of the current pandemic. It could have been a lab release, presumably accidental, or it could have been a “zoonotic,” or animal-to-human, infection.
What we do know is this lab work comes with real dangers. One might make a comparison to climate change: We cannot attribute an individual hurricane to man-made climate disruption, yet science tells us that human activity makes stronger hurricanes more likely. That brings us back to the imperative to cease the kinds of activities that produce such dangers in the first place.
If that doesn’t happen, the people of the planet will be at the mercy of the machinations and mistakes of state actors who are playing with fire for their geopolitical interests.
Sam Husseini is an independent journalist. His website is here. He’s on Twitter: @samhusseini.
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independentsciencenews--2020-05-05--The Long History of Accidental Laboratory Releases of Potential Pandemic Pathogens Is Being Ignored

The Long History of Accidental Laboratory Releases of Potential Pandemic Pathogens Is Being Ignored In the COVID-19 Media Coverage

Many people are dismissing the possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic might have come from a lab .
It is possible that they are unaware of the frequency of biohazards escaping from laboratories .
On Feb. 11 , I asked Anne Schuchat , the CDC ’ s Principal Deputy Director , at the National Press Club if it were a “ complete coincidence ” that the outbreak of the novel coronavirus happened in Wuhan , a center of China ’ s declared biowarfare/biodefence capacity .
I got an answer that was remarkably evasive .
She wouldn ’ t answer my followup @ @ @ @ @ @ @ origin ” precluded the outbreak from being caused by pathogens from nature that then could be accidentally leaked from the labs .
But neither are the facts always being provided to the public .
A search on “ Democracy Now ” shows that the first time the program mentioned “ Wuhan ” and “ lab ” or “ laboratory ” was on April 6 — to credit “ the Wuhan lab that identified the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
” Mainstream outlets at least reported the existence of the lab to their audiences in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they distorted the information .
And skew the information they did .
Forbes ( 3/17/20 ) published the piece “ No , COVID-19 Coronavirus Was Not Bioengineered .
Here ’ s The Research That Debunks That Idea , ” which depends on a misreading of a strange and misleading Nature Medicine article to dismiss the notion that it came out of a lab .
The Forbes senior contributor on health , Bruce Y. Lee wrote : “ it ’ s a lot easier to leak a pocket of air though your butt than @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Apparently this was supposed to be reassuring .
Similarly CNN ( 4/6/20 ) mocked the notion of a lab leak when re-assessing the source of the pandemic , describing one possibility being that : “ It leaked — like a genie out of a bottle — from a lab in an accident.
” But even a cursory look at the record shows that these labs , where ever they exist , have a lot of accidents — just from 2019 , the New York Times ( 8/5/19 ) reported : “ Deadly Germ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Over Safety Concerns ” , an article about Fort Detrick in Maryland : “ Problems with disposal of dangerous materials led the government to suspend research at the military ’ s leading biodefense center.
” ( The local paper , the Frederick News-Post has provided some coverage , including publishing letters by local activist Barry Kissin . )
USA Today had a reporter on this beat , Alison Young , but she left the paper .
A sampling of her work : “ CDC failed to disclose lab incidents with bioterror pathogens to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ GAO finds more gaps in oversight of bioterror germs studied in U.S. ” : “ Government regulators have no idea how often laboratories working with some of the world ’ s most dangerous viruses and bacteria are failing to fully kill vials of specimens before sending them to other researchers who lack critical gear to protect them against infection , according to a new report by the Government Accountability Office.
” ( 9/21/16 ) Even since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak , Nature reported : “ Chinese institutes investigate pathogen outbreaks in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , on April 16 , “ Democracy Now ” interviewed Peter Daszak of the EcoHealth Alliance .
Daszak is an interested party .
He has worked with and helped fund the coronavirus experiments at the Wuhan Institute of Virology .
He dismissed the prospect of lab release outright .
The episode was headlined : “ ’ Pure Baloney ’ : Zoologist Debunks Trump ’ s COVID-19 Origin Theory , Explains Animal-Human Transmission.
” Listeners to “ Democracy Now ” were not given elementary facts about the history of lab accidents .
They were @ @ @ @ @ @ @ advisors for EcoHealth Alliance are David Franz , a former commander at Fort Detrick , the principle U.S. government biowarfare/biodefence facility and Thomas Geisbert , who is doing biodefence/biowarfare work at Galveston National Laboratory .
EcoHealth Alliance partners include universities but also major corporations like Johnson & Johnson and Colgate Palmolive .
Most importantly the EcoHealth Alliance has worked with USAID to fund dangerous collaborative work between scientists in the U.S. and in Wuhan .
According to Daszak they are simply trying to defend against pandemics .
This requires collecting and even creating @ @ @ @ @ @ @ defending against them .
But , to Richard Ebright of Rutgers University , an eminent scientist and one of the few who scrutinize the well-funded biodefense/biowarfare networks , this is all incredibly dangerous : .
Ebright calls it “ Not ‘ vaccine research.
’ Not research that provides information useful for preventing or combatting outbreaks .
Just reckless pseudo-scientific Indiana-Jones adventurism with high risk of infection of collector , and from there , infection of public.
” He also charges that collecting thousands of such viruses is the “ Definition of insanity.
” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s group supports at the Wuhan Institute of Virology says that she was initially quite concerned that the lab was the source .
Shi Zhengli was profiled by Scientific American , ( March 11 , 2020 ) “ How China ’ s ‘ Bat Woman ’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus “ : “ If coronaviruses were the culprit , she remembers thinking , ‘ could they have come from our lab ?
’ … Shi breathed a sigh of relief when the results came back : none @ @ @ @ @ @ @ viruses her team had sampled from bat caves .
‘ That really took a load off my mind , ’ she says .
‘ I had not slept a wink for days . '
” She seems more self reflective than Daszak , but why should the world take her word ?
As Ebright at Rutgers states : “ A denial is not a refutation.
” In fact , there is no doubt that Fox News Channel , Senator Tom Cotton , and others are clearly trying to demonize China and portray Chinese @ @ @ @ @ @ @ counter to this is that Chinese labs are great , like U.S. labs .
Excluded from this “ discussion ” is the obvious truth : These labs are all dangerous and there is no meaningful distinction between biowarfare and biodefence .
The U.S. has effectively spurred a bioweapons arms race , as documented by Francis Boyle in his Biowarfare and Terrorism ( 2005 ) .
By not taking on the issue of biowarfare , the left is effectively turning it over to the prowar right which is weaponizing it against China .
The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ take a comprehensive approach to ensure a bioweapons arms race doesn ’ t continue to threaten humanity .
On Fox , Sen. Cotton stated that U.S. labs do work that is “ in large part done for preventative purposes , ” like “ trying to discover vaccines.
” In contrast , “ China is obviously very secretive about what happens at the Wuhan laboratory.
” ( FNC 2/16/20 ) In fact , all countries who do this work are secretive .
Much of the rightwing coverage in the U.S. on this issue has @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Gertz in the Washington Times whose books include The China Threat : How the People ’ s Republic Targets America and , from 2019 : Deceiving the Sky : Inside Communist China ’ s Drive for Global Supremacy .
Similarly , Josh Rogin ’ s reporting in the Washington Post , “ State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses ” emanates from self serving elements of the U.S. government .
If current dynamics continue , the rightwing will use the issue of biolabs to demonize China , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ being any serious scrutiny applied to bioweapons work by the U.S. and its allies ( Israel has not even signed the Biological Weapons Convention ) .
While some seek to demonize China , others , like David Ignatius of the Washington Post are calling for the U.S. and Chinese governments to work together .
As are some Chinese officials .
That can be a very dangerous proposition as well .
Consider the dynamics of the other major weapon threatening humanity : nuclear weapons .
The U.S. and Russia are effectively colluding to maintain @ @ @ @ @ @ @ weapons stockpiles .
They have blocked moves toward a nuclear weapons ban — an effort backed at the UN by 122 countries .
There has been precious little discussion about this issue even though the group behind the effort , the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons , once won the Nobel Peace Prize .
I challenged this collusion by asking about it at the Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki but was dragged out of the hall , shackled , thrown in the back of a police vehicle and detained for six hours .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ likely originated in U.S. government labs — the U.S. government perversely and dramatically escalated spending on “ biodefence ” — building more labs all over the country , training hundreds if not thousands of more scientists to work on the planet ’ s most dangerous pathogens .
This spending approximates to about five billion dollars each year since the anthrax attacks .
On April 21 , the Times published the piece “ How Scientists Could Stop the Next Pandemic Before It Starts , ” about Daszak and friends , complete with fancy graphic @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ Researchers believe they could pre-emptively create vaccines and drugs to fight a wide range of viral threats — if they can get sufficient funding.
” So , while we still don ’ t know if the cause of the pandemic wasn ’ t this dangerous lab work , the people doing it — who are well funded already — are getting pieces into the New York Times effectively beating down the door for even more money .
And Ft. Detrick is about to get what appears to be the biggest and expensive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Still sanguine about the labs ?
In 2018 , the Federal Select Agent Program “ received eight reports of loss and 193 reports of a release of a biological select agent or toxin.
” Or try reading this excellent 2014 paper — “ Laboratory Escapes and ‘ Self-fulfilling prophecy ’ Epidemics ” — by Martin Furmanski of the Scientist ’ s Working Group on Chemical and Biologic Weapons and the Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation ( versions of it were published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and Slate ) : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ world or regional public health from the escape from microbiology laboratories of pathogens capable of causing pandemics , or Potentially Pandemic Pathogens ( PPPs ) .
” Furmanski documented smallpox accidental releases in Britain in the 1970s , which eventually led to the head of the lab committing suicide , Venezuelan equine encephalitis in 1995 , foot-and-mouth disease in Britain in 2007 which began “ 4 kilometers from a biosafety level 4 laboratory.
” More recently , he notes : “ SARS has not naturally recurred , but there have been six separate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ it : one each in Singapore and Taiwan , and in four distinct events at the same laboratory in Beijing .
… “ It should be emphasized that these examples are only the ‘ tip of the iceberg ’ because they represent laboratory accidents that have actually caused illness outside of the laboratory in the general public environment .
… “ Public awareness of the 1977 H1N1 pandemic and its likely laboratory origins has been virtually absent .
Virologists and public health officials with the appropriate sophistication were quickly aware that a laboratory @ @ @ @ @ @ @ but they were content not to publicize this , aware that such embarrassing allegations would likely end the then nascent cooperation of Russian and Chinese virologists , which was vital to worldwide influenza surveillance .
… “ It is hardly reassuring that despite stepwise technical improvements in containment facilities and increased policy demands for biosecurity procedures in the handling of dangerous pathogens , that escapes of these pathogens regularly occur and cause outbreaks in the general environment .
Looking at the problem pragmatically , question is not such escapes will happen in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ may be and how such an escape will be contained , if indeed it can be contained at all .
“ Advances in genetic manipulation now allow the augmentation of virulence and transmissibility in dangerous pathogens , and such experiments have been funded and performed , notably in the H5N1 avian influenza virus .
The advisability of performing such experiments at all , and particularly in laboratories placed at universities in heavily populated urban areas , where laboratory personnel who are potentially exposed are in daily contact with a multitude of susceptible and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ If such manipulations should be allowed at all , it would seem prudent to conduct them in isolated laboratories where personnel are sequestered from the general public and must undergo a period of ‘ exit quarantine ’ before re-entering civilian life.
” Sam Husseini is an independent journalist and founder of VotePact.org , which encourages principled progressives and conscientious conservatives to work together .
This article first appeared on his website .
If this article was useful to you please consider sharing it with your networks .

by Sam Husseini
Many people are dismissing the possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic might have come from a lab. It is possible that they are unaware of the frequency of biohazards escaping from laboratories.
On Feb. 11, I asked Anne Schuchat, the CDC’s Principal Deputy Director, at the National Press Club if it were a “complete coincidence” that the outbreak of the novel coronavirus happened in Wuhan, a center of China’s declared biowarfare/biodefence capacity. I got an answer that was remarkably evasive. She wouldn’t answer my followup question about whether the claimed “zoonotic origin” precluded the outbreak from being caused by pathogens from nature that then could be accidentally leaked from the labs.
But neither are the facts always being provided to the public. A search on “Democracy Now” shows that the first time the program mentioned “Wuhan” and “lab” or “laboratory” was on April 6 — to credit “the Wuhan lab that identified the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.” Mainstream outlets at least reported the existence of the lab to their audiences in a somewhat timely manner, even if they distorted the information.
And skew the information they did.
Forbes (3/17/20) published the piece “No, COVID-19 Coronavirus Was Not Bioengineered. Here’s The Research That Debunks That Idea,” which depends on a misreading of a strange and misleading Nature Medicine article to dismiss the notion that it came out of a lab. The Forbes senior contributor on health, Bruce Y. Lee wrote: “it’s a lot easier to leak a pocket of air though your butt than a virus from a BSL-4 facility.” Apparently this was supposed to be reassuring.
Similarly CNN (4/6/20) mocked the notion of a lab leak when re-assessing the source of the pandemic, describing one possibility being that: “It leaked — like a genie out of a bottle — from a lab in an accident.”
But even a cursory look at the record shows that these labs, where ever they exist, have a lot of accidents — just from 2019, the New York Times (8/5/19) reported: “Deadly Germ Research Is Shut Down at Army Lab Over Safety Concerns”, an article about Fort Detrick in Maryland: “Problems with disposal of dangerous materials led the government to suspend research at the military’s leading biodefense center.” (The local paper, the Frederick News-Post has provided some coverage, including publishing letters by local activist Barry Kissin.)
USA Today had a reporter on this beat, Alison Young, but she left the paper. A sampling of her work:
“Hundreds of bioterror lab mishaps cloaked in secrecy” (8/17/14)
“Worker at Tulane possibly exposed to bioterror bacteria” (3/11/15)
“CDC failed to disclose lab incidents with bioterror pathogens to Congress” (6/23/16):
“GAO finds more gaps in oversight of bioterror germs studied in U.S.”:
“Government regulators have no idea how often laboratories working with some of the world’s most dangerous viruses and bacteria are failing to fully kill vials of specimens before sending them to other researchers who lack critical gear to protect them against infection, according to a new report by the Government Accountability Office.” (9/21/16)
“Congress demands details of secret CDC lab incidents revealed by USA TODAY” (1/17/17)
Even since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, Nature reported: “Chinese institutes investigate pathogen outbreaks in lab workers.” (12/17/19)
Then, on April 16, “Democracy Now” interviewed Peter Daszak of the EcoHealth Alliance. Daszak is an interested party. He has worked with and helped fund the coronavirus experiments at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. He dismissed the prospect of lab release outright. The episode was headlined: “’Pure Baloney’: Zoologist Debunks Trump’s COVID-19 Origin Theory, Explains Animal-Human Transmission.”
Listeners to “Democracy Now” were not given elementary facts about the history of lab accidents. They were also not told that among the policy advisors for EcoHealth Alliance are David Franz, a former commander at Fort Detrick, the principle U.S. government biowarfare/biodefence facility and Thomas Geisbert, who is doing biodefence/biowarfare work at Galveston National Laboratory. EcoHealth Alliance partners include universities but also major corporations like Johnson & Johnson and Colgate Palmolive. Most importantly the EcoHealth Alliance has worked with USAID to fund dangerous collaborative work between scientists in the U.S. and in Wuhan.
According to Daszak they are simply trying to defend against pandemics. This requires collecting and even creating dangerous pathogens for the stated purpose of defending against them.
But, to Richard Ebright of Rutgers University, an eminent scientist and one of the few who scrutinize the well-funded biodefense/biowarfare networks, this is all incredibly dangerous:. Ebright calls it “Not ‘vaccine research.’ Not research that provides information useful for preventing or combatting outbreaks. Just reckless pseudo-scientific Indiana-Jones adventurism with high risk of infection of collector, and from there, infection of public.” He also charges that collecting thousands of such viruses is the “Definition of insanity.”
Interestingly, even the researcher who Daszak’s group supports at the Wuhan Institute of Virology says that she was initially quite concerned that the lab was the source. Shi Zhengli was profiled by Scientific American, (March 11, 2020) “How China’s ‘Bat Woman’ Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus“: “If coronaviruses were the culprit, she remembers thinking, ‘could they have come from our lab?’ … Shi breathed a sigh of relief when the results came back: none of the sequences matched those of the viruses her team had sampled from bat caves. ‘That really took a load off my mind,’ she says. ‘I had not slept a wink for days.'”
She seems more self reflective than Daszak, but why should the world take her word? As Ebright at Rutgers states: “A denial is not a refutation.”
In fact, there is no doubt that Fox News Channel, Senator Tom Cotton, and others are clearly trying to demonize China and portray Chinese labs as uniquely dangerous. The liberal counter to this is that Chinese labs are great, like U.S. labs. Excluded from this “discussion” is the obvious truth: These labs are all dangerous and there is no meaningful distinction between biowarfare and biodefence. The U.S. has effectively spurred a bioweapons arms race, as documented by Francis Boyle in his Biowarfare and Terrorism (2005).
By not taking on the issue of biowarfare, the left is effectively turning it over to the prowar right which is weaponizing it against China. The better tack, surely, is to take a comprehensive approach to ensure a bioweapons arms race doesn’t continue to threaten humanity.
On Fox, Sen. Cotton stated that U.S. labs do work that is “in large part done for preventative purposes,” like “trying to discover vaccines.” In contrast, “China is obviously very secretive about what happens at the Wuhan laboratory.” (FNC 2/16/20) In fact, all countries who do this work are secretive. Much of the rightwing coverage in the U.S. on this issue has been led by the reporting of Bill Gertz in the Washington Times whose books include The China Threat: How the People’s Republic Targets America and, from 2019: Deceiving the Sky: Inside Communist China’s Drive for Global Supremacy.
Similarly, Josh Rogin’s reporting in the Washington Post, “State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses” emanates from self serving elements of the U.S. government.
If current dynamics continue, the rightwing will use the issue of biolabs to demonize China, and perhaps other states, without there being any serious scrutiny applied to bioweapons work by the U.S. and its allies (Israel has not even signed the Biological Weapons Convention).
While some seek to demonize China, others, like David Ignatius of the Washington Post are calling for the U.S. and Chinese governments to work together. As are some Chinese officials. That can be a very dangerous proposition as well. Consider the dynamics of the other major weapon threatening humanity: nuclear weapons. The U.S. and Russia are effectively colluding to maintain their geopolitical power by maintaining their nuclear weapons stockpiles. They have blocked moves toward a nuclear weapons ban — an effort backed at the UN by 122 countries. There has been precious little discussion about this issue even though the group behind the effort, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, once won the Nobel Peace Prize. I challenged this collusion by asking about it at the Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki but was dragged out of the hall, shackled, thrown in the back of a police vehicle and detained for six hours.
Following the 9/11 anthrax attacks, which likely originated in U.S. government labs — the U.S. government perversely and dramatically escalated spending on “biodefence” — building more labs all over the country, training hundreds if not thousands of more scientists to work on the planet’s most dangerous pathogens. This spending approximates to about five billion dollars each year since the anthrax attacks.
On April 21, the Times published the piece “How Scientists Could Stop the Next Pandemic Before It Starts,” about Daszak and friends, complete with fancy graphic, in which the Times states: “Researchers believe they could pre-emptively create vaccines and drugs to fight a wide range of viral threats — if they can get sufficient funding.”
So, while we still don’t know if the cause of the pandemic wasn’t this dangerous lab work, the people doing it — who are well funded already — are getting pieces into the New York Times effectively beating down the door for even more money.
And Ft. Detrick is about to get what appears to be the biggest and expensive “biodefense” lab ever built.
Still sanguine about the labs? In 2018, the Federal Select Agent Program “received eight reports of loss and 193 reports of a release of a biological select agent or toxin.”
Or try reading this excellent 2014 paper — “Laboratory Escapes and ‘Self-fulfilling prophecy’ Epidemics” — by Martin Furmanski of the Scientist’s Working Group on Chemical and Biologic Weapons and the Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation (versions of it were published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and Slate):
He warned of “The danger to world or regional public health from the escape from microbiology laboratories of pathogens capable of causing pandemics, or Potentially Pandemic Pathogens (PPPs).”
Furmanski documented smallpox accidental releases in Britain in the 1970s, which eventually led to the head of the lab committing suicide, Venezuelan equine encephalitis in 1995, foot-and-mouth disease in Britain in 2007 which began “4 kilometers from a biosafety level 4 laboratory.”
More recently, he notes: “SARS has not naturally recurred, but there have been six separate ‘escapes’ from virology labs studying it: one each in Singapore and Taiwan, and in four distinct events at the same laboratory in Beijing. …
“It should be emphasized that these examples are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’ because they represent laboratory accidents that have actually caused illness outside of the laboratory in the general public environment. …
“Public awareness of the 1977 H1N1 pandemic and its likely laboratory origins has been virtually absent. Virologists and public health officials with the appropriate sophistication were quickly aware that a laboratory release was the most likely origin, but they were content not to publicize this, aware that such embarrassing allegations would likely end the then nascent cooperation of Russian and Chinese virologists, which was vital to worldwide influenza surveillance. …
“It is hardly reassuring that despite stepwise technical improvements in containment facilities and increased policy demands for biosecurity procedures in the handling of dangerous pathogens, that escapes of these pathogens regularly occur and cause outbreaks in the general environment. Looking at the problem pragmatically, question is not if such escapes will happen in the future, but rather what the pathogen may be and how such an escape will be contained, if indeed it can be contained at all.
“Advances in genetic manipulation now allow the augmentation of virulence and transmissibility in dangerous pathogens, and such experiments have been funded and performed, notably in the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The advisability of performing such experiments at all, and particularly in laboratories placed at universities in heavily populated urban areas, where laboratory personnel who are potentially exposed are in daily contact with a multitude of susceptible and unaware citizens is clearly in question. If such manipulations should be allowed at all, it would seem prudent to conduct them in isolated laboratories where personnel are sequestered from the general public and must undergo a period of ‘exit quarantine’ before re-entering civilian life.”
Sam Husseini is an independent journalist and founder of VotePact.org, which encourages principled progressives and conscientious conservatives to work together.
This article first appeared on his website.
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